Grammar Of Apabhramsa

Author(s): Madhusudan Mishra
Publisher: Vidyanidhi Prakashan

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An Outline of Syntax tive pronoun : T ITEOS =Whatever else is thin.
Government of cases
124. In Apbh the forms of subject and object had, for the most part, fallen together both in sg. and pl. Therefore, the subject and object could be recognised in the sentence only by position and context. As a rule, the subject heads the sentence and the object immediately precedes or follows the verb : मुणि फलु लहन्ति =The sages get the fruit. कन्तु पयासइ मग्गु=My husband enlightens the path. 31778 fra hafa=Servants get respect.
127. The objects are used adverbially as in Sanskrit : GTSFS Fart=I am looked at hundred times. Hufe 75 a17= You speak again and again.
(a) As already pointed out, subjects and objects are formally indistinguishable : Arfa afyoz fa afTETE FANS TATS =The master deserts even a good servant and gives respect to rogues.
128. The instrumental forms are used to express the subject in passive sentences, when the object determines the form of the verb : Hoģhog forf FFG-A fish is devoured by another fish. जे महुदिन्ना दिअहडा दइएँ पवसन्तेण-The dates which were given to me by my departing husband, CT HE TË afer=Dear, I have prevented you. faets hg #furet gå=My daughter, I have told you. Fifah Erforate=Manhood is recognised.
(a) Gradually, the passive construction lost its ground, when the passive bases in -ijja- lost their force and began to be used as simple verbs. Then the instrumental forms became unnecessary, and the status of many pronominal forms was changed. The most remarkable was the shifting of the instr. sg. mas and tai/pai to nominative position. In Awadhi mai and tai were adopted as subject, and Hindi required the assistance of an obscure particle ne in the past tense of the transitive verbs : # (I said).