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NOVEMBER, 1909.)
THE ARTHASASTRA OF CHANAKYA.
283
Chapter II. Concerning Peace and Exertion.
(Samavyayamikam.) Acquisition and security of property) are dependent upon peace and indnstry. Efforts to achieve the results of works undertaken is industry (vyáyáma). Absence of disturbance to the enjoyment of the results achieved from works is peace. The application of the sixfold royal policy is the source of peace and industry. Deterioration, stagnation, and progress are the three aspects of position.
Those causes of human make which affect position are policy and impolicy (naya and apanaya); fortone and misfortune (aya and anaya) are providential causes. Causes, both human and providential, govern the world and its affairs.
What is unforeseen is providential; bere, the attainmentof that desired end which seemed almost lost is (termed) fortane.
What is anticipated is human; and the attainment of a desired end as anticipated is (due to) policy.
What produces unfavourable results is impolicy. This can be foreseen ; but misfortune due to providence cannot be known.
The king who, being possessed of good character and best-fitted elements of sovereignty, is the fountain of policy, is termed the conqueror.
The king who is situated anywhere immediately on the circumference of the conqueror's territory is termed the enemy.
The king who is likewise situated close to the enemy, but separated from the conqueror only by the enemy, is termed the friend of the conqueror).
A neighbouring foo of considerable power is styled an enemy; and when he is involved in calamities or has taken himself to evil ways, he becomes assailable ; and when he has little or no help, he becomes destructible ; otherwise (i..., when he is provided with some help), he deserves to be harassed or reduced. Such are the aspects of an enemy.
In front of the conqueror and close to his enemy, there happen to be situated kings such as the conqueror's friend, next to him, the enemy's friend, and next to the last, the conqueror's friend's friend, and next, the enemy's friend's friend.
In the rear of the conqueror, there happen to be situated a rearward enemy (půrshnigráha). a rearward friend (akranda), an ally of the rearward enemy (parshnigrähdsdra), and an ally of the rearward friend (akranddsdra).
That foe who is equally of high birth and occupies a territory close to that of the conqueror is & natural enemy; while he who is merely antagonistic and creates enemies to the conqueror is a factitious enemy.
He whose friendship is derived from father and grandfather, and who is situated close to the territory of the immediate enemy of the conqueror is a natural friend; while he whose friendship is courted for self-maintenance is an acquired friend.
