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JAINA ETHICS
217
They are ati-vāhana, ati-sangraha, ati-vismaya, ati-lobha and ati-bhāravá hana.
Ati-vāhana consists in driving beasts of burden like bullocks, horses etc. for a distance longer than they could go comfortably and in accorndance with their capacity. This is resorted to out of greed to save money or time. The second one is ati-sangraha which consists in excessive hoarding of food-grains and other commodities with the expectation of making more profits. This is also an act of greed as the intention is to take advantage of conditions of scarcity. Ati-vismaya relates to feeling or entertaining a great sense of disappointment at the huge accumulations of wealth by other people either in our own country or in foreign countries. This is merely a feeling of surprise or disappointment either due to one's own thoughts or due to thoughts expressed by other people. Ati-lobha consists in entertaining excessive greed in regard to different transactions. Obtaining high price when commodities are available elsewhere for lower price falls under this category of transgression. The last one is ati-bhāra vāhana. It consists in overloading beasts of burden to earn higher profits by way of freight charges. Most of these transgressions cover cases of acts of the tradesmen who carry on their business with the sole motive of profit. These moral codes are like cautions to persons who have taken the vow of parigraha-parimāņa.
Ācārya Sri Tuļsi has been the modern exponent of three doctrines under the Aņuvrata Movement. He has emphasised that the vow of Non-violence can solve not only the personal problems but also international problems of war and peace. All the vices of modern life like lying, black-marketing, adulteration, profiteering and permissiveness can be solved by observing the five vows which form the tenets of the Religion of Humanity. He has published books and pamphlets to prove that one could find a solution for every problem of human life or for national and international problems by raising the ethical standard of individuals. The problems of capitalism versus communism can be solved by effective pursuit of the vow of aparigraha while the proper under
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