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639. What is indecision (Sanshaya)?
Is it this or is it that? Some sort of mutual contradictory dual form of knowledge is called indecision. For example, is this shell or silver?
640.
What is called erroneous cognition (Viparayaya)?
The form of knowledge which is contradictory to the intrinsic nature of the substance is termed erroneous cognition (Viparayaya), e.g. to even consider shell as silver.
641. What is inconclusiveness (Anadhyavasaya)?
"Something" is there. This type of indeterminative form of thought is called inconclusiveness (Anadhyavasaya). For example, one is not able to perceive precisely the dry grass coming under ones feet while walking.
Chapter # 5.4 Partial point of view.
642. What is meant by a partial point of view (Naya)?
The knowledge of only a part of a substance is called a partial point of view (Naya).
643.
How many types of partial points of view (Naya) are there?
There are two types:
1. Absolute point of view (Nischaya naya) 2. Practical point of view (Vyavahar naya).
644. What is known as the absolute point of view (Nischaya naya)?
The true knowledge of a part of a substance is called the absolute point of view. For example, the pot made of clay is to be understood as a clay pot.
645.
What is called the practical point of view (Vyavahar naya)?
Considering one substance from another from the perspective of an instrumental cause.e.g. The clay pot could be known as
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