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(48) : Jaina Philosophy of Language
(b) Guņa-vācaka-nāma (name denoting attributes) e.g. cold, hot, black, blue, sweet, etc.
(c) Paryāya-vācaka-nāma (name denoting modes) - It denotes the particular states of the object, e.g. woman, man, child, old, young, etc. (ii) On the basis of gender
(a) Purlinga-nāma (name denoting masculine gender) e.g. Rāja, Visnu, Giri, etc.
(b) Strīlinga-nāma (name denoting feminine genders) e.g. Mālā, Laxmi, etc.
(c) Napunsakalinga-nāma (name denoting neuter gender) e.g. Vana, Madhu, Phala, etc. (4) Caturvidha-nāma (Four fold name)
The four-fold classification makes to understand the word construction process on the basis of induction and deduction of letters in conjugation process.
(a) Āgama (Induction)- construction of word with induction of new letter during conjugation process, e.g. Padmāņi.
(b) Lopa (Deduction) construction of word by deduction of any letter during conjugation process, e.g. Ghato’tra (F2757).
(c) Prakrti (root)- Construction of word without induction or deduction of any letter. In this process in spite of all possibility of conjugation, the process is not completed, e.g. māle +ime = māleime.
(d) Viksti (declension). During the process of conjugation the word construction process does not complete intact but in the form of declension, e.g. sātāgata=sāgatā. (5) Pañcavidha- nāma (Five- fold name)
Terms are divided in five types on the basis of their nature.
(i) Nāma-pada (pertaining to names)-The terms, which have ability of being subject(uddeśya) and predicate (vidheya) independently in a sentence, are nāma-pada. The nāma-pada are always with a case ending (vibhakti) denoting any object e.g. Aśva, Gaja, etc.
(ii) Naipātika (indeclinable words)- The words, which remain intact in all the seven cases, three genders and three numbers, are called Naipātika, e.g. khalu.
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