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THE PASSAGE FROM NÊSCIENCE..
131
As there is two-fold division of karma into material and spiritual,115 there are two kinds of bondage also.116 The Karmagrantha117 gives the same four divisions of both karma and bandha, rather we say that it is classification of karmabondage. All this simply suggest, that the nature, duration, intensity and mass of bondage are determined by those of karma. Therefore, the Karma-Grantha discusses the different kinds of karma accordingly (ie, according to nature, duration, intensity and extent), 118 and it applies the same categories to bondage 119
Apart from the classification of karma according to its nature into eight kinds and their further sub.divisions, 180 karmas have also been classified on the basis of other principles. We have virtuous (śubha) and non-virtuous (aśubha),121 obscuring (ghātin), non-obscuring (aghātin), total-obscuring (sarva-ghātin) and partial-obscuring (deśaghātin),1 22 karmas, etc. But in all cases, karmas are related to bondage. Like water and milk, when being mixed up with each other, they are very much identical with each other. But we may say, there is a fallacy here because milk and water, being material can mix together, but how can the material karma put the spiritual self into the fetters of bondage. Here the Jainas try to save their position by taking recourse to theory of identity-in-difference between the soul and the body. Jiva is consciousness nodoubt but resides in the body
115 Nemicandra, Dravya-sangraha, 8; Gommațasāra (karma-kānda), 2. 116 Nemicandra, Dravya-sangraha, 32; Kundakunda, Pravacana-sara,
11.83. & 84; Rājamalla Pañcadhyāyi, II. 47. Rajamalla, Adhyatma
kamala-mārtanda, IV. 6; Vardhamana-purānam, XVI. 43. 117 Devendra Sūri, K. Gr. I. 2. 118 Ibid., I. 2-61. 119 Ibid., II. 3-12. 120 Ibid., I. 2; Nemicandra, Dravya-sangrahı, 31; Gonnatasara (karma.
kānda), 67; Umāsvāmi, T: Süt., VIII. 4-5; Prasumarati-prakarana, 34. 121 Umāsvāmi, T. Sut., VIII. 25-26; Devendra Sūri, K. Gr. II. 22. 122 Devendra sūri, K. Gr. V. 13, 14; Nemicandra, Gommalasära, (karma
kända) 180-182.
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