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________________ is NI
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________________ sarvodayI jaina taMtra
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________________ sarvodayI jaina taMtra DaoN. nanda lAla jaina prakAzaka potadAra dhArmika evaM pAramArthika nyAsa potadAra nivAsa, TIkamagar3ha (ma0pra0)
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________________ 10 sarvodayI jaina tatra DaoN. nanda lAla jaina prathama saMskaraNa 1000 pratiyA~ / 1997 prakAzaka zrI kapUracanda jaina potadAra adhyakSa potadAra dhArmika eva pAramArthika nyAsa potadAra nivAsa, TIkamagaDha, (ma0pra0) 10 vyavasthA rAzi 25/- rupayA [ prApti sthAna zrI kapUracanda jaina potadAra potadAra nivAsa, TIkamagaDha, ( ma0pra0) phona-32394 STD 07683 kampojiga lekhA kaMpyUTarsa mAnasarovara pArka, dillI-32, phona - 2132247 [] mudraka zubham oNphaseTa, mAnasarovara pArka, dillI-110032
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________________ sarvodayI jaina taMtra sarvodayI jaina tatra nAma kI isa kRti ko maine AdyopAta paDhA hai| isame jaina tatra ke sabhI AdhArabhUta viSayo ko chuA hai| pustaka par3hane se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha jaina dharma me praveza pAne vAle naye vyakti ke liye yA jinhoMne jaina dharma ko abhI taka jAnA hI nahI hai, unake liye bahuta upayogI hai| jaina siddhAnta kyA hai ? isame kisa viSaya ko lekara carcA hai ? sukha-dukha kI kyA paribhASA hai ? isake mukhya siddhAnta kyA hai ? ina tamAma viSayo ko lekara yaha pustaka likhI gaI hai| hA, itanA avazya hai ki kucha zabdo ko badala kara agrejI bhASA me pracalita zabdo ko likhA gayA hai| isa grantha ke paDhane se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha jainetaro ko bhI jaina darzana kA bodha karAne ke uddezya se likhI gaI hai aura isame lekhaka saphala bhI huA hai| jaina darzana ke samasta aga-jaise sAta tatva, samyak darzanajJAna- caritra, cAra gatiyA, cAra kaSAya, ATha karma caudaha guNa sthAna Adi ke samasta sUtra isame yathAsthAna likhe gaye hai| lekhaka ne kAphI prayatna kiyA- unhe eka jagaha eka mAlA meM gUthane kA / ata. lekhaka dhanyavAda kA pAtra to hai hI aura mai unake isa kArya kI sarAhanA karatA huA bhaviSya me bhI unase aisI AzA karatA hU ki ve Age baDhate rhe| kamala kumAra zAstrI
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________________ sarvodayI jaina taMtra (aMgrejI saMskaraNa) para kucha sammatiyAM isa sAragarbhita pustikA me jaina dharma se sabadhita prAya. sabhI Avazyaka "viSayo kA sarala bhASA me prabhAvI DhaMga se varNana kiyA gayA hai| lekhaka ne isame jaina tatra ko ekIkRta rUpa meM prastuta kara use vyApaka pariprekSya diyA hai| yaha pustikA sakSipta hai, para jaina vidyAo ke prAthamika adhyetA ke liye, jo use jAnanA cAhiye, usake liye advitIya hai| yaha videzI pAThako ke liye uttama hai| dazaratha jaina, chatarapura mai AzA karatA hai ki jaina itihAsa, siddhAta aura AcAra se sabadhita yaha sAragarbhita pustikA naI pIDhI kA dhyAna AkarSita kregii| jaina taMtra ke paraparAgata siddhAto ko sAmayika bhASA me prastuta kara Apane eka bar3I cunautI kA sAmanA kiyA hai| mai pratyeka buddhajIvI ko ise paDhane kI tIvra anuzaMsA karatA huuN| pro0 DeviDa ema0 bukamaina, haoNTana (mizigana), amerikA ApakI pustaka bahuta acchI hai aura yaha mere chAtro ke liye atyata upayogI siddha ho rahI hai| pro0 noela eca. kiMga, lAsa eMjilasa, amerikA "jaina tatra . sakSepa meM," meM prastuta sAmagrI mujhe jaina dharma ko samajhane me baDI sahAyaka huI hai| pro0 kAmvaila krAphorDa, havAI vi0vi0, amerikA ApakI pustaka anamola hai| Apane merI pustaka kA vivaraNa dekara isake vivaraNa ko aura bhI adhika vaijJAnikatA dI hai| isakA sarvatra pracAra
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________________ VI ho, yahI kAmanA hai| pro0 ke0 vhI0 maraDiyA, lIDsa vi0vi0, briTena __"jaina tatraH sakSepa me" me Apane jaina taMtra ke prAya. sabhI pakSo ko spaSTa rUpa se tathA vaijJAnika rUpa se dene kA prayAsa kiyA hai| isa saphala prayAsa ke liye bdhaaii| gaNeza lalavAnI, kalakattA ApakI isa pustaka se deza-videza ke agrejI pAThako ko lAbha hogaa| isameM jaina paraparA kI sakSipta eva prAmANika jAnakArI dI gayI hai| aisI upayogI aura sAragarbhita pustaka ke liye bdhaaii| DaoN0 prema sumana jaina, udayapura pustaka paDhI, acchI hai| kucheka jagaha para jaina mAnyatAo ko gaNitIya rUpa dene kA prayatna bahuta acchA hai| muni naMdighoSa vijaya, ahamadAbAda "sarvodayI jaina tatra' nAmaka hiMdI pustaka meM Apane jaina siddhAnta, itihAsa, AcAra sahitA Adi sabhI viSayo kI atyanta upayogI sAmagrI itane sakSepa me dekara, Ama AdamI para baDA upakAra kiyA hai| itanI sarala bhASA aura subodha zailI meM vaijJAnika paddhatti kA anusaraNa karate hue likhI gaI yaha pustaka, nizcaya hI eka stutya prayAsa hai| deza-videza kA zikSita varga isa pustaka se avazya lAbhAnvita hogaa| isa sad-prayAsa hetu anekAneka saadhuvaad| DaoN. prakAza candra jaina kuda-kuda zodha sasthAna, indaura
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________________ vii anukramaNikA x xiii xvi 19 21 30-44 32 maMgala AzIrvAda pa0pU0 elAcArya 108 nemIsAgara jI mahArAja prastAvanA dazaratha jaina, pUrva matrI ma0 pra0 zAsana prakAzakIya kapUracandra potadAra, adhyakSa potadAra TrasTa Amukha DaoN. nandalAla jaina 1. dharma kA vikAsa aura jaina tatra kI vizeSatAe 2 jaina taMtra ke siddhAnta 3. jaina tatraM kI vaijJAnikatA (a) vaijJAnika dRSTi kA pallavana (ba) anekAntavAda (sa) jaina tarkazAstra (da) saiddhAntika avadhAraNAyeM aura bhautika jagata kI ghaTanAeM (i) AdhyAtmika yA naitika vikAsa kA vijJAna (pha) karmavAda kA vijJAna 4. jaina tatra kA itihAsa (a) rAjakIya saMrakSaNa (ba) sAhityika itihAsa (sa) sAmAjika itihAsa 5. jaina tatra ke bheda 6. jaina Agama sAhitya 7. jaina kalA aura sthApatya 8. dhArmika yAtrA hetu pavitra sthala : tIrtha kSetra 9. jainoM ke karmakANDa : vidhi-vidhAna aura parva 10. jaina siddhAnto kA prabhAvI sampreSaNa 11. videzo me jaina dharma
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________________ vui 81-99 12. jaina tatra kI prabhAvakatA kA savardhana / 13. sama-sAmayika samasyAyeM aura jaina dharma (a) jAti, kula aura dharma (ba) mahilAye aura jaina taMtra saMvardhana meM unakA yogadAna (sa) yuddha aura rAjanIti (da) sAmAjika viSamatA aura jaina samAjavAda (ya) paryAvaraNa sarakSaNa 14. parIkSA kI ghaDI . sarvodayI jaina tatra pariziSTa 1. sandarbha sAmagrI 2 sAraNI-2 jaina tatra ke maulika siddhAnto kA vivaraNa
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________________ ix maMgala AzIrvAda hama ikkIsavIM sadI ke dvAra para haiN| yaha vijJAna aura takanIkI kI sadI hogii| isa sadI meM apane astitva ko prabhAvI aura vistArazIla banAye rakhane ke liye hameM apane purAtana naitika aura dhArmika jJAna ko bhI vaijJAnika rUpa se vaijJAnika bhASA me prastuta karane kA abhyAsa karanA hogA / jaina dharma guNa-vizeSita dhArmika tatra hai| isame vaijJAnika dRSTi hai| isame vaijJAnikatA ke sabhI tatva hai| isake itihAsa, darzana aura dhArmika mAnyatAoM ne vizva ke vidvat jagat ko paryApta prabhAvita kiyA hai| para usakI prastuti paramparAvAdI hone se ise vaha lokapriyatA evaM vizvajanInatA nahIM mila sakI hai jo ise milanI cAhie thii| ina dinoM jaina taMtra se sambandhita sabhI stara kA paramparAgata sAhitya paryApta mAtrA meM sAdhujanoM ke mAdhyama se, unake AzIrvAda se eva svataMtra rUpa se sAmane A rahA hai| usame atIta kA puTa adhika rahatA hai, vartamAna aura bhaviSya prAyaH upekSaNIya jaisA hI rahatA hai / phalataH usakI prabhAvakatA kA kSetra sImita hotA hai / isa prabhAvitA ke saMvardhana me lekhana kI vaijJAnika paddhatiyoM kA svAMgIkaraNa Avazyaka hai| isIlie Adhunika lekhana meM saiddhAntika carcAo kI suspaSTatA ke lie zravya evaM pAThya sAmagrI ke atirikta dRzya sAmagrI bhI anivArya mAnI jAtI hai| use vaijJAnika evaM gaNitIya sUtro ke rUpa me prastuta karanA bhI isame navInatA lAtA hai| aisI sAmagrI hameM ikkIsavIM sadI me jAne kA sAmarthya degii| 'sarvodayI jainatatra' ke lekhaka ne isa dizA me prayatna kiyA hai| unhone dharma ke sUtra ko gaNita ke sUtro me pariNata kiyA hai| rekhA citro dvArA AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke patha kI saralatA eva jaTilatA batAI hai aura dasa paramparAgata dRzya citro dvArA jaina tatra ke maulika siddhAnta samajhAye hai| unhoMne jaina itihAsa ko rAjanItika, sAhityika evaM sAmAjika rUpa meM prastuta kara navIna racanAkAro ko eka dizA dI hai| sakSepa me, unhoMne jaina jagata ke saiddhAntika evaM vyAvahArika jIvana kA samagra citra prastuta kiyA
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________________ hai jo prAya. virala hI pAyA jAtA hai| anaka vartamAna samasyAo ke . samAdhAna meM jaina mAnyatAo kI sArthaka bhUmikA ko prastuta kara isake jana magalakArI sarvodayI evaM vaijJAnika rUpa ko prastuta kiyA hai| phalata. unakI yaha laghu kRti pracalita lekhana paramparA ke viparyAsa me jaina tatra ko ikkIsavI sadI ke prabhAvazIla vizvataMtra ke rUpa meM prastuta karatI hai| isa viSaya para unhone agrejI me 'jaina sisTama ina naTazaila' (1993) likhI thii| pAThakoM ke dvArA diye gaye sujhAvoM ke AdhAra para unhoMne ise parivardhita kara hindI meM eka prakAra se purnalikhita kiyA hai| maiMne sarasarI taura para ise paDhA hai aura isame mujhe rasa milA hai| maiM cAhatA hUM ki ise sabhI loga paDhe aura apane citana ko samayAnukUla rUpa meM DhAla kara dhArmikatA ke unnayana kI ora bddh'e| mai isa pustaka ke lekhaka DaoN0 nanda lAla jaina aura prakAzaka potadAra TrasTa, TIkamagaDha ko apanA AzIrvAda detA huuN| ve sadaiva dharma kI sevA karate rahe aura jaina dharma ko vizva dharma ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karane meM apanA yogadAna karate rhe| magala AzIrvAda rIvA, 5 apraila, 1997 (zrI 108) elAcArya nemIsAgara
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________________ prastAvanA 'sarvodayI jaina taMtra' lekhaka kI aMgrejI pustikA 'jaina sisTama ina naTazaila' (1993) kA parivardhita hindI anuvAda hai| yaha atyanta lokapriya huI hai| yaha jaina tatra kA sarvAMgINa sAra-sagraha hai| isameM sarala aura subodha bhASA me pramukha jaina siddhAnta, jaina taMtra kI vaijJAnikatA tathA usake dvArA * vaijJAnika dRSTi kA pallavana, karmavAda, anekAntavAda, jaina tarkazAstra, avadhAraNAtmaka eva bhautika ghaTanAo kI vyAkhyA, paramANuvAda, UrjAeM aura unakA rUpAntaraNa, AdhyAtmika eva naitika vikAsa kA vijJAna aura AcAra sahitA, jaino ke rAjyAzraya, sAhitya eva samAja kA itihAsa, jaina sAhitya, purAtatva, tIrthakSetra, vidhi-vidhAna aura utsava, jaina siddhAntoM kA citroM dvArA prabhAvI sapreSaNa, videzoM me jaina dharma, jaina dharma kI prabhAvakatA kA sapreSaNa tathA vartamAna rASTrIya samasyAo ke samAdhAna me jaina siddhAntoM kA yogadAna ke samAna aneka zIrSakoM ke antargata jaina tatra ke vikAsakAla se lekara bIsavI sadI taka kI mahatvapUrNa sUcanAye vizleSaNAtmaka eva vidhAyaka dRSTi se dI gaI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki isa pustaka kA viSaya kSetra vyApaka hai aura deza-videza ke anubhavoM kA lAbha lekara lekhaka ne pratyeka viSaya para prabhAvI, Adhanika eva navIna Dhaga se prakAza DAlA hai| isameM bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika tatvo kI vivecanA adbhuta eva vaijJAnika vidhi se, gaNitIya sUtro evaM samIkaraNo kI bhASA ke prayoga se kI gaI hai| isase nayI pIDhI use saralatA se hRdayagama kara sakegI eva naitika utthAna ke prati avirata rUpa se jAgarUka bnegii| isame diye gaye sAraNiyo, rekhAcitro eva citroM ne varNana ko rocakatA tathA AkarSaNa pradAna kiyA hai| yaha lekhaka kA anUThA prayAsa hai| isa pustaka kI eka vizeSatA aura hai ki isame jaina tatra kA samagra citra niSpakSa evaM tulanAtmaka dRSTi se diyA hai| isase yaha samagra jaina taMtra kA rUpa prastuta karatI hai| pustaka ke ata me dI gaI sandarbha sAmagrI
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________________ jijJAsuoM ke lie paryApta jJAnavardhaka hai| yaha bahuta kama pustako me pAI jAtI hai| ___ yaha pustaka upadeza pradhAna nahI hai, buddhipUrvaka zraddhA ko janma dekara hitakArI eva sarvodayI AcaraNa aura citana kI ora prerita karanA isakA lakSya hai| yahI isakI vizeSatA bhI hai aura naye yuga kI AvazyakatA bhii| yaha pustaka laghukAya hai, para isame ve sabhI sUcanAe hai jo jaina vidyA ke prAthamika jijJAsu ke lie Avazyaka hai| isakA agrejI saMskaraNa vizva ke pAMco mahAddhIpo me prasArita huA hai| yaha hindI saskaraNa bhI lokapriya banegA, yahI zubhakAmanA hai| chatarapura, ma0pra0 dazaratha jaina pUrva maMtrI, ma0 pra0 zAsana
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________________ prakAzakIya hamAre lie yaha gaurava kI bAta hai ki hama bindhya kSetra ke bundela khaNDa prAnta meM janme aura yahAM kI garIba para jIvana-dAyI aura saMskAra-yukta saskRti va AbohavA me pale hai| yahA kA jIvana zrama-sAdhya, neka aura dhArmika saskAroM se yukta hai| yahAM eka ora vaidika saskRti ke citrakUTa dhAma aura khajurAho jaise kalA kendra haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora yahAM papaurA jI, ahAra jI, droNagirI, nainAgira, kuNDalapura, devagaDha, canderI, sIrona jI Adi jaina saMskRti ke manoraMma keMdra tathA kalA ke apAra bhaMDAra sthita haiN| parama pUjya AcArya 108 zrI vidyAsAgara jI mahArAja ne pichale lagabhaga 15 varSoM me yahA ke jaina samAja me saMskRti ke gaurava aura usake rakSaNa ke prati jo jAgRti paidA kI hai, vaha hameM parama-pUjya varNI jI mahArAja ke una dino kI yAda karAtI hai jaba samAja me jaina saMskRti, vidyA aura jJAnopArjana ke liye sAdhanahInatA ke bAvajUda bhI aneka jaina saMskRta vidyAlaya va vidvAn pradAna kiye| usI paramaparA me Aja AcArya zrI ne paDhe likhe, jJAnavAna va caritra se bharapUra yuvA, sAdhu mAtAye, muni, brahmacArI tathA dharma saMskRti ke rakSaNa ke lie eva mAnava va prANI mAtra ke lie upayogI sArvajinaka bhAgyodaya tIrtha eva sarvodaya tIrtha jaise pavitra saMsthAna bhI diye haiN| isI sadarbha meM AcArya zrI ke darzana, bhramaNa aura sAmIpya kA saubhAgyazAlI avasara mujhe milA aura samAja ke dhArmika, naitika va cAritrika mUlyo kI punarsthApanA ke lie mere mana me eka TrasTa sthApita kara usake dvArA AcArya zrI va unake suyogya ziSyoM, sAdhuoM ke pravacana, lekha Adi kA prakAzana kara janasAdhAraNa ke upayoga ke lie prakAzita karane kA vicAra AyA aura "potadAra dhArmika evaM pAramArthika TrasTa" kI sthApanA kii| hame prasannatA hai ki isa nyAsa ke prathama puSpa ke rUpa me paramapUjya AcArya saMmata bhadra svAmI kA zrAvakoM ke lie Adarza ratnatraya dharma kI
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________________ xiv vyAkhyA karane vAlA ziromaNi grantha "ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra" ke mUlapATha eva munizrI 108 samatA sAgara jI dvArA racita usake hindI dohAnuvAda, anvayArtha va bhAvArtha prakAzana kA avasara prApta huaa| isa hetu AcArya zrI kA AzISa eva munizrI kI kRpApUrNa anujJA milI / jaina dharma sampUrNarUpa se tIrthaMkaroM dvArA praNIta vaijJAnika va sArvabhaumika dharma hai| Aja ke yuga kI yuvA pIDhI cahuMmukhI vikAsa ke kAraNa kevala andha zraddhA kI koI bAta mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM hai| isaliye mere mana meM eka mArgadarzaka, tathya va tarka- pUrNa vaijJAnika vivecana karane vAlI laghu pustikA prakAzita karane kA vicAra AyA tAki yuvAvarga va jainetara mAnava samAja bhI jaina dharma va usakI vaijJAnika paddhati para apanI jIvana caryA pAlate hue sukha, samRddhi va zAnti prApta kre| hamAre nyAsa ke isa vicAra ko aneka logo se preraNA milii| isI krama me "sarvodayI jaina tatra" ke rUpa me DaoN0 nandalAla jI kI pustaka hamAre sAmane aaii| hamAre aneka vidvAna mitro ne ise par3hA aura pustaka prakAzana kI anuzaMsA kii| bhAI nandalAla jI se pichale 50 varSoM se hamArA samparka va sneha hai aura vaha na kevala syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya vArANasI ke snAtaka haiM aura vijJAna me rasAyana zAstra me DAkTareTa prApta haiN| unhone deza-videza me - jaina dharma aura vijJAna eka dUsare ke virodhI nahI varan pUraka hai - isa tathya ko pracArita-prasArita karane me mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai| jaina dharma ke sabhI vargoM ke vidvAno aura sAdhuo se unakI carcA va samparka hotA rahatA hai aura vaha unase jJAna va AzISa bhI prApta karate haiM / hame unhone isa pustaka ke prakAzana kI svIkRti dI, isake lie hama unake AbhArI hai| hama ailAcArya nemI sAgara jI mahArAja ke AzIrvAda, bhAI dazarathajI tathA DaoN0 prakAza canda jI, pa0 kamala kumAra jI zAstrI ke bhI AbhArI haiM, jinhone isake lie maMgala kAmanAe pradAna kI haiN| hama vizeSarUpa se apane anujavat mitra bhAI nemacandra jI "zIla" dillI ke lie AbhAra pragaTa karate haiM jinhone asvastha hote hue bhI isake prakAzana me sahayoga diyA hai / svaya "zIla" jI kI kaI pustake jIvana meM preraNA dene vAlI prakAzita ho cukI hai aura unhoMne kAmanA kI hai ki yaha pustaka jano payogI hogI / aMta meM, mai apane TrasTa ke sabhI sAthiyo, sahayogiyo kI ora se
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________________ XV AcArya zrI 108 vidyA sAgara jI mahArAja va saMghastha sAdhu zrI samatA sAgara jI, zrI kSamAsAgara jI, zrI sudhAsAgara jI, zrI pramANasAgara jI mahArAja va samasta mAtAoM, sAdhuoM ke caraNoM meM zata-zata namana karatA huA prArthanA karatA hUM ki hameM isa taraha ke kAryoM meM unakA AzISa evaM mArgadarzana prApta hotA rhe| AzA hai, yaha pustaka jaina samAja ke atirikta sabhI varga ke baMdhuoM ke lie bhI upayogI hogii| hama sudhI pAThakoM evaM vidvAnoM se yaha AzA karate haiM ki ve hameM aise kAryoM meM sahayoga va mArgadarzana nirantara dete rheN| vinIta kapUracanda jaina potadAra adhyakSa, potadAra dhArmika evaM. ' pAramArthika TrasTa potadAra nivAsa, TIkamagar3ha (ma0 pra0) PH. : 07683/32394, 33186.
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________________ xvi Amukha yaha vijJAna aura takanIkI vikAsa kA yuga hai| isake kAraNa mAnava ko bauddhika khulApana milA hai| tarkabuddhi aura prayogakalA meM nipuNatA prApta huI hai| isake sAtha hI, mAnava meM yaha vizvAsa bhI jAgA hai ki usameM bhautika aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI anata saMbhAvanAe~ pramukha rUpa me vidyamAna hai| anIzvaravAdI taMtra isa prakAra kI manovRttiyo ko protsAhita karate haiN| yaha saubhAgya kI bAta hai ki isa pravRtti ko vikasita karane meM jainatatra atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| mAikela TobAyAsa ne kahA hai ki jainatatra ke adhyayana karate samaya hI vyakti me jainatva Ane lagatA hai aura usame eka nayI Atarika jIvanazakti kA anubhava hotA hai| jaina tatra pratyeka prANI ko aneka prakAra ke virodhoM se vidalita isa vizva me eka ImAnadArI pUrNa ekatA kI pratIti kI ora nirdezita karatA hai| yaha jIva-vaijJAnika nIti zAstra kA darzana hai| yaha AdhyAtmika paryAvaraNa ke nirmANa kA darzana hai| yaha ahiMsaka vanaspati vijJAna aura AdhyAtmika prANizAstrIya tatra hai| yaha tatra isa bAta kA prazikSaNa detA haiM ki IrSyA eva dveSa ke do kSaNa jahA~ sasAra meM pralaya lA sakate hai, vahIM do kSaNo kA AtmanirIkSaNa sasAra ko bacA bhI sakatA hai| isIlie AcArya samatabhadra ne ise 'sarvodaya tIrtha' kahA hai| jaina tatra me manovijJAna ke maulika tatva hai| yaha mAnava ke vyavahAroM kA manovizleSaNa karatA hai aura manobhAvo tathA mUrchAsikta arjanavRttiyoM ko sImita karane kA naitika eva ahisaka vizleSaNa kara mAnavahita ke mArga sujhAtA hai| jaina tatra eka prabhAvI prakRti-vijJAnI hai jahA~ yaha ahisaka vanaspati vijJAna, prANivijJAna eva paryAvaraNikI ke vivaraNa prastuta kara samucita dizA nirdeza detA hai| isa tatra meM aneka trika haiM jo mAnava kI bhautika, vAcanika aura kAyika vRttiyo ke nirupaka haiN| ye trika isakI vaijJAnikatA eva vizvajanInatA ko samarthana dete hai| yadyapi yaha sabhava nahIM
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________________ xvii ho sakA hai ki saMsAra meM hiMsA aura yuddhoM kI zrRMkhalA samApta ho jAya, phira bhI aneka lekhaka jainadharma kI usa sugaMdha kA anubhava karate haiM jahA~ yaha ina samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kA parAgaNa karatA hai| jainoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vijJAna aura dharma eka dUsare ke pUraka haiM, virodhI nhiiN| lekhaka kI dRSTi meM yaha vizva kA sarvAdhika vaijJAnika dharma hai jo dRSTa, zruta, anubhUta evaM sudhAra kI vRtti kA prAraMbha se hI preraka hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki pazcima meM ahiMsA kI vicAradhArA sadaiva alpamata meM rahI hai| isake viparyAsa meM, yaha prAyaH sabhI pUrvI taMtroM kI bahumatI vicAradhArA rahI hai| jaina tatra isa dRSTi se pUrNa ahiMsAvAdI rahA hai / isa hiMsApUrNa jagata meM jainataMtra sthAyI nizcetaka kA kAma karatA hai| jaino kI ghoSaNA hai ki saMsAra ke sabhI prANI ekedriya se lekara paMcedriya taka dhArmika dRSTi se barAbara haiM evaM vikAsa kI samAna kSamatAyeM rakhate haiN| unhone yaha bhI batAyA hai ki ahiMsaka vyavasAya bhI pratispardhAtmakataH lAbhakArI ho sakate haiN| ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki saMsAra kI vardhamAna pragati ke liye, cAhe bhautika ho yA AdhyAtmika ho, sApekSavAdI vicAraNA kI pravRtti hI lAbhakArI hotI hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki aneka siddhAntoM evaM unake prAyogika rUpo meM vaiSamya bhI pAyA jAtA hai, phira bhI vaijJAnika jaina taMtra yaha mAnatA hai ki hiMsA kA alpIkaraNa hI hamAre siddhAntoM kA mUla hai| vaijJAnika niyamoM ke anuprayogoM me bhI prakRsyA dRzya vaiSamya ke kAraNa hI aneka niyamoM ke Adarza evaM vyAvahArika rUpa vikasita kiye jAte haiN| - jainataMtra kI ora pazcima jagata kA dhyAna bahuta dera se lagabhaga unnIsavIM sadI meM AkRSTa huaa| lekina yaha prasannatA kI bAta hai ki samaya ke sAtha isa ora unakA dhyAna aura anusaMdhAna nirantara baDhatA jA rahA hai| dhArmikatA ke kSaraNa ke isa yuga meM jainataMtra naI pIDhI ke liye paryApta mArgadarzana detA hai| isa taMtra ko sAmAnya evaM vaijJAnika rUpa se samajhane ke liye bahuta kama pustake yA pustikAye dekhane me AI hai| yaha pustikA isa dizA meM eka laghutama vinamra prayatna hai| mujhe AzA hai ki naI pIDhI eva anya pAThaka varga isa prayAsa ko protsAhana degA aura apanI dhArmikatA ko prabala banAyegA / yaha pustikA nija-jJAna sAgara zikSA koSa, satanA ke protsAhana para mUlata. aMgrejI meM likhI gaI thii| isakA mUla nAma "jaina sisTama ina
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________________ xviii 1 naTazaila" (jainataMtra : sakSepa meM) thA / "dharma" zabda ke prati aruci kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai, ataH maine ise 'taMtra' zabda ke mAdhyama se prastuta kiyA hai AdhyAtmika evaM bhautika dRSTi se, sarvaprANihita- savardhanI sarvodayI AcAravicAra paddhati hI zreSTha taMtra mAnI jAtI hai| jaina taMtra eka aisI hI paddhati hai| isake aMgrejI saskaraNa kA deza evaM videza ke vidvat-varga eva sudhI janoM ne svAgata kiyA hai| isake hindI saskaraNa kA sujhAva aneka dizAoM se AtA rahA hai| mujhe prasannatA hai ki aba yaha Apake samakSa kiMcit parivardhita rUpa me "sarvodayI jainatatra" ke nAma se sAmane A rahA hai| merA vizvAsa hai ki isakA sarvatra svAgata hogaa| isa saMskaraNa me bhI yaha dhyAna rakhA gayA hai ki pustikA ke sugama aura sahaja pAThana ke liye isakI bhASA me pAribhASika zabda nyUnatama raheM aura vivaraNa jaTila na ho jaaye| phira bhI, isake savardhana evaM apUrNatAo ke sambandha me pAThako ke sujhAvo kA sadaiva svAgata hogaa| potadAra TrasTa, TIkamagaDha ne 'sarvodayI jaina tatra' kA prakAzana karake ise deza videza ke zikSita varga eva Ama ko sulabha karAyA hai| isase bhAratIya saMskRti va sAhitya ke sAtha hI jaina sahitya bhI pallavita hogA / isa zreSTha kArya ke liye mai TrasTa ke adhyakSa bhAI kapUra caMda jI potadAra eva potadAra TrasTa ke prati AbhArI hU / naMdalAla jaina
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________________ dharma kA vikAsa aura jaina taMtra kI vizeSatAyeM Adhunika vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM "dharma" zabda kA artha mAnava kA naitikata. samAjIkaraNa hai| isakA dUsarA artha vyakti kA isa rUpa meM vikAsa bhI hai jo sarvodaya kA preraka ho, jo sabhI ko uccatama sukhamayatA ke lie mArga prazasta kre| vastuta. saccA dharma to mAnava dharma hI hai jo "jiyo aura jIne do" tathA "jiyo aura jIne meM sahAyaka" ho| isa prakAra, yadyapi dharma vizvajanIna hotA hai, phira bhI, vizva ke itihAsa ke aneka yugoM me aura aneka kSetro me aneka dharma-tantro kA udaya haA hai jo vyakti aura samAja ke sukhamaya jIvana ke nirmANa me nirdezaka haye haiN| inameM pratyeka ne svaya ko mAnavatA kA sarvottama hitakArI mAnA hai| lekina bhASA, sacAra aura anya bAdhAo ke kAraNa te vizva bhara meM sujJAta na ho ske| amarIkI lekhaka elabuDa kA yaha vicAra bahusammata hai ki pratyeka dharma taMtra vizvadharma yA maulika mAnava dharma kA kevala aMzataH parivartita rUpa hI hai jisake vibhinna nAma haiN| ye sabhI dharma tatra mAnava kI sukhamayatA ke samvardhana ke carama lakSya ko prApta karane ke aneka prakAra haiN| isa AdhAra para, jaba hama jaina taMtra ke viSaya me carcA karate hai, to hama pAte hai ki yaha mAnavatAvAda ke vikAsa kI aisI paddhati hai jisame anya dharmoM ke samAna viziSTa evaM nizcita Adarza evaM vyavahAro kA samuccaya hai| vidvAno kA vicAra hai ki jaina taMtra sabhI yuga ke svataMtra cetA, buddhivAdI evaM tarka-pravINa vyaktiyo ke lie sarvottama Adarza aura vyavahAra prastuta karatA hai| yaha na to IzvarIya tatra hai aura na hI yaha daivI tatra hai| isame na to sRSTikartA Izvara ko koI sthAna hai aura na hI popa ke samAna adhikAra prApta saprabhutA hI hai| yaha uttAra-vAdiyo kA tatra hai, yaha avatAra tatra nahIM jinakA caritra kevala anukaraNIya kI apekSA zravaNIya adhika hotA hai| isa tatra kI vizeSatAo me (1) bhautika evaM manobhAvAtmaka ahiMsAvAda, (2) karmavAda, (3) bahuvAstavikatAvAda, (4) mahilAo
