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INTRODUCTION
extremely pure condition of the mind. The monk is not to utter under any circumstances what is false or what is partly true and partly false. He is to speak only what is definitely true or what is neither true nor false provided there is definiteness in it and there is no distant possibility: even of any injury resulting from it. A glance at the various instructions given to a monk regarding his speech; in the chapter would show the thorough going manner in which human utterances are analysed and classified on the principle of harmlessness.
9. The eighth chapter re-emphasizes the principle of non-violence by specially referring to the eight subtle things where the presence of life is very difficult to be noticed. The monk is never to behave like a householder in any way. He is not to have any thought of property or possession. He is not to have any adverse feeling against anybody. He is to tolerate patiently sufferings, indignities, insults and injuries. He is to conquer the four emotions-anger, pride, deceit and avarice by calmness, humility, straightforwardness and contentment. He is always to be obedient to his preceptors, being always attentive and respectful. He is never to harbour any thought about woman. He is in fact to withdraw his gaze from her as from the sun if he happens to look at her. The chapter conveys clearly the truth that when the monk has full mental purification with a perfect control over emotions and passions, the attitude of non-violence to living beings and toleration of sufferings naturally follows as a necessary resultant, there being required no special effort to be made for it.
10. The ninth chapter describes a further salutary progress of the mind. A perfectly respectful and obedient. behaviour towards the preceptor forms in fact a necessary condition for the spiritual progress of the monk, as
