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(without contradiction) from a particular point of view. 13 It is of two kinds : Dravyārthika, that which refers to the general attributes of a substance and not to its modifications which the substance is constantly undergoing; and Paryāyārthịka that which refers to constantly changing conditions of a substance. The Nayas are again classified as 1) Naigama, 2) Sangraha, 3) Vyavahāra, 4) Rjusūtra, 5) Śabda, 6) Samabhirūdha and 7) Evambhūta. The first three are subdivisions of Dravyārthika Naya as they deal with objects while the last fall under Paryāyārthika as they are concerned with modifications of substances.
Since Reality infinite number of qualities or attributes, it can be looked at from an infinite number of points of view. Jaina philosophers have dealt with the seven Nayas only and hence I shall deal with each of them separately :
1) Naigama Naya is the figurative stand-point which takes into account the purpose or intention of something which has yet to be accomplished or completed. Päjyapāda gives the example of a person who is collecting fuel, water etc. When he is asked what he is doing, he will reply I am cooking'. He is not actually engaged in cooking food but all his activities are actuated by the ultimate object of cooking. Similarly when we speak of a past or future event as a permanent one, we have an illustration of this Naya. It is of three kinds relating to past, present and future. If we say on the Divali day, “Lord Mahāvira attained liberation today”, we mean that this day is the anniversary day of the past event. Again, when we ask a person who is booking his passage, he will reply “I am going to England."14 When this Naya refers to substances, it does not overlook either the general (sāmānya) or the particular (višeșa) attributes (guņa) of a substance. There is no absolute assertion of the absence of either the general or particular attribute.
22) Sangraha Naya : it is concerned with the general or common attributes of a class or group of identical objects. For example, when we use the word Dravya, we use it generally as inclusive of the six kinds of Dravyas or substances. This Naya is
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