ISJS Jainism Study Notes E5 Vol 02

Author(s): International School for Jain Studies
Publisher: International School for Jain Studies

Page 52

राय परम
(metem-psychosis) means moving in an endless cycle of birth-death-birth and the living beings going through transmigration are called saṁsārī jīva / empirical souls. Those living beings who have freed themselves from transmigration are the emancipated / liberated/ pure souls (Muktātmā).
1.3 Living beings are inter-related / inter dependent/ help each other Souls are also substances. On of the function of soul is to help one another. The word paraspara means reciprocity of action. Parasparasya upagraha means rendering help to one another. What is it? Is it the mutual help between master and the servant or the teacher and taught. The master renders help to servants by paying them in cash while the servants render their physical and mental services to the master in return. The preceptor teaches what is good in this life and thereafter and makes his disciples follow them. The disciples benefit their preceptor by their devoted services. What is the purpose of the repetition of the word upagraha? It indicates that living beings are also the cause of pleasure and pain, life and death of one another. This Sūtra is very important and famous in Jain community and used as a logo of Jainism.
2. Non - Soul (asīva) Jaina cosmology regards the universe as comprising six substances that are technically called dravyas. It is real and consists of Jīva (soul) and Ajīva (non-soul). While the Jaina Ācāryas have divided the substances into broad categories of Jiva and Ajīva, or