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________________ 20 / sarvodayI jaina taMtra ke lie samAna eva AdaraNIya udAravAda, (5) karma-AdhArita samAja yA varga vyavasthA aura ( 6 ) manovaijJAnika adhyAtmavAda pramukha haiN| isameM vizvadharma hone kI kSamatA hai kyoMki (1) isake apane Agama grantha haiN| (2) isake prasAraka AdarapAtra tIrthaMkaroM ke samAna zalAkApuruSa hai aura (3) isame mAnava to kyA, sabhI prANiyoM ke hita ke lie vyavahArika yA sarvodayI nirdeza haiM / isake mUlabhUta siddhAnta naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke AdhArabhUta haiN| vizva ke aneka vidvAno ko isa para Azcarya hai ki aisA sarvatobhadra evaM prAcIna tatra anusadhAna pravINa pazcima ko itane dinoM taka ajJAta kyo banA rahA ? yaha to sau varSa meM kAryarata lagabhaga tIna darjana se adhika pazcimI vidvAno ke avirata prayatnoM kA suphala hai jinake kAraNa vizva isa vaijJAnikataH preraka evaM acarajakArI taMtra kI ora AkRSTa huA hai| vizva ke vicAraka isa tatra ko naitika, sAskRtika, aitihAsika, tatva eva pramANa-vidyA tathA buddhivAda ke AdhAra para sammAnapUrNa sthAna pradAna karate haiN| samaya aba badala gayA hai| aba jainatatra kA itihAsa bhagavAna RSabhadeva se prArambha hotA hai| ve pUrva- vaidika eva sabhavataH siMdhughATI sabhyatA ke AcArya the / Adhunika vidvAna aba yaha mAnane lage hai ki jainataMtra bhAratamUlaka AryapUrva eva prAgaitihAsika tatra hai jo sabhavataH vartamAna me bhI dIrghajIvitA prApta zramaNadhArA ke antargata IsA pUrva tIsarI cauthI sahasrAbdi me punaH sthApita huA hogA / isa dhArA me digambaratva kI pUjA, yaugika Asana, cakrIya anAdi-anata samaya kI dhAraNA eva sarvajIvavAda ke siddhAnta mAne jAte rahe hai / sidhughATI ke utkhanana se prApta aneka prakAra ke avazeSa usa yuga me ina dhAraNAoM ke astitva ke sAkSya dete hai| isa prakAra, jainatatra, sasAra kA eka prAcInatama, anIzvaravAdI, ahiMsaka, samagratAvAdI, aura anekAtavAdI siddhAnto kA taMtra hai| vartamAna yuga me kevala yahUdItatra usake samakAlIna baiThatA hai jisakA itihAsa prAya. 3700 varSa IsA pUrva kA mAnA jAtA hai| uttarakAla me vArANasI kSetra ke pArzvanAtha (877-777I0 pUrva ) aura magadha ke mahAvIra (599-527 yA 540-468 I0 pUrva) ne isa taMtra ko apane yugo me isa prakAra vyavasthita kiyA ki yaha Aja bhI atyanta prabhAvI evaM jIvita dharmatatra banA huA hai| isa tatra kA uddezya vyakti ko aise AdhyAtmikataH uccatara stara para le jAnA hai jo sarvodayI samAja ke nirmANa meM sahAyaka ho / yaha eka vyakti
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________________ jaina tatra ke siddhAta /21 ko samI vyaktiyoM kI ora rUpAyita karatA hai aura use apane ghara ko chor3a vizvanIr3a banane ko prerita karatA hai| yaha mAnava meM Izvaratva ko vikasita karatA hai| yaha AtmavizvAsa, Atma-anuzAsana, Atma-punItakaraNa eva vyAvahArika AzAvAda kA aisA darzana hai jo mAnava kI sahaja aura ananta kSamatAo ko vikasita karatA hai| yaha mAnava ke dRSTikoNa ko vyApaka banAtA hai| isake siddhAnta vyakti evaM samAja ke punarnirmANa yA navanirmANa meM gatizIla Avega utpanna karate hai, isase vikRtiyAM dUra ho sakatI hai aura eka satata pravAhazIla jIvaMta vicAra eva kAryapaddhati utpanna hotI hai jo isakI dIrghajIvitA kA mukhya ghaTaka hai| yadyapi isa taMtra ke vibhinna yugoM meM aneka nAma (nirgrantha, zramaNa, aha~t Adi) rahe haiM, phira bhI, isakA Adhunika nAma "jaina" prAya. pichale bAraha sau varSe se lokapriya hai| isake siddhAnta aura vyavahAra rUpo me aviratatA banI huI hai| 2. jaina taMtra ke siddhAnta jainatatra me dharma ko vyaktiniSTha aura vastuniSTha-do rUpo meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| yaha jIvana kI aisI paddhati hai jo prANimAtra ko uccatama AdhyAtmika sukha kI ora le jAtI hai| yaha vyakti meM sudhAra karatI hai aura samAja ko sundaratara banAtI hai| isa paddhati kA mArga samyak darzana, samyaka jJAna aura samyak vyavahAra kI triveNI se pAra hotA hai| isake siddhAnta bahuvAstavikatAvAdI kathano se prArabha hote haiM : 1. yaha carAcara vizva anAdi-anata hai| yaha sabhI prakAra ke astitvoM kA samudAya hai| yaha prAkRtika niyamo se sacAlita hotA hai| isake sacAlana me koI vAhya yA daivI zakti kAma nahIM krtii| isakI AvazyakatA bhI nahIM hai| isa prakAra jainatatra anIzvaravAdI tatra hai| isa vizva ke do rUpa hai-bhautika aura aadhyaatmik| 2. bhautika dRSTi se, vizva me chaha dravya hai| isame (1) jIva aura (2) ajIva dravya (3) AkAza me sahavartI rahate hai aura (4) udAsIna gati eva (5) sthiti mAdhyamo me gatizIla evaM virAma avasthA me rahate hai| isa prakAra, jaina tatra cartuvimIya jagata kI (6) samaya sApekSa udghoSaNA karatA hai| yahA dravya zabda kA viziSTa artha hai| yaha eka aisA astitva hai jo guNa (sahavartI)
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________________ 22 / sarvodayI jaina tatra aura paryAyoM (kramavartI) kA AdhAra ho / yaha gatizIla sthAyitva kA pratIka hai / isa prakAra, isa bhautika vizva me jIva, ajIva, AkAza, gati-mAdhyama, sthiti mAdhyama eva kAla-ye chaha dravya pAye jAte hai| 3. AdhyAtmika dRSTi se, sukha kA mArga 9-11 tatvoM ke parijJAna tathA anubhUti ke mAdhyama se prazasta hotA hai| ina tatvo kI sakhyA umAsvAmI ne bAda me sAta nizcita kI hai (1-2) jIva aura ajIva tatva eka-dUsare se sayukta hokara bhautika aura bhAvAtmaka kriyAo ke mAdhyama se karmoM ke (3) Azrava tathA (4) badha ke mAdhyama se jIva ke sAsArika astitva meM sahAyaka hote haiN| isa vizva meM jIva sadaiva ajIva (karma, zarIra Adi) se pradUSita rahatA hai| lekina jIva me isa pradUSaNa ko dUra kara apane svataMtra astitva me Ane kI tIvra lAlasA rahatI hai| mAnava jIvana kA carama lakSya, dukha-nivRtti, (7) paramasukha yA mokSa prApta karanA hai / yaha sukha tapa eva vrato ke bhautika eva mAnasika (5) savara ke prakAro tathA (6) badhe hue karmoM ke nirjharaNa yA nirjarA kI bahucaraNI prakriyA ke apanAne se prApta hotA hai| vastutaH sukha, H. karmabadha kI zithilatA ke anupAta meM hotA hai| uccatama yA anata sukha to mAnava puruSArtha kA aMtima caraNa hai jise dhArmikatA, R kaha sakate hai| phalataH H x R. (1) (H = Happiness ), ( R = Rehgiosity) aura, sasAra dukha ke kAraNa = Azrava aura badha, aura sasAra sukha ke kAraNa savara aura nirjarA 4. jIvana me sukha kI prApti uparokta tatvo aura dravyoM ke tarkasaMgata eva samyak vizvAsa pUrNa jJAna eva prayoga se hotI hai| ye (3-4) hI dukhamaya sasAra ke kAraNa hai aura inake (5-6) ke anusAra AcaraNa ina dukho ko dUra karane ke upAya hai| jaina tatra kA yaha samanvita tricaraNI ( bhakti / zraddhA, jJAna / darzana aura cAritra) mArga hai jo anya tatro ke ekala yA dvikala mArga kI tulanA me apanI viziSTatA prakaTa karatA hai| 5. prANijagata me bhautika eva bhAvAtmaka icchAye, mahatvAkAkSAye, rAga, dveSa, ghRNA, upalabdhiyA Adi kI bahulatA hai| inheM jaina taMtra me kaSAya, P (Passion) kahate hai| ye acchI bhI ho sakatI hai burI bhI ho sakatI haiN|
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________________ " jaina taMtra ke siddhAMta / 23 inakI saMkhyA sImita bhI ho sakatI hai aura asImita bhI ho sakatI hai| burI kaSAyeM avAchanIya hotI hai aura duHkha aura atRpti ko janma detI hai| yaha vizva vividha prakAra kI kaSAyoM kI krIr3A sthalI hai| inake kAraNa sukha-dukha hote haiN| phalataH yaha vizva sukha-dukha kA mizraNa hai| dharmataMtroM kA lakSya dukhoM kA alpIkaraNa eva zUnyakaraNa hai aura sukhoM kA vahavIkaraNa yA anaMtIkaraNa hai| phalataH, dhArmikatA R kaSAyo ke viloma anupAta meM hotI hai / isa tathya ko gaNitIya rUpa meM prastuta karane para Hoc R x 1/p. ..(2) 6. dharma-tatro ne saMsAra ko cakrIya bhaMvara mAnA hai| isame kaSAyo, upalabdhiyo, mUrcchA Adi ke kendramukhI bala isa prakAra kArya karate haiM jinase punarjanma kI prakriyA avirata banI rhe| isake viparyAsa meM, yahAM vrata, tapa Adi ke bhautika aura bhAvAtmaka bala kendrApasArI ke rUpa meM kAma karate hai jinase uparokta kendramukhI baloM kA prabhAva satulita ho jaaye| yaha spaSTa hai ki jaba taka kendrApasArI balo kA mAna kendramukhI baloM se adhika nahI ho jAtA, uccatama sukhamayatA yA mukti sabhava nahI hogI / arthAt, pUrNa sukhamayatA ke liye, virAgatA Adi ke kendrApasArI bala > kaSAya Adi ke kendramukhI bala ..(3) 7. jaba prANI kaSAya-mukta ho jAtA hai, taba usame jJAna, darzana, sukha eva vIrya kI anata catuSTayI prakaTa hotI hai| sAmAnya avasthA me ina guNo ke pUrNarUpa se prakaTa na hone kA kAraNa yaha hai ki prANI sadaiva bhautika kriyAo aura manovaijJAnika bhAvoM se sapRkta rahatA hai| ye prakriyAye pariveza me vikSobha utpanna karatI hai jahA cAro ora ava- paramANuka kArmana-paramANu vyApta rahate haiN| ina kriyAoM ke kAraNa saMsArI jIva cubaka ke samAna ho jAtA hai aura ina kArmana- paramANuo ko AkRSTa karatA hai| isake kAraNa jIva bhArI yA laghu koTi ke karmabaMdha karatA hai| isa kAraNa hI jIvo kI vibhinna koTiyAM aura gatiyAM hotI hai| jaino kA yaha karmavAda gatizIla, AzAvAdI aura utparivartanazIla hai / yaha anya tatro ke samAna niyativAdI nahIM hai| isame puruSArtha kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| yaha manuSya ko bhAvAtmaka zuddhatA kI zreNI para ArohaNa aura avarohaNa karAtA hai| yaha vartamAna Adato ke manovaijJAnika siddhAnta kA prAcIna rUpa hai| yaha karmavAda vartamAna
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________________ 24/ sarvodayI jaina taMtra manovijJAna kI aneka zAkhAo kA nidarzaka hai jisake antargata jJAna,.. darzana, vyaktitva, manobhAvo Adi kA prayogavihIna yuga me sundara vivecana huA hai| yaha zarIratatra aura zarIra kriyAvijJAna kA bhI nirUpaka hai| aba to isake rahasyo ko taMtrikA-vijJAna ke mAdhyama se bhI samajhAyA jA sakatA 8: jainatatra kA mUla AdhAra sarvajIvavAda hai| yaha saMsAra kI sabhI vastuoM meM maulika sajIvatA svIkAra karatA hai jabataka unhe zastra pratihata (ubAlanA, kATanA, jalAnA, zastra-kriyA Adi) na kiyA jAya / tathApi, sasAra ke sabhI prANiyo me yaha sajIvatA ekasamAna nahIM hotii| yaha parivartI hotI hai| yaha ajIva padArthoM meM zUnya hotI hai aura mukta jIvo me anata hotI hai| anya prANiyoM me isakI koTi madhyavartI hotI hai| jaina tatra ke siddhAnta aura anuprayoga vibhinna prANiyo ko apanI sajIvatA kI koTi me savardhana karane kI prakriyA ko protsAhita karate hai| isake lie kArmika ghanatva D. (Karmic Density) kI koTi ko uccatara (pApamaya jIvana) se nimnatara (puNyamaya jIvana) kI ora pravAhita kara utparivartita karanA Avazyaka hai| phira bhI, yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki sajIvatA kI uccatara koTi yA pavitratA kevala mAnava jIvana ke mAdhyama se hI sambhava hai| isa jIvana kA prArambha paryApta nimnatara kArmika dhanatva D. se hI hotA hai| 9: jainatatra ke anusAra, prANiyo kI cAra gatiyA~ mAnI jAtI hai-naraka, deva, pazu aura manuSya / isame mukta jIvo kI gati ko paMcama gati bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| ina gatiyo kA AdhAra kArmika dhanatva kA kramika alpIkaraNa tathA bhAvAtmaka zuddhatA kA vRddhikaraNa hI hai| isakA yaha artha hai ki jIvo kI bhAvAtmaka zuddhatA kArmika ghanatva, D ke viloma anupAta meM hotI hai| vastuta., bhAvAtmaka zuddhatA dhArmikatA ke samAnupAta meM hotI hai, phalataH dharmikatA R bhI D ke viloma anupAta me hogii| arthAt, bhAvAtmaka zuddhatA << . uccatama yA anata sukha kI sthiti prApta karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki kArmika ghanatva prAyaH zUnya ho jAye jisase bhAvAtmaka zuddhatA yA uccatama sukha, anata ho jAya / phalata. yadi sukha, H ko nimna prakAra paribhASita kiyA jAya,
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________________ jaina tatra ke siddhAMta / 25 pUrita icchAoM kI saMkhyA DD. (5) " icchAoM kI kula sakhyA DDA jahA D icchAyeM (Desires) haiM, Di anaMta icchAyeM (Infinite Desires) hai aura D. anata kArmika dhanatva hai| phalataH yadi Di=0, H==inakA mAna zUnya se jitanA hI kama hogA, H bhI utanA hI kama hotA jaayegaa| dharmataMtra kA uddezya sukha H, ko anata banAnA hai| sAmAnya jana ke liye to yaha sthiti kalpanAtmaka hI hai| phalataH vaha yaha socatA hai ki H=0 ke lakSya ko prApta karane kI ora prayatna karanA hI usakA jIvana lakSya hai| uparokta gaNitIya samIkaraNa se yaha sahaja hI anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki H ko anata banAne ke liye icchAo kI sakhyA D ko nyUnatama yA zUnya karanA sarala (yA kaThina ?) hai kyoMki icchAoM kI pUrti prAyaH paryApta sImita eva sthira-sI hotI hai| yahI to jaina tatra kA mUla matra hai| isI se uparokta samIkaraNa kI sArthakatA siddha hotI hai| yahAM yaha dhyAna me rakhanA cAhiye ki icchAyeM D aura kaSAye P samAnupAtI hai| ataH uparokta samIkaraNa me D ke sthAna para P bhI rakhA jA sakatA hai| ___10. sukha ke samAna satoSa S, bhI jIvana kA lakSya hai kyoki satoSa eva sukha kI anubhUti me sIdhA sambandha hai| arthazAstriyo ke anusAra, satoSa kI paribhASA nimna hai : icchita padArthoM kI prApti S satoSa, s = = (6) icchita padArthoM kI saMkhyA - - Si jahA S aura S, vastuo kI prApti (Acquisition) eva unakI sampUrNa sakhyA (Total Materials) hai| __uparokta sabhI samIkaraNo kA eka hI uddezya hai-eka vizeSa prakAra kI jIvana pddhti| jaina tatra me isa jIvana paddhati ko ahiMsaka jIvana paddhati kahA jAtA hai| jaino ke sabhI vrata, tapa, aura sAdhanAye isa jIvana paddhati ke kramika vikAsa meM sahAyaka hotI hai| yaha paddhati tIna rUpo meM vyakta hotI hai-mana se, vacana se aura kAya se| jainatatra tIno hI dRSTiyo se samanvita rUpa se ahisaka jIvana apanAne kA mArga sujhAtA hai| ina tIno
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________________ 26/ sarvodayI jaina tatra prakAra kI abhivyaktiyo kI ekarUpatA hI mahAtmAo kA lakSaNa batAyA gayA hai| phira bhI, mAnasika ahisA adhika mahatvapUrNa mAnI jAtI hai| aneka vicArako ne ahisA para kAyaratA Adi ke Aropa lagAye haiN| yaha tathya nahI hai| sAmAnya jIvana me hisA cAra rUpo meM vyakta hotI hai| (1) dainika kArya, gharelU kArya, (2) audyogika yA AjIvikA sabadhI kArya (3) virodha-samAdhAna eva (4) sakalpajanya hiNsaa| iname sakalpajanya hisA ko choDakara anya rUpa kama balabAna hai| isalie jaina tatra me sakalpajanya hiMsA yA mAnasika bhAvo ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai| vastuta, mana hI hamAre dhArmika jIvana kI sadgati eva durgati me nimitta banatA hai| 11 aba samasyA yaha hai ki D yA P ko isa upabhoktAvAda ke yuga me kaise kama kiyA jAya ? isa uddezya ko siddha karane ke liye jaino ne sarvAdhika buddhi-sagata, vaijJAnika eva manovaijJAnika upAya sujhAye hai| ye nivRtti-pradhAna vidheyaka upAya hai| inake antargata aneka svaicchika niyatraNa eva aneka sakArAtmaka guNo kA pallavana AtA hai| inase naye karmoM kA Azrava niyatrita hotA hai aura kucha sacita karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai| isase kArmika ghanatvA yatheca koTi taka kama ho jAtA hai| mahAvIra bIsavI sadI ke manovaijJAnika saprasAraNa/vijJApana kAryakramo se bhI uccatara koTi ke vijJApaka the| unhone apanI adhyAtmavAdI vicAradhArA ke vikraya ke liye vartamAna sasAra ko pUrNata. hI dukhamaya udghoSita kara diyA jisase unakI vicAradhArA abhyantara aura bAhya tapa aura anya upAyo ke Azraya se kArmika dhanatva ko kama karane ke liye sarvotkRSTa mAnI jA, ske| jIvana ko sundaratama banAne ke liye, unhone apane saMgha ko prajAtAtrika vyavasthA dI aura use caturvidha sagha kA nAma diyaa| isake antargata zrAvaka zrAvikA, sAdhu aura sAdhvI samudAya liye gye| unhoMne batAyA ki sAmAnya gRhastha kramaza. tIna caraNo me sudhara sakatA hai-(1) sAmAnyajana yA pAkSika caraNa (2) naiSThika caraNa (3) sAdhaka crnn| pAkSika zrAvaka ke ca.Na me vyakti ko 8 yA 35 (mUla-guNa yA mArgAnusArI guNa) mUlabhUta cAritra ke niyamo kA pAlana karanA par3atA hai jisame sAtvika bhojana, bhojana kI paddhati para niyatraNa (zAkAhAra, avamaudarya Adi) aura ImAnadArI kA jIvana
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________________ jaina taMtra ke siddhAMta /27 vitAnA samAhita hai| ina mUlabhUta cAritrika kriyAo ke paripAlana ke bAda jIvana sudhAra kA dUsarA caraNa-naiSThika caraNa cAlU hotA hai jisameM prema aura zAMti (ahiMsA), satya, ImAnadArI, svapatnIvrata tathA sampatti ke samAna vitaraNa ke samAna pAca anivArya aNuvratoM ke paripAlana kA abhyAsa kiyA jAtA hai| ye vyakti aura samAja meM bhAIcAre kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa karate haiN| ina pAMca aNuvratoM ke atirikta, sAta pUraka vrata bhI hote haiM jinameM gamana, dizA, bhogya sAmagrI, AhAra ke sAtha sAdhu evaM dukhI jano kI sevA tathA pApamaya yA upekSaNIya kriyAoM para niyatraNa bhI samAhita hai| vastutaH ye sAta vrata aNuvratoM ke pAlana ke prAyogika vistAra hI haiN| isa sAmAnya jainacaryA me chaha Avazyaka yA dainika kartavya bhI hote hai- (1) devapUjA, (2) guru sammAna (3) zAstroM kA svAdhyAya, (4) AhAra eva indriyajanya viSayo para niyatraNa (saMyama) (5) japa-tapa aura (6) auSadha, zAstra (skUla, pAThazAlA Adi kholanA), abhaya (pakSI aspatAla, dharmazAlA Adi) aura AhAra ke rUpa me cAra prakAra ke samAja hitakArI kAma krnaa| ina kartavyo ke sAtha Agamo meM sAmAyika (dhyAna, japa-tapa) aura pratikramaNa (kiye huye azubha kAryoM ke liye AlocanA eva prAyazcita eva Age na karane kA saMkalpa) ko bhI sAmAnya kartavyo meM ginAyA gayA hai / vastutaH ye dono bhI tapa ke hI aga hai| yahI ve kartavya hai jinhone jaina sagha ko parirakSita kara rakhA hai| sAtha hI, jainoM kI aneka janahitakArI pravRttiyo ne bhI unako bhAratIya samAja me pratiSThita sthAna dilAyA hai| ye kartavya jaina tatra ke manovizleSaNa evaM samAjazAstra se gahanataH saMbadhita hai, yaha spaSTa hai| ___vyakti eva samAja ke liye hitakArI ina aNuvratoM, pUraka vratoM, chaha, Avazyaka dainika kartavyoM ke paripAlana karane para sAmAnyajana eka gyAraha -caraNI cAritra zreNI (jise pratimA kahate haiM) para ArUDha hotA hai jisake paripAlana se pUrvokta brato me sUkSmatA AtI hai| bhautika aura AdhyAtmika kalyANa ke prati atadRSTi jAgatI hai| isa cAritra zreNI ke aMtima gyArahave caraNa para sAmAnya jana AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke tatIya caraNa-sAdhaka yA sAdhu caraNa kI ora calane lagatA hai| sAmAnya jana pUrvokta vrato ko sUkSmatA se evaM pUrNatA se paripAlana nahIM kara sakatA, kyoki use AjIvikA aura anya samasyAo se jUjhanA paDatA hai| isaliye use Azika sayamI zrAvaka kahate haiM aura usake vratoM ko bhI sthUladrata hI kahA jAtA hai| phira
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________________ 28 / sarvodayI jaina tatra bhI, ina vratoM ke paripAlana se vaha aisI dizA kI ora pravRtta hotA hai jahAM usakI sAsArika eva azubha kAryoM meM ruci kama hone lagatI hai| jainataMtra meM sAdhu-sasthA ko pUrNa-sayamI kahA jAtA hai| usakI mAnasikatA zuddhatara hotI hai| usake liye vrato kA paripAlana sUkSmatara aura vyApaka hotA hai, atikrama-vihIna hotA hai| sAdhu kI Atarika UrjA bhI vardhamAna hotI hai| pratyeka sAdhu ko sagha me viziSTa prakriyA evaM parivAra jano kI anumati se hI dIkSita kiyA jAtA hai| inake vrata aura cAritra sAmAnya gRhastho ke samAna hI hote hai para unake paripAlana meM adhika sUkSmatA hotI hai| isaliye ve "mahAvrata" kahalAte hai| udAharaNArtha, sAmAnya gRhastha kI ahiMsA me dRzya jIvo kA pIDana-nirodha yA sthUlatA samAhita hai jabaki sAdhu kI ahiMsA me dRzya, adRzya aura sUkSma-sabhI prakAra ke jIvo kA-yahAM taka ki ekendriya vanaspatiyoM kA bhI hisana varjita hai| sAdhuo ko calanephirane, bAta-cIta karane, upakaraNo ko uThAne-dharane, malotsarjana karane tathA AhAra grahaNa karane meM bahuta sAvadhAnI baratanI paDatI hai| unheM apanI mAnasika eva zArIrika kriyAo me bhI sacetatA baratanI par3atI hai| unhe, sAdhu avasthA me aneka prAkRtika upasargo eva kSudhA-tRSA Adi bAIsa bhautika yA mAnasika parISaho ko sahane kA abhyAsa karanA par3atA hai| ina sAvadhAniyoM ke samucita abhyAsa ko mAnasikata prabala banAne ke liye (i) uttama kSamAdi dasa dharmo kA pAlana-jo aNuvrato ke hI vistAra haiM, (ii) anitya, azaraNa Adi bAraha bhAvanAo kA citana, (ii) aneka abhyatara aura bAhya tathyo kA abhyAsa jiname kucha aura AhAra niyatraNa ke upAya rahate hai jo dIrghajIvitA ke lie Avazyaka hai aura jinase kaThora sAdhanA karane kI kSamatA prApta hotI hai, (iv) vibhinna prakAra ke Asana aura dhyAna tathA (v) samatA-utpAdI caritra ke aneka rUpo kA abhyAsa bhI karanA paDatA hai| ina abhyAso se na kevala aMtaraga UrjA kI vRddhi hI hotI hai, apitu usakA sAdrita eka-dizIkaraNa bhI hotA hai jisase vyakti me Izvaratva ke guNo kA pallavana hotA hai| sakSepa-me, zAstro meM batAyA gayA hai ki pratyeka sAdhu ko caudaha-caraNI adhyAtma vikAsa kI zreNI para ArUr3ha hone ke liye 28-36 guNo ko, anubhava se, vikasita karanA par3atA hai jisase anta me use uccatama sukha kI prApti hotI hai| cAhe gRhastha ho yA zrAvaka, usake sabhI anupAlana vyaktigata zreNI meM
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________________ jaina tatra ke siddhAMta /29 Ate haiM kyoMki vyakti hI samAja kA mUla hotA hai| samAja vyaktiyoM kA samudAya hI to hai| yadi vyakti bhautika eva bhAvAtmaka caritra meM vikasita hai, to unase bane samAja meM bhI acche guNoM kI garimA vikasita hogii| sAtha hI, samAja me sAdhuoM aura gRhasthoM kA anupAta prAyaH 4-5/10,000 ke rUpa me bahuta samaya se sthira rahA hai| isase samAja ke dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika unnayana me sAdhuoM kI mahattA spaSTa hotI hai| 12. vratoM kA abhyAsa karate samaya jaina gRhasthoM ko jainoM ke viziSTa AdhyAtmika gaNita kA anubhava hotA hai jahAM guNa-sakhyAo kA yoga unake guNanaphala ke prabhAvI rUpa meM hotA hai| yaha sthiti vyaktigata, sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika, tIno staro para pAI jAtI hai . (a) samyak (darzana + jJAna + cAritra) = samyak (darzana x jJAna x cAritra)........... (ba) zrama + svAvalabana + samAnatA = zrama x svAvala bana x samAnatA.............. ...................(8) (sa) ahisA + anekAta + aparigraha = ahisA x anekAta xaparigraha yA, a + a + a = a. ..................(9) 13. jaino ko vargIkaraNa, parimANIkaraNa eva varhivezana prakriyAo kA vizArada mAnA jAtA hai| dhArmika kSetra me, unhone mUlabhUta hisA ke 108 bheda batAye jA hai aura vibhinna vrato ajaya, ke 243 atIcAra yA upAdhyAya, 25 atikrama batAye hai| sAtha, 36 isake viparyAsa me, pAki, 11 unhone sadguNo kA nika, 817 bhI vargIkaraNa kiyA 8 2040 6080 100 120140160 180 hai| unhone pAca guNa, sakhyA parameSThiyo ke 108. guNa batAye hai| ina citra 1. manuSya kI vividha avasthAoM meM guNa guNo ke smaraNa eva pallavana ke liye athavA pUrvokta 108 doSo ke nivAraNa jaMta, 461 - -
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________________ 30 / sarvodayI jaina tatra ke liye 108 guTikA vAlI mAlA kA jApa isIliye, jainatatra meM bahuta lokapriya hai| gRhastho eva pAca parameSThiyo ke kula 170 guNa batAye gaye hai jo eka raikhika citra banAte hai| sAtha hI, AcAryoM ne manovizleSaNa pUrvaka gaNita kI prakriyA se 18000 zIla aura 84 lAkha guNa batAye haiN| yaha parimANIkaraNa kI pravRtti, nizcita rUpa se, jaina tatra ko vizvasanIyatA pradAna karatI hai| isase yaha bhI saketa milatA hai ki jaina AcAryoM ne sukhavardhaka guNo kI ora, pApavardhaka doSoM kI tulanA meM, adhika dhyAna diyA hai| yaha pravRtti jaina tatra ke usa uddezya ke anUkUla hai jisake anusAra vaha vyakti, samAja aura sabhI prANiyo kA sukha samvardhana cAhatA hai / yaha uddezya hI isa tatra kA sarvodayI rUpa hai| 3. jaina taMtra kI vaijJAnikatA sabhI bhAratIya tatro me sAmAnyata. vidyA kI eka hI devI sarasvatI mAnI jAtI hai jo bhautika aura AdhyAtmika jJAno kI ekatA kI pratIka hai| yaha bhautika vijJAno aura adhyAtma pramukha dharma me vizeSa aMtara nahI karatI / ve eka hI astitva ke do rUpa hai| isIliye vijJAna ko bhI dharma yA darzana ke samAna mAnava kI eka viziSTa mAnasika pravRtti mAnA jAtA hai jisame nirIkSaNa, parIkSaNa, nirNaya eva abhilekhana yA smaraNa kI prakriyAye kAma karatI hai| ye prakriyAye jaina darzana me dRzya jagata ke jJAna ke liye varNita avagrahAdi cAra caraNo ke anurUpa hai| vijJAna kI bastuniSThatA, vyakti nirapekSatA aura punarAvartanIyatA use vizvasanIyatA pradAna karatI hai| vaijJAnika vidhiyo me mAtra vyaktiniSThatA nahI hotI, isIliye vaha sArvatrika rUpa se . anuprayojanIya hotA hai / yadyapi dharma bhI sArvajanInatA kI ora lakSita hotA hai para yaha manovaijJAnika eva naitika kSetra ko pramukhatA detA hai| phira bhI, yaha kahanA cAhiye ki yaha bhautika vijJAna ke kSetra meM prabhAvI saphalatA ke samAna AdhyAtmika kSetra me saphala nahI ho pAyA hai| tathApi yaha spaSTa hai ki vijJAna aura dharma do duhitA taMtra hai aura eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN| phira bhI, vijJAna jijJAsu kI manovRtti, pUrvAgraharahitatA, paraparA evaM vizvAso ke prati vimohatA, upayogI jJAna ke prati AdarabhAva eva svataMtra sAhasikatA ke kAraNa dharma se viziSTatA pradarzita karatA hai| vijJAna ke isa dRSTikoNa ne paramparAgata jJAna ke prati aneka kSetro me AsthA jagAI hai| isI se yaha
