Grammar Of Apabhramsa

Author(s): Madhusudan Mishra
Publisher: Vidyanidhi Prakashan

Page 53

A Grammar of Apabhramsa
100. The present participles in -anta were no doubt adjectives, but in the last phase of Apbh itself they had begun to express condition, which also came down to Hindi.
101. The past participles in -ia were also adjectives, but in Apbh they were utilised exclusively to express the past tense.
102. It was only the future passive participles or gerundives which could not survive with its host of early forms. Perhaps only - ijja is the sole survivor, representing some *-eyya of the group panāyya, etc.
Present Participles
103. The present participles are made by-anta, fem. anti, which is added even to passive bases : jo (see) jo-anta, gan (count) gan-anta, kar (do) karanta, dams (see) dams-ijj-anta. lajj (be ashamed) lajj-ějj-anta, etc. In some cases of the contracted verbs in e and o, the affix is simply ·nta : e (come) enta, ho (be) ho-nta, etc.
(a) The present participles are also extended by -a (fem. - 1). Then the final i of the fem. is shortened: honta-a (becoming), gaṇanti-ā, etc. The final à is again shortened before the case-endings : uddāvantiă-e from udļāvantiā, etc.
Past Participles
104. As already said, the past participles had largely or exclusively assumed the office of the past tense in Apbh. They are made by-ia : mil-ia (met), cal-ia (started to go), kar-ia (did), etc.
105. In early Apbb, however, the Sanskrit forms with ta are very common, of course with the usual phonetic change : prāp-ta> patta (reached), sam-āp-ta> samatta (ended), dpsta> dițba (was seen), gata> gaa, f. gai (went), mộta <mua, f. mui (died), etc.
106. The past participles are generally extended either by -a or by •da or by both : dițțha-a (was seen), māria-da (killed),