________________
362
THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
[DECEMBER, 1892.
Airavana is actually invoked in the concluding part of the list, under the form of Eldpatra; see the note below on the latter name. It cannot be supposed that the same Nagaraja would be invoked twice. I cannot account for the curious transformation of Vaisravana into Nairávana. It may be owing to a mere want of attention in the scribe, who confused Vaisravana with Airåvaņa. The M. Bh., 1. C., however, enumerates both Airavata and Elápatra.
No. 3. Virûpå ksha. In the Vy. he is not named among the Någas or Någaråjas, nor indeed among any of the special classes of spiritual beings. The only place where he is named is in the general class of "the gods inhabiting this world." Among these "gods," No. 31 is Lôkapala, No. 32 Vairavaa, No. 33 Dhritaråstra, No. 34 Virûdhaka, No. 35 Virûpûksha and from among these No. 32 is again enumerated at the head of the Yakshas, No. 33 at the head of the Gandharvas, No. 34 at the head of the Kumbhåndas; but No. 35 is not referred to any special class. These four, Nos. 32-35, 88 is well known, are considered to be the four
Guardians of the World" (lokapdla). As such, "their frescoes are found in the verandah of every Lamaic temple or gompa; but none of them, not even Virdpåksha, is considered a Naga, by any Lama" (Wd.). But among other Buddhists, Virupaksha would seem to have been placed at the head of the Nagas; see P. Dy. and Mr. Morris' noto; and in the Khandhavatta Játaka (Vol. I., p. 143) he is mentioned as one of the Någarkjas. In any case, these facts would disprove any connection of our M8. with the Lamaism of Tibet. The list of names of the Lôkapûlas, compared with the three first names in our list, is rather suggestive of Nairåvaņa being a misspelling for or confusion with Vaibravaņa.
No. 4, Krishộa and No. 5 Gautamaka "are mentioned in the Divyávadâna as two snake kings" (Morris), also in the Khandhavatta Játaka (Vol. I., p. 145). P. Dy. has Gautamaks.
Nos. 6 and 27 Maņi. This name ooours twice. Whether by mistake, or as two different Någas P The M. Bh., l. C., and P. Dy. give Maņi.
No. 7, Vâsuki. Vy. spells Vâsuka ; Wd. gives Basnga in one Dharaņi and Basuki in another. Also in Ch. 8.
No. 8, Dandapkda is not mentioned anywhere. No. 9, Pärnabhadra occurs in the M. Bh. He is also known to the Jains. The P. Dy. bas him.
Nog. 10 and 11, Nanda and Upananda. "These Någarajas assisted the Devas in a struggle with the Agaras" (Morris). That struggle is narrated in the Kuldvaka Jataka (Jat, I., p. 203, 204), where it is stated generally that the Uragas or Någas helped to guard Sakra's residence, bat neither Nanda nor Upananda are named. The reference in our spell would seem to refer to an occasion where these two Nagas distinguished themselves above the others. In the Vy., Nanda is enamerated by himself as the 15th of the Någarajâs, and again Nandópananda is mentioned as the 50th among them. It is not clear in the latter place whether one or two Nâgas are meant. In our spell clearly two individuals are intended. The Oh. S. and P. Dy. give both. In wa. lists there is an Upanta and an Unanta. See also (Hiuen Tsiang, Vol. II., p. 166, note 77).
No. 12. Anavatapta is the Nagaraja of the Sarik-kul lake in the Himalayas, the source of the Ganges, Indus, Oxus and Zarafshan (Hiuen Tsiang, Vol. I., p. 11, 12). He is No. 13 in Vv. Also in the Lalita Vistara, p. 249, 14. (P. Dy.), and in Ch. S.
No. 13, Varuņa. In Vy. he is No. 9. Also in P. Dy. and Ch. 8.
No. 14, Samharaka. The P. Dy gives Samhåra as the name of an Asura. Mr. Morris sug. gests a misreading for Fångara = Sågara, which is very improbable.
No. 15, Taksbaka. Vy. No, 8, M. Bh., l. C., No. 4, also in P. Dy. and Ch. 8. No. 16, Ananta. Vy. No. 7, also in Wa., P. Dy., Páli Dy, No. 17, Vasumukha, not found anywhere else. No. 18, Aparajita in the M. Bh., l. C., also in P. Dy.
No. 19, Chhibbasuta, as Prof. Bühler first pointed out, is mentioned in the Khandhavatta Jataka (Vol. I. p. 145) under the form ChhabbyA-putta. See Appendix II.
