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The Jaina world of Non-living
(d) Support for validity of two separate aphorisms 5.2 and 5.3 on logical grounds. (e) The normal and additional clarificatroy utility of word 'ca' in 5.3. (f) Repudiation of non-existence of an entity or quality due to nonperception through their perceptible effects and transformations. 2. Bhāskarnandi gives a better clarification for the plural number in the aphorism 5.3. It says that it indicates two facts : (a) The living ones have two main classes. (b) Not only the living ones are many in general, but each of the classes also have many varieties as indicated in the commentary.
Akalanka gives only one cause - the variety - for plural number. 3. It must be added that the living reality is also an extended reality like the others as in aphorism 5.1. Thus, the word 'Ca' will have four-fold utility : (a) It drags the word 'Dravyāņi' from 5.2. (b) It clarifies that there is the living reality separate and independent from the non-living realities. (c) It also drags the word 'Kāya' (extended body) from 5.1 to indicate the extensivity of the living reality. . (d) It also indicates that the living reality is also similar in designation to other realities of aphorism 5.1. 4. The living reality has been said to be of two kinds : (a) worldly or embodied one and (b) the dis-embodied or salvated one. Generally, the term 'living' indicates the embodied class. However, the aphorism 5.4 (later) characterises it with sense-imperceptibility or non-materiality. This suggests its fine nature. The general concept of the embodied living postulates that it consists of two parts associated with each other : (a) internal called soul, non-material and (b) external called body. Umāsvāti has not used the term 'Soul' (Atmā) in his aphorisms. However, there has always been a concept of an inner entity in the worldly or embodied living beings called the soul. The term 'jīva' has been ambigously used to denote this embodied unit as well as the inner disembodied unit or the pure salvated soul. In fact, the important characteristic of the embodied living is the property of the pure living-soul. This property is the
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