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The Jaina world of Non-living
living beings in the lower, upper and middle parts of the universe through numerable, innumerable and infinite time-counts 26. Q. The Buddhists proclaim that time is nothing else but actions as it is non-different from it. The action itself is ascertained by other actions (i.e. instants or Samayas etc.) and it causes the ascertainment of other actions in terms of present time. The unit of 'Samaya' is nothing else but the present time. The unit of 'Samaya' is nothing else but the time of immediate change in the action of atom. They both have common relationship. There is no other finer time to measure the 'Samaya' time. The aggregation of Samaya-action is called 'Avalika' etc. Thus, the successive units are nothing else but the aggregation of earlier action units. The ways of the world also support this contention as their timebehaviour is all action-based as is clear by the terms 'milking cows time, cooking time etc.'. Thus, it is the action only which is time leading to mutual ascertainment. A. This is not correct. This postulate will lead to the possibility of elimination of the term 'time'. It is correct that the ways of the world are based on actions during 'Ucchvāsa' and Muhurtas etc.' However, designation of these terms must have a reason. They are not accidental. Their cause is the 'time'. It is observed that Devadatta is called staffed because of its connection with staff. He is not called accidentally 'staffed'. Similarly, the above temporal designations are due to time. Thus, time should be separately accepted. This will, otherwise, lead to the elimination of time-based ways of the world. 27. Moreover, the postulate of action-only time concept will lead to the negation of the present time. For example, a fibre is thrown into weaving, it has already transgressed the present. The fibre which will be thrown in the weaving is not yet thrown, it is in the future. There is no action between these two steps which is non-transgressing the present and non-happening in the future which could be taken as present. Secondly, the past and future are accepted only with reference to the present. Thus, in the non
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