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OUTLINES OF JAINA PHILOSOPHY
smoke is logically justifiable only on the condition of its positive concomitance with fire or the existence of smoke is logically impossible unless the said concomitance be a fact.
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EXAMPLE
Example is the statement of an illustration.1 It is a statement which sets forth an illustration. It is also of two kinds on account of the difference of illustrations. The statement of an illustration based upon similarity of attribute is called 'homogeneous example' (sadharmya dṛṣṭanta). Whatever is possessed of smoke is possessed of fire, as for example, an oven' is a typical instance. 'Heterogeneous example (vaidharmya drṣṭanta) is the statement of an illustration in dissimilarity. 'Whatever is possessed of the absence of fire is possessed of the absence of smoke, as for example, a lake' may be cited as a typical case.
APPLICATION
Application is the act of bringing the probans into connection with the minor term (dharmin.)2 The proposition 'it is possessed of smoke' is a typical example of the same.
CONCLUSION
Conclusion is the predication of the probandum.3 proposition Therefore it is possessed of fire' is an illustration.
The complete form of the proposition of the syllogism is like this: This hill is possessed of fire, because it has smoke; whatever is possessed of smoke is possessed of fire as for example, an oven; it is possessed of smoke, therefore it is possessed of fire.
Or
This hill is possessed of fire because smoke is impossible in its absence; whatever is possessed of the absence of fire is possessed of the absence of smoke, as for example, a lake; it is possessed of smoke, therefore it is possessed of fire.
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2
The
3
Dṛṣṭantavacanamudaharanam. Pramāņa-mimämsä, II, 1, 13
'Hetoh sadhyadharminyupasamharanamupanayah yatha dhumaścātra
pradese. Pramāṇa-naya-tattväloka, III, 49-50.
Sadhyadharmasya punarnigamanam, yatha tasmādagniratra
1bid., III, 51-2.
