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IOS
OUTLINES OF JAINA PHILOSOPHY
universal concomitance. In other words, the knowledge of universal concomitance has been apprehended as an antecedent condition of inference. Such being the case, how is it possible that the knowledge of universal concomitance, i.e., inductive reasoning can be obtained by inference? It follows, therefore, that reasoning is a separate means of knowledge which serves to give knowledge of universal concomitance which is not apprehended by any other recognised means. It is known as tarka or ūha.
Now, what is universal concomitance? Hemacandra defines it in the following terms: 'Universal concomitance consists in the
occurrence necessarily' of the determinant concomitant (major term-vyāpaka) on the occurrence of the determinate concomitant (middle term-uvāpva), or the occurrence of the determinate concomitant exclusively in the !ocus' where the major term occurs.' 1
The uniform characteristic of both the middle and major terms has been regarded as follows: The major necessarily exists in the locus in which the middle occurs, and as for the middle, it occurs exclusively in a locus where the niajor exists. If this necessary restriction were reversed, the concomitance between the middle and major terms will not be necessary ( universal).2 INFERENCE
Now, we define inference which comes next in order. Inference is the knowledge of the probandum ( sūdhya) on the strength of the probans (sādhana ).3
The knowledge of the probandum, which is of the nature of authentic cognition of a real fact, and which arises from a probans either observed or expressly stated, is called inference (anumāna).
It is of two kinds: for one's own self (subjective) and for others ( syllogistic ). SUBJECTIVE INFERENCE
Subjective inference consists in the knowledge of the probandum from the probans ascertained by one's own self, as having the sole
1 yaptırova baka sya l'vāpye suti bhita eva, vy s va a tatraita
Bhävah Pramāņa-mimamsā, I, 2, 6 2 Linge lingi bhavatyeva linginyeretarat penah, nivamusva izparyāse
sambandha lingalinginoh. 3 Sadhanät sādhvarijñānamanumānam. ibid , I, 2, 7.
