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table should be designated as musical ones except the natural sounds illustrated there. Secondly, the Jaina texts do not deal only with the human-based sounds, they also include the sounds of animals of all types. The Jaina classification also stands better than Vaiseṣikan one.
10.
The Jaina world of Non-living
Akalanka has refuted the Exposerism of Mīmānsakas (Sphotavada) on solid logical grounds and has postulated the Jaina concept of sounds as below:
(a)
The words consist of sounds.
(b) It has a dualistic nature of permanence-cum-non-permanence as against absolutist nature.
(c) It is a mode of mattergic reality rather than quality. It is aggregatal in nature.
It is substantively permanent and modally non-permanent. Vidyananda has stated the following inferencial logistics for proving the mattergicity of sounds :
(a) The sound is neither the quality of space nor it is non-mattergic because it is an object of external sense like smell etc.
(b)
The sound is a reality because it has activity like the arrows etc.
(c) The sound is not the mode of mattergy because its touch, taste etc. are not perceptible like pain and pleasure. This inference is not correct as these attributes are non-manifest rather than non-existing. 12. Gunaratna proves its mattergicity because (i) it is senseperceptible (ii) it is produced by efforts (iii) it undergoes transformations (iv) it is obstructed/overpowered/ interfered (v) it produces echoes (vi) it expands and contracts and (vii) it deafens the organs when loud. 13. The human sound is expressed through alphabets, words and sentences to carry the proper meanings. The sounds of these constituents are always modal aggregates of mattergy. These are the material cause for sounds.
(d)
11.
14. Bonding may be defined as combination or integration of atoms or aggregates together to form a single invisible fine or visible fine or gross composite physical entity. The bonded state of mattergy is its specific mode. The process of bonding involves unification of the same or different entities loosely or tightly to give an idea of the unity of the
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