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128
THE PASSAGE FROM NESCIENCE..
97
Karma-grantha 95 and other works, 96 bondage is of four kinds, nature (prakṛti), duration (sthiti), fruition (anubhāga) and mass (pradeśa). Now, nature and mass of bondage are conditioned by vibration but duration and fruition by passion. This shows that passion is the internal and vibration the external cause of bondage. Kundakunda says that the opportunity for combination is created by affective states (bhavas) and as such bhāvas are due to desire, aversion and vitiated outlook (rāga. dveşa and moha) 98 and the eight kinds of karmas are said to be caused by the four external conditions (dravya-pratyayas). which themselves are the result of internal conditions (bhavapratyayas).9 .99 It is to be noted that Umāsvami100 mentions five causes of bondage but Kundakunda101 mentions only four. It might be that omission of carelessness (pramada) might be due to fact that it is already included in the above mentioned four kinds. 102
Astava is the process by which karmic-matter enters into the soul. Yoga is the channel of Asarava. 103 Literally also 'Asrava' means 'influx' or 'flowing' and hence it has no conection with the Buddhistic term asrava (Pali, asava), which means depravity, human passion, sin, etc. The inflow is effect
95 Devendra Suri, Karma-Grantha, I. 2.
96 Umāsvāmi, Tattvartha-Sutra, VIII. 3, Nemicandra, Dravya-Sangraha, 33, Viranandi, Candraprabhacaritam, XVIII. 97; Hariścandra Kavi, Dharmasarmabhyudayam, XXI. 97; Vardhamana-Puranam, QVI. 45.
97 Nemicandra, Dravya-Sangraha, 33; Rajamalla, Adhyatma-ka.-ma., IV. 7. 98 Kundakunda, Pañcastikaya-sara, 155.
99 Ibid., 156.
100 Umäsvami, Tattvartha-Sutra, VIII. 1.
101 Kundakunda, Ibid., 156.
102 Devendra Suri, K.Gr. II (It presents a complicated table of bondage (bandha-yantra) showing the number of karmas according to fourteen gunasthanas, eight karmas, etc.
103 Umāsvāmi, Ibid., VI. 2; Viranandi, Ibid., XVIII., see also S. C. Ghosal, Eng. Trans. Dravya-Samgraha, 82 (he quotes Sthananga-Sutra).
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