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563. What is a perceived characteristic (Lakshanabhas)?
A characteristic that has some fault with it, is called a perceived characteristic.
564.
How many faults can be associated with the characteristic?
There can be three types:
1. Noncomprehensive fault-Avyapti. 2. The fault of including what is not intended to be included within
a proposition - Ativyapti, and. 3. An improbable fault- Ashambhav.
565.
How are the things to be characterized recognized (Lakshya)?
They are recognized within a substance whose characteristics have been observed and are called lakshya.
566. What is called a noncomprehensive fault? (Avyapti dosh)
When a characteristic resides in only some area of a substance, it is called a noncomprehensive fault. For example while a horn is a characteristic of some animals, it is not a characteristic of all animals.
567. What is called an ativyapti fault?
The fact that a characteristic is found in a given substance, and can also be found in other substances is called an ativyapti fault. For example a characteristic of the cow is its horns. In this example, besides the cow, the horn is a characteristic in other animals too.
568. What is called alakshaya?
A substance with a specific characteristic is called lakshya. The other substances without that specific characteristic are called alakshya.
569. What is called improbable (Ashambhav) fault?
The absence of certain characteristics within a given substance is called an improbable fault.
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