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COMPENDIUM OF JAINISM
others or scandalising others incurs Pära. Hence on account of indulgence in snsual pleasures, distressed and angry state of mind and wicked propensities, three kinds of Leśyās of the bad type are formed.
In common with all other religions which recognise the theory of merit (Punya) and demerit (Pāpa) the ethical doctrines of Jainism have laid down that thoughts and actions which are conducive to the well being of others or of oneself are meritorious and that those which are transgressions of the prescribed code result in demerit or Pāpa.
Punya has been defined as that which purifies the soul or tends towards its purification. It is Karma (pudgala) in nature; its fruits being pleasure and happiness in the material world, it is also a helpful means to attain spiritual progress. It is the righteous thoughts and deeds that assist in the formation of right faith, cultivation of self-restraint and development of inner power. Most of the worldly possessions like wealth, power and health are the fruits of Punya. It is Punya that trains the mind to conform to religion.
The observance of the five vows, austerities and other religious practices leads to auspicious thoughts (bhāva punya)and auspicious deeds (dravya punya). Various kinds of charities are recognised as being conducive to merit. Performance of charity is an item of daily duties enjoined on a house-holder. Dāna, gift or charity of food, medicine, accessories (upa karaña) and shelter is enjoyed by the sacred books. While giving charity, the donor must have a pure mind, a pure body and pure speech. He must take into account the fitness of the donee for receiving the charity. His attitude must be free from ill-will, dejection and condescension. His mind should be joyful and free from desire for worldly rewards. Accessories refer to articles like clothes, bowls to mendicants and peacock bunches to ascetics. Apart from the four kinds of charity, there are other charities like imparting learning, giving protection to the helpless etc. Special significance is attached to expenditure of one's wealth for giving in
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