Grammar Of Apabhramsa

Author(s): Madhusudan Mishra
Publisher: Vidyanidhi Prakashan

Page 41

Conjugation
65. The verbs are conjugated in sg. and pl. in active. There is also a passive voice in Apbh, but there are only active endings for both. The passive affix-ijja- had also generally lost its passive force towards the closing period of Apbh.
66. There are three persons, namely: First person, Second person, and Third person.
67 As far as verbal conjugation is concerned, there is really only one tense, namely the persent.
(a) Though very rare and sporadic instances of the forms of the past tense are found, it has actually disappeared from the Apph conjugation. It was exclusively expressed by the past participles, which have come down to Hindi, participating in some major tense-formations.
(b) Though the forms of the future tense too are found in early Apbh they had ultimately disappeared from conjugation.
68. There are three moods, namely subjunctive, imperative and optative, but they are attached to first person, second person and third person respectively. Therefore, they may be collectively called modal forms.
(a) A conditional mood had developed in Apbh from the present participles, which has also come down to Hindi.
69. Thus only the present and modal endings are available in Apbh.
70. The present tense has been having only one variety from the Vedic language, and it has continued upto the end of the life of the Apbh. The past tense had several varieties in the Vedic language, which gradually diminished till their total