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ETHICS FOR ASCETICS
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control of mind, speech and body as also the five kinds of careful behaviour (samitis) in the use of trodden path, gentle speech, receipt of alms avoiding forty-two faults, in receiving and keeping things on the ground and in the performance of operations of nature.
2) Studying and memorising the four kinds of scriptures (āmnāya) consisting of i) Prathamānuyoga, ii) Karaṇānuyoga, iii) Caraṇānuyoga and iv) Dravyānuyoga. The first one refers to such scriptures like the 'Mahapuraṇa', 'Harivamsapurāṇa', 'Padmapurāṇa' etc which deal with the lives of sixty-three great men and illustrating the principles of human life and liberation. Karaṇānuyoga refers to such scriptures that contain detailed discussion about the universe, the loka (this world) and the aloka, the world beyond. 'Trilokasara' and 'Tiloyapanṇatti' etc are books that treat this subject with implications on transmigration and the uncertainties of time and births in the four kinds of gatis. Caraṇānuyoga deals with the content, development and perfection of conduct; these matters have been dealt with in works like 'Mūlācāra', 'Ratnakaranda-śrāvakācāra' 'Puruṣārtha-siddhyupāya' etc. The last one Dravyānuyoga deals whith the six substances, the knowledge of which is most essential for a clear understanding of the principles of life and of the nine Padarthas which cover the entire field of metaphysical theories of Jainism. Kundakunda Acarya has dealt with these matters in the 'Samayasara', 'Pravacanasāra', 'Pancastikāya' etc. Umāsvāmi has discussed all matters connected with the last three Anuyogas. A study of these four Anuyogas forms the foundation for clear perception of all the principles of Jainism and acquisition of thorough knowledge of the same.
3) The third virtue is dhirată or the sense of patient forbearance so that he can courageously put up with all the bodily afflictions like thirst, hunger etc. This virtue is necessary to keep him calm in the pursuit of his other vows and meditation in an undisturbed manner.
4) The fourth virtue relates to knowledge of the worldly life and social conditions so that he can preach his religion so as to
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