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________________ jaina tatra kI vaijJAnikatA /31 abhyukti bhI cala nikalI hai ki vijJAna ke binA dharmataMtra aMdhA mAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra "vijJAna" dharmatantro ke antardarzana ke liye AMkha kA kAma karatA hai| vartamAna yuga vaijJAnika dharma me hI ruci rakhatA hai| a. jaina taMtra meM vaijJAnika dRSTi kA pallavana vijJAna kA kSetra kyA hai aura kyo hai' me sImita haiM jabaki dharmatantroM kA kSetra "kyA honA cAhiye" kI dRSTi detI hai| isa taraha, vijJAna dharma ke kSetra ko upagamita karatA huA pratIta hotA hai| AisTIna ne saca hI kahA hai thoDA-sA vijJAna hame dharma se dUra karatA hai lekina kucha adhika vijJAna hameM punaH dharma kI ora le jAtA hai| __jainatatra anIzvaravAda kI dhAraNA se prAraMbha hotA hai| isalie isame kisI ko Azcarya nahIM honA cAhiye ki yaha jagata kI ghaTanAoM aura samasyAo ke vivecana me vaijJAnika kriyApaddhati apanAtA hai aura apanI vaijJAnikatA vyakta karatA hai| vastutaH jaina yaha anubhava karate hai ki mAnava pahale vaijJAnika hai kyoki vaha apanA jIvana bAhya jagata ke prathama darzana se prArabha karatA hai| vaha dhArmika to bAda me hotA hai jaba vaha antarjagata kI ora dhyAna detA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne prArambha se hI vyakti meM vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa vikasita karane ke prayAsa kiye haiN| isakI pahalI pavitra pustaka "AcArAga" me kahA gayA hai ki AcArya dRSTa, zruta, anubhUta evaM suvicArita satya ko kahate haiN| pratyeka vyakti ko buddhi aura prajJA ke mAdhyama se sIkhane ke liye jijJAsu bananA caahiye| uttarAdhyayana me bhI dharma ke siddhAntoM ko prajJA eva buddhi se parIkSita kara svIkRta karane kI bAta kahI hai| kuda-kuda ne bhI apane anubhUta satya ko anyathA pAye jAne para sazodhita karane kI bAta kahI hai| samatabhadra aura siddhasena divAkara, hemacandra aura AzAdhara Adi ne bhI vibhinna yugo me yahI sadeza diyA hai| unhone to zAstro kI prAmANikatA ke siddhAnta bhI batAye haiN| acche zAstra avisavAdI hone cAhiye, pratyakSa (pAramArthika ora sAvyavahArika) aura anumAna (tarka buddhi Adi) se bAdhita nahIM hone caahiye| unhe yathArtha vivecaka, asaMdigdha aura virodha rahita honA caahiye| ve yaha bhI AzA karate hai ki pratyeka zrAvaka ko buddhimAna eva prajJAbAna honA caahiye| jainatatra kI yaha parIkSA-pradhAnI vRtti hI isake anuyAyiyoM ke dRDha vizvAsa kA mUla AdhAra rahI hai aura yahI
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________________ 32 / sarvodayI jaina tatra isakI parilakSita dIrghajIvitA kA kAraNa hai| isa vaijJAnika dRSTi ke pallavana ke sAtha hI, dIkSita ne isake siddhAntoM ke vikAsa ko jAnane ke liye aitihAsika dRSTikoNa apanAne kA eka navIna sujhAva diyA hai| unhone isa mata ke paripoSaNa meM aneka vicAro ke vikAsa ko nirdezita bhI kiyA hai| isa prakAra, jaba jaina AcArya parIkSA-pradhAnI dRSTi ke udghoSaka rahe haiM, taba yaha kaise saMbhava hai ki jaina taMtra vaijJAnika na ho ? yahI kAraNa hai ki isa sadI ke aneka vidvAnoM ne isake siddhAnto ko vaijJAnika vidhi evaM bhASA me vizleSita kiyA hai| unhone batAyA hai ki yaha tatra kevala dharmataMtra hI nahIM hai, apitu samagra vijJAna hai jo samasta vizva ko samekIkRta rUpa meM mAnane ke liye vaijJAnika AdhAra detA hai| isake siddhAntoM ko Adhunika vaijJAnika mAnyatAo ke pariprekSya meM kama se kama guNAtmaka rUpa meM to punarvyAkhyAyita kiyA hI jA sakatA hai| kucha prakaraNo meM to yaha unase Age bhI jAtA hai aura jJAna ke kSetra me apanA viziSTa yogadAna karatA hai| yahA hama jainataMtra kI vaijJAnikatA ko nirUpita karane vAle kucha prakaraNa dene kA prayAsa kara rahe hai| ye prakaraNa prAyaH bhautika jagata se hI saMbaMdhita hai| vastu tatva kI prakRti ke AdhAra para usakI parIkSA vyaktiniSTha pratibhA yA svAnubhUtijanya jJAna se kI jA sakatI hai athavA tarka aura buddhi ke mAdhyama se vastuniSTha rUpa me kI jA sakatI hai| siddhasena ne isa parIkSA vidhi ko acchI taraha vyAkhyAyita kiyA hai aura sujhAyA hai ki jagata meM kucha hI vastuye yA tatva aise hai jinakA parijJAna zAstro yA atIMdriya anubhava se hotA hai| phira bhI, eka aisA samaya AyA jaba ye kucha vastuye yA tatva (AtmA, mokSa- Adi) hI pradhAna ho gye| isa pravRtti ne sAmAnya jana ke vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa ko prabhAvita kiyA aura dharmataMtra bauddhika rAjapatha se vicalita hokara zraddhApatha kI ora unmukha ho gyaa| yaha sthiti aba bhI cala rahI hai| isase vartamAna me dhArmika AsthA me kSaraNa ke lakSaNa prakaTa hone lage hai / jainataMtra kI vaijJAnika dRSTi kI punaH sthApanA hI use balavAna banA sakatI hai| ba. jJAna kA siddhAnta : bahu-dRSTi parIkSaNa kA siddhAnta : anekAMtavAda jaina AcAryoM ne sadaiva yaha prayatna kiyA hai ki pratyeka vastu (bhautika yA amUrta) kA adhyayana aneka dRSTikoNoM se kiyA jAya jisase isake viSaya
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________________ jaina taMtra kI vaijJAnikatA /33 me samagra jJAna saMbhava ho ske| zAstrIya vivaraNoM ke anusAra, adhyayana ke ina dRSTikoNoM kI saMkhyA aba 130 taka calI gayI hai| isa saMkhyA ke AdhAra para vastu ke viSaya meM samagra jJAna pAne kI jaTilatA spaSTa hai| yaha vastu svarUpa kI vyaktiniSTha jaTilatA kA saMketa hai| itane adhika kArakoM ke kAraNa isa kaMpyUTara yuga ke vaijJAnika bhI isakA samagra adhyayana nahIM kara skte| sAtha hI, vibhinna dRSTikoNa se adhyayana karate samaya kabhI kabhI eka hI vastu ke viSaya meM virodhI-se lagate vivaraNa bhI milateM hai / udAharaNArtha, eka hI vyakti kisI kA pitA, bhAI cAcA, pati, sasura aura sAlA hotA hai| yaha tathya bhinna-bhinna saMbaMdhoM kI dRSTi se hI satyApita kiyA jA sakatA hai (putra, patnI, bhAI, ityAdi dRSTiyoM se)| isa prakAra pratyeka saMbadha sApekSataH hI satya haiM, pUrNa satya nahI hai / phalataH, pratyekavastu kA viziSTa svarUpa sApekSatA para AdhArita hotA hai| isakA samagra vivaraNa hama apanI bhASA ke mAdhyama se nahIM de skte| isalie hamArA jJAna sApekSa jJAna hotA hai aura vaha aMzataH hI satya ho sakatA hai| isa AMzika satyatA ke nirUpaNa kI vidhi ko jainatatra me nayavAda kahA jAtA hai| cUMki vastu ke adhyayana ke liye aneka dRSTikoNa hote hai, ata. naya bhI aneka hote hai| ina nayo se prApta jJAno ke samagra parikalana kI dRSTi ko syAdavAda yA anekAtavAda kahate hai| yaha sApekSatAvAdI vAstavikatA jainatatra ke vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa kI mUlAdhAra rahI hai| yaha ekAtavAdI dRSTikoNo ke viparyAsa me jAtI hai| gaNita kI bhASA meM, samagra vastu svarUpa syAdvAda saMkalita naya = [ naya....... 10 phalata. jainatatra ke anusAra, hamArA sAmAnya jJAna sApekSa hotA hai, nirapekSa nahI / yaha sarvajJa ke liye to sabhava hai para usake liye bhI usakI bhASika abhivyakti kaThina hogI / yaha batAyA gayA hai ki kisI bhI vastu ke viSaya me sAmAnya jJAna kI prApti adhikatama sAta dRSTiyoM se kI jA sakatI hai| isa dRSTi samuccaya ko sapta bhagI kahA jAtA hai| koThArI ne batAyA hai ki yaha siddhAnta kvATama yAtrikI ke adhisthAna siddhAnta se samarthana pAtA hai jahA vAstava me saptaprakArI vivaraNa hI saMbhava hotA hai| isa jaina siddhAnta me parimANAtmakatA na bhI ho, para isakI bauddhika gabhIratA eva yathArthatA asadigdha hai| yaha = =
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________________ 34/ sarvodayI jaina tatra bahudRSTikoNI vidhi bohara ke pUrakatA siddhAnta kA bhI AdhAra hai jaisA munizrI aura koThArI ne spaSTa kiyA hai| isake bAvajUda bhI, jaina vaijJAnika anizcAyakatAvAda ke siddhAnta se Age cale gaye hai, jaba ve yaha kahate haiM ki vastutatva kA vAstavika svarUpa varNanAtIta yA avaktavya hai| isa tathya ko unhone saptabhagI ke cauthe vikalpa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| anekAtavAda kI isa avadhAraNA ko gaNitIya rUpa meM bhI vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi vAstavika satya T (Truth) ho aura dRSTikoNoM ko P (Aspects) mAnaliyA jAya, to saMtya anata dRSTikoNoM kA sammalita rUpa hogA, arthAt SPdp = T = 0 . . .. .. . .. (11) isase yaha saketa milatA hai ki vAstavika satya to eka hI hai para vaha avaktavya (0. zUnya) hai| isI ke vikalpa ke rUpa me, saptabhagI ke AdhAra para eka anya samIkaraNa bhI diyA jA sakatA hai : S Pdp = T = 24 . . .......... ..(12) jahA vastutatva ke 24 pairAmITara vAstava me samAdheya nahI hai| isase bhI satya kI avaktavyatA prakaTa hotI hai| hAlDena aura mahalanaboIsa ne sAkhyikIya dRSTi se bhI yaha siddha kiyA hai ki vAstava me vastu ke adhyayana kI dRSTiyA sAta hI sambhava haiM : +3+3. = (3+3+1) = 7...... ..... ..... .(13) lenina ke samAna krAtikAriyo ne bhI isa tathya kA samarthana kiyA hai| isa viSaya me vizeSa jAnakArI ke liye pAThako ko munizrI, mukharjI, koThArI eva hAlaDena kI pustake aura zodha patra par3hanA caahiye| jJAna kI sApekSatA aura pratyeka dRSTikoNa kI AMzika satyatA ke siddhAnta ke aneka lAbha spaSTa hai| isase vyakti aura samAja me sahiSNutA
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________________ jaina tatra kI vaijJAnikatA / 35 kI bhAvanA vikasita hotI hai, eka-dUsare ko samajhane kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai / yaha zAMtipUrNa saha-astitva ke liye bauddhika bhUmikA pradAna karatA hai| aba to isakI rASTrIya aura antarrASTrIya upayogitA ke bhI vividha rUpa sAmane A gaye haiN| jJAna kI sApekSa prakRti ke prakaraNa meM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhiye ki yaha mAtra indriya evaM mana kI sahAyatA se hone vAlA jJAna hai| ise mati yA sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa jJAna bhI kahate haiN| isake atirikta, jJAna ke kucha atIndriya rUpa bhI hote haiM jinhe zAstro meM avadhi (kleyaravAyaMsa), manaH paryaya (TelIpaithI) aura kevala (ebsolyUTa) jJAna kahA jAtA hai| inake atirikta, prAcIna AcAryoM evaM kevalajJAniyo dvArA racita Agama yA zAstra bhI jJAna ke srota hai aura ve bhI zruta jJAna ke rUpa meM mAne jAte hai| zAstro meM zruta kI paribhASA eva prAmANikatA kA acchA vivaraNa hai| yaha indriyajanya jJAna kA uttaravartI rUpa hai| isa prakAra, jaina tatra me pAca jJAnoM kI paramparA hai| inameM kevala jJAna ko choDakara anya cAra jJAna to prayoga puSTa bhI ho gaye haiM (do pUrNata aura do aMzataH) / inake AdhAra para kevala jJAna kI sabhAvanA bahirvezita kI jA sakatI hai| hA, indriyaja jJAna meM aba sUkSma yA sthUla upakaraNa - janya jJAna bhI samAhita hotA hai| sa. jaina tarkazAstra jaina grantho meM indriyo aura upakaraNoM ke mAdhyama se hone vAle jJAna ke aneka rUpa batAye gaye haiN| inameM smaraNa (memorI), pratyabhijJAna (rikagnIzana) aura tarka jJAna ( lojika) mahatvapUrNa hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki bhautika jagata kI ghaTanAo ke jJAna me pratyakSa eva parokSa indriyoM ke nirIkSaNa aura unakI bauddhika evaM tarkazAstrIya parIkSA mahatvapUrNa hai / yadyapi zAstroM meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha jJAna anumAnita hI hotA hai, phira bhI sAmAnya jana ke pratyakSa jJAna ke liye isase acchA vikalpa nahI hai| isa jJAna ke cAra vaijJAnika caraNoM kA saketa Upara kiyA jA cukA hai| isa jJAna ke mAdhyama se hI vyakti parokSa yA tarkazAstrIya jJAna prApta karatA hai| jaina tarkazAstriyoM ne nirIkSaNoM se niSkarSa prApta karane ke liye anumAna kI paMca prakArI vidhA (silogijma) vikasita kI hai| koI vyakti pavarta para dhuvAM dekhatA hai| isa t
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________________ 36/ sarvodayI jaina taMtra nirIkSaNa ke AdhAra para isa paca caraNI vidhA ke anuprayoga se vaha parvata para agni ke hone kA nimna caraNo me anumAna lagA letA hai: 1. parvata para agni hai (pratijJA, vizleSaNa) 2. kyoki vahA para dhuvAM dikha rahA hai (nirIkSaNa, hetu, kAraNa) 3a. jahAM jahA dhuvA hotA hai, vahAM vahA agni hotI hai, jaise rasoI ghara (samarthaka nidarzana, nirIkSaNa) 3b. jahA dhuvA nahI hotA, vahA agni bhI nahI hotI, jaise pAnI kA tAlAba (virodhI nidarzana, nirIkSaNa) 4 cUMki parvata para dhuvA dikha rahA hai (vizleSaNa, anuprayoga) .5 isaliye parvata para agni hai (niSkarSa, anumAna) yaha nyAyazAstrIya purAtana yuga kA udAharaNa hai jo Aja ke dhuvArahita gaisa yA vidyuta bhaTTiyoM ke yuga meM vyabhicArI yA anaikAMtika doSa ke kAraNa vicitra-sA laga sakatA hai| nyAyazAstra ke aneka prAcIna udAharaNo kI niyati bhI Aja aisI hI ho sakatI hai| tathApi una dino dhuvA aura agni ke saha-carita hone kA tathya nirIkSita thaa| yaha pacacaraNI niSkarSa nirdhAraNa prakriyA nirIkSaNa, vizleSaNa aura nirNaya ke vartamAna vaijJAnika caraNo ko nirUpita karatI hai jo Aja bhI saha-sabadhita tatro meM anuprayukta hotI hai| prAcIna jaina AcAryoM ne jo jJAna rAzi upalabdha kI thI, usakA AdhAra yahI vaijJAnika tarkazAstra vidhi thii| yaha tatkAlIna yuga ke liye vaidha mAnanI cAhiye / tathApi isakI vaidhatA aitihAsika dRSTikoNa se hI hogii| ___ bhArata meM pUrva--madhyakAla se uttara madhyakAla taka tarkazAstra kA acchA vikAsa huaa| isame jaino kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| isa vikasita tarkazAtra meM anekAtavAda ke upayoga se, jaino ne aneka zAstrArtha jIte aura apane ko ekAntI mAnyatAo ke viparyAsa me madhyamArgI bnaayaa| nizcaya aura vyavahAra dRSTiyoM ko apanAkara unhone AtmA kI mUrtatA-armUtatA, zabda kI nityAnityatA, paramANu kI dvividhatA Adi ke vyAvahArika siddhAntoM kA sapoSaNa kiyaa| tarkazAstra ne jaina tatro ko vaijJAnikataH sUkSma nirIkSaka banAyA eva bauddhikataH tIkSNa vizleSaka bhI bnaayaa| jaino ke tarkazAstra kI Aja bhI mahatI pratiSThA hai| yaha unakI vaijJAnikatA kA paricAyaka bhI hai|
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________________ jaina taMtra kI vaijJAnikatA / 37 da. saiddhAntika avadhAraNAyeM aura bhautika jagata kI ghaTanAyeM bhautika jagata se saMbaMdhita ghaTanAye, mukhyataH, do prakAra kI hotI hai-kucha to dRzya hotI hai jaise chaha dravya, jIvo kA indriya-AdhArita vargIkaraNa, indriyo kI kAryapaddhati, dhvani kI utpatti aura saMprasAraNa aura padArthA evaM UrjA ke vividha rUpa aadi| kucha ghaTanAye aisI hotI hai jinhe hama adRzya bhI kaha sakate haiN| inhe hama avadhAraNAtmaka, prAtibha yA vauddhika vicArAtmaka bhI kaha sakate haiN| inake atargata karmavAda, paramANuvAda Adi samAhita hote hai| yaha pAyA gayA hai ki samakAlika dRSTi se jaino ne avadhAraNAtmaka kSetra me adhi-vaijJAnikatA kA pradarzana kiyA hai| isake viparyAsa me, ve dRzya ghaTanAo ke vivaraNo me utane saphala nahI mAne jA sakate / phira bhI, yaha mahatva kI bAta hai ki unhoMne upakaraNavihIna yuga me aneka dRzya ghaTanAo kI vyAkhyA kA prayAsa kiyA hai| (i) paramANuvAda aura maulika kaNa __ avadhAraNAtmaka vicAro ke kSetro me jaino ne sama-sAmayika dRSTi se sasAra ko uttama koTi kA paramANuvAda prastAvita kiyA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ve paramANuo ke guNo ke nirUpaNa me paryApta pragata vicAraka the| ina guNo me unakI vaidyuta prakRti, gatyAtmaka guNa, avinAzitA eva unake sayoga ke niyama-jo vartamAna sayojakatA siddhAnta ke samatulya haiM-mukhya hai| bahutere vidvAna, jaina paraMmANu ke avibhAgI hone kI avadhAraNA ko aba bhI mAnate hai aura ve use ilekTrAna se lekara kvArka taka kI samakakSatA pradAna karate rahe hai| lekina sAmAnya paramANu sayogo kI UrjAtmaka AvazyakatAye yaha saketa detI hai ki ina paramANuoM ko anya samakAlIna dArzaniko ke dvArA mAnya paramANuo ke samakakSa mAnanA cAhiye / vaijJAnika siddhAnta aura avadhAraNAye naye vicAro aura takanIko ke kAraNa sadaiva parivardhita hone kI kSamatA rakhatI haiN| yaha kSamatA, sAmAnya vicAradhArA ke viparyAsa me, aneka dhArmika avadhAraNAo me bhI pAI jAtI hai| paramANu ke avibhAgI mAnane kI avadhAraNA kI kaThinAIyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hI jaino ne paramANu ke do rUpa mAne-(1) Adarza, yA kAraNa paramANu aura (2) vyavahAra yA kArya paramANu / inameM vyavahAra paramANu to vibhAjita ho sakatA hai lekina Adarza paramANu nhiiN| sambhavataH paramANu saMbaMdhI zAstrIya
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________________ 38 / sarvodayI jaina taMtra vivaraNa vyavahAra paramANu kI nirUpaka ho| yahI nahIM, aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaina karmavAda ke karma paramANu yA karma vargaNAyeM Adarza paramANu se vRhattara ho aura unake samuccaya se nirmita hoM jinheM marDiyA ne kArmana-kaNa kahA hai| ye kArmana kaNa vartamAna maulika yA ava-paramANuka kaNoM meM eka naye kaNa ke rUpa me sahayojita kiye jAne cAhiye kyoMki inake viziSTa guNa hote haiN| ye sajIva taMtro se sayojita hote haiN| isI prakAra, phAinavarga ne mana ke bhautika svarUpa ko vyakta karane ke liye usako "mAiDona" kaNo se nirmita batAyA hai| (ii) UrjAoM kA anyonya parivartana jaina zAstroM me dhvani, prakAza, USmA, jyotsnA Adi ke rUpa me aneka UrjAo kA anusUcana eva vivaraNa hai| ye UrjAo ko kaNikAmaya mAnate hai yadyapi ve sUkSmatara hotI hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki padArtha aura UrjA-eka hI dravya ke do rUpa hai| isase yaha bhI saketa milatA hai ki jaino kI UrjAo kI kaNikAmayatA kI dhAraNA aThArahavI sadI ke nyUTana ke yuga ke samakakSa hai| sApekSatAvAda ke nae siddhAnta ne isa purAtana dhAraNA me kicit parivartana kiyA hai aura UrjAoM aura kaNo kI prakRti ko dvaitI mAnA hai| isase UrjAo ke anyonya-rUpAtaraNa kI dhAraNA ko bala milatA hai jisameM ucca UrjA kA vyaya hotA hai| padArtha aura UrjA kI kaNikAmayatA kI jaina avadhAraNA me isa anyonya-rUpAtaraNa ke bIja to samAhita haiM hii| (iii) prAkRtika bala - jaino kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki pratyeka sajIva yA nirjIva tatra me eka sahaja Antarika bala yA UrjA nihita rahatI hai| isake atirikta ve tIna / bala aura mAnate hai-(1) manobala, Atarika yA Atmabala (2)vacanabala yA vAzakti aura (3) kAyabala yA bhautika bl| ye bala bhI sajIva aura nirjIva-dono tatro me pAye jAte hai aura aneka rUpo me abhivyakta hote haiN| iname manobala to sajIva tatro me hI pAyA jAtA hai, para anya donoM bala dono tatro me pAye jAte hai| vacana bala ko dhvani yA vacano ke rUpa meM liyA jA sakatA hai| yaha Aja ke kriyAtmaka bala kA eka rUpa hai| isake eka rUpa-matra bala se bhI sabhI paricita haiN| yaha varadAna aura abhizApa, siddhi ora vinAza-sabhI rUpo me vyakta hotA hai| bhautika bala do prakAra ke batAye .
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________________ jaina taMtra kI vaijJAnikatA / 39 gaye haiM-(1) kAryakArI aura (2) virodhii| jainoM meM kSayakArI, upazama ya damanakArI evaM AkarSaNa bala bhI mAne gaye haiN| ye manobala aura kAyabala (tapa Adi) ke samaveta pariNAma haiN| jaina tatra me vastuo ke patana meM sahAyaka gurutva bala kA bhI parokSa saMketa hai| inhoMne eka anya bhautika bala-karma zakti ko bhI mAnA hai jo hamArI bhautika eva bhAvAtmaka kriyAoM tathA parajanma ke liye uttaradAyI hai| karmabala S (Karmic force) aura prabhAva R (Effect) ke adhyayana se vIvara -phrezanara ne eka Anubhavika samIkaraNa prastuta kiyA hai s= KInR..... ...... . ... ..... . .. .... ......(14) jahAM viziSTa prerako se viziSTa pariNAmoM kA saMketa milatA hai| yaha samIkaraNa madhyama parisara ke prerakoM ke prabhAva para satyApita kiyA gayA hai| isase karmabala kI manovaijJAnikatA vizvasanIya bana gaI hai| isase yaha sabhAvanA balavatI ho gaI hai ki karmavAda ke vyApaka prabhAvo kI manovaijJAnikatA kI gaNitIya vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| isa dizA meM gahana ciMtana aura prayatna Avazyaka hai| jaino kA karmabala (yA kriyAye) karmoM ke Asrava aura badha ke liye to . uttaradAyI hai hI, vaha eka anya mahatvapUrNa sAsArika prakriyA-jIvoM ke prajanana, jIvana-sacaraNa ke liye bhI uttaradAyI hai| yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki kArmika balo kA ghanatva D. uccatara gatiyoM D, (Destinity)-naraka, deva, tiryanca aura manuSya ke viloma anupAta me hotA hai, arthAt D... -, yA Dr - .. .. . .. ... ... ... (15) D D isa samIkaraNa se yaha spaSTa saMketa milatA hai ki manuSya gati alpatara kArmika ghanatva ke kAraNa milatI hai| isI gati se uccatama sukha kI dazA prApta kI jA sakatI hai| prANi jagata kA pratyeka ghaTaka apanI gati ko, apane kArmika dhanatva ke saMcaya ke anupAta me, uccatara yA nimnatara gati me apara janma meM utparivartita kara sakatA hai| isa dRSTi se- jaina karmavAda DArvina ke vikAsavAda kA kicit samunnata manovaijJAnika rUpa hai jahAM
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________________ 40 / sarvodayI jaina tatra kevala jIva kI uccatara dazA kA hI prAvadhAna hai| sAtha hI, jaina-taMtra vibhinna sajIva spIzIja kA nimnatara se uccatara sthiti kI ora kramikaM vikAsa kI avadhAraNA kA sapoSaNa bhI nahI krtaa| usake anusAra, vibhinna spIzIja anAdikAla se vidyamAna hai / jaino me karmabala ke sambandha meM eka anya avadhAraNA bhI pAI jAtI hai| vaha yaha hai ki yaha bala prAyaH vyaktiniSTha hI hotA hai| nayI khojo se "samUha niSThatA kI dhAraNA bhI pravIjita ho gaI hai| isa para gahana adhyayana kI AvazyakatA hai| isake viparyAsa me, vaijJAnika kevala bhautika balo kA hI vivaraNa dete hai - gurutvAkarSaNa bala, vidyut cumbakIya aura nyUklIya bala / yadi baloM ko UrjA ke samakakSa mAnA jAya, to jaino ne kevala nyUklIya UrjA ko saketita nahIM kiyA hai yadi ise AMtarika UrjA ke eka rUpa se bhinna mAnA jAve / anya balo kA pratyakSa/parokSa saketa jaina zAstro me pAyA jAtA hai| isake atirikta, jaino ke manobala aura karmabala kI mAnyatA se bala sabaMdhI unakI mAnyatA vaijJAniko kI tulanA meM adhika samagra ho gaI hai| (iv) AdhyAtmika yA naitika vikAsa kA vijJAna sAmAnyata. jaina tatra me jIvana kA artha mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika kriyAzIlatA se hai| yaha manovaijJAniko kI dvidhA mAnasika eva kAyika kriyAzIlatA ke viparyAsa me hai| yaha kriyAtmakatA prANiyo meM saMhajataH vidyamAna Atarika UrjA kI abhivyakta kI vividharUpatA kA pratIka hai / lekina yaha UrjA pUrNataH abhivyakta nahI ho pAtI kyoki sAsArika jIvana me vaha sadaiva vIryAntarAya (UrjA kI abhivyakti me vighnakArI) karma se Avarita rahatI hai| yaha karma sacita ( baddha), prArabdha (vartamAna meM prakaTa) aura kriyamANa ( vartamAna karma) ke rUpa meM jIva ke UrjA eva anya guNo ko vikasita nahI hone detaa| yaha kriyAtmakatA dasa yA solaha prakAra kI sahaja yA arjita sajJAo (AhAra Adi, kaSAya Adi, jJAnAdi) ke kAraNa hotI hai jo AnuvaMzika, antargrahIta AhAra, hArmona srAva, pariveza eva manobhAva Adi bhautika aura manovaijJAnika kAraNo se vividha koTi kI hotI hai| isakI do koTiyA pramukha haiM- zubha aura ashubh| zubha kriyAtmakatA svaya ke liye tathA samAja ke lie hitakArI hotI hai| azubha kriyAo kI
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________________ jaina taMtra kI vaijJAnikatA / 41 prakriyA isase viparIta hotI hai| jainoM ne ina jIva kriyAoM ko isa mahatvapUrNa kAraka (athavA karmavAda) se saha-sabaMdhita kiyA jo bhUtakAla se bhI sahacarita rahate hai| jIva kriyAo kI isa vividhatA eva tIvratA ne jaino ko ise catuHsparzI aura adRzya karmo ke kAraNa mAnA hai| ye karma aura anya ghaTaka mAnava kI prakRti aura usake rAga, dveSa, krodhAdi manobhAva, sukha, dukha Adi se saMbaMdhita vyavahAro aura anubhUtiyo ko prabhAvita karate haiN| mana ko atyata balazAlI va cacala mAnA jAtA hai jo ina kriyAo kA mUla kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai| dharmatatra sukhavardhaka zubha eva pavitra kAryoM aura vyavahAroM kA protsAhaka hai| isaliye yaha mana ko niyatrita kara use zubhatara dizAoM me pravRtta karane kI vidhiyA batAtA hai| kriyAtmakatA kI prakRti ke preraka manobala ke atirikta, jaino ne yaha bhI anubhava kiyA ki svastha zarIra meM svastha mana rahatA hai| mana kI svasthatA kA artha hai-usakA niyaMtrita rahanA aura sthira ekadizI honaa| isaliye unhone sarvaprathama aisI vidhiyA prastAvita kI jo zarIra ko svasthatA pradAna kre| inameM pariveza eva antargrahaNa (bhautika evaM manobhAvAtmaka AhAra) ke niyaMtraNa pramukha haiN| vastutaH ye dono hI zarIra ke svAsthya ko prabhAvita karate hai| isake liye zAkAhAra ke samAna sAtvika bhautika AhAra, hiMsAsamAhArI khAdyo kA anAhAra, mAdaka padArthoM kA anAhAra, sUrya yA ujjvala prakAza meM AhAra, UnodarI, samaya-samaya para 24-36 ghaToM ke upavAsa Adi vidhiyAM sujhAI gaI haiN| jaina taMtra ke aneka vrata inake paripAlana ke liye hI hai| AhArazAstriyo ne yaha tathya prakaTa kiyA hai ki AhAra kI Adate zarIra tatra ke srAvoM ko prabhAvita karatI haiM aura unase manobhAvAtmaka parivartana vyakta hotA hai| sAtvika AhAra aura usake niyatraNa se Atarika bala, ahisaka vRtti eva naitika AcaraNa kA savardhana hotA hai| AhArAdi ke zArIrika niyatraNa Azika svasthatA dete hai| para ye dhyAna aura tapa (sAdhanA)-abhyatara aura vAhya-kI pravRtti ko prerita karate hai aura mana kI cacalatA ko dUra karane meM sahAyaka hote haiN| jaina-taMtrajJo ne yaha batAyA hai ki mAnasika sthiratA/niyaMtraNa, manobhAvAtmaka/Avega-savegAtmaka zubhatA yA vaicArika dazA kI koTi vibhinna prakAra ke karmo ke (1) upazama yA damana (2) kSaya (3) kSaya aura upazama (4) udaya ke prakamoM se prabhAvita hotI hai| ye vidhiyA mAnava ke vyavahAra sudhA kI cAra manovaijJAnika
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________________ 42/ sarvodayI jaina tatra prakriyAoM-(1) damana (2) vilayana yA burI pravRttiyoM kA kSaya (6) udAttIkaraNa aura mArgAntarAkaraNa (kSayopazama) ke samakakSa haiN| jaina-taMtra ke uparokta IsA pUrva sadiyo ke nirdezo kA vartamAna vaijJAnika eva manovaijJAnika prakriyAoM se yaha sAmya vastutaH hame Anadita karatA hai| phalataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki svastha zarIra aura manoniyatraka dhyAna Adi pravRttiyo se hamAre AcaraNa adhika naitika aura zubhatara yA pavitra bne| isase hamArA AdhyAtmika yA Antarika stara adhika unnata hogA aura hamArI kriyAye zubhatara hone lgegii| jaina tatra me mana ko, vicAro ko, bar3A mahatva diyA gayA hai| isIliye usame sakalpI hisA ko azubhatama mAnA gayA hai| mAnava ke manobhAvAtmaka staro ke kramika zoghana kI dRSTi se AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI prakriyA ko eka caturdazI zreNI (guNasthAna) ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yaha ajJAna (nithyAtva) se pUrNa jJAna (kevala jJAna) kI ora, karmatA se akarmatA kI ora kramaza . baDhatI hai| yaha zreNI saketa detI hai ki mana ke niyatraNa ke liye damana yA upazamana vidhi bahuta acchI nahIM hotI kyoki kabhI kabhI yaha pratikriyA utpanna kara manobhAvo ko vikRta karatI hai aura usake AdhyAtmika vikAsa patha ko gyArahave stara se chaThave stara taka lA detI hai| isI prakAra, yadi niyatraNa upAyo eva sAdhanA kI vidhiyo me samucita sAvadhAnI na baratI jAve, to bhI vikAsa kA avanamana nauve stara se cauthe stara taka yA sAtave stara se cauthe stara taka ho jAtA hai| isa avanamana ko nirasta karane aura sahaja vikAsa patha para agrasara bane rahane ke liye mAnava ko balavattara prayatna karane hoge| isake viparyAsa me, hama pAte hai ki azubha manobhAvo ke vilayana kI vidhi naitika vikAsa kI adhika acchI vidhi hai| isame vyakti sIdhe hI dasave stara se bArahave stara para aura pAcave se AThaveM stara para calA jAtA hai| isa zreNI kA caudahavA stara uccatama hai jahA sabhI prakAra ke kaSAyAdika manobhAva (zubha yA azubha) zUnya ho jAte hai, sabhI Avega ora kriyAye zAta ho jAtI hai| isa stara para samasta karmoM, ke AvaraNa naSTa ho jAte haiM aura mAnava ko jIvana kI uccatama naitikatA evaM AdhyAtmikatA kA jaina lakSya, prApta hotA hai| isa sthiti me vaha anata AnaMda kA anubhava karatA hai| isa sthiti ko tatra meM uccatama AdhyAtmika pada-siddha pada-kahA gayA hai| isa pada para Ane ke sAtha jIvana kA uccatama lakSya mila cukA hotA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki naitika kSetra me bhI jeno ne prAraMbha se hI ve hI
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________________ siddhAnta aura vidhiyAM anumodita kI hai jo vartamAna vaijJAniko aura ne (14) (6) jaina tatra kI vaijJAnikatA / 43 (10) (3) (2) manovaijJAnikoM uttarakAla meM vikasita kI haiN| AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI zreNI ko "sApa-sIDhI" ke lokapriya krIDA citra ke citra 2 guNasthAna nidargana ke lie sAMpasIr3hI eka rUpa me diyA gayA hai| isa krIDA citra 2 ke aneka rUpa pAye jAte haiN| AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI isa zreNI kI parikalpanA jainetara taMtro meM lagabhaga nahI pAI jAtI / yaha manovaijJAnika AdhAro para vikasita kI gaI hai| yaha jainAcAryoM kI tIvra atarnirIkSaNa zakti kI bauddhika abhivyakti hai / unhone isake vibhinna staroM para aneka azubha karmoM ke vilayana ko parimANAtmaka rUpa me bhI diyA hai| isakI manovaijJAnika prayogo ke AdhAra para puSTi apekSita hai| yaha puSTi isa zreNI kI apUrvatA ko hI prakaTa kregii| (v) karmavAda kA vijJAna nimnatara jIva (13) (8) (5) uccatara jIva (9) 2 3 (1) sasAra me jIva jagata kI vividhatA acarajakArI hai| yaha aneka dRSTiyoMindriya, gati, sajJA, liMga, pada, samRddhi, jJAna, Adi aneka anveSaNa dvAro ( mArgaNAo) se parilakSita hotI hai / IzvaravAdI tatroM ne ise Izvara - prerita mAnA, phira karmaphala mAnA / anIzvaravAdI jaino ne ise mAtra karmaphala mAnA / isa prakAra "karma" kI dhAraNA prAya. sabhI bhAratIya taMtroM me hai, para jainatatra me usakA viziSTa artha aura vivaraNa- na kevala guNAtmaka rUpa se apitu parimANAtmaka rUpa se bhI upalabdha hai| prAraMbha meM kevala azubha karmoM kA tyAga hI sukha kA mArga rahA hogaa| bAda me zubha karma / zubha manobhAvo ko bhI puNya mArga mAnA gyaa| aba karmavAda me donoM prakAra ke karma (kucha kA parihAra, kucha kA paripAlana) samAhita hote haiN| karmavAda kI aneka vizeSatAyeM kucha saMbadhita anucchedoM 2-7-8 evaM 4 ba sa me dI gaI hai| unakA punarAvartana na kara anya sUcanAye yahA dI jA rahI haiN| jaina tatra meM "karma" adRzya eva sUkSmatama Adarza paramANuoM kA piNDa mAnA jAtA hai| ye saMsAra me sarvatra vyApta haiN| jo karma-paramANu jIva ke
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________________ 44/ sarvodayI jaina tatra sAtha ekakSetrAvagAhI rUpa se sabaddha ho sake, ve "karma" kahalAte hai / prANiyo kI kriyAtmakatA se ye karma-paramANu jIva kI ora AkarSita hote hai aura usase dRDhataH yA adRDhata sabaddha ho jAte hai| zAstroM me ajJAna, pramAda, manobhAva, aniyaMtrita jIvana eva vividha kriyAo ko karmoM ke AkarSaNa kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| vastutaH ye kAraNa azubha karmo ko AkarSita karate hai| zubha karmoM kA dhanatva kama hotA hai aura azubha karmoM kA ghanatva adhika hotA hai| ina kAraNo kI durbalatA se zubha karma AkarSita hote hai, yaha mAnanA caahiye| sasAra ke sabhI prANI ina karmo ke cakra me phase huye hai| yahI cakra uparokta vividhatAo kA mUla hai| isa cakra se chuTakArA dilAnA dharma kA lakSya hai| isake liye nimna prakriyA batAI gaI hai: kriyAye aNavrata mAnava----->karmabadha- -->karmazaithilya, avarodha aura nirjharaNa ___ zubha/azubha mahAvrata Adi -uttamasukha yaha prakriyA karmavAda kI manovaijJAnikatA eva vaijJAnikatA kI svayameva abhivyakta karatI hai| vibhinna prakAra ke karma paramANu bhautika eva bhAvAtmaka kriyAo ke kAraNa mUlataH 8 vargoM ke rUpa me abhivyakta hote hai jo jJAna, darzana, vedanA, darzana eva cAritra moha, nAma (zarIra eva vyaktitva), gotra (jIvana stara), Ayu (dIrghajIvitA) eva vighnakara (atarAya) ke rUpa me manuSya kI vividha pravRttiyo eva manovRttiyo kI pUrNa abhivyakti me bAdhaka hote hai| ye mUlakarma bhI upavargIkRta kiye gaye hai jinake kucha milAkara 148-168 bheda taka hote hai| iname sarvAdhika upavarga mohanIya (28) aura nAma (93) karma ke hai| isase unakI mahattA spaSTa hotI hai| vartamAna me yaha karmavAda vivaraNa manovijJAna (jJAna, darzana, vedanA, vyavahAra, caritra, vizvAsa, vyaktitva), zarIra eva zarIra kriyAvijJAna (nAma, Ayu) eva samAja vijJAna (gotra, atarAya) ke aga ke rUpa meM mAnA jA sakatA hai| yuvAcArya aura munizrI ne karmavAda kI aisI vyAkhyA para acchA prakAza DAlA hai| jaina zAstro me karmo ke bhedo aura upabhedo ke upazama, kSaya aura udaya , Adi ke sambandha me gaNitIya vivaraNa bhI. diye gaye hai| inheM "lokottara gaNita" ke rUpa meM varNita karane kI paramparA hai| vastutaH karmavAda to
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________________ jaina tatra kA itihAsa / 45 laukika hI hai, jo kArya-kAraNavAda ke siddhAnta para AdhArita hai para isameM lacIlApana adhika hai| yaha niyativAda ke badale purUSArthavAda para bhI bala detA hai| yaha manuSya ko apane bhAgya kA svayaM vidhAtA banAtA hai aura usame zivatva prasphuTita karatA hai| isake liye zAstrIya dasa karma-prakamoM meM se pAMca (udvartanA, apavartanA, udIraNA, saMkramaNa aura udaya) prakrama mahAna . upayogI haiN| ye hI mAnava ke puruSArtha ke pratIka haiN| __navInatama zodhoM ke anusAra mAnava jIvana kI vividhatA mAtra karmamUlaka nahI hai| isame anya aneka kAraka bhI sahayogI banate haiN| karma kI mAtra vyaktiniSThatA ko azata. samUhaniSThatA se bhI sahacarita mAnane kI sthiti utpanna ho gaI hai| isase aneka jaTila samasyAo ke samAdhAna meM saralatA huI hai| sAtha hI, jJAna-darzanAdi ke kSetra me apAra vaijJAnika pragati ke kAraNa isa sadI me sAmAnyataH karmoM kA sAmUhika kSayopazama unnata huA 4. jaina-taMtra kA itihAsa : (a) rAjakIya saMrakSaNa saMkhyAtmaka dRSTi se jaina tatra bhArata evaM vizva kA eka alpasaMkhyaka tatra hai (1-0 prtisht)| phira bhI, yaha vizva ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM vyApaka rUpa se saprasArita huA hai| isake prasAra meM vyApAriyo, sAdhuoM, rAjavaMzo ne mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai aura dharmAntaraNa kI manovRtti kA Azraya liye binA hI ise lokapriya banAyA hai| ise lagabhaga mahAvIrottarakAlIna 1800 varSoM taka bhArata ke vibhinna kSetro eva kAlo meM rAjakIya eMva rAjanItika saMrakSaNa milA jisase isane bahu-AyAmI vistAra pAyA aura yaha dIrghajIvI bnaa| yadyapi jaina siddhAnto me vizva stara para lAgU hone kI kSamatA hai, phira bhI isa taMtra meM anya dharmoM kI tulanA me janamAnasa ko kyoM AkarSita nahIM kiyA, yaha vidvAnoM ke liye mahana anusaMdhAna kA viSaya hai| jaina-tatra ke itihAsa ko suvyavasthita rUpa se jAnane ke liye use kama se kama tIna zIrSakoM ke antargata vicArita karanA cAhie-(1) rAjakIya sarakSaNa (2) sAhityika sarvekSaNa aura (3) sAmAjika sarvekSaNa / inake AdhAra para hI saMkSepa me jainatatra ke itihAsa kA varNana kiyA jaayegaa| mahAvIra isa dRSTi se bar3e bhAgyazAlI the ki ve samasAmayika rAjavazo
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________________ 46/ sarvodayI jaina taMtra evaM gaNoM se nikaTataH sambandhita the| prAyaH ina sabhI ne aura unake uttarAdhikAriyo ne pUrvI bhArata meM jainatatra kI bar3I prabhAvanA kI aura use. lokapriya bnaayaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki una dino mahAvIra ke lagabhaga sAr3he tIna lAkha anuyAyI the| mahAvIra kI nikaTa aura dUravartI ziSya paramparA ke aneka AcAryoM ke bhI uttara, pUrva, pazcima aura dakSiNa (yahA taka ki zrI lakA) ke aneka samasAmayika rAjataMtroM ke saMbaMdha rahe hai| uttara bhArata ke jaina-dharma savardhaka kucha rAjA aura rAjavazoM meM zreNika biMbasAra, ajAtazatru, nandavaza, candragupta maurya, saprati, mitravaza, gupta-rAjavaMza, harSavardhana, AmarAja, yazovarmana, pratihAra eva cadelavaza, mugala rAjavaMza, akabara aura anya rAjA pramukha hai jinhoMne jaina saMskRti, kalA aura sthApatya ko samunnata bnaayaa| jaino kI lokapriyatA ke liye azoka, guptavaza Adi ke kAla kaSTakara bhI rahe jaba unhe magadha choDakara anya kSetro me jAnA pdd'aa| inhone apanA magadha niSkramaNa aise do mArgoM se kiyA jisake kAraNa jaina-tatra ko Ane vAle samaya me bhArata meM cAro ora phailane ke avasara mile| inakA pahalA mArga kaliMga (uDIsA) hokara dakSiNa kI ora jAtA thaa| dUsarA mArga mathurA, ujjaina ora gujarAta ke mAdhyama se dakSiNa ke dUsare bhAga ko pahucAtA hai| dono hI mAgoM se dakSiNa me jaina-tatra phcaa| isIliye yaha sadiyo taka * jainadharma kA surakSita eva sarakSita gaDha banA rhaa| ina donoM hI mAgoM se pAra hote samaya ina kSetro ke sAmAnyajanoM ne inhe sahayoga aura preraNA avazya dI hogii| IsApUrva dUsarI sadI ke bagAla aura kaliga ke rAjavazo ne jainoM ko acchA sarakSaNa diyaa| isI ke phalasvarUpa khAravela ke samaya kumArI parvata para lagabhaga 180 I0 pU0 me jaina-sAdhu-sammelana (bAcanA) huA thaa| ise . digavara bAcanA kahA jA sakatA hai, para isakA vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai| yaha sarakSaNa, yadyapi, adhika samaya taka nahI rahA, phira bhI, isakA prabhAva dIrghakAla taka banA rhaa| Aja bhI ina kSetro meM jaina mUrtiyo eva sthApatya ke. avazeSa isa tathya ko puSTa karate haiM / yahA kI sarAka jAti isa saskRti kI jIvata pratIka hai| IsApUrva kucha sadiyoM se lekara pAcavI-chaThI sadI taka mathurA, ujjaina aura balabhI (gujarAta) ke kSetra jainatatra ke prabhAvazAlI sarakSaka rhe| isa kSetra meM svetavAra pradAya kA acchA vikAsa huaa| AcArya zIlaguNa sUri
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________________ jaina tatra kA itihAsa / 47 jI ne navamI sadI me gujarAta rAjya kI sthApanA meM yogadAna kiyaa| bAda me, banarAja, jayasiha, aura kumArapAla Adi rAjAo ne pazcima me jaina dharma ko rAjadharma-jaisA hI rUpa de diyaa| isa kSetra meM Aja bhI jainatatra kI sugadhi kA anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai| dakSiNa bhArata ke vibhinna bhAga lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa taka digambara sampradAya ke gaDha rahe / bhadrabAhu aura mauryarAja ne apanI dIrgha yAtrA ke daurAna jaina-taMtra ke bIja boye the| isase pUrva pArzva ke anuyAyI bhI isa kSetra meM kA taka jA pahuce the| isa sAdhu sagha se jainatatra na kevala lokapriya huA, apitu isase aneka rAjavaMza bhI prabhAvita huye / digabara sAdhu siMhanaMdi ne karnATaka me gagavaza kI sthApanA me sahayoga diyA aura muni sudatta ne hoyasala vaMza kI sthApanA meM yoga diyaa| ye dono hI rAjavaMza jainatatra ke prabhAvazAlI sarakSaka rhe| bAda meM, vijayanagara ke rAjabazo ne bhI caudahavIM sadI taka apane kSetra meM jainatatra ko sarakSaNa eva prabhAvanA dii| AMdhra ke rASTrakUTa vaMza kA yuga to dakSiNa me jainataMtra kI sAhitya sarjanA eva prabhAvanA kA svarNakAla mAnA jAtA hai| amoghavarSa ke zAsanakAla me guphA maMdira kI kalA bhI vikasita huii| isa vaza kA zAsana caudahavI sadI taka prAya cAra-pAca sau varSoM taka rhaa| isa kAla me jaina ucca rAjakIya padoM para niyukta hote the / zravaNabelagolA kI bAhubali mUrti nirmAtA cAmuMDarAya aise hI prasiddha jainadharma prabhAvako me se eka hai| ye rAjA aura rAjavaMza jaina madiro maTho eva munisagha yAtrAo me sabhI prakAra kI sahAyatA karate the / yaha kahA jAtA hai ki madhyakAla ke pUrva dakSiNI kSetro meM eka tihAI janatA jainatatra kI anuyAyI thI / bhArata ke itihAsa ke madhya aura uttarakAla me aneka rAjavaza aise hue hai jo jaina-tatra se sahAnubhUti nahIM rakhate the| inake kAraNa na kevala dakSiNa me hI prAya bArahavI sadI ke bAda rAjakIya sarakSaNa milanA banda ho gayA, apitu uttara bhArata me bhI paryApta azo meM yahI sthiti nirmita huii| isake bAvajUda bhI, jaino ne apanI ahisaka vyavahAra aura vyApAra kuzalatA se apane ko parirakSita banAye rkhaa| tathApi, badalate pariveza ke kAraNa jaino kI janasaMkhyA kama huI aura isake sAMskRtika kriyAkalApo ke vistAra ko bhI AghAta lagA | bhArata prazAsana ke muslima aura mugala kAla meM bhI, kucha apavAdo ke sAtha, yahI sthiti rhii| isa sthiti meM bhI jaina apanA prabhAvI
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________________ * 48/ sarvodayI jaina tatra astitva rakha ske| isI yuga me uttaramadhya kAla meM jaino meM mUrtipUjaka. ke badale zAstrapUjaka paMthoM kA udaya huaa| inameM zvetAmbara zAstrapUjaka to paryApta sakhyA meM Aja bhI apanA astitva banAye huye hai| isake viparyAsa meM, digambaro meM zAstra-pUjako kI saMkhyA Aja bhI svalpa hai| isI bIca digabaroM me muni prathA hRAsa me A gaI aura bhaTTAraka prathA cala pdd'ii| rAjasthAna aura anya kSetro me bhaTTArako ko rAjavazI saMrakSaNa milA aura asakhya mUrtiyAM pratiSThita kI gii| ye bhaTTAraka prAyaH yathAsthitivAdI rahe aura unhone zAstra race, anuvAda kiyA aura inakI surakSA ke liye bhaDAra bnaaye| zvetAbara paMtha me bhI navajIvana AyA aura muslima AkramaNoM ke bhaya se tathA ahisaka jIvana ke prati rujhAna se aneka kSatriyo ne jaina dharma agIkAra kiyaa| yaha rAjasthAnI jainoM ke gotro se patA calatA hai| yahI nahIM, muni hIravijaya jI ke samAna aneka digaMbara aura zvetAbara sAdhuoM kI carcA aura prabhAva se AkRSTa hokara akabara ke samAna rAjAo ne ahisA dharma kI prabhAvanA me yogadAna kiyaa| para aisI ghaTanAyeM apavAda rUpa meM hI lenI caahiye| muslima kAla meM mUrtibhajako ke Ataka ke samAna aneka viSama paristhitiyo me bhI jaina vyaktiniSTha bane rahe aura apane ko surakSita banAye rhe| briTiza zAsanakAla me sabhI saMpradAyo ke prati vyApaka udAratA kI bhAvanA eva dhArmika svatatratA kI pravRtti ne jaina tatra ko sarakSita bane rahane me to yoga diyA para usakA vizeSa savardhana nahIM ho skaa| bhArata ke svataMtra hone para saMpradAya-nirapekSatA kI nIti apanAI gii| isase jaina dharma bhI lAbhAnvita huaa| bhArata zAsana ne jainoM ke aneka rASTrIya mahatva ke pacakalyANako, mahAbhiSeka mahotsavoM ke Ayojana meM sakriya rUpa se sahAyaka hokara na kevala jaina zAsana kI garimA hI baDhAI, apitu jainataMtra kI sajIvatA ko bhI jAgRta kara diyA / bAhubalI abhiSeka mahotsava kA dUradarzana para akhila bhAratIya prasAraNa isakA eka udAharaNa hai| isase isa kAla meM jaina adhika jAgarUka hue hai| unhone bhAratetara-bhASAo me navasAhitya kA praNayana eva prAcIna sAhitya kA anuvAdana kiyA hai| isase jaino me jainataMtra ke vizvastarIya prasAra kI manovRtti vikasita huI hai| jaino ne aneka prakAra kI zaikSaNika sasthAye, zodha sasthAye aura aba to vizvavidyAlaya bhI khole hai jo jaina saskRti ke rAjadUta pramANita ho rahe haiN| unhone rASTrIya aura
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________________ jaina taMtra kA itihAsa / 49* antarrASTrIya saMgaThana banAye haiM jo jainataMtra ke prasAra kI dizA meM kArya hI / na kareM, apitu nayI pIr3hI ko mArgadarzana bhI deN| yaha isI sadI ke AThaveM dazaka kI bAta hai ki mahAvIra kI paccIsasauvIM nirvAmgazatI para zAsana ke sahayoga se hamAre deza meM jainataMtra kI prabhAvanA kA vAtAvaraNa banA, jaina vidyAoM para sthAna-sthAna para sagoSThiyAM huI aura aneka sthAnoM para jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta ke pAThyakrama cAlU huye| yaha paramparA aba bhI cala rahI hai| jainataMtra ke adhyetAoM eva anusadhAtAoM kI saMkhyA deza-videzoM meM niraMtara bar3ha rahI hai| bhAratetara dezo meM saMpradAya-nirapekSatA ke vAtAvaraNa ne parokSarUpa se vyApAra, zikSA evaM vyavasAya ke liye gaye jainoM ne jainatatra ke vyApakIkaraNa prayatnoM ko protsAhana diyA hai| vahA madira bane haiM, jaina kendra aura pustakAlaya khule haiN| jaina vidyA ke snAtaka eva snAtakottara pAThyakrama cAlU hue haiN| isase pAco mahAdvIpo me jainetaro kI jainatatra me rUci niraMtara bar3ha rahI hai| isa prakAra aba yaha tatra pratyakSa rAjakIya saMrakSaNa ke binA bhI rASTrIya aura atarrASTrIya stara para pratiSThita ho rahA hai| jaina taMtra kA itihAsa : (ka) sAhityika itihAsa jaina taMtra ke prasAra meM prAcIna, madhyakAlIna eva Adhunika sAdhu-sato eva vidvAno ne adhika mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai| phira bhI, isa tathya se ikAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki rAjakIya saMrakSaNa evaM sahayoga ne vividha prakAra ke sAhitya nirmANa kI gati ko utprerita kiyA hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki prathama sadI ke AcArya AryarakSita ne vibhinna prakAra ke jaina sAhitya ko cAra vargoM meM (anuyogo) meM vibhAjita kiyA : (1) prathamAnuyoga : tresaTha zalAkA puruSo evaM anya mahApuruSoM kI jIvanI, dhArmika paurANika kathAye, varNanAtmaka sAhitya, kathA sAhitya, lalita sAhitya, karaNAnuyoga : takanIkI sAhitya, lAkSaNika sAhitya, a-lalita sAhitya, (3) caraNAnuyoga : naitika eMva cAritra sambandhI upadeza aura sAhitya (4) byAnuvoga : tasvavidyA, pramANavidyA aura darzana kucha granthoM meM ina anuyogo ke nAma bhinna bhI diye haiN| aneka jaina
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________________ 50 / sarvodayI jaina tatra J sthaviro, sAdhuoM, vidvAno, bhaTTArako evaM gRhasthoM- sabhI ne isa vividhA-bhare sAhitya ke sRjana me apane-apane yugo me mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai| vastutaH jaina sAhitya jaino kA hI nahI, apitu samagra bhArata kA eka anupama koSAgAra hai| isa sAhitya kA mUla uddezya pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se jainatatra kI naitika zikSAo kA samprasAraNa hai / isIliye viSaya kucha bhI ho, usa para jainatatra kI mohara avazya lagI dikhegI / jaina sAhitya kA nirmANa do caraNo me huA hai- (1) pahalI sadI ke viSaya-vibhAjana ke pUrvakAla me aura (2) uttara-anuyoga kAla me / ye dono hI sAhitya guNAtmakatA evaM sakhyAtmakatA kI dRSTi se vizAla hai| isakA kAphI kucha aza aise sAdhuo aura bhaTTArako ne likhA hai jinhe dharma aura samAja- dono ko mArgadarzana denA par3atA thA / isa sAhitya kI vizAlatA rAjasthAna Adi kSetro ke saMrakSita grantha bhaNDAro me upalabdha lAkhoM pADulipiyo ke astitva se jJAta hotI hai| yaha sAhitya tatkAlIna bhASAoM me likhA gayA hai jisase vaha sahaja bodhagamya ho aura mahAvIra ke janabhASI upadezoM kI dhArA ke anurUpa ho / anuyoga vibhAjana ke AdhAra para yaha pAyA gayA hai ki prathama aura tRtIya koTi kA sAhitya sarvAdhika mAtrA me hai| vastuta sabhI prAcIna Agama sAhitya anuyoga-vibhAjana kA pUrvakAlIna hai| ataH unakI koTi prathama aura tRtIya anuyogo kA mizrita rUpa vyakta karatI hai| yaha Agama dvAdazAgI kahalAtA hai jisame caudaha pUrva bhI samAhita ho gaye hai / tathApi, pUrvo ke nAma ke AdhAra para unakA anuyoga anumAnita kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta, mahAvIra ke uttaravartI gaNadharo eva sthaviro ne jo sAhitya racA hai, usame bhadravAhu kA nAma pramukha hai| inake samaya me hI jaina saMgha ke vartamAna do pramukha ghaTako kA pravIjana huA thaa| inhone prAyaH caraNAnuyoga para hI gratha aura TIkAye likhI hai| AcArya guNadhara, puSpadanta bhUtabali, kuda-kuda, samatabhadra, umAsvAmI (ti) baTTakera, zivArya, svAmI kArtikeya, amRtacandra, AzAdhara, aura anya digabara sAdhuoM ne caraNAnuyoga kI koTi kA sAhitya likhA hai / zayyaMbhava, zyAma Arya, jinabhadra, jinadAsa, saghadAsa, haribhadra, zIlAka, abhayadeva, hemacandra, yazovijaya gaNi tathA anya zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne bhI isa koTi kA hI pallavana kiyA hai, yadyapi inameM aneko ne anya koTi kA sAhityaM bhI likhA hai| ina AcAryoM kA racanAkAla IsApUrva
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________________ jaina taMtra kA itihAsa 151 sadiyoM se lekara pUrva-madhyakAlIna Isottara sadiyo ke bIca AtA hai| Agama aura Agamakalpa grantho me caraNAnuyoga ke sAtha prathamAnuyoga sabadhI kathA sAhitya bhI hai| isake sAtha guNADhya, vimala sUri, haribhadra, saMghadAsagaNi, svayaMbhU, udyotanasUri, jinasena, guNabhadra, paMpa, ponna, ranna, ratnAkara, puSpadatta, vIranadi, hariSeNa, malliSeNa, vAdIbhasiha, hemacandra, medhavijaya Adi AcAryoM ne aneka jaina mahAkAvyo, capuoM, jIvaniyoM, paurANika evaM dhArmika kathAo ko lalita rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| inake sAhitya meM jaina saMgha ke 63-148 zalAkA puruSo kA manorama caritra pAyA jAtA hai jisakA uddezya zrAvako ke naitika utthAna ko prerita karanA hai| yaha prathamAnuyogI sAhitya bhI paryApta vizAla hai| isa sAhitya me lalita sAhitya ke ve aMga bhI Ate hai jinase sAhitya kA lAlitya prasphuTita hotA hai| ina ago me vyAkaraNa, chadazAstra, rasazAstra, eva zabdakoSa kI zAkhAye AtI hai| ina kSetro me pUjyapAda, zAkaTAyana, kAtaMtra, hemacandra, buddhisAgara, bAgbhaTa, dhanajaya, dharasena aura anya aneka AcAryoM ne anupama yogadAna kiyA hai| isa sAhitya ke antargata eka vizeSa prakAra kA vividhApUrNa sAhitya bhI samAhita hotA hai jisame stotra, pUjA, vidhi, vidhAna Adi Ate hai| bhadravAhu, mAnatuMga, bAdirAja, basunadi ke samAna aneka AcAryoM ne apanI racanAoM ke dvArA na kevala vibhinna yugo me acarajakArI dhArmika prabhAvanA kI hai, apitu chadazAstra ko bhI AkarSaka eva samRddha banAyA hai| ye sabhI racanAye bhaktivAda kI preraka haiN| yahA yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhiye ki uparokta aneka AcAryoM ko unake sAdhu-jIvana eva sAhitya-zilpa kI uttamatA ke kAraNa vibhinna yugo me rAjyAzraya bhI prApta rahA hai| isase ve jaina tatra kI sArvajanika prabhAvanA me apanA mahanIya yogadAna kara ske| iname se aneka AcAryoM ne prAkRta, saskRta ke atirikta kannaDa, tamila, telagU, gujarAtI, hindI Adi kSetrIya bhASAo me bhI acchA sAhitya likhA hai| inakI nAmAvalI, vistAra bhaya se yahA nahIM dI jA rahI hai| phira bhI, yaha jAna lenA cAhiye ki jaino ke dvArA nirmita sAhitya dakSiNa bhAratIya bhASAo kA mUlAdhAra rahA hai| prathamAnuyoga sabadhI vizAla jaina sAhitya kI ora pazcimI vicArako kA bhI dhyAna gayA
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________________ 52 / sarvodayI jaina taMtra hai jinhoMne isakI guNavattA aura varNana vidhA kI uttamatA kI muktakaTha se sarAhanA kI hai| isa koTi ke sAhitya ne sAmAnya jano ko jainadharma se prabhAvita hone me tathA jaino kI dhArmikatA ko akSuNNa rakhane meM baDI sahAyatA kI hai| karaNAnuyoga kI koTi ke sAhitya ke kSetra me jaino kA nAma su-jJAta hai / isa sAhitya ke mUla bIja to prAcIna Agama eva Agamakalpa granthoM me bhI pAye jAte hai lekina uttaravartI jainAcAryoM ne viziSTa viSayoM para aneka grantha likhe hai / inameM jyotiSa ( pAdalipta sUrI 100 I0), bhUgola ( umAsvAmI, 300 I0), padyanadI, ( 1000 I0), yatibRSabha (500 I0), gaNita ( yativRSabha, mahAvIrAcArya, 800 I0), cikitsA (pUjyapAda, 500 I0, ugrAditya 800 I0 ) zakuna vijJAna (narapati 800 I0), svapna vijJAna (malayaprabha, 1200 I0), matra zAstra (muni deva sUri, 1300 I0), sagIta (maDana maMtrI, 1300 I0, pArzvacandra 1400 I0), karmavAda ( hitazarmA, 200 I0, candrarSi, 500 I0, nemicandra cakravartI, 1000 I0, devendra sUrI mAdhavacandra, traividya eva yazovijaya gaNi 1800 I0), maNizAstra (Thakkura pherU, 1315 I0), hastarekhA vijJAna aura anya takanIkI eva kalA viSayoM ke grantha samAhita hote hai / isa sAhitya kA samucita anveSaNa aura adhyayana Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga me paryApta vAchanIya hai / dravyAnuyoga kI caturtha koTi me tatvavidyA, pramANazAstra, darzana eva anya saMbadhita viSaya Ate hai| isake antargata acchA sAhitya upalabdha hai / yaha buddhivAdI koTi kA sAhitya hai| yaha jaina tatra ke siddhAntoM ko tArkika samarthana detA hai| kuda-kuda, samatabhadra, akalaMka, vidyAnada, siddhasena divAkara, prabhAcadra, mallavAdI, haribhadra, hemacandra, yazovijayagaNi Adi AcAryoM ne jaina tatva vidyA aura nyAyavidyA ko pratiSThita kiyA hai| isa koTi ke aneka prAthamika grantho ke agrejI anuvAda bhI hue hai aura pragata grantho ke agrejI anuvAda kI yojanA calAI jA rahI hai| jaina sAhitya ke vikAsa ke itihAsa meM yogadAna karane vAle jaina vidyA manISiyo ke sAhitya kA sarvekSaNa karane para yaha tathya prakaTa hotA hai ki apane sAhitya me unhoMne asApradAyika eva tarkapuSTa vicAradhArAyeM prastuta kI hai| hAM, dhArmika sAhitya me unhoMne avazya jaina AcAra-vicAra vidyA ko buddhivAda eva anubhava ke AdhAra para saMpuSTa kiyA hai| isa sAhitya kI
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________________ jaina taMtra kA itihAsa / 53 vividhA se jainAcAryoM kI sAhityika pratibhA tathA tIkSNa nirIkSaNa eva vicAra kSamatA kA anumAna hotA hai| jainoM kI yaha pratibhA pUrvAgraha-vihIna, sahiSNutA-saMvardhaka eva zAtipUrNa sahaastitva kI mAnasikatA se otaprota hai| isane buddhivAdI jagata ko garimAmaya rIti se prabhAvita kiyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratavidyA kA sampUrNa adhyayana jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana ke vinA sabhava nahI mAnA jaataa| yahA yaha bhI batA denA cAhiye ki jaina sAhitya ke nirmANa me na kevala prAcIna kAla ke sAdhuo ne hI bhAga liyA hai, api tu isame uttaravartI kAla me aneka gRhastha zrAvakoM ne bhI mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai| isa dRSTi se pa0 ToDaramala, banArasIdAsa, rAjamala, aura Ajakala ke aneka vidvAn eva zodhakartA bahuterA sAhitya nirmita kara rahe hai| yahI nahIM, aneka pUrvI aura pazcimI jainetara vidvAno ne bhI apane sAhitya ke mAdhyama se jainataMtra ko pratiSThita eva prasArita karane tathA usakI prabhAvitA baDhAne me bar3A yogadAna diyA hai| inakI sakhyA niratara baDha rahI hai| jaina taMtra kA itihAsa : (sa) sAmAjika itihAsa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya jainoM kA samagra saMgha eka hI thaa| yaha sthiti paryApta samaya taka banI rhii| phira bhI, unake do bhAga to the-(1) sAdhusAdhvI aura (2) zrAvaka-zrAvikA / hindU samAja ke aneka vargoM ne jaina mata agIkAra kiyA aura uttaravartI kAla me bhI usakI aneka jAtiyo ne ahisaka jIvana svIkAra kiyaa| mahAvIra ke uttarakAla me jaba sagha ke sadasyo kI sakhyA paryApta ho gaI, taba usakI samucita vyavasthA eva ekarUpatA banAye rakhane ke lie sarvaprathama sagha aura usake anuyAyI aneka gaNo me vibhAjita huye| bAda me arhadvali ke yuga me sAdhu-sagha aneka upasaghoM meM vibhAjita huaa| yadi mahAvIrakAlIna jaina sAdhu-saMgha ko mUlasagha mAnA jAve, to usase hI nadisaMgha, yApanIya sagha, draviDa sagha, kASThA saMgha, siha saMgha, sena sagha eva devasagha Adi vikasita huye| ina saghoM ke antargata aneka gaNa bhI vikasita huye| iname dezIyagaNa, balAtkAragaNa, kANUra gaNa, sUrasthagaNa Adi prasiddha haiN| inameM se aneka gaNa dakSiNa bhArata meM hI sthApita hue haiN| inakA ullekha AcArya paramparA ke vivaraNoM meM bhI kiyA , jAne lgaa| sAdhuoM ke ye gaNa aura upasagha vibhinna AcAryoM ke saMrakSaNa meM
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________________ / 54 / sarvodayI jaina tatra the aura unakI vibhinna vyavasthA ke bAvajUda bhI ve jaina tatra ke mUla siddhAtoM ke anupAlana eva parirakSaNa me saMghabaddha the / pratyeka sagha aura upasaMgha jainatatra ko jIvatatA dene ke upakrama me lagA rhaa| sAdhuo ke sagha vibhAjana kA prabhAva zrAvako para bhI pdd'aa| mahAvIra ke uttarakAla me jaina dharma bhArata ke kAne-kone me pratiSThita ho rahA thaa| isame aneka jAtIya eva mAnyatA ke loga samAhita ho rahe the| jainoM ke janmanA jAtitva ke virodhI siddhAnta ke anusAra uname jAti yA varNa-vyavasthA to sabhava nahIM thI, phira bhI jainataMtra ke anuyAyI samAja ko ekasUtratA me banAye rakhane ke liye sAdhu saMgho ke samAna samAja me jAti prathA dhIre-dhIre vikasita hone lagI / jAti zabda kA artha aise samUha vizeSa se hai jo samAna AcAra, vicAra, evaM sabhava ho sake to, vyavasAya bhI pAlatA ho / bhinna-bhinna kSetro me aneka aise laghu samUha vikasita huye / inake nAma kSetrIya dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa vyaktiyo, sthAno, ghaTanAo, devatAo, vyavasAyo tathA prAkRtika parivezoM para AdhArita the / ahiMsaka vRtti hone ke kAraNa inakA vyavasAya vaizyavRtti hI bana gayA cAhe jainatatra apanAne ke pUrva ve kisI bhI jAti yA vyavasAya ko kyo na mAnate rahe ho / videzI AkrAntAo aura mUrtibhajako ke yuga me to kSatriya bhI yuddho se mArakATa se trasta ho gaye the| jaina sAdhuo ke ahisaka upadezo ne unhe bhI prabhAvita kiyA aura ve ahisaka vaizya banakara samAja kA aneka kSetro - prazAsana, rAjakAja vyavasAya Adi me netRtva karane lge| kucha logo kA mata hai ki jAti sthApanA se zreSThahInabhAva utpanna honA svAbhAvika hai| isake niyaMtraNa ke liye jAti mada ko dUSaNa mAnA gayA / 1 f jainoM meM uparokta arthoM ke anusAra, vibhinna jAtiyA kaba se astitva me AIM, yaha zodhakarttAo me vivAda kA viSaya hai| kucha loga inhe mahAvIrakAlIna hI mAnate haiM aura unakI uttarakAlIna paramparA ke AcAryoM kI jAtiyo kA bhI ullekha karate hai| vaha avazya hai ki jaina jAtiyoM ke vikAsa me aneka parivezI hinduo kI prathA kA prabhAva avazya paDA hogA / sAmAnyata: jaino kI mUla jAti, hinduo ke viparyAsa me, kevala eka hI banI - vaizya / tathApi, usake sadasya hinduo kI jAtiyo ke anya vargoM kI sevAo se lAbhAnvita hote rhe| prAcIna jaina grantho meM jaino kI jAtiyoM kA
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________________ jaina tatra kA itihAsa /55 sAraNI 1: kucha jaina jAtiyoM kA vivaraNa jAti utpatti sthAna samaya AcArya gotra 1 osabAla zrImAla poravAla, prAgvATa pallIbAla osiyA, jodhapura 457 I0pU0. ratnaprabhasUri 1444 165 I bhInamAla, jAlora 7-8vIM sadI bhInamAla pUrvIbhAga 8 vIM sadI - purA mevAr3a pAlI, rAjasthAna, ratnaprabhasUri - pallI, dakSiNa bhArata khaDelA,sIkara sadI, 8 vIM sadI jinasena 84 bagherA, Toka 8vIM sadI rAmasena agrohA, (hariyANA) 1 sadI 8 vIM sadI agrasena, lohAcArya 18 narasihapura, mevADa jaisalamera 5 khaNDelavAla bagheravAla agravAla citauDa/nAgadA AThavI sadI narasihapurA jaisavAla 10-11 cittauDA/ nAgadA 12 humbar3a 13 paravAra golApUrva 15 golAlAre DUMgarapura, rAja0 mevADa/gujarAta 1sadI, 6 sadI golAkoTa gvAliyara 16. padyAvatI puravAla padyAvatI dasavIM sadI se pUrva ullekha nahI pAyA jaataa| phalataH inakA vikAsa uttarakAlIna hI mAnanA caahiye| jaino kI mUla vaizya jAti samaya ke sAtha aneka upajAtiyoM me vibhAjita hotI rhii| kahate haiM ki ye vibhAjana sabaddha tatro kI sajIvatA ko vyakta karate haiN| bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM samAna vicAradhArA ke jaina anuyAyiyo ne apanI-apanI jAtiyoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| sAmAnyata. yaha
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________________ 56/ sarvodayI jaina tatra kahA jAtA hai ki jAtiyo ke nirmANa se samAja kI sAmUhika sAmAjikatA me kamI AtI hai| yaha tathya azata hI sahI mAnA jA sakatA hai| Aja jaina samAja kI jo sArvatrika prabhAvakatA hai, vaha isa mAnyatA ko samarthana nahI detii| pratyeka dhArmika yA saiddhAntika mahatva ke prakaraNo meM upajAtivAda ne sadaiva sAmUhika ekasUtratA dikhAI hai| kucha samaya pUrva upajAtiyo me aneka prakAra kI sAmAjika anudAratAoM ke lakSaNa pAye jAte the, para samaya ke sAtha aba udAratA ke aneka lakSaNa prakaTa hone lage hai|| jaina kA kathana hai ki jaina upajAtiyoM kA sUtrapAta kabhI bhI huA ho, para unakA vikasita rUpa chaThavIM-sAtavI sadI ke bAda hI dRSTigocara hotA hai| isake bAda, isake aneka aitihAsika sAkSya bhI milane lagate hai| yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki aneka jaina jAtiyo kA vikAsa rAjasthAna kSetra me hI huA hai jaisA sAraNI 1 se prakaTa hai| vartamAna me jaino me caurAsI jAtiyA mAnI jAtI hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki kisI samaya padyAvatI nagara ke zreSThI ne vaizya mahAsabhA ke saMgaThana ke liye jaina samAja ke sadasyo ko bulaayaa| usame prArabha me 84 sthAno ke sadasya aaye| pratyeka sthAna ke sadasyo ko eka jAtikA mAnakara 84 jAtiyoM kI sthApanA kI gyii| bAda me isame aneka jAtiyAM aura juDa gii| kAsalIvAla aura sAgve Adi ne 84 kI sakhyA ko pratIkAtmaka mAnA hai| vastata. yaha sakhyA kAphI adhika (237 taka) hai| iname se aneka jAtiyA kAlapravAha me vilIna ho gaI haiN| phalata Aja yaha sakhyA 84 se bhI kAphI kama hogI, aisA anumAna hai| digabara jaino kI jAtiyo kA vivaraNa 15-18 vI sadI ke bIca brahma jinadatta, jinadAsa, vinodIlAla, bramhagulAla aura vakhatarAma zAha ne diyA hai| ina vivaraNo me paryApta vividhatA hote huye bhI 84 kI sakhyA kI prAmANikatA svIkAra kI gaI hai| jaina jAtiyo ke aitihAsika sarvekSaNo se patA calatA hai ki vartamAna kI adhikAza jaina jAtiyA kSatriya mUla kI rahI hogI jinhone mahAvIra ke dvArA upadiSTa ahisaka jIvana apnaayaa| inake jainIkaraNa me sAdhuo evaM bhaTTArako ke prabhAvI upadeza eva rAjanItika paristhitiyA bhI kAraNa banI hai| vartamAna me eka-do prakaraNo ko choDakara nayI jAtiyo kA nirmANa prAyaH
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________________ jaina tatra kA itihAsa /57 avaruddha hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki kucha jaina jAtiyoM ke loga digabara aura zvetAbara dono pathoM meM pAye jAte hai (osavAla, zrImAla, pallIvAla, poravAla, aadi)| yahI nahIM, khaNDelavAla aura agravAla ke samAna jAtiyA hindU dharmAnuyAyI bhI hotI hai| sabhavataH isakA kAraNa AcAryoM ke upadeza rahe hoge| inake aneka gotra bhI samarUpa hote hai| jainoM kI aneka jAtiyoM me samAna gotra bhI pAye jAte hai (paravAra, golApUrva, golAlAre, aadi)| kucha jaina jAtiyo me brAhmaNoM ke samAna pANDeya Adi gotra bhI pAye jAte haiM jinase jJAta hotA hai ki vibhinna samayo meM brAhmaNa varga ke loga bhI jaina bane hoNge| syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya, kAzI me eka jaina chAtra "jaina brAhmaNa" jAti kA thaa| ina sUcanAo se yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina jAtivAda udAra rahA hai| sabhI vargoM ke loga isameM sammilita ho sakate the| sAtha hI, yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki jAti prathA kA sabadha sAmAjika vyavasthA se hai| isameM dhArmika mAnyatAo kI svatatratA hai| pratyeka jAti aneka mUlo yA gotro meM vibhAjita hai jisake AdhAra prAya pUrvokta hI haiN| inake AdhAra para bhI unake bIca roTI-beTI sabaMdha hote hai| prArambha me sajAtIya sambandho ke kAraNa kucha anudAratA thI, para samaya ke sAtha isa pravRtti me kicit udAratA Ane lagI hai| iname kucha jAtiyoM ke sadasyo kI saMkhyA lAkho me hai, to kucha kI saikaDoM me hI hai| dakSiNa kI pacama jAti, osavAla, khaNDelavAla, agravAla, paravAra eva zrImAloM kI sakhyA paryApta hai| Ajakala inhI ke hAtho jainoM kA netRtva hai| prArambha me pratyeka jaina jAti viziSTa kSetro ma sImita rahI hai| aneka jAtiyA rAjasthAna me, aneka madhya pradeza meM, aneka gujarAta me yA mahArASTra me Aja bhI pramukhatA se pAI jAtI hai| para vyavasAya pradhAna vRtti hone ke kAraNa aneka jAtiyoM kI yaha kSetra sImA bhaga ho rahI hai aura vibhinna jaina jAtiyo ke loga bhArata ke vividha bhAgoM meM pAye jAte haiN| prAyaH sabhI pramukha jaina jAtiyo ke aura samagra jaina jAti ke aneka uddezya-paraka sagaThana bhI bane hai jo jAtihita eva dhArmika saMrakSaNa kI pravRttiyo ko protsAhita karate hai| aba aneka jaina jAtiyo ke itihAsa bhI sAmane A rahe hai| bIsavIM sadI me yaha spaSTa ho rahA hai ki madhya kAla me jAtIya anudAratA ke aneka rUpa aba bhUtakAla kI bAta banate jA rahe haiM aura jaina saskRti kI prabhAvakatA bar3hatI jA rahI hai|
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________________ 58 / sarvodayI jaina tatra 5. jainataMtra ke bheda aisA kahA jAtA hai ki pratyeka jIvita tatra yA usakI sajIvatA usake saiddhAntika matavAdo para AdhArita sampradAyo ke nirmANa para nirbhara karatI hai| ye viziSTa matavAda tatra ke buddhivAdI svarUpa ke pratIka to hote hI hai, usake purAtana aura adhunAtana svarUpa ke bhI dyotaka hai| ye saiddhAntika AdhAro para bhI vikasita hote hai aura parivartanazIla pariveza para bhI nirbhara karate haiM / jaina sagha bhI isa paraparA kA apavAda nahI rhaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jainatatra kA jAti AdhArita 'vargIkaraNa saghabheda ke bAda hI prakaTa huA hogaa| yaha sagha mahAvIra ke bAda lagabhaga 150 varSoM taka taka to avichinna banA rhaa| usake bAda isame vibhinna samayo para aneka bheda pravIjita aura vikasita huye| iname se do pramukha hai - digabara aura zvetAMbara / inakA prAdurbhAva lagabhava 360 IsvIpUrva me AcArya bhadrabAhu - sthUlabhadra ke samaya me huA hogA jaba magadha (bihAra) me bAraha varSa kA akAla paDA thA / usa samaya jo sAdhusagha bihAra meM raha gayA thA, usane sthUlabhadra ke netRtva meM AgamabAcanA aura Agama sakalana kiyaa| yaha bAcanA usa sagha ko svIkAra nahI thI jo akAla ke samaya dharmarakSArtha dakSiNa kI ora calA gayA thA / yaha bAcanA sAdhuo ke digabaratva aura paristhitivaza AcAra para kendrita thI / iname bAda me strImukti, sarvajJa kI zArIrika pravRttiyA~ (divyadhvani, kavalAhAra, Adi) tathA mahAvIra ke vivAha Adi bindu aura samAhita ho gye| isake atirikta, kucha dhArmika AcAro para bhI matabheda huye| isake pariNAmasvarUpa ' prathama sadI IsvI ke lagabhaga jaina-sagha me do spaSTa bheda sAmane Aye / prAyaH sabhI vidvAna yaha mAnate hai ki digabara sagha adhika paramparAvAdI, kaThora sAdhucarcI, siddhAnta parivartana ke prati anudAra aura adhi-vizvAsI rahA hai 1 isake viparyAsa me, zvetAbara sagha ina vinduo para adhika udAra aura jainadharma - savardhaka pravRtti kA rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki isa sagha ne aneka kSetro me aneka yugo me unake itihAsa nirmANa me bhI pramukha bhUmikA nibhAI hai| isake bAvajUda bhI, ye dono saMgha mUrtipUjaka the aura ve padrahavIM sadI taka jaina tatra ke pramukha sagha rhe| dono hI sagho me apanI-apanI catuvidhe saMgha-baddhatA rhii| bhAratIya itihAsa ke madhyakAla muslima yuga me kaTTaravAda evaM mUrti
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________________ jaina taMtra ke bheda 159 bhajana kI pravRtti ne jaina-saMgha ke donoM hI sampradAyoM meM mUrtipUjA-virodhI Andolana huye| vAstava meM aise vicAra mUrtipUjako kI aneka karmakANDI evaM tathAkathita puNyAnubadhI pApAtmaka pravRttiyo ke kAraNa sadiyoM se pragatizIla samudAya ke mana me ubhara rahe the| isake phalasvarUpa, 1450 ke lagabhaga lokAzAha (gujarAta) ne zvetAbara sampradAya me sarvaprathama sthAnakavAsI (zAstrapUjaka) upa-sampradAya kI sthApanA kii| isake lagabhaga 100 varSa bAda, 1560 me sata tAraNa svAmI ne digabara sampradAya me bhI zAstrapUjaka tAraNa patha kI sthApanA kI / zvetAbara sthAnakavAsiyo me 1760 meM AcArya bhikSu ne eka anya upasaMpradAya kI sthApanA kI jise terahapaMthI kahA gyaa| yaha sampradAya Aja paryApta mahatvapUrNa sthiti banAye huye hai| ye a-mUrtipUjaka sampradAya zAstra/Agamo ke pUjaka haiM aura zvetAbaro me to inakI sakhyA eka tihAI taka mAnI jAtI hai| phira bhI, mUrtipUjA kA sAmAnya jana para manovaijJAnika prabhAva to hai hii| ata. isa sapradAya kI mahattA aba bhI banI huI hai| ___ vartamAna me, digabara. mUrtipUjako ke do sampradAya haiM-terahapathI (Agama pathI yA teraha cAritra pAlaka) aura bIsa pthii| terahapaMthI pUjana meM sacitta padArthoM kA upayoga nahI karate aura na hI dUdha Adi se abhiSeka karate haiN| bIsapathI sampradAya kA abhyudaya rAjanItika paristhitiyoM kA prabhAva hai jaba jaino ne apane sarakSaNa hetu hinduo ke aneka vidhi-vidhAna apnaaye| dakSiNa aura pazcima bhArata meM adhikAza me bIsapathI pAye jAte hai| yahA yaha dhyAna me rakhanA cAhiye ki zvetAbara terahapathI zAstrapUjaka hote hai jabaki digabara / teraha pathI mUrtipUjaka hote hai| ina patho ke atirikta, jaino me aneka anya patha bhI huye hai| dUsarI - tIsarI sadI ke lagabhaga yApanIya sagha kA udaya huA thA jisake siddhAnta digabara-zvetAbara mato ke samanvaya para AdhArita the| yaha mata madhya kAla taka jIvita rhaa| aba yaha sambhAvanA hai ki yaha digabara patha meM samAhita ho gyaa| solahavI sadI meM eka aura jaina patha kA udaya huA jise adhyAtma patha kahate haiN| isakA prAraMbha banArasIdAsa ne kiyA thA aura bAda meM ise paMNDita ToDaramala aura kAnajI svAmI ne Age bddhaayaa| isa patha me digambara aura zvetAbara dono paramparAvAdI sampradAyo ke loga sammilita huye hai| inakI sakhyA pAca lAkha taka batAyI jAtI hai| isa patha ko zuddhAmnAya bhI
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________________ 60/ sarvodayI jaina tatra kahate haiN| isame nirapekSa tatva (nizcayanaya) kI pradhAnatA hai| AcArya kudakuMda ko isa patha kA prathama udghoSaka mAnA jAne lagA hai| ina patho ke atirikta, aneka choTe-moTe alpasthAyI patho ne bhI jaina sagha me janma liyA para ve kabhI bhI mahatva na pA ske| 6. jaina Agama sAhitya bhArata me jaina mukhyadhArA ke mahatvapUrNa alpasakhyaka samudAya ke pratinidhi hai jo usakI janasakhyA kA lagabhaga 1 pratizata hai| bhAratIya saskRti ke vikAsa meM unakA yogadAna unake saMkhyAtmaka anupAta se kahI adhika vyApaka eva prabhAvakArI hai| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jaina apane Agama sAhitya, sAdhu, mandira, sagha-baddha svarUpa, tIrthayAtrA eva aneka vizvakalyANa-- kArI pravRttiyoM ke kAraNa hI, viSama paristhitiyoM me bhI, apane ko surakSita, sarakSita eva savardhita kara ske| Agama zabda se una pavitra pustako kA bodha hotA hai jiname dhArmika AcAra-vicAra sahitA evaM naitikatA preraka dharmakathAye sagrahIta haiN| ye na to IzvarIya hai aura na hI Izvara-prerita hai| iname antarjagata ke anubhavo ko prApta karane vAle mahApuruSo ke dvArA upadiSTa lokahita eva adhyAtmahita se sabadhita vacano kA sAra hai| jaino kI mUlabhUta Agama pustake anya tatro kI apekSA apanI viSayavastu ke kAraNa viziSTa haiN| iname na to kathAtmaka varNana hai, na itihAsa hai aura na hI pUjAvadanA Adi hai| iname naitika aura AdhyAtmika upadeza haiM jo mAnava ke laukika jIvana ko samunnata karate hai| jaino ke uttaravartI sAhitya me anya tatroM ke . samAna kathAtmaka vivaraNa Adi subodha vidhiyA bhI samAhita huI hai| jainoM kA mUla Agama sAhitya cauthI sadI I0 pU0 se pAcavI sadI I0 ke bIca cAra Agama vAcanAo-paTanA, (360 I0pUrva), kumArI parvata (uDIsA, 180 I0 pUrva), mathurA-balabhI (315 I0 aura balabhI (450-460 I0)-ke mAdhyama se sakalita eva lipibaddha kiyA gayA hai| kaliga vAcanA ne digabara Agamakalpa grantho kA sakalana kiyA aura anya vAcanAo me zvetAmbara-mAnya Agamo kA sakalana eva lipibadhana huaa| ina Agamo ke mUlakartA to tIrthakara (sarvajJa) mAne jAte haiM lekina use sUtra aura grantha rUpa meM prastuta karane vAle unakI paramparA ke gaNadhara aura uttaravartI AcArya mAne jAte hai|
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________________ jaina Agama sAhitya /61 yadyapi AgamoM meM jainoM ke mUla siddhAnta batAye gaye haiM, phira bhI vAcanAoM meM bhinnatA ke kAraNa dono sampradAyo me unakI mAnyatA ke viSaya meM kucha carcA pAI jAtI hai| jainoM kA Agama sAhitya tIna koTiyoM meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA he-(1) pUrva yA pUrva-Agama (2) Agama aura Agamakalpa grantha aura (3) pUraka yA upaAgama / pUrva AgamoM ke 14 grantha haiM jo aba anupalabdha haiN| lekina inakI viSaya vastu 12 Agama granthoM ke bArahaveM grantha (dRSTivAda) ke eka aza ke rUpa meM samAhita kI gaI hai| Agamo ko zAstroM meM "aMga" kahA jAtA hai| inakI saMkhyA bAraha hai jinameM AcArAMga, sUtra kRtAga, vyAkhyA prajJapti Adi pramukha hai| bArahavA dRSTivAda aMga sabase vizAla hai, para use lupta mAnA jAtA hai| pUraka yA upa-AgamoM ko "agabAhya" kahA jAtA hai| inakI sakhyA samaya-samaya para parivartI hotI rahI hai| inameM se uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, nizItha aura riSibhASita ke samAna kucha grantha Agamo ke samAna prAcIna hai| para kucha to uttaravartI 5-6 vIM sadI meM bhI likhe gaye haiN| ina upa-AgamoM ke pAca varga hai-(1) 12 upAga (2) cheda-sUtra (3) mUla-sUtra (4) prakIrNaka aura (5) cuulikaa| ina Agamo me sAdhu AcAra aura niyama aura inake ullaghana para daDa vyavasthA jaina tatra ke mukhya siddhAnta, preraka dharma kathAye eva purANakathAye tathA savAda aura tarkavAda ke mAdhyama se anya darzano ke khaDana eva jaina-mata maDana pAye jAte hai| agavAhya grantho meM bhI yahI viSaya-vastu pAI jAtI hai lekina uname karmakADa, lokazAstra (bhUgola), prArthanAye eva stutiyAM eva muni carcAyeM bhI ullikhita haiN| ina Agama aura upa-AgamoM kI sakhyA 32 se 84 ke bIca mAnI jAtI hai jo zvetAMbaroM ke vibhinna sampradAyoM dvArA mAnya evaM vibhinna samayo meM racita granthoM para AdhArita hai| phira bhI, mukhya Agama grantha 32 hI mAne jAte haiM jinakA AdhAra dRSTivAda nAmaka bArahaveM aMga kA smRti hAsa hai| digaMbara sampradAya meM jaina Agamo kA itihAsa kucha viziSTa hI hai| yadyapi ve bhI Agama sAhitya ke uparokta tIna vargoM ko mAnate haiM lekina ve kevala 26 granthoM ko hI mAnate haiN| inake pUrva-Agama evaM Agama-granthoM ke nAma samAna haiM para unake upa-AgamoM ke bahutere nAma samAna hai para anya kucha nAma minna bhI haiN| tathApi, unakI mAnyatA hai ki yaha saba Agama sAhitya lupta yA smRti-hAsita ho cukA hai| isake viparyAsa me, ve do mUla
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________________ * 62/ sarvodayI jaina tatra Agama-kalpa koTi ke gratha mAnate haiM-eka SaTkhaDAgama hai jo karma siddhAnta kA vivaraNa detA hai aura dUsarA kaSAya prAbhRta hai jo karma prabhAvaka kaSAyo ko nirUpita karatA hai| ina dono kI viSaya vastu vilupta pUrva Agamo se lI gaI hai| ina dono grantho kI racanA dUsarI sadI ke AsapAsa huI hai| . isake atirikta, uttaravartI kAla ke bhI aneka grantha isa koTi me mAne gaye hai| mAlavaNiyA ne batAyA hai ki digabaro meM Agamo ke smRti-hAsa-janya kramika vilopana kI dara zvetAmbaro kI tulanA meM kAphI adhika hai| isa tathya ke kAraNo para vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA hai| vartamAna me upalabdha Agama grantho kI mAnyatA ke viSaya meM jo bhI sthiti ho, yaha spaSTa hai ki yaha sAhitya vizAla hai| parimANAtmaka rUpa se isake pado kI sakhyA prAya. eka kAlpanika sakhyA (21-1) hai| isa sAhitya para kAkadRSTi DAlane para yaha anumAna lagatA hai ki jaina tatra kI vividha avadhAraNAo, AcAra-niyamo eva vicArasaraNiyoM ke vikAsa kA eka apanA itihAsa hai| isa dRSTi se inakA adhyayana sazodhako ke liye eka rocaka viSaya hai| 7. jaina kalA aura sthApatya jaina prAcIna kAla se hI apanI sAskRtika virAsata ke liye gauravazAlI rahe haiN| inakI vividhA-bharI kalA me dhArmika jhukAva hai| prArambha se pramukhata. mUrtipUjaka hone ke kAraNa ye pratimA-vijJAna aura mUrti-nirmANa kalA ke sazakta vizeSajJa rahe hai| unhone tIrthaMkaro kI mUrtiyA vibhinna vastuo se (patthara, sagamaramara, dhAtu Adi) vibhinna AkAra-prakAra aura Asano (khaDgAsana padamAsana) me banAI hai| unhoMne caTTAno me bhI mUrtiyA khanita kI hai| sabhI mUrtiyA parimANAtmaka sUkSmatA se banAI gaI haiN| unakI AkarSaka dhyAnamudrA kI AkRti hai jo sAsArika jIvana se saphala nivRttimArgI jIvana kI ora muDane ko prerita karatI hai| uname bahuterI mUrtiyo ne antarrASTrIya khyAti prApta kI hai-iname se eka karnATaka ke zravaNabelagolA ke bhagavAn bAhubalI (983 I0) kI hai aura dUsarI baDabAnI (ma0pra0) ke bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI hai| ye apanI UcAI aura bhavyatA ke liye vikhyAta hai| sabhI jaina pratimAyeM
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________________ jaina kalA aura sthApatya / 63 vidhivat pratiSThita hone ke bAda hI pUjanIya hotI haiN| apratiSThita evaM khaDita mUrtiyo kI pUjA nahIM kI jaatii| ye pratiSThA mahotsava jainoM ke viziSTa, bhavya aura saMskRti - samvardhaka saptadivasIya Ayojana hai jiname lAkhoM loga bhAga lete hai aura dhArmika kAryoM ke liye paryApta Aya hotI hai| isa sadI meM aise utsavo kI AvRtti bar3ha rahI hai aura samagra bhArata me unakA prasAra hai| jaina mUrtiyAM bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgo me prAyaH 400 I0 pUrva se hI pAI jAtI haiN| inakI saMkhyA agaNita haiN| kisI bhI saMgrahAlaya meM vibhinna mUrtiyoM ke avalokana se yaha anumAna lagAnA sahaja hai ki mUla sAmagrI evaM saundarya kI dRSTi se jaina pratimA vijJAna kA vikAsa kisa prakAra huA hai| gujarAta meM pAlItAnA (zatrujaya ) jaina pratimAo kI vividhatA aura saundarya ke liye vikhyAta hai| prArabha meM, pratimAyeM digaMbara aura binA cinha kehI banAI jAtI thiiN| lekina bAda me (4-5 vIM sadI) mUrtiyoM para pratIka akita kiye jAne lage- siMha (mahAvIra), phaNayukta sarpa (pArzvanAtha) aura vRSabha ( riSabhanAtha) Adi / kabhI-kabhI mUrtiyoM ke pAdamUla me pratIko ke atirikta dono ora aSTamagala dravya bhI akita kiye jAte hai| mUrti nirmANa kalA meM bAda meM yakSa-yakSI ke samAna bhakta devI-devatAoM (zAsanadevatAo) ko bhI akita kiyA jAne lgaa| ina pratimAo kI vividhatA bhI manohArI hai| kucha pratimAai caturmukhI hotI hai| kucha meM caubIsI hotI haiN| aba nadIzvara dvIpa Adi me samavazaraNa kI racanA bhI samAhita kI jAtI hai / mUrtinirmANa kalA kA eka rUpa tIrthakaro yA pUjya puruSo ke caraNa cinho ke rUpa me bhI pAyA jAta hai| ye caraNa cinha usa patha ke pathika banane kI ora prerita karane kI ora smaraNa karAte hai jo hame uttama sukha pradAna kare / pratimA vijJAna ke uttaravartI vikAsa kAla me sapradAyagata pahicAna ke liye mUrtiyo ko sajjita eva cinhita rUpa me banAyA jAne lgaa| ye mUrtiyAM zvetAMbara sampradAya me pAI jAtI hai| inako bhI aMjana zalAkA ke samAna utsavo ke mAdhyama se pratiSThita kiyA jAtA hai| jaina pratimAo ke nirmANa kI kalA bhArata ke gujarAta aura rAjasthAna rAjyo me bahupracalita hai aura pratiSThita mAnI jAtI hai| aba to bhArata me
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________________ 64 / sarvodayI jaina taMtra nirmita jaina mUrtiyA videzoM meM bane jaina maMdiroM meM bhI pratiSThita kI jA rahI hai (kIniyA, lesTara, siddhAcala, zikAgoM, sAMphrAsisko aadi)| jainoM meM sthApatya kalA ke antargata madira nirmANa kalA bhI utkRSTa koTi kI pAI jAtI hai| ye madira apane sthApatya kI DijAina ke AdhAra para kSetra vizeSoM kI dRSTi se vizeSita kiye jA sakate haiN| madira pUjA ke sthala hote haiM, jahAM jaina mUrtiyA aura unake zAsaka aura sarakSaka devI . devatA patthara yA sagamaramara kI banI bhavya vediyoM para yathAsthAna virAjita rahate haiN| khajurAho, devagaDha, AbU, rANakapura Adi sthAno meM madiroM me acarajakArI nakkAzI bhI pAI jAtI hai| hastinApura, mathurA Adi sthAno para bane maMdiro meM unake sAmane stUpa bane hote hai jo maMdira parisara kI bhavyatA pradarzita karate haiN| bahutere madiroM ke sAmane mAnastabha ke stabha hote haiM jo kaSAyoM yA azubha manobhAvo ke vidalana ko prerita karate haiN| ye jaina madira nirmANa kalA kI vizeSatA haiN| uDIsA, vihAra aura dakSiNa bhArata meM patthara aura caTTAnoM meM guphAmaMdira bhI banAye gaye haiN| kucha guphAmaMdira pAlisa kiye patthara ke bane hAte haiM aura uname patthara kA hI nIlA cabUtarA hotA hai jo sallekhanA yA samAdhi sthala hone kA saMketa dete haiN| ye samAdhi sthala bhI maMdiroM ke samAna pUjya mAne jAte haiN| sammeda zikhara parvata, isIliye, vadanIya mAnA jAtA hai| jaina maMdira nAgara aura draviDa zailI kI kalA ke pratIka haiN| ye madira sAmAnya jaina bastiyoM ke atirikta, kucha vizeSa sthAnoM para bhI banAye jAte hai jo madira-nagara ke rUpa meM vikasita ho jAte haiN| aise nagaro me pAlItAnA, ahAra, kuDalapura, rAjagira Adi nagara prasiddha hai| yaha maMdira nirmANa kalA Aja bhI pratiSThita rUpa meM avirata rUpa meM pragatipatha para cala rahI hai| __ aneka madiro kI bhItarI dIvAroM para eva guphAoM meM penTiMga kI kalA bhI pradarzita kI jAtI hai| isame dhArmika evaM pairANika kathAyeM, tIrthakaro ke jIvana kI pramukha ghaTanAyeM, mAtAoM ke svapna, paurANika dRzya tathA citra kathAye hotI hai| isI prakAra tADapatrIya lekhana kI kalA bhI jainoM meM prasiddha rahI hai| aneka jaina zAstra-bhaNDAro meM isake manorama rUpa dekhane ko milate haiN| lakar3I kI kazIdAkArI kI kalA bhI aneka maMdiroM meM dekhI jAtI hai| yaha kalA gujarAta meM bahuta pracalita hai| gharoM meM pAye jAne vAle devAlayoM
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________________ dhArmika yAtrA hetu pavitra sthala : tIrtha kSetra / 65meM isakA manohArI rUpa bar3A AkarSaka hotA hai| ina kalAoM meM se aba kucha kA mahatva aura astitva kramaza kama hotA jA rahA hai| jaina kalA aura sthApatya kA pramukha uddezya jaina saMskRti kA sarakSaNa evaM saMvardhana rahA hai| yaha dharma zraddhAluo meM Atarika dRSTi se manovaijJAnika Anada bhI detI hai| isase inake nirmAtAo kI pratiSThA bhI baDhatI hai| jaino kA vizvAsa hai ki kalA sat dharma bhAvanA kI pratIka hai| kalA ke dhArmika mahatva ke atirikta, yaha rASTra kI sAMskRtika dharohara kA bhI pratinidhitva karatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bahuta se jaina dhArmika kalA kendra paryaTako ke AkarSaNa kendra (khajurAho, pAlItAnA Adi) bhI bana gaye hai / 8. dhArmika yAtrA hetu pavitra sthala : tIrtha kSetra anya dharmo (bauddho ke liye buddhagayA aura sAranAtha, hinduo ke liye cAro dhAma, muslimo ke liye makkA-madInA, IsAiyo ke liye beTikana siTI aura yahUdiyo ke liye yarUzalama Adi) ke samAna jaino ke bhI aneka pavitra tIrtha sthAna hai| paramparAgata jaina anuyAyI inakI yathAzakti yAtrA karanA apanA kartavya samajhate hai / yadyapi muslimo ke samAna dAnapAtra evaM yAtrA jaino me anivArya kartavya nahI mAnA jAtA, phira bhI tIrtha yAtrA para logo kI zraddhA hai | tIrthasthAna aise pavitra sthAna mAne jAte haiM jahA koI viziSTa dhArmika dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa yA puNyakArI ghaTanA ghaTI ho aura jahA jAne para usake darzana - smaraNa se bhAvAtmaka vizuddhi evaM utkRSTa jIvana lakSya kI prApti ke liye preraNA mile| vartamAna me tIna prakAra ke tIrtha sthAna pAye jAte hai - (1) nirvANa kSetra (2) atizaya kSetra aura (3) kalA kSetra / nirvANa kSetra aise pavitra sthAna hai jahA se tIrthaMkaro, zalAkApuruSoM tathA sAdhuo ne apane jIvana kA carama lakSya prApta kara siddhi pAI ho| isa prakAra ke kSetroM ke vivaraNa "nirvANa kADa" nAmaka prAkRta racanA me diyA gayA hai| unakI yAtrA mahAn puNyArjanI mAnI gaI hai| yaha eka bAhyatapa ke rUpa me bhI mAnI jAtI hai| aise kSetro me pArasanAtha, capApura, tathA pAvApura bihAra pradeza meM haiM, giranAra gujarAta me hai, kailAza himAlaya me hai| ye caubIsa tIrthakaroM kI nirvANa bhUmiyA hai / isake atirikta, zatrujaya, tAraMgA,
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________________ 66/ sarvodayI jaina taMtra droNagirI, cUlagiri, zravaNagiri Adi bhArata ke kone-kone meM phaile aneka tIrtha kSetra hai jahAM se vibhinna yugo me aneka sAdhuoM ne siddhi pAI hai| ina tIrthakSetro kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye prAya. parvatIya upatyakAoM meM sthita hai| inakI yAtrA parvatArohaNa kI kalA kA pUrvAbhyAsa karAtI hai| isa dRSTi se ye svAsthya kendra bhI mAne jA sakate hai| isa prakAra dhArmika mahatva ke atirikta, ina kSetro kA manovaijJAnika aura zArIrika mahatva bhI hai| inakI yAtrA jaino me dharma ke prati zraddhA ko pravalita karatI hai aura sAdharmiyoM me bhAIcAre kI bhAvanA ko balavatI banAtI hai| dUsare prakAra ke tIrtha kSetra "atizaya kSetra" kahalAte haiN| ye kSetra (1) tIrthakaro eva mahApuruSo ke janma, dIkSA eva jJAna prApti ke sthAna haiM yA (2) ina para aisI prAkRtika yA acarajakArI ghaTanAye huI hai jinase jainadharma ke prati vizvAsa aura prabhAvanA meM yogadAna huA ho| isa koTi ke sthAno kA kalAtmaka mahatva bhI sabhava hai| isa prakAra ke kSetro me vArANasI, ayodhyA, . rAjagira, zravaNabelagolA, bAvanagajA, khajurAho, papaurA, mahAvIra jI, tijArA eva anya sthAna Ate hai| ye sthAna prAyaH samatala sthAno para hote hai| kucha apavAda bhI hai lekina inake sAtha bhI bhakti eva puNyArjana kI bhAvanA sahacarita rahatI hai| ye kSetra bhI bhArata ke cAro kono me phaile hai| ina kSetro kA manovaijJAnika mahatva bhI mAnA jAtA hai| kahate hai ki inakI yAtrA se manokAmanAye bhI pUrI hotI hai| tIsarI koTi ke pavitra sthAna jaina kalA eva sthApatya kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hote haiN| isaliye inakA mahatva dvi-kala ho jAtA hai-kalAtmakataH aura dhaarmikt.| ina sthAno ke madiroM meM na kevala maMdira hI, apitu pratiSThita pratimAye bhI manojJa hotI hai| AbU, rANakapura, mathurA, khaDagiri, khajurAho Adi sthAna isa koTi me Ate hai| vartamAna me aise aneka kSetro kA nirmANa ho rahA hai jo isa koTi me Ate hai| indaura kA gommaTagiri, amarakaTaka kA sarvodaya tIrtha Adi sabhavata. isI koTi me aavege| para tIrtha kSetra kisI bhI koTi kA kyo na ho, usakI yAtrA manovaijJAnikataH Atmazuddhi eva svAsthya zuddhi me kAraNa hotI hai| caTarjI ne bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgo me phaile hue lagabhaga 290 jaina tIrthakSetro kI sUcI dI hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki jainoM ke vibhinna koTi
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________________ jaina ke karmakADa : vidhi-vidhAna ora parva 167 ke tIrtha kSetra bhArata ke kone-kone meM phaile hue haiN| inake kAraNa jainataMtra ko na kevala samagra bhAratIyatA prApta hotI hai, apitu jaina saMskRti kI jIvaMtatA kA AbhAsa bhI hotA hai| inase jaina saMskRti ke vibhinna rUpo ke akhila bhAratIya mahatva evaM sAmarthya kA bhI pratibhAsa hotA hai| 9. jainoM ke karmakAMDa : vidhi-vidhAna ora parva manovaijJAniko ne mAnava-mastiSka kI prakRti aura usake vyavahAroM kA adhyayana kiyA hai| unakA yaha mata pratIta hotA hai ki utsava aura karmakAMDoM kI pRSThabhUmi me hI dharma-tatra vikasita hote hai| vibhinna prakAra ke utsava yA karmakADa vyakti ke samAjIkaraNa ke sAdhana haiM, taMtra-vizeSa ke sAmAjika evaM rAjanItika prabhAva ke dyotaka haiM, mAnava kI manovRttiyo eva vicAradhArAoM ke parivartana ke pratIka hai aura mAnava kI ataraMga kAmanAo ke prakAzaka hai| ve manuSya ke bhautika kalyANa ke liye tathA dhArmikatA ke samvarddhana ke liye pavitra auSadha hai| ye karmakADa aura utsava vizva ke pratyeka dharmataMtra ke anivArya aga hai| inheM rUr3hi mAtra kahanA apane ajJAna ko vyakta karanA hai| ye vidhi-vidhAna kaI rUpoM meM hote hai| kucha bhaktivAdI hAte haiM (pUjA, prArthanA, matroccAra, japa, stuti Adi), kucha utsavaparaka hote hai (paca kalyANaka yA ajanazalAkA pratiSThA, mUrtiyo kA abhiSeka aura mahAbhiSeka, gajaratha-yAtrA, mahApuruSo ke janma yA nirvANa divasa aadi)| inake anya rUpo me kucha manaHzuddhikArI, kucha prAyazcitakArI aura kucha prazaMsAkArI rUpa bhI hote haiN| ye sabhI prakAra ke vidhi-vidhAna samyak darzana ke prabhAvanA nAmaka AThave aga ke vividha rUpa hI mAne jAte hai| ye vyakti ko bhI prabhAvita karate he aura samAja ko bhI prabhAvita karate haiN| ye vyakti ko bAhya jagata se antarjagata kI ora le jAte haiN| inakA prabhAva parokSataH hI jJAta hotA hai| samAjazAstriyo kA yaha sAmAnya mata hai ki buddhivAdI loga kucha bhI kahe, vidhi-vidhAna aura dharma ko pRthaka nahI kiyA jA sktaa| dharma ke isa samAjazAstrIya eva naitikatA-vardhaka rUpa ke kSetra me jaina kaise pIche raha sakate hai ? ve anya tatro kI tulanA meM apane utsava aura vidhi-vidhAno ke kAraNa eka mahanIya eva vividhatApUrNa sAMskRtika tathA
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________________ 68 / sarvodayI jaina taMtra dhArmika jIvana bitAte haiN| aba to bhUtakAlIna vyaktivAdI vidhi-vidhAna bhI samAjIkRta ho gaye haiN| bhaktivAdI vidhi-vidhAnoM ke antargata vibhinna prakAra kI bhautika aura mAnasika pUjAyeM, abhiSeka, prArthanA aura bhajana, sAmAyika, dharmopadeza- zravaNa Adi kI prakriyAyeM samAhita hotI haiN| sAmAjika utsavaparaka vidhi-vidhAno ke antargata aneka bahuvyayI bhI hote haiN| inameM tIrthakara mUrtiyoM kI pUjanIyatA ke liye unake jIvana kI garbha se lekara nirvANa taka kI pAca pavitra ghaTanAoM ke pratIka ke rUpa meM kiye jAne vAle paMcakalyANaka pratiSThA mahotsava yA anya prakAra ke utsava, vedI pratiSThA mahotsava, tathA idradhvaja, kalpaduma, siddhacakra vidhAna Adi samAhita hote hai| sAdhuoM kA dIkSA mahotsava bhI eka aisA hI utsava hai| ye bahudivasIya evaM mahAprabhAvaka Ayojana hote hai jo jaina saMskRti kI prabhAvanA meM mahAna yogadAna karate hai| inakI paramparA bahuta prAcIna hai| aba to ye utsava lesTara, nairobI, zikAgoM Adi videzI nagaro me bhI sampanna hone lage haiN| inase jaina saMskRti kI jIvatatA eva raga-viragepana kI garimA prakaTa huI hai / jaino me vidhi-vidhAnoM ke atirikta, aneka anya utsava bhI hote haiN| inhe sAmAnyataH 'parva' kahA jAtA hai| ye parva ganne kI gATho ke samAna dhArmikatA ko prabalita karate haiM aura jIvana ko samagrataH bhautika aura AdhyAtmika rUpa se rasamaya banAte hai| ye dhArmika kriyAo aura lakSyoM ke smAraka hai| kucha utsavo me karmakADa bhI samAhita hotA hai| agasta-sitambara me manAyA jAne vAlA 8-10 dinoM kA paryUSaNa parva 'parvarAja' kahalAtA hai| ina dino dhArmika kriyAo ke anuSThAna, svAdhyAya, dhArmika pravacana aura kathA pATha kicit tIkSNatA se kiye jAte hai / upavAsa, UnodarI Adi se bhautika lAbha bhI prApta kiye jAte hai / ratnatraya, SoDazakAraNa, aSTAnhikA, nadIzvara Adi vrato ke paripAlana kI pUrNatA ke samaya bhI varSa ke vibhinna avasaro para utsava Ayojita kiye jAte hai| mahAvIra nirvANa ke smAraka ke rUpa me prAya akTUbara-navambara me manAye jAne vAle dIpAvalI utsava (prakAza- dIpa utsava) ko kauna bhUla sakatA hai ? yaha jaina saMskRti kA hI nahI, samagra bhAratIya saMskRti kA prakAzaka utsava kahA jAtA hai| zrutapaMcamI kA parva hame mahAvIra ke prathama upadeza aura zruta-sarakSaNa ke prayatnoM kA smaraNa karAtA hai| agasta me paDane vAlA rakSAbaMdhana parva to jaino kA hI nahI,
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________________ -- jaina siddhAMtoM kA prabhAvI saMpreSaNa / 69 saMsAra kA hI viziSTa parva hai jisame samAja ke durbala sadasya - vizeSataH mahilAye apane se acchI sthiti vAle samudAya se bhrAtRbhAva ko eka bhautikataH kamajora para mAnasikataH prabala sUtra baMdhana se sudRDha karate hai aura eka-dUsare kI surakSA ko saMbala dete haiN| kSamAvANI aura prAyazcita sabatsarI kA vrata bhI jaino kI eka vizeSatA hai jise Ajakala vizva kSamAvANI divasa" ke rUpa meM saMsAra ke aneka bhAgo meM manAyA jAne lagA hai| isa dina samAja ke vyakti eka dUsare se apanI jAne anajAne huI bhUlo ke liye kSamA mAMgate hai aura bhaviSya me uttama vyavahAra ke liye vacanabaddha hote hai / yaha sAmAjika bhAIcArA ko savardhita karane vAlA mahAna parva hai / yaha paryuSaNa parva kA samAropaka utsava hai| jina vANI sagraho kI sUcI ke anusAra jaino ke parvoM aura vrato kI sakhyA prativarSa 250 se adhika hI baiThatI hai / isase yaha saketa milatA hai ki yadi anya prakAra ke dharma prabhAvanA ke Ayojana joDe jAve, to varSa kA pratyeka dina hI vrata-vidhAna kA dina mAnA jAnA cAhiye / Ajakala sAmUhika matra-stotra pATha (NamokAra maMtra, bhaktAmara stotra Adi) aura bhajana- stutiyA bhI utsava ke rUpa me Ayojita hone lage hai / yahI nahI, parva ke dino me dhArmika uddezyo eva kathAo se sambandhita nRtya, nATaka- nATikAye Adi ke kalAtmaka pradarzano kI ora bhI naI pIDhI kA dhyAna jAne lagA hai| videzo me yaha prakriyA agrejI bhASA ke mAdhyama se bhI pradarzita hone lagI hai| aneka loga yaha anubhava karate hai ki sabhavataH eka varSa me jitane dina hote hai, usase kahI adhika parva aura utsava hote hai| tathApi yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhiye ki aneka utsava vaikalpika yA svaicchika hote hai aura vyakti yA samUha unakA cayana kara unhe manAte hai| ye parva aura utsava tathA vidhi-vidhAna jaina-tatra ke bhUtakAlIna eva vartamAna prabhAvakatA, raMgIlepana eva jIvatatA ke pratIka hai| vastutaH ye jaina-tatra ke sarakSita bane rahane ke eka mahatvapUrNa kAraNa rahe hai| 10. jaina siddhAntoM kA prabhAvI sampreSaNa jainAcAryo ne jaina siddhAnto ke prabhAvI sampreSaNa ke liye aneka upAya
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________________ 70/ sarvodayI jaina taMtra kiye hai| prArabha meM, ina upAyo me upadeza zravaNa hI pramukha mAdhyama thaa| isake bAda pAThya sAmagrI racI gyii| isa taraha zravya ke sAtha pAThya mAdhyama bhI vicAra sampreSaNa kA ghaTaka bnaa| dono hI mAdhyamo meM dhArmika uddezyoM se prerita kathA-kahAniyoM kA acchA upayoga kiyA gyaa| uttaravartI AcAryoM ne anubhava kiyA ki sAmAnya janatA ke lie zravya evaM pAThya mAdhyamoM kI apekSA dRzya evaM pratIkAtmaka sapreSaNa manovaijJAnikataH adhika prabhAvakArI vicAra sampreSaNa mAdhyama ho sakate hai| usa yuga me dRzya-zravya mAdhyamoM kA vikAsa nahI huA thA jo zravya mAdhyama se bhI adhika prabhAvakArI hote haiN| dRzya mAdhyamo ke rUpa meM jainAcAryoM ne aneka pratIkAtmaka citro dvArA apane siddhAnta samajhAne ke prayAsa kiye| yaha vidhi anya tatro me kama hI dekhI jAtI hai| ye pratIkAtmaka citra samajhane ke lie lokapriya eva dRzya rUpa me vyakta kiye jAte hai / yaha citra-abhivyakti jainAcAryoM dvArA suvicArita rUpa se vikasita eka yukti hai jo AdhyAtmika tatvo kA ataraga artha samajhane meM sahAyaka hotI hai| isake upamAna aura rUpaka gahana artha ko sarala aura subodha banA dete hai| yahA hama kucha pratIkAtmaka vicAra saMpreSaka citro kA sakSepaNa dege| (a) U~, oma, :--om kA pratIka aneka tatro me mAnA jAtA hai| isake likhane kI vidhiyA bhI aneka hai| videzI dharma tatro me ise "A-maina" ke dvArA nirUpita kiyA jAtA hai| yaha pratIka kisI bhI pravRtti ke Adi-ata me vilagita yA sammilita rUpa me paDhA jAtA hai| dhyAna kriyA kA prArabha to om dhvani ke tIna bAra pATha se hI hotA hai| isakA pATha zarIra kI UrjA ko vahirgamita citra 3 om kA citra hone se rokatA hai eva sAdhanA ke lakSya taka pahucAtA hai| yaha "so'ha" aura "aba-mana' kA parivardhita aura vyAkaraNika rUpa hai| om kI dhvani pUrNatA eva anatatA kI pratIka hai| jainatatra me ise paca parameSThI kA pratIka mAnA jAtA hai jo hamAre Adarza
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________________ jaina siddhAtoM kA prabhAvI saMpreSaNa / 71 ArAdhya haiN| yaha triratna kA bhI pratIka hai| yaha bramhA, viSNu aura maheza kI zaktiyo kA bhI pratIka hai| yaha prANa-zakti kA bhI dyotaka hai| yaha nADI saMsthAna kI niyaMtraka hai| kucha logo kA kathana hai ki yaha anekAMtavAda kI tripadI kA bhI pratIka hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki jaba tIrthakara ko sampUrNa jJAna prApta hotA hai, taba usake zarIra se svataH hI tAtkAlika om dhvani prasphuTita hotI hai| yaha dhvani sakArAtmaka UrjA kA sAMdrita rUpa hai| isake uccAraNa se mana zAMta aura pavitra hotA hai / phalataH om kA pratIka pacaparameSThI kA smaraNa karAtA hai, Atarika UrjA ke sacaya ko prerita karatA hai aura mAnasika ekAgratA ko baDhAne ke saMdeza detA hai / yaha aneka matro kA prabhAvI bIjAkSara hai jo kalyANakArI mAnA jAtA hai / "om hIM arha" eka aisA hI mahAprabhAvI bIjAkSarI matra hai jo japako ko zaktizAlI banAtA hai| (ba) svastika :- svastika kA pratIka bhI aneka tatro me mAnA jAtA hai| yaha magala, samRddhi aura kalyANa kA pratIka hai| om ke samAna mAgalika avasaro para svastika bhI likhA jAtA hai| jainatatra ke anusAra, isakI cAra bhujAye sasAra kI cAra gatiyo naraka, deva, pazu aura manuSya kI nirUpaka hai / yaha - citra 4, svastika kA citra pratIka smaraNa karAtA hai ki jIvana kA lakSya ina gatiyoM ke paribhramaNa se mukta honA hai| svastika ko aSTa maMgala dravyo me se eka mAnA jAtA hai| pAca svastiko ke viziSTa jyAmitIya eva kalApUrNa samuccaya ko nayAvarta kahate hai / yaha pratIka saubhAgya eva magala kA dyotaka hai| svastika likhakara bhI banAyA jAtA hai aura mADalo (moDala Adi me) me raga-virage pUrNa-taDuloM ke dAno se bhI banAyA jAtA hai| (sa) saMsAra kUpa : jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra yaha vizva gahana eva
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________________ 72 / sarvodayI jaina taMtra kATedAra vRkSo se bharA huA eka gaharA kuA hai| ina vRkSo para zahada ke chatte lage huye hai / isa saMsAra me madhu bindu ke samAna sukha kI mAtrA kama aura dukha kI mAtrA vizAla hai| yaha manuSya usa citra 5 sasAra kUpa alpa madhu-vidu kI AzA me sArA jIvana dukha me bitAtA hai| jainatatra kA sasArakUpa pratIka eka ora sasAra kI sukhamayatA kI udghoSaNA karatA hai, vahI dUsarI ora yaha saketa bhI detA hai ki hame isame sukhamayatA baDhAne ke upAya karane cAhiye / (da) lezyA-vRkSa : jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra, manuSya ke manobhAva aura pravRttiyA chaha prakAra kI hotI haiM-tIna zubha aura tIna ashubh| kiriliyana phoTogrAphI dvArA yaha patA calatA hai ki pratyeka manuSya ke cAro ora eka raMgIna Abha maDala rahatA hai jo usakI mAnasikatA vyakta karatA | krUra bhAvo ke AbhAmaMDala hai kA raMga kAlA nIlA ora bhUrA hAtA hai tathA citra lezyA vRkSa zubha bhAvo ka AbhAmaMDala kA raMga pIlA lAla aura sapheda hotA hai| vastuta manuSya ke manAbhAva usakI AdhyAtmika pragati ke nirUpaka hai| lezyAvRkSa eka phaladAra per3a hai jisake phalA ko khAne ke liye chaha AdamI bhinna-bhinna prakAra se
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________________ jaina siddhAtoM kA prabhAvI saMpreSaNa / 73 socate haiN| sabase bure manobhAvo vAlA vyakti vaha hai jo pUre peDa ko hI kATanA cAhatA hai aura sabase acchA AdamI vaha hai jo per3a ke nIce paDe huye pake phaloM ko khAkara hI satoSa mAnane kI bAta sujhAtA hai| lezyA vRkSa jainAcAryoM ke manovaijJAnika ciMtana kA pratIka hai aura hameM zubha bhAvoM, ahisaka pravRttiyoM ko apanAne kA saMdeza detA hai| (yoguNasthAnoM kI sAMpa-sIr3hI kA khela :- yaha bhI eka manovaijJAnikataH adhyAtma patha ke vikAsa kA svarUpa darzAne vAlA pratIka citra hai| isame manobhAvo, kaSAyoM yA azubha vicAroM ko zubhatara rUpa meM pariNata karane ke caudaha caraNa batAye gaye hai| isakA vivaraNa (citra 2) pahale diyA jA cukA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki damana yA upazamana vikAsa kA acchA mArga nahI hai| udAttIkaraNa yA mArgAntarIkaraNa adhika acchA upAya hai| (ra) hAthI aura chaha aMdhe :-yaha pratIka citra anekAtavAda ko saralatA se samajhAtA hai| yaha saMketa detA hai ki koI bhI manuSya pUrNa nahI hai| vaha adhe ke samAna apUrNa hai / pratyeka andhA hAthI ko usI rUpa meM dekhatA hai jisa rUpa me vaha use BERONM chUtA hai| kisI ke liye hAthI khambhe ke samAna hai, kisI ke liye hAthI rassI citra 7 hAthI aura chaha adhe ke samAna hai, ityAdi / eka Akha vAlA vyakti unhe samajhAtA hai ki pratyeka ne jo dekhA hai, vaha azata. hI satya hai, pUrNata. nhii| pUrNa satya to chaho logo ke dvArA jo chuA gayA hai, usakA sakalita rUpa hai| yaha pratIka satya ko samagra Azika satyo ke samAkalana se prApta hotA batAtA hai| (la) eka ghATa para siMha aura zAvaka :- yaha pratIka citra jaina-taMtra ke ahisA ke siddhAnta kA nidarzaka hai| jaina dharma kI ahisA virodhI-samAgamo kI sampreraka hai| nadI ke pAra karane ke patha para hisaka zera aura durbala zAvaka eka sthAna para milate hai / eka dUsare ko pAra-patha dete hai| mAnava ko
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________________ 74/ sarvodayI jaina tatra bhI apane jIvana meM sahanazIlatA baratate huye pArasparika hito kA dhyAna rakhanA cAhiye ) ) rakhanA cAhaya aura sasAra meM . sukha kI vRddhi karanA caahiye| citra 4 eka ghATa para siMha aura zAvaka (va) dharma cakra :- yaha dharma cakra gatizIla sasAra kA pratIka hai| ise zAti aura samRddhi ke prazasta mArga para calane ke liye cakra ke vibhinna Are aneka vrata eva sa yama ke niyamo ke pratIka hai / inase hI sa sAra me sukhamayatA bar3hatI hai| dharmacakra ke citra 9 dharmacakra dono ora satya aura ahisA ke pratIka do hiraNa bane rahate hai| isa cakra ko caturvidha sagha AdarabhAva se dekhatA hai| sasAra ke sabhI jIvo kA kalyANa satya aura ahisA se hI hotA hai| ye hI do ghaTaka hame sasAra cakra ke paribhramaNa se mukta kara sakate hai| satyabhakta ne isIliye satya ko bhagavAna aura ahisA ko bhagavatI hI mAna liyA hai| (za) jaina vizva : jainatatra ke isa samagra sakSepaNa ke pratIka kI udbhAvanA vIra nirvANa kI paccIsavI sadI ke avasara para 1974-75 me kI gaI thii| isa citra ke anusAra, jaina vizva ko donoM paira phailAkara khaDe aura kamara para hAtha moDe manuSya ke samAna AkAra kA mAnate hai| isame vartamAna vizva madhya me paDatA hai jo golAkAra mAnA jAtA hai jahA hama rahate hai| isa
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________________ pazu saba jIvo ko - sahasoga saba jIvoM se sahayoga videzo me jaina dharma 175 vizvaracanA me samyak darzana siddha zilA (1) cakrayukta samyak jJAna pajA, (2) manuSya samyak caritra svastika (3) tIna bindu nArakA aura (4) ardhacandrAkAra ahiMsA sthAna para bindu banAye ___ saba usI ko-~-parasparopagraho jIvAnAm-- saba jIvoM se gaye hai| yahA citra 10 jaina vizva cakrayukta pajA ahisA aura abhaya tathA sarva-jIva-samabhAva kA pratIka hai, svastika ko to cAra gatiyo kA pratIka batAyA hI jA cukA hai, tIna bindu jaina dharma ke adhyAtma pakSa kI triveNI-ratnatraya (samyak darzana, jJAna aura cAritra) ke pratIka hai jinake anupAlana se sasaraNa-svastika ko sukhamaya banAyA jA sakatA hai| ardhacandrAkAra sthAna siddha zilA kahalAtI hai jahA bindu ke rUpa me siddha-mukta jIva rahate hai| isa prakAra isa pratIka me jIvana ke lakSya (uttama sukha, siddha zilA prApti) aura lakSya prApti ke upAya (ahisA, abhaya aura ratnatraya) tathA vartamAna sasAra kA AkAra eva vividhatA ke AyAma batAye gaye hai jahA se hame siddhi prApta karanA hai| isa pratIka ke nIce jainatatra kA preraka. vAkya bhI likhA gayA hai jisake anusAra "sabhI jIva" eka dUsare ke upakAraka hai / phalata hame svaya jIkara anyo ke jIvana ke utthAna me sahayogI bananA cAhiye / yahI dharma patha hai, yahI jIvana patha hai aura yahI adhyAtma patha hai| 11. videzoM meM jaina dharma jaina itihAsa ke anusAra, bhagavAna riSabhadeva yA AdinAtha vartamAna avasarpiNI yuga me jainadharma ke pahale pravartaka huye| inhone zramaNa saskRti ke vizvadharmI siddhAnto kA sArvatrika pracAra kiyaa| inakA ullekha vedo aura
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________________ 76/ sarvodayI jaina tatra purANo me bhI milatA hai| inhone aura inake uttaravartI anuyAyiyo ne bAtarazanA, vrAtya yA zramaNo ke rUpa meM deza-videza (yUnAna, IrAka, IrAna, suvarNabhUmi, malaya Adi) me padayAtrAo ke mAdhyama se ahisA saskRti ko sardaba sArvatrika rUpa meM prasArita kiyA hai| yadyapi yaha prakriyA pichale dosau varSoM se paryApta pragati para hai, para isake pUrva kA samucita vivaraNa upalabdha nahI hotaa| hA, kucha sUcanAye avazya aitihAsika kAla kSetra me AtI hai| zAstro me 25/- Arya kSetra eva 55 mleccha kSetro kA varNana AtA hai| 'ziSTa-jana-sammata vyavahAra na karane vAle anArya hai' kI zAstrIya paribhASA meM vartamAna vizva kA adhikAza bhAga anArya hI mAnA jAyegA kyoki vahA na to jaina hI the aura na unake upadezaka / para yaha paribhASA aba parivardhanIya ho gaI hai kyoki hama dekhate hai ki IsA se cAra hajAra varSa pUrva hI na kevala zramaNa-sAdhu hI dharma prasAra-parirakSaNa yAtrAye karate the, apitu "paNi" (jaina vyApArI) bhI eziyA ke aneka dvIpo me vyApAra hetu jAte the aura ve dharma eva saskRti ke pratyakSa na bhI sahI to parokSa pracAraka hote the| isa antarrASTrIya vyApAra ke mAdhyama se unhone sumera, mizra, bebIlona sUbA, aphrikA, yUropa eva eziyA ke kSetro me apanI saskRti ko phailaayaa| ye sumera samyatA ke sasthApaka bne| yahI nahI isa bAta ke ullekha hai ki madhya eziyA ke zAsaka gilAgamaza lagabhaga 3600 IsA pUrva me bhArata yAtrA para Aye the aura unhone AcArya uttanApiSTima ke darzana kiye the| bAbula 1140 I0pUrva ke samrATa nebucedanajara ne giranAra Akara vahA eka dAnapatra arpita kiyA thaa| kvAjala korala ke netRtva me paNisagha vartamAna amarIkI kSetra meM 20000 IsApUrva me gayA thA aura vahI basa gyaa| aisA jJAta hotA hai ki vartamAna pazcimI kSetro me bhI jaina-saskRti kA prabhAva thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki hagarI me Aye eka bhUkapa ke samaya budApeSTa nagara ke eka bagIce me eka tIrthaMkara pratimA nikalI thii| yUnAna aura anya kSetro me jaina sAdhuo kA astitva bahuta prAcIna kAla se mAnA jAtA hai| vahA aura misra me jainamUrtiyA bhI milI hai| samanerasa aura "zamana' jaise nAma bhI isI saskRti ke pratIka lagate hai| isa viSaya me "videzo me jaina dharma pustaka paThanIya hai| uparokta ullekho se IsApUrva sadiyo me vizva ke aneka bhAgo me jaina saskRti ke vyApaka eva prabhAvaka astitva kA anumAna lagatA hai| lekina
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________________ videzoM meM jaina dharma /77. bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke samaya se lakA meM to jaina maMdiroM evaM maThoM kI sUcanA bhI milane lagatI hai| mahAvIra ke yuga me IrAna kA rAjakumAra Ardraka bhArata AyA thA aura jaina sAdhu banA thaa| isase IrAna deza ke rAjakula me bhI jaina prabhAva siddha hotA hai| samrATa sikaMdara bhI apane sAtha kalyANa muni ko le gayA thaa| durbhAgya se unakI samAdhi IrAna meM ho gaI thI para anya sAdhu mizra taka gaye the| vinseMTa smitha ne batAyA hai ki samrATa saMprati ne araba, IrAna tathA anya dezoM meM aneka jaina sAdhu eva rAjapuruSa jainadharma ke prasAra hetu bheje the| kAlakAcArya dvitIya ne bhI apane ziSyoM ko dharma pracAra hetu eziyAI dezo (suvarNa bhUmi) me bhejA thaa| inhone svaya bhI IrAna, jAvA sumatrA Adi kI padayAtrA kI thii| ina sAdhuo eva rAjapuruSoM ke kAraNa hai aneka dezoM me Aja bhI jaina saskRti ke avazeSa pAye jAte haiN| usake siddhAnto ne una-una kSetravAsiyo kI jIvana zailI ko prabhAvita kiyA hai itihAsa-nirapekSatA kI vRtti ke kAraNa kAlakAcArya ke bAda aneka sadiyoM taka jaina sAdhuo ke bhArata se bAhara jAne kI sUcanAye prApta nahIM hotI, parantu jo videzI paryaTaka eva zAsaka yahA Aye, ve avazya jainasaskRti se prabhAvita huye aura ve apane apane dezo meM usake savAhaka bane / yahI nahI, jaina vyApArI gaNa to sadaiva hI samudrapAra yAtrAye karate rhe| phalataH sAdhuo ke abhAva meM bhI videzo me vibhinna bhAgo me jaina saskRti ke bIja pallavita hote rhe| sAdhu aura vyApArI to pramukhata. jaina AcAra kA vAhaka hai| jaina vicAro kA savahana aura dArzanika ciMtana to briTiza kAla me hI prabhAvI bana sakA jaba 1807 se karnala mekejI jaise aneka pAzcAtya anveSako evaM (do darjana se bhI adhika) vidvAno ne jaina dharma aura saskRti kI ora vizva kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyaa| unhona jaina vidyA ke vividha aMgoM kA adhyayana kara use videzI bhASAo me prastuta kiyA aura use adhyayana kA viSaya bnaayaa| unake prayatno kA hI yaha suphala hai ki Aja vizva ke prAya. sabhI mahAdvIpo me jaina vidyAo ke zatAdhika adhyayana kendra hai, snAtaka eva snAtakottara pAThyakrama haiM, aneka zodhakartA hai aura nayI zodhadizAye udghATita huI hai| yaha vidvan-maDalI hI sAskRtika pravAha kI sarvatomukhI vAhikA hotI hai| _ videzI vidvAnoM ke atirikta, isa pravAha ko gatimAna banAne me zikAgo meM 1893 meM sapanna "vizvadharma sasada" meM bhAga lene vAle eka mAtra
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________________ 78 / sarvodayI jaina taMtra jaina pratinidhi zrI vIracaMdra rAghava jI gAMdhI ne mahAna yogadAna kiyA hai unake jainadharma sambandhI lokapriya vyAkhyAna varSoM taka videzoM meM huye / . vairisTara campatarAya maNDalI ne bhI aMgrejI me jaina sAhitya likhakara evaM anudita kara use janasulabha banAyA aura usake videzo meM lokapriya banAne / yoga diyaa| DA0 kAmatA prasAda jaina ne "vizva jaina mizana" sasthA tathA bAisa Apha ahiMsA" "agrejI jaina gajaTa" tathA saikar3oM laghu pustikAo ke mAdhyama se isa kArya me yoga diyaa| unhoMne ladana kI jaina lAibrerI tathA baDagoDesa varga ke zAsakIya pustakAlaya ko jaina sAhitya se ApUrita kiyA / yadyapi unakA yaha mizana suniyojita rUpa na le sakA, phira bhI isake kAraNa vizva ke aneka bhAgoM meM saikaDo jainetaro me jaina dharma ke prati rUci jAgI / aba isa uddezya ko pUrNa karane ke liye aneka sasthAye sugaThita huI hai| yaha bhAgya kI bAta hai ki bIsavI sadI ke prArambha me bhArata se Aye aneka jaina vyApArI videza ke vibhinna bhAgo me vyApAra hetu jAne lage aura usame saphalatA pAkara videzo me hI basane lge| isa bIca aneka loga uccatara adhyayana, AjIvikA hetu bhI usa ora jAne lge| phalataH aphrikA, yUropa, uttarI amerikA evaM eziyA mahAdvIpa ke aneka bhAgo me jaina paryApta saMkhyA me pahuce / yaha videzavAsI jaino kI dUsarI pIDhI thI / kAlAtara me isa pIr3hI ne pichale 15-20 varSoM me apanI hI saMskRti ke sarakSaNa ke uddezya se aneka sasthAye, saMsthA-saMgha eva jaina kendra khole / nairobI, lesTara, siddhAcala, zikAgo, DallAsa Adi me jaina maMdira banavAye aura prabhAvaka pratiSThAye Ayojita kii| samaya-samaya para alpamolI sAhitya bhI (patra patrikAye bhI) prakAzita kiyaa| isa sadI ke sAtave dazaka se to jaina sAdhu bhI vahA pahucane lage aura yoga tathA dhyAna kI prakriyA ke mAdhyama se jainatatra ko lokapriya banAne lge| aba to prativarSa prAya. eka darjana se adhika sAdhu-sAdhvI aura itane hI vidvAna vahA jAne lage hai jo apane sArvajanika bhASaNoM se isa tatra ko aura bhI lokapriya banA rahe haiN| isa lekhaka ne bhI pratyakSa anubhava kiyA hai ki isase aneka videzI vidvAnoM se unakA saparka huA hai jo aba pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se vizva ke kone-kone me jaina saMskRti ke dUta banakara use saprasArita kara rahe haiN| aba jainavidyAye aneka rASTrIya aura aMtarrASTrIya sammelano kA aga banane lagI haiN| aneka jaina aura jainetara vidvAna iname bhAga lete hai| jaina saMskRti ke vividha
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________________ jaina tatra kI prabhAvakatA kA saMvardhana 179ds pakSo para briTena, jarmanI, phrAsa, AsTriyA, kanADA, amarIkA, jApAna tathA anya dezo me zodha kArya sampanna hone lagA hai| vibhinna avasaroM para vArSika vyAkhyAnamAlAye bhI Ayojita hotI hai| nayI pIDhI ke liye bhI aneka kAryakrama Ayojita hote haiN| isa taraha videzo me aba jainadharma jaino me to lokapriya ho hI rahA hai, vaha vahA ke sAmAnya aura vidvatajano ko bhI AkarSita kara rahA hai| aba yaha vizva ke prAyaH sabhI mahAdvIpo me apanI pahacAna banAtA dikhatA hai| isake sAdha sAdhvI, vidvAna aura zrAvaka sarvatra dikhane lage hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhArata ke bAhara jaino kI sakhyA aba lAkho me pahuca cukI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki isa sadI ke pUrva taka prAya. ajJAta banA yaha dharma aba dig-digata me apanI suvAsa phailA rahA hai| isakA bhaviSya ati ujjvala hai| etadartha vizva ke kucha pramukha kendro para sthAyI rUpa se jaina kendra sthApita karanA eva jIvanadAnI jaina sAdhu/vidvanamaNDalI ko taiyAra karanA Avazyaka hai| 12. jainataMtra kI prabhAvakatA kA saMvardhana jainatatra ke sidvAnto kI vaijJAnikatA aura sArvajanIna upayogitA ke bAvajUda bhI yaha apane se uttaravartI tatro kI tulanA me prabhAvI rUpa se atijIvitA eva pracAra kyo nahI pA sakA ? yaha prazna gahanata. vicAraNIya hai| sAmAnyata vizvajanInatA ke liye tatra kI eka-sasthApakatA, eka pavitra pustakatA aura uttamatA kI dhAraNAye uttaradAyI mAnI jAtI hai| durbhAgya se, ye tIno hI dhAraNAye isa para lAgU nahI hotI kyoki isake sasthApako kI caubIsI kI traikAlika paramparA hai, isakI pavitra pustako kI sakhyA 12-84 ke bIca kucha bhI ho sakatI hai| isI prakAra anya tatro me bhI satyatA hai-kI anekAtavAdI dhAraNA isa tatra kI uttamatA ko bhI spaSTata udghoSita nahI krtii| yadyapi ina tIno hI AdhAro para isakI prabhAvitA prabala nahI dikhatI, para bauddhika dRSTi se isakA vyakti-vihIna guNa-vizeSita nAma aura ihalaukika eva pAralaukika sukha-savardhana kI prakriyA ise mahAprabhAvI siddha karatI hai| vaijJAnika aura buddhivAdI yuga ke liye yaha uttama tatra hai| isakI lokapriyatA ke savardhana ke liye aneka upAya sujhAye jA sakate hai| aneka vicAraka yaha mAnate hai ki (1) isakI prAgaitihAsika kAlIna paramparAgata
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________________ 80/ sarvodayI jaina tatra prAcInatA kI dhAraNA hI isakI lokapriyatA me bAdhaka banI hai| (2) isakI nivRti mArgI bhASA-jisameM damana, kAyakleza, bhojana-niyatraNa, upavAsa aura zArIrika eva mAnasika kaThora sAdhanA tathA tyAga Adi samAhita hai-bhI logo ko bahuta rAsa nahI A pAyI hai| logo kI yaha dhAraNA hai ki adhika prAcInatA jaDatA kA saketa detI hai| phalata. hame isakI bhASA ko navInatAsakArAtmakatA denI hogii| yahI nahIM, isame janasAdhAraNa ke liye koI viziSTa darzana nahI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki yaha aneka vartamAna samasyAo para kevala mauna darzAtA hai| (3) jaina tatra sakalpI, vyaktivAdI eva pauruSa pradhAna tatra hai| isame svaya kA zrama hI lakSyavedhI hotA hai| phalata. anya bhaktivAdI tatro kI tulanA meM yaha janasAdhAraNa ko aura bhI kaThora pratIta hotA hai| (4) yaha atItamukhI bhI adhika lagatA hai| vastuta. ye sabhI vindu isakI vyAkhyA ke vartamAna svarUpa ko vyakta karate hai| yadi hama isake siddhAnto ko nayI vaijJAnika bhASA aura AkarSaka vyAkhyA de sake, to isakI prabhAvakatA kI . vRddhi meM cAra cAda laga sakate hai| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga me isake adhikAza bhautika aura naitika jagata sabadhI siddhAnta na kevala puSTa huye hai apitu parivardhita bhI hue hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja vizva ke aneka bhAgo me isake prati ruci bar3ha rahI hai| jaina tatra vizva kA apratima anIzvaravAdI tatra hai jisame jIvana kI vAhya aura Abhyantara anata sukhamayatA ke AzAvAdI uddezya ko svayaM prApta karane ke sakArAtmaka upAya batAye gaye hai| isame samagra jIvana dhAriyo ke prati samatva aura sneha, pariveza kI zuddhatA ke prati caryAye, suvicArita kriyAtmakatA, svaya ke Izvaratva ke prati AzAvAda, zAkAhArI paddhati ke prati pratibadhahIna samarpaNa, hisA, pIDA, yA dukha ke alpIkaraNa kI pravRtti, buddhivAdI dRSTikoNa ko apanAne kI mAnasikatA, sarvadharmasamabhAvI sApekSadRSTi, jAti eva sampradAyavihIna samAja racanA kI maulika vRtti, aneka sAmAjika eva rASTrIya samasyAo ke prati vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa (garbhapAta, mRtyudaNDa, sukhamRtyu-ina ke sabadha me saiddhAntika sahamati nahI hai) Adi samAhita haiN| inhI AdhAro para jainatatra ko pragatizIla, gatizIla aura krAtikArI kahA jAtA hai| hame isa tatra ke ina rUpo kA Adhunika rIti se vyApaka prasAra karanA caahie| ina sabhI AdhAro para jainatatra ke vizvIyakaraNa kI prakriyA
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________________ samasAmayika samasyAyeM aura jaina dharma /81 kA bhaviSya atyanta AzAvAdI hai| aneka videzI viddhAnoM ne jainataMtra ke isa AzAvAdI rUpa kA anubhava kiyA hai aura jaino ke sama-sAmayika samasyA nivAraka spaSTa dRSTikoNo kI sarAhanA kI hai| . 13. samasAmayika samasyAyeM aura jaina dharma abhI kucha hI samaya pUrva vizva ke eka-sau mahApuruSoM ke viSaya meM jAnakArI dene vAlI eka pustaka prakAzita huI thii| isameM mahAvIra kA nAma sammalita kiyA gayA thaa| pAzcAtya vidvAno dvArA mahAvIra kA isa sUcI meM cayana yaha igita karatA hai ki isa vizva me mAnava vyavahAra ke manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa evaM usake AdhyAtmika svarUpa ke vivaraNa ke liye mahAvIra ne pazcima para amiTa chApa choDI hai| jaino kA anIzvaravAda kA siddhAnta mAnava ko svaya (apane puruSArtha se) apanA bhAgyavidhAtA banAtA hai| yaha mAnava ko apane samaya kI samasyAo ke samAdhAna ke liye samartha kSamatA pradAna karatA hai| ye samasyAyeM prAyaH mAnavakRta hI haiM jinhe vaha jaina nItizAstra aura vyavahArazAstra ke nirdezo ke AdhAra para sugamatA se hala kara sakatA hai| __hama loga vaijJAnika eva audyogika pragati ke yuga me raha rahe haiM jahA hama adhikAdhika bhautika sukha-suvidhAo evaM upabhoktAvAda kI ora unmukha ho rahe hai| Adhunika yuga kI pravRttiyo ne "svastha zarIra meM svastha mana" ke siddhAnta ko jhUThA siddha karane kI ThAna lI hai| isa yuga meM mahAvIra ke yuga kI tulanA meM adhika samasyAye utpanna huI haiN| iname kucha to bhUtakAlIna samasyAye haiM aura kucha navIna bhI hai| ye samasyAye vyakti ke naitika stara, pArivArika jIvana, mahilAo kA stara aura unakI bhUmikA Adi vyakti pradhAna jIvana se prArabha hokara dharma, jAtivAda, janasakhyA, paryAvaraNa, yuddha aura Arthika viSamatA kI samasyAo taka jAtI hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra, ahisA kI mUlabhUta avadhAraNA ke anuprayoga ukta samAgaoM ke aneka pakSo ke samAdhAna ke liye amRta kA kAma kara sakate hai| jaina vyavahAra zAstra mUlata. vyakti ke vauddhika stara aura bhautika vyavahAro ko unnata karane kA mArga hai| jaina vizvAsa karate hai ki ucca
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________________ 82 / sarvodayI jaina tatra naitika ra ra kA vyakti samAja evaM jagata ke unnayana ke liye bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai / isIliye sAdhu-santoM ko itanA Adara aura mAnyatA prApta hai| isaliye jaina tatra me sarva prathama vyakti ke bAharI pariSkaraNa aura AMtarika unnayana ke liye aneka upayogI vyavahArika upAya sujhAye hai| unakA ahisA kA maulika siddhAnta isa viSaya me paryApta vyApaka artha rakhatA hai| yaha siddhAnta apanI adhArazilA me mana, vacana aura kAya se mAnava ko vizvabadhutva ke Adarza ke anurUpa vizvastarIya naitika vyavahAra kI preraNA detA hai| yaha zAkAhAra se prAraMbha hotA hai jisase hamAre grathisrAvo kI koTi zAntimukhI aura udAra manovRtti ko janma detI hai| yaha vicAroM aura pravRttiyo kI zAtipUrNa pragatizIlatA ke liye bhItarI aura bAharI uttama 'pariveza kA nirmANa karatI hai| isase mAnava me prema, karuNA eva snehapUrNa vyavahAra kI pravRtti jAgatI hai| vaha sagharSahIna jIvana kI ora unmukha hotA hai| ahisaka jIvana paddhati kA anuyAyI dUsaro ko kisI prakAra kI hAni na pahuce - isa dRSTi se vyavahAra karatA hai| aise vyakti kI manovRtti aura pravRtti sadaiva vivekapUrNa, sahayogapUrNa eva sarvodayI hogI / (a) purAtana (kairI ovhara) samasyAyeM: jAti, kula aura dharma * ahisaka jIvana paddhati me sabhI mAnava jAti eka hai| usame jAti, kula yA dharma sabaMdhI samasyAye utpanna hI nahI honI caahiye| jainatatra me jAti prathA ko koI sthAna nahI hai, phalataH sabhI prANI samAna aura bhrAtRtva-sUtrabaddha mAne jAte haiM / vastutaH manuSya ke karma, vyavasAya ke naitika mUlya aura guNa hI usake caritra aura vyavahAra ke nirdhAraka hai / phalataH jaino me janma -para-AdhArita jAti prathA nahIM hai jo jAtivAda ko janma detI hai| jaina-taMtra ke anuyAyI samAja ke sabhI jAtIya vargoM se Ate rahe hai evaM use ekarUpatA, samabhAvatA, jIvatatA tathA sAmarthya dete rahe haiN| isake zAMtipUrNa saha-astitva ke ahisaka siddhAnto ke paripAlana ne jainoM ko yaha khyAti dilAI hai ki ve sasAra me sarvAdhika naitika mUlyoM ke dhanI haiM aura unameM aparAdhavRtti nyUnatama hai| vAstava meM, jaino ko vizva meM jAtIya, dhArmika evaM anya saMgharSoM kI vRddhi para sahAnubhUtipUrNa Azcarya hotA hai| saMbhavataH ina sagharSo kA kAraNa sabaMdhita vargoM kI svaya kI uttamatA kI dhAraNA hai jo jaino me nahI pAI jaatii| jainoM ke aneka sapradAyoM ke saiddhAntika yA
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________________ samasAmayika samasyAye aura jaina dharma / 83 bauddhika matabheda, isIliye, kabhI bhI ugra rUpa nahIM le pAye kyoki anekAMtavAdI jaina sabhI mataMvyoM me sApekSa satyAza dekhate hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki yadyapi jainataMtra vyApaka rUpa se saprasArita nahIM ho sakA, phira bhI isake siddhAnta vartamAna mAnava jAti aura usakI bhAvI pIDhiyoM ke liye naitikataH unnata samAja nirmANa ke liye mArgadarzana dete hai| yadi hame saMgharSahIna vizva banAnA hai, to svaya kI uttamatA kI avadhAraNA ko sarvasamakakSatA ke rUpa meM parivardhita karanA hogaa| jaina tatra yaha vizvAsa karatA hai ki dharma vyakti aura samAja ke adhikAdhika sukhamaya banAne kA mAdhyama hai| isake anusAra, hamAre vyavahAra, dRSTikoNa, vivAda aura pravRttiyA, kSetra, kAla, vartamAna sthiti aura maulikatA kI cAra dRSTiyo ke anurUpa honI caahiye| yaha apekSA dRSTi bahuta kama tatroM meM pAI jAtI hai| yaha mata isa tathya se sunizcita ho jAtA hai ki isa anurUpatA ko banAye rakhane ke lie jainAcAryoM ne samaya-samaya para apane mato me sayojana, parivardhana, punaHparibhASaNa eva saiddhAntika evaM vyAvahArika pakSo kA samAharaNa kiyA hai| isa prakAra jaino me kabhI bhI kaTTaravAda nahIM panapa pAyA jo Aja ke yuga meM bhayakara rUpa se, anya tatro meM, dRSTigocara hotA hai aura Aja kA pratyeka vivekazIla buddhivAdI usakI nidA karatA ___ahisaka jIvana paddhati kA yaha eka anivArya pariNAma hai ki hama sabhI matavAdo ke prati sAhiSNu bne| jaino kI sApekSavAdI vicAradhArA kA prazikSaNa na kevala hame bauddhika dRSTi se sahiSNu banAtA hai, apitu vyAvahArika dRSTi se bhI Adarza banAtA hai| yaha samabhAvI yA sarvodaya kI dRSTi Aja ke yuga kI AvazyakatA hai| isa dRSTi ko sabhI logoM me pallavita karanA cAhiye jisase kaTTaravAda kA zamana yA vilayana ho eva aise vyAvahArika jIvana kA udaya ho jo saMpradAyabAda ke Upara uThakara saccI dharma bhAvanA ko prerita eva pravardhita kara ske| () mahilAyeM aura jaina-taMtra ke samvardhana meM unakA yogadAna yaha sacamuca durbhAgya kI bAta hai ki pitRsattAka samAja ne sAmAnyataH mahilAo ke prati sadaiva anudAratA dikhAI hai, yadyapi dhArmika kathA kahAniyo evaM itihAsa meM isa pravRtti ke kucha apavAda bhI milate hai| saMbhavataH vartamAna
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________________ 84/ sarvodayI jaina taMtra samAja me yaha dhAraNA hai ki mAtRsattAka samAja meM puruSa jAti ke prati bhI isI koTi kI anudAratA baratI gaI hogii| isalie isa prakriyA ko parivardhita karane ke badale vyutkramita karanA caahiye| para mahilAoM kI mAtRtva-saMjJA isa manovRtti kA samarthana nahIM krtii| mahAvIra kA yuga paraMparAvAdI samAja kA yuga thA jahA mahilAye vikraya taka kI vastu mAnI jAtI thiiN| mahAvIra ne isa pravRtti ke viruddha AvAja uThAI aura puruSoM aura mahilAo kI samAnatA kA siddhAnta pravartita kiyaa| jaina itihAsa batAtA hai ki akavidyA ora akSaravidyA kA savardhana bhagavAna riSabhadeva kI putriyobrAhmI aura sudarI-ne hI kiyA thaa| jaino me lakSmI, sarasvatI, abikA, padmAvatI, cakrezvarI Adi ko upakAraka deviyo ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| tIrthaMkaro kI mAtAo ko uttaravartI kAla me zalAkApuruSo me samAhita kiyA hai| mahAvIra kI mahilAo sabadhI udAra vicAradhArA kA hI yaha pariNAma thA ki unhone apanI caturvidha sagha-vyavasthA meM sAdhviyo aura zrAvikAo ko pRthaka sthAna diyA jisake viSaya me pragatizIla mAne jAne vAle buddha bhI sakoca karate rahe / sAtha hI, yaha bhI pAyA gayA hai ki mahilA saMgha ke sadasyo kI sakhyA puruSa varga se sadaiva dugunI rahI hai| mahAvIra ke yuga me sabhavataH sAdhviyA adhika hotI thii| isake tIna sabhava kAraNa to batAye hI jA sakate haiM- (1) bahupatnItva prathA ke prati sAmAnya mahilAoM meM Atarika aruci (2) vaidhavya ke vyaktigata aura sAmAjika kaSTa aura (3) mahilAo kI dAsI Adi ke rUpa meM vikryshiiltaa| isake anya kAraNa bhI anusadheya hai| yaha dekhA gayA hai ki jaina sAdhviyA jaina saskRti eva cAritra ke paripAlana ena sarakSaNa me sadaiva mahatvapUrNa yogadAna karatI rahI hai| jaina zrAvikAye bhI, aneka kAlagata prabhAva doSo ke bAda bhI, anya koTi kI mahilAoM se acchI sthiti me rahI hai| mahAvIra kI isa udAratA kA hI yaha phala hai ki unakA sAdhvI sagha Aja bhI mahatvapUrNa banA huA hai| anya tatro me yaha sagha eka to nagaNya hai aura phira vaha itanA mahatvapUrNa bhI nahI hai| mahAvIra kA mahilAo kI samAnatA aura puruSavat sAmarthya kA siddhAnta Aja vyAvahArika dRSTi se bhI prazaMsanIya mAnA jAtA hai aura aba to ise AnupAtika rAjanItika ArakSaNa bhI diyA jA rahA hai| aise hI aneka siddhAto se mahAvIra ke mato kI Adhunika yuga me upayogitA prakaTa hotI hai| aneka loga jaina sAhitya meM varNita kucha vivaraNo (udAharaNoM) ke
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________________ samasAmayika samasyAyeM aura jaina dharma / 85 mAdhyama se jainoM meM mahilAoM kA arucikara eva nirAzApUrNa citraNa dikhAte hai, para ye vivaraNa tatkAlIna sAmAjika manovRtti ke nirUpaka hai| isI manovRtti ko hI to mahAvIra ne parivartita karane kA yatna kiyA hai| mahAvIra ke dharma meM sasAra se nivRtti ke liye aura sukhavardhana ke liye jisa prakAra saMsAra kI dukhamaya yathArthatA. kA, zarIra se mamatva haTAne ke liye usake ataraMga avayavoM eva saracanA kA arucikara varNana milatA hai, usI prakAra nArI ko sasAra ke kAraNa ke rUpa me mAnakara unake prati aruci utpanna karane ke liye usake durbalapakSo kA bhI varNana milatA hai| yaha manovaijJAnika dRSTi se mAnava ko dukha nivRtti evaM sukhavRddhi ke mArga ke liye prerita karane kA upakrama hai| para ise ekapakSIya vivaraNa nahIM mAnanA cAhiye / vastuta. mahAvIra ke dharma meM nArI ke ujjvala pakSa kA vivaraNa bhI paryApta prabhAvaka hai| use cakravartI ke caudaha ratno me se eka mAnA jAtA hai| vaha kevala putrI, patnI, mAtA ora gRhalakSmI hI nahI hai, vaha jaina saMgha kI mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka bhI hai| vaha adhyAtmapatha kI ora agrasara AryikA eva sAdhvI bhI hai| boradiyA ne apane graMtha meM prAgaitihAsika kAla se lekara bIsavIM sadI taka kI 430 pramukha jaina mahilAo kA vivaraNa diyA hai jisameM unhoMne jaina saskRti ke vividhapakSo ke saMvardhana me aneka rUpo me unake prabhAvaka yogadAna kI carcA kI hai| isame sanmArga-preraka ke rUpa me bhI unakA yogadAna batAyA gayA hai (nIlAjanAo ne tIrthaMkaroM ko, brAhmI - sudarI ne bAhubali ko, rAjula ne rathanemi ko, madodarI ne rAvaNa ko, vezyA kozA ne sthUlabhadra ke sahadharmI sAdhuo N ko, subhadrA ne dhannA ko jAkala devI ne tribhuvanapAla ko pratibuddha kiyA) / unake satItva, mahAsatItva evaM zIlavratI rUpa ke aneka udAharaNa jJAta hai| iname aneka viduSI bhI rahI haiM (yAkinI mahattarA, gaNinI jJAnamatI) / unhoMne sAhitya nirmANa evaM pratilipikaraNa karAkara unakI rakSA bhI kI hai (ove, katIdevI, raNamati, ratnamati, atimabbe Adi) / unhoMne prazAsana aura vIratA me yaza kamAyA hai (akkAdevI, ketaladevI, zAMtaladevI, sAviyavve Adi) / adhyAtma pathika banane vAlI mahilAoM kI sakhyA to agaNita hai hii| phalata: isa ujjvala pakSa ke prabhAvaka varNana kI tulanA meM unake viSaya me arucikara varNana tuccha hI lagatA hai| isIliye aneka vidvAna yaha mAnate haiM ki nArI ke viSaya meM jaina mAnyatAyeM anya tatro
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________________ 86 / sarvodayI jaina taMtra kI tulanA meM adhika udAra rahI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki ve na kevala bhUtakAla meM hI, apitu vartamAna kAla me bhI vibhinna kSetroM meM apanA kauzala pradarzita kara rahI haiN| jainoM ne sAmAjika dRSTi se vaza-kuTuba kI yA mAnava samAja kI nirataratA banAye rakhane ke liye naitika dRSTi se vivAha-prathA kA saMvardhana kiyA hai| ve mAnate haiM ki maithunI UrjA mAnava kI eka sAMdrita vidhAyaka UrjA kA rUpa hai| ise aura bhI acche Atarika vikAsa ke samAna racanAtmaka kAryoM ke liye surakSita rakhanA caahiye| nIcairmukhI maithunI UrjA ko UrdhvamukhI banAnA caahiye| isIliye pazcima kI tulanA meM jaino ne ise naitikatA kA mahatvapUrNa mApadaMDa mAnA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki sAdhu aura sAdhviyo ko sadaiva brahmacaryapUrvaka rahane kA siddhAnta sthira kiyA gayA hai| isa niyatrita maithuna siddhAnta kA hI yaha pratiphala hai ki jaino kI janasakhyA me sApekSataH alpavRddhi hotI hai aura unakI samAja me yauna aparAdha nagaNya hI hote hai| niyatrita brahmacarya sabadhI mahAvIra ke isa siddhAnta kA mahilA samAja kI aneka mahatvapUrNa samasyAo ke samAdhAna ke rUpa me vizvastarIya saprasAraNa Avazyaka hai| garbha-nirodhaka upAya yauna-sabadho ke naitika adha:patana ko rokane meM saphala nahI ho pAye hai aura eDsa ke samAna naI ghAtaka bImAriyo ne aura janma le liyA hai| acche naitika jIvana eva samucita sAmAjika samutthAna ke liye Atma sayama yA brahmacarya sarvAdhika samartha upAya hai| isake liye dRDha icchAzakti, sakalpazakti ko vikasita karane kI AvazyakatA hai| isase samagrata yauna-aparAdho me kamI hogI, mahilA sabadhI anAcaraNo me kamI hogI aura janasakhyA bhI niyatrita hogii| yaha eDsa ke samAna rogo kI niyAmaka bhI hogii| niyatrita yauna-sabadho kI dhAraNA Aja ke yuga kI mAga hai| janasakhyA niyatraka sasthAye yadi isa dhArmika siddhAnta para gahana vicAra kara ise apane prayatno me eka atirikta sAdhana ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara prasArita kare, to yaha mahAna lAbhakArI hogaa| mahilAo se sabadhita eka sAmAjika prakaraNa ne aura rASTrIya mahatva kA rUpa liyA hai| yaha garbhapAta se sabadhita hai| dharma kI vyaktigata vikAsa kI ahisaka dhAraNA ke dRSTikoNa se nizcita rUpa se isakA samarthana koI bhI na kregaa| lekina jaba yaha samasyA sAmAjika eva rASTrIya rUpa letI hai,
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________________ samasAmayika samasyAyeM aura jaina dharma 187 taba usa para vyAvahArika dRSTi se vicAra to apekSita hai hii| kucha AgamoM me garbhapAta ke upAyoM ke nirUpaNa se yaha to prakaTa hotA hI hai ki yaha vidhi prAcIna kAla meM pracalita thii| phira bhI, yaha kahanA asagata nahIM hogA ki ise sArvajanika anumodana nahIM thaa| Aja janasakhyA vRddhi aura usake rASTrIya Arthika pragati para paDanevAle viparIta prabhAvo se sArA mAnava samAja ciMtita ho rahA hai / dhArmika siddhAnto ke vizvastarIya saprasAraNa ke dRSTikoNa se unakI vyavahArikatA kI carcA manorajaka hai| TobAyAsa ne likhA hai ki sasAra me zuddha yA madhyama ahisako kI sakhyA atyanta kama hai| phira bhI, unakA siddhAnta AkarSaka to hai hii| yaha vyaktigata samasyAo ke samAdhAna aura vikAsa meM sahAyaka to hai para sabhI rASTrIya samasyAo ke liye isake rUpa bhinna-bhinna eva parivardhita hoge| usakI to mAnyatA hai ki cUki zAstro me isa sabadha me na virodha hai aura na samarthana, ataH aise prakaraNo me mAnava ko bahujanahita eva bhAvI hita, kI dRSTi se vicAra karanA caahiye| yaha dRSTi jitanI hI ahisaka hogI, utanA hI uttama hogaa| sukhamRtyu, daheja aura vidhavA vivAha ke samAna samasyAye bhI ahisaka aura anekAtI dRSTikoNa cAhate hai| (sa) yuddha aura rAjanIti yadyapi jaino kA ahisA siddhAnta vyaktipradhAna hai, phira bhI aneka dharmaguruo aura rAjanetAo ne isameM vidyamAna prasupta kSamatA kI utkRSTa koTi kA anubhava . kiyA hai| ve ise sAmAjika samAnatA aura rASTrIya svatatratA kI upalabdhi kA mAdhyama banA sake / mahAtmA gAdhI, mArTina lUthara kiga, DI-velerA, nelsana maDelA aura anya jvalata nakSatra haiM jinhone ahiMsA aura usakI apAra kSamatA ko abhivyakta karane me isa sadI me hI yogadAna kiyA hai| madhyakAla me bhI aneka jaina sAdhu-sato ne apanI ahisaka jIvana paddhati eva caryA ke AdhAra para hI aneka rAjAzraya pAye aura jaina saskRti ke akhila bhAratIya rUpa ko saMvardhita kiyaa| Aja vizva ke aneka bhAgoM meM "senA rahita rAjya" kI avadhAraNA isI ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kA rAjanItika vistAra hai| phalataH aba ahisA vyakti pradhAna mAtra na rahakara samAja eva rASTra kI unnati kA amogha astra bana rahI hai| saMyukta rASTra sagha (195 deza), pakSAtItatA kA Adolana, jI -77, sArka, tathA anya sasthAyeM
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________________ -88/ sarvodayI jaina taMtra vizvastara para isake prAyogika svarUpa haiN| ahiMsA kI vyAvahArika ghAraNA ne naitika punarjAgaraNa, niHzastrIkaraNa tathA nyUklIya evaM rAsAyanika yuddhakalA ke prayogo kI upekSaNIyatA ke prati vizvastara para vizvAsa jagAyA hai| vizvazAti eMva saMgharSa-samAdhAna aba eka zaikSika zogha viSaya bana gayA hai| isake liye aneka saMsthAye vizva ke aneka bhAgo meM sthApita huI haiN| bhArata me bhI jaina vizvabhAratI eva aNu-vibhA jaisI sasthAyeM gaThita huI haiM jinhoMne aneka saMgharSa -samAdhAna ke vaijJAnika eva naitika pahaluoM para antarrASTrIya sammelana bhI Ayojita kiye hai| vizva kI rAjanItika zaktiyoM ne ahiMsA ke prAyogika pratIka-pacazIla ke prAcIna siddhAntoM ko mAnyatA dI hai aura rAjanIti meM naitikatA tathA pArasparika vicAra-vinimaya ke anekAntavAdI siddhAnta ko pratiSThita karane ke aneka upakrama kiye hai| rAjanItijJo ne aba viveka aura vicAra-vinimaya (saMgoSThI, sammelano) ke mAdhyama se apane aneka rAjanItika prakaraNa nipaTAne kI prakriyA apanAI hai| ye prakrama bhI ahisA aura dRSTikoNa-samanvaya ke Adhunika rUpa hai| vastutaH yuddha aura usase honevAlI vinAzalIlA ko TAlane ke liye yaha prakriyA sarvopayogI siddha huI hai| isa dizA me bharata aura bAhubalI kA aitihAsika dRSTAta atyanta mArgadarzaka hai jo vizvazAti ke savardhana me parama sahAyaka hai| merUprabha nAmaka hAthI kA udAharaNa bhI yaha saketa detA hai ki pazuo me bhI ahisaka vRtti jAga sakatI hai| ahisaka rAjanIti sthAyI zAti aura pragati ke navayuga kA sUtrapAta kregii| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaino ke ahisA aura anekAtavAda ke siddhAnto ne pratyakSa aura parokSa rUpa meM rAjanIti eva yuddhonmAda ko niyatrita karane me vartamAna yuga me mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai aura ina siddhAntoM kI vyApakatA baDhAI hai| zAti kI dizA me inakA svarUpa dArzanika eva AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha sArvakAlika aura sArvabhauma hotA jA rahA hai| (da) sAmAjika viSamatA aura jaina samAjavAda naitika, aura dhArmika dRSTi se sabhI manuSya samAna haiM aura samAna kSamatA rakhate hai| isaliye sayukta rASTrasagha ke mAnava adhikAra ghoSaNApatra ke anusAra unheM bhojana, vastra, AvAsa eva AjIvikA Adi anya kArako ke liye samAna avasara hone cAhiye / lekina hame vartamAna sthiti isa Adarza
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________________ samasAmayika samasyAyeM aura jaina dharma 189 , se paryApta bhinna mila rahI hai| uparokta dRSTiyo se adhisaMkhya manuSyoM kI sthiti saMtoSapUrNa nahIM hai| hama dekhate haiM ki prAkRtika aura arjita saMpadA kucha hI hAthoM me kendrita hai aura adhisakhya vyakti dukha aura abhAva se grasta haiN| isakA kAraNa kyA hai? manuSya kI sAmAnya prakRti mahatvAkAkSI aura asmitAvAdI hotI hai jise vaha apane buddhibala, cAturya eva sasAdhano se satuSTa karatA hai| tathApi, inheM pUrNa karane meM bahuta kama loga hI saphala hote hai jo dUsaro kA pratyakSa aura parokSa rUpa se damana aura adhigrahaNa karate haiN| isa prakAra samAja me do varga bana jAte haiM jinameM bhArI asamAnatAyeM hotI haiN| dharmajJa loga isa tathya kI karmavAda ke paryApta manovaijJAnikataH saMtoSakArI siddhAnta se vyAkhyA karate hai| yahI aneka sAmAjika aura Arthika samasyAo eva viSamatAoM kA kAraNa hai| lekina saiddhAntika dRSTi se yaha sthiti pUrNataH sahI nahIM hai, sAmAjika dRSTi se yaha nyAya saMgata bhI nahIM hai| isa sAmAjika viSamatA ko dUra karane kI dizA me bhI jainataMtra ne mahatvapUrNa mArgadarzana diyA hai| usane sapatti aura sasAdhano ke AvazyakatAnusAra samAna vitaraNa, caturvidha dAna kI anivArya pravRtti aura apanI lobhavRtti tathA AvazkatAo ko niyatrita eva sImita karane ke siddhAnta pratipAdita kiye hai| ise jaina samAjavAda kahA jAtA hai| isakA uddezya manuSyo ko na kevala AdhyAtmika stara para hI samAnatA pradAna karanA hai, apitu bhautika stara para bhI uname samAnatA lAnA hai| yaha siddhAnta bhI ahisA ke mAnavIkRta svarUpa kI abhivyakti hai| yaha jaina-tatra ke pAca aNuvrato yA mahAvratoM me se pAcavA mahatvapUrNa siddhAnta hai jise "aparigrahavAda" (mamakAra-tyAga) kahA jAtA hai| yaha mAnava kI eka ataraga vRtti hai jo sapatti aura sAdhano ke prati virAgatA uttpanna karatI hai| vastutaH jaina tatra kA bala naitikatA kI ora adhika unmukha hai, bhautika yA Arthika tatroM kI ora vaha adhika unmukha nahI hai| phalataH manuSya kI do mUla vRttiyo-ahakAra aura mamakAra, yahA merA hai Adi-ko niyatrita eva vidalita karane ke liye jaina tatra aneka upAya sujhAtA hai jisase samAjavAdI sarvodayI samAja racanA kA lakSya prApta ho ske| isIliye gAdhI jI kA sapatti ke TrasTIzipa kA siddhAnta jaina samAjavAda kA hI eka rUpa hai| vartamAna yuga me vikasita
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________________ 90/ sarvodayI jaina taMtra samAjavAda, sAmyavAda, gAMdhIvAda aura sAmAjika pUjIvAda . jainataMtra ke aparigrahavAda ke naye-naye rUpa haiM jo kSetra aura kAla ke prabhAvoM se vikasita hue haiN| jainoM ke isa aparigrahavAda meM vartamAna kI viSama Arthika eva sAmAjika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke bIja nihita haiN| __ isa siddhAnta kA mUla maMtra yaha hai ki vyavasAyo me satya aura ImAnadArI kA mana, vacana aura kAya se paripAlana kiyA jaay| isa AdhAra para kara vaMcana, kara-corI, aura smagaliga dharma aura nIti-dono ke viruddha hai| Ajakala anucita kAryoM ke liye manovaijJAnikataH diye gaye naraka sabaMdhI upadezo ke prati janasAmAnya kI upekSAvRtti tathA vartamAna daDa prakriyA kI kamajorI ke kAraNa ye pravRttiyA niratara baDha rahI haiM aura viSamatA kI khAI bhI, phalataH vardhamAna hai| isa dizA me dharma ke manovaijJAnika svarUpa ko jana-mana me pravIjita karanA eka acchA upAya hai| jainatatra AjIvikA aura vyavasAya sabhI kSetro me naitika niyamo, aparihagrahabAda kI manovRtti aura pravRtti kA pakSadhara hai| yaha vartamAna ke dalAlI aura kamIzana ke mAdhyama se parokSa aura vipula arjana kI anaitika mAnatA hai| yaha pravRtti bhautikataH sampanna avazya banAtI hai para yaha naitika eva AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dizA ko hIyamAna karatI hai| naitika mUlyo kA yaha vardhamAna avanamana vartamAna yuga kI eka krAtika samasyA bana gaI hai| hame lAlabahAdura zAstrI ke dvArA calAye gaye "saptAha meM eka bAra kA bhojana tyAgo" kAryakrama kA smaraNa AtA hai jisake mAdhyama se unhone asakhya daridro ko bhojana karAne meM sahAyatA kI kalpanA kI thii| vinobA bhAve bhI eka aise hI anya mahApuruSa the jinhone bhUdAna-yajJa ke mAdhyama se bhUmihInoM ko bhUmi upalabdha karAne kA Adolana prArambha kiyA thaa| Ajakala akAla-vRSTi, adhivRSTi, bhUkapa eva anya prAkRtika yA mAnavakRta durghaTanAo ke samaya bhojana, vastra, auSadhi Adi kA vizva ke vibhinna bhAgo me ApUraNa karanA bhI ahiMsA aura karuNA ke arthazAstra kA eka rUpa hai jo ina siddhAnto ke Azika vizvIkaraNa kI pravRtti ko nirUpita karatA hai| isIliye TobAyAsa kahatA hai ki jainataMtra yaha siddha karane me saphala huA hai ki vyavasAya ke arthazAstra kI ahiMsaka aura aparigrahavAdI pRSThabhUmi bhI eka vikasita eva naitikataH sukhamaya samAja kI racanA kara sakatI hai|
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________________ samasAmayika samasyAyeM aura jaina dharma 191 (1) paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa jainoM ke ahiMsA siddhAnta ke tIna pramukha abhidheya haiM-(1) sabhI prAkRtika padArthoM meM sajIvatA yA sarvajIvavAda kI dhAraNA (2) sabhI jIvoM meM samAnatA kI anubhUti evaM karuNAbhAva kA anuprayoga aura (3) sabhI jIvoM meM pArasparika sahayoga, upakArya-upakAraka bhAva yA anyonya nirbharatA kA niriikssnn| isa taraha yaha siddhAnta manuSyoM ke atirikta pazu eva prANijagata ko bhI samAhita karatA hai| yaha samana jIvita tatra kA pratIka hai aura pratyeka jIvitatatra ke liye samatA evaM AdarabhAva rakhane kA Adeza detA hai aura tadanurUpa pravRtti ke liye prerita karatA hai| AcArAMga ke samAna jaino kI prAcInatama pavitra pustaka meM batAyA gayA hai ki uccatara jIvo kI to bAta hI kyA, vanaspatiyo ko bhI kisI prAkara kI hAni pahucAnA moha, karmabaMdha, mRtyu eva naraka kA dvAra hai| vAstava meM, yadi koI manuSya apanI hI sajIva jAti ke nimna stara ke jIvana ko hAni pahuMcAtA hai, to vaha ahiMsaka yA dhArmika kaise ho sakatA hai? ina mahatvapUrNa upadezo ne hamAre samAja eva parivezo ke kSetro ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA hai| sAmAjikata ye upadeza hame zAkAhArI banAte hai aura paryAvaraNa kI dRSTi se ye hame paryAvaraNa ke satulana ko banAye rakhane ke liye prakRtimAtA ko saudaryamayI bane rahane meM sahAyaka hote hai| isa sadI ke prArabha me zAkAhAra aneka prakAra ke vivAdo eva bhrAta sUcanAo kA zikAra banA thA, para aba vaijJAnika mAnane lage hai ki yaha eka poSaka, prabalana ke dvArA saMpUrita, dIrghajIvitA pradAyaka evaM AdhyAtmikata. bhadra AhAra paddhati hai| isakA vizva me vyApaka pracAra ho rahA hai aura isake prasAra ke liye aneka rASTrIya aura atarrASTrIya saMgaThana kAma kara rahe haiN| eka tAjI rirporTa ke anusAra, mAsAhArI vyavasAya kI zrRkhalAye kramaza : bada hotI jA rahI hai| vizva kI vimAna sevAo taka me 25-30 pratizata loga zAkAhArI bhojana kI mAga karane lage haiM / aba to yaha bhI mAnA jAne lagA haiM ki zAkAhAra apanAne se vizva me khAdya kI kamI kI samasyA hala hotI hai| yaha paddhati svAsthyadAyaka hai, isase uttama koTi ke graMthi strAva hote hai jo krodhAdi sagharSakArI evaM hisaka pravRttiyo ko balavAna nahIM banane dete| yadyapi isa paddhati ke prAcIna udghoSaka jaina rahe haiM, para yaha saba dharmoM me
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________________ 92 / sarvodayI jaina tatra (jainoM ke samAna tIkSNatA se nahIM) mAnya hai aura aba vizvajanIna hotI jA rahI hai| janasaMkhyA vRddhi, audyogIkaraNa se utpanna hAnikAraka gaisa aura apaziSTa padArtha, vibhinna prakAra ke vAhano kA upayoga, vanoM kA durupayoga yA adhi. upayoga aura anya kAraNo se isa samaya bhayakara paryAvaraNa kI samasyAye utpanna ho rahI hai jiname atarikSa me ojona parata kA vidAraNa bhI hai| svaccha eva satulita paryAvaraNa ke liye aneka prayatna kiye jA rahe hai aura vizva stara para isa samasyA kI vikarAlatA ke kAraNa aura nivAraNa ke upAya brAjIla-jaise sammelano me carcita ho rahe hai| dUradarzana aura anya sacAra mAdhyamoM se vanaspatiyo ke durupayoga ko rokane, vRkSoM/vano kI kaTAI para niyatraNa karane tathA jala, vijalI eva anya prAkRtika sasAdhano ke durupayoga yA upekSaNIya upayoga para niyaMtraNa karane ke sadeza niraMtara prasArita kiye jA rahe hai| paryAvaraNa kI zuddhatA banAne rakhane ke liye janamAnasa ko jAgarUka banAne ke liye paryAvaraNa divasa, vRkSAropaNa saptAha Adi kA Ayojana kiyA jA rahA hai| aba to "paryAvaraNa senA" kA bhI gaThana hone lagA hai| bahutere loga yaha kaha sakate hai ki paryAvaraNa sarakSaNa ke samAna samasyAo kA dharma se kyA sambandha hai ? lekina jaina-tatra ke sarvajIvavAda eva ahisA ke siddhAnta aura unake aneka zAstrIya vivaraNa isa dizA me hame paryApta mArganirdeza dete hai / ahisA kI mAnasika manovRtti vRkSoM yA bano ko anAvazyaka rUpa se naSTa karane yA ekendriya jIvo ko hAni pahucAne kI pravRtti para niyatraNa karatI hai aura vana eva vanya prANiyo ko surakSA detI hai| jaino kI AvazyakatAo ke alpIkaraNa eva anarthadaNDa vRtti kI mAnyatAye yaha saketa detI hai ki hame pRthvI mA yA prakRti se utanA hI lenA cAhiye jitanA vaha punarutpAdita kara sake yA hama una sAdhano ke punarutpAdana me sahayoga kara sake / isase varSA aura vano ke bIca satulana banA rhegaa| "vana mahotsava" isI prakriyA kA pratIka thaa| jaina zAstra batAte hai ki hameM apanI nyUnatama AvazyakatAnusAra hI prAkRtika sasAdhano kA upayoga karanAra caahiye| jainAcAryoM ko mahAprabhu IsA se sadiyoM pUrva isa bAta kA anubhava huA thA ki hamArA paryAvaraNa tatra anyonya-nirbhara hai jisame jala, vAyu,
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________________ samasAmayika samasyAyeM aura jaina dharma 193 vividha koTi ke jIva aura manuSya sabhI Ate hai| isa anyonya-sahAyaka vRtti kA hI yaha pariNAma hai ki jainoM ne pazuo aura paudhoM ke prati karuNAbhAva eva AdarabhAva apanAne kI vRtti ko anivArya bnaayaa| jainoM ko paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa sabaMdhI mahatvapUrNa binduoM ko "prakRti sarakSaNa ke liye jaina ghoSaNA patra meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai jo 1990 meM antarrASTrIya vizvajanIna prakRti. surakSA phaMDa, ladana ke adhyakSa priMsa philipa ko bheTa kiyA gayA thaa| isake atirikta, yaha sabhI mAnate haiM ki paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa mAnava kI bhautikavAdI lobhavRtti kA tathA dharmAcAryoM ke upadezo kI upekSA kA pariNAma hai| yadi vyakti aura rASTra jaina tatra kI ahiMsaka AcAra saMhitA kA pAlana kare, prakRti kI sevAoM kA durupayoga na kareM, apanI bhautikavAdI upabhoktA saMskRti ke prazraya kI tulanA meM AvazyakatAoM ko kama kareM, to paryAvaraNa kI samasyA Aja ke samAna krAMtika na bana paaye| yaha manovRtti aura pravRtti eka vizeSa prakAra kA prAthamika evaM prAraMbhika prazikSaNa cAhatI hai jo upabhoktA saMskRti ke prati avAchanIya anurAga ko dUra karane ke sakalpa me sahAyaka ho ske| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki hamAre dharmAcArya bhautikavAdI vaijJAniko kI tulanA meM acche aura prabhAvI upadezaka siddha nahIM ho sake hai jo manuSya ko manovaijJAnikataH ahiMsaka vRtti apanAne ke liye prabala preraNA de ske| phira bhI, aisA to pratIta hotA hI hai ki paryAvaraNa samasyAo ko sulajhAne ke liye manuSya kI aMtima zaraNa ye ahisAmaya dhArmika siddhAnta hI hoge| hama yaha dekhate hai ki mAnava ne dharmAcAryoM ke paryAvaraNa sarakSaNa ke liye upayogI prAya. sabhI upadezoM kI upekSA kI hai| Aja audyogIkaraNa eva vaijJAnika pragati ko isakA doSI mAnA jAtA hai para isakA kAraNa bhI mAnava dvArA brahmacarya vrata ke samAjahita ke anukUla na pAlana kara janasaMkhyA kI apAravRddhi hai| isakI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke liye to pratyakSa yA parokSa udyoga panape haiN| ataH paryAvaraNa kI surakSA kA prathama dAyitva to manuSyo kA hI hai| yadi ve dhArmikata. upadiSTa aura vaijJAnikataH prastuta janasakhyA nirodhaka sAdhana apanAyeM, to isa samasyA meM paryApta kamI A sakatI hai| jaino ke aneka vrata aura yuktiyA bhI paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa ko prerita karatI hai| yadi hama apanI AvazyakatAoM (parigraha, bhoga, upabhoga
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________________ 94/ sarvodayI jaina tatra , Adi) kA parisImana karane kI manovRtti vikasita kareM, to udyogoM kI bahulatA eva tajjanya pradUSaNa meM bhI kamI hogii| sAtha hI, jaino kA anarthadaMDa vrata (anupayogI yA upekSaNIya jala, thala, nabha ke sasAdhanoM kA upayoga) Aja ke saMcAra mAdhyamoM dvArA jala, bijalI eva thala-sakSAraNa ke mitavyayitApUrNa sadupayoga kA IsApUrva-kAlIna rUpa hI hai| zAkAhAra kI pravRtti bhI paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa meM sahAyaka hai kyoki isame mAsAhAra kI tulanA me alpamAtrA meM prakRti kA sadohana hotA hai| isI prakAra, yadi hama apane kAyika vyutsoM ko grAmINa paryAvaraNa meM gAMdhI paddhati ke AdhAra para vimocita kare, to bhI pradUSaNa meM kamI A sakatI hai / dhvani pradUSaNa bhI bhASA samiti ke sat prayoga se kama kiyA jA sakatA hai| digavrata aura dezavrata ke antargata vyAvasAyika yA anya paribhramaNa ko sImitakara vAhanajanya pradUSaNa me kicit kamI to lAI hI jA sakatI hai| vastutaH ye parisImana grAmINa-saskRti ke pariprekSya me aura hisA ke alpIkaraNa kI dRSTi se upadezita kiye gaye the| Aja kI zaharI saskRti ke yuga me ye sImAye upahAsamAtra lagatI haiN| parantu jaise ahisA kA svarUpa vyaktigata se rASTrIya aura arntarASTrIya ho gayA hai, vaise hI ina vrato ko vyApaka rUpa dekara yathAzakti parisImana karane se lAbha hI hogaa| vaise aisA lagatA hai ki sacAra suvidhAo ke jAgatika vistAra se ina vratoM ke paripAlana ko preraNA hI milI hai| isa prakAra jaino ke aneka vrato kA vyApakIkaraNa paryAvaraNa sarakSaNa me atyanta prabhAvI rUpa le sakatA hai| 14. parIkSA kI ghar3I : sarvodayI jaina taMtra Aja kA vyakti aura samAja jaina-tatra me pratipAdita vratoM ke paripAlana kI dRSTi se eka tirAhe para khaDA hai| vartamAna kA vAtAvaraNa lAbha-hAni kI dRSTi se aneka virodhI kArakoM ke prati anurAga aura vikarSaNa se bharA huA hai| Aja mAnava kA viveka kaThina parIkSA ke daura se gujara rahA hai| tathApi, yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhiye ki dharma-tatra manuSya ko aisA lakSya nirdezita karatA hai jahAM use atyanta sAvadhAnI evaM sAmarthya se bar3hane kA prayatna karanA caahiye| yaha AzA kI jAtI hai ki jainataMtra kI zikSAyeM acche ora naitika sarvodayI samAja ke nirmANa kI isa parIkSA kI ghar3I meM atijIvI siddha hoNgii| isIliye jaina sadaiva zAtipATha aura anya bhAvanAoM ko apane
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________________ parIkSA kI ghar3I : sarvodayI jaina taMtra / 95 dainaMdina jIvana kA aga banAye huye haiN| mukhtAra jI kI "merI bhAvanA" ke anusAra pratyeka vyakti ko nimna uddezyoM ke anurUpa pravRtti karanI cAhiye * sukhI raheM saba jIva jagata ke koI kabhI na dukha pAve I vaira-bhAva, abhimAna chor3a jaga, nitya naye maMgala gAve / / jaina prArthanAo kI aise svaro kI lahare nizcita rUpa se eka zAtimaya eva gatizIla vizva kI saracanA meM sahAyaka hogii| isa dRSTi se jaina tatra ke sarvodayI vicAro eva pravRttiyo kA bhaviSya atyanta prakAzavAna lagatA hai| pAcavIM sadI ke AcArya samantabhadra ne isIliye jainatatra ko 'sarvodayItatra', apane 'yuktayanuzAsana' me batAyA thaa| vaha rUso ke 'nAgarika dharma kI bIsavI sadI kI avadhAraNA kA IsApUrva kAlIna rUpa hai|
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________________ 96/ sarvodayI jaina taMtra pariziSTa-1 saMdarbha samagrI 1. elavuDa, jUniyara robarTa esa. mainI pIpula, mainI phethsa, preTisahAla, eMgalavuDa kliphsa, nIu jarsI, yU.esa.e., 1986 2. jaina, jyotiprasAda : rijIjiyana aiDa kalcara Apha dI jainAja, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1983 pe0 3 3. paDita, AzAdhara . sAgaradharmAmRta, vahI 1984 4. varNI, jinendra. jainendra siddhAta koSa-4, vahI, 1973 pe0 51 5. AcArya, kudakuda . bArasa aNuvekkhA, kudakuda bhAratI, dillI, 1990 pe0 77 6. AcArya, baTTakera; mUlAcAra-1, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1984 pe05 7. nirdeza-2 dekhiye, pe0 15-31 8. grenopha, phAyalisa, mekamAsTara vizvavidyAlaya, kanADA me prastuta zogha nibandha, 1988 9. zrIvAstava, maheza prasAda, jainadharma aura darzana, zabdapITha, ilAhAbAda, - 1990 pe0 75.78. 10. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha, Agamayuga kA jainadarzana, sanmati jJAna pITha, AgarA, 1966 pe0 11 11. AcArya, nemacandra, gommaTasAra jIvakADa, rAyacandra.granthamAlA, agAsa, 1972 12. dIkSita, ke0ke0. jaina AnTolojI, ela0 DI0 isTITyUTa, ahamadAbAda, 1971 pe0 11 13. dvivedI, vhI0pI0; kelAzacandra zAstrI abhi. grantha, rIvA, 1976 pe0 3.1
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________________ pariziSTa / 97 14. jaina, ena0ela0, je0ema0ela0) zAstrI sAdhuvAda grantha, rIvA, 1989 pe) 324 15 nirvANa kADa, bRhatt mahAvIra kIrtana, mahAvIra jI, 1971 16. eTavuDa, e0Ara0, rilIjiyana, ricualsa aiDa rilIja, e0bI0sI0 nyUyArka, 1980 17 jainI, pI0esa. jaina pAtha Aba pyorIphikezana, keli. yUni., varkale, 1979 40 188 18. gAdhI, esa0 ela0) aNuvibhA, jayapura 1.1.92 19. mukhtAra, je0ke0 merI bhAvanA, ahisA sthalI, dillI 1988 20 svAmI, sudharmA, AyAro, TuDe aiDa Tumoro, dillI, 1981 pe0 20 21. AcArya, umAsvAmI tatvArthasUtra, di0jaina sagha, mathurA 1950 pe 15 " 22 svAmI sudharmA, AcArAga-1, Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, 1980 peja 123.34 23. uttarAdhyayana, terApathI mahAsabhA, kalakattA, 1967 pe0 207 24 AcArya kudakuda (1) samayasAra (2) niyamasAra, senTrala jaina pabliziga hAusa, lakhanaU 1930 pe4 aura 75 25. marDiyA, kevhI), sAiTiphika phAuDezana Ava jainIjma, ema0ela0bI0DI0, dillI, 1990 pe0 85 10.108 26 nyAyAcArya, mahendra kumAra jaina darzana, varNI granthamAlA, kAzI, 1966 40 356 27. jaina, ena ela (), sAiTiphika kaTeTsa ina prAkRta kenansa, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI, 1996 28 koThArI, DI0 esa0 kai0 ca0 zAstrI abhi. grantha rIvA, 1976 pe0 3.68 29. javerI je. esa. aura muni, mahendra mAikrokAramolAjI, jevhI)vI (), lADanU, 1991 pe0 42-52 30(0) AcArya, hemacandra, pramANa mImAMsA, tArA pablikezansa, vArANasI, 1986 40 58 31 varNI, jinendra, jainendra siddhAnta koSa 3. bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1974 pe0 192
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________________ 98 / saryodayI jaina tatra 32. jaina, ena0 ela0. jaina jarnala, apraila, 1989 33 yuvAcArya, mahAprajJa; karmavAda, Adarza sAhitya sagha, curU, 1985 pe) 159 34. vahI, pe.38 35. sadarbha 29 pe) 1831 36. priyadarzana; sTorI, sTorI, vizva darzana TrasTa, mahasANA, 1987 pe0 37. TobAyAsa, mAikela, lAipha phorsa, eziyana hayumeniTIja presa, barkale, kai0 1991 38. AcArya kudakuda, bhAvaprAbhRta, di0jaina sasthAna, mahAvIra jI, 1967 pe0 431-34 39. koThArI, DI esa) : sAisa eMDa rilIjiyana, rAjakRSNa TrasTa, dillI 1977, 40 jaina, esa ke. aura jaina, sI) ke, vyaktigata patrAcAra 41. mehatA, je0yU0. dI pAtha Apha arhat, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI, 1992 pe.-114 42 caTarjI, e0ke0 . kamprehaisiva hisTrI Apha jainIjma, bhAga 1-2, ke. ela0ema. kalakattA 1974/1984 43. jaina, gokula prasAda, navanIta, RSi prakAzana, jhAsI, 1996 pe0 2 8 44 AcArya, rajanIza,mahAvIra, merI dRSTi me, rajanIza prakAzana, puNe, 1989 'boradiyA, hIrAbAI, jainadharma kI pramukha sAdhviyA aura mahilAye, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI, 1991 46. kAsalIvAla kastUracandra; khaDelavAla jaina jAti kA itihAsa, itihAsa prakAzana saMsthAna, jayapura 1992 47 madAna, TI ema, TAimsa Apha iDiyA, aktUbara 16,1996 48 jaina, gokula prasAda, videzo me jaina dharma, bhA0 di0 jaina mahAsabhA dillI, 1997
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________________ pariziSTa /99 pariziSTara 2 sAraNI-2: elavuDa ke vinduoM ke AdhAra para jainataMtra ke maulika siddhAMtoM kA vivaraNa 1. loka ke saMbaMdha meM dhAraNA vizva eka hai| isake Urdhva, madhya, aura adha. ke rUpa me tIna bhAga hai| mAnava prANI madhya loka me rahate hai| isa vizva me cAra prakAra ke prANI nAraka, deva, pazu aura manuSya rahate hai| isakA viziSTa AkAra hai| yaha anAdi aura anata hai| ise kisI daivI zakti ne nahI bnaayaa| isame dhruvatA ke bIca parivartana sadaiva hote rahate hai| 2. Izvara yA carama tatva Izvara carama tatva nahIM hai| vizva me chaha carama tatva-dravya hai-jIva, ajIva, gati eva sthiti mAdhyama, AkAza, kAla 3. vizva kA prAdurbhAva prAkRtika, anAdi-anata 4. vizva kI niyati vizva me sadaiva utsarpiNI aura avasarpiNI kAlacakra calate rahate hai| 5. manuSyoM kA prAdurbhAva prathama prArdubhAva anAdi hai| karmo ke kAraNa ye agaNita punarjanma grahaNa karate hai| 6. manuSyoM kI niyati zubha aura azubha karmo ke kAraNa agaNita janma aura mRtyu ke cakra / ye cakra vrata, tapa eva AtmAnubhUti ke kAraNa hone vAle karma kSaya se naSTa hote hai aura paramasukha prApta hotA hai|
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________________ 100 / sarvodayI jaina tatra 7. manuSya aura caramasatya ke pAca parameSThiyo evaM tIrthaMkaroM ke upadezo bIca sambandha aura unake sAhitya ke mAdhyama se manuSya apane abhyAsa dvArA carama satya kA anubhava karatA hai| 8. prAyogika : mAnava-vyavahAra pAca aNuvrata-yA mahAvrato kA pAlana, eva pravRttiyA aura unakA abhyaMtara aura bAhya tapo kA abhyAsa, lakSya zubhatara jIvana eva janma ke liye ratnatraya mArga kA paripAlana ahisaka jIvana paddhati, sarvodayI lkssy| 9- sAmAjika : pramukha saMsthAye, madira, sthAnaka, sthira caturvidha sAmAjika sasthAye sagha-vyavasthA, parasparAzrita sagha (sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka, zrAvikA,) janahitakArI aneka sNsthaaye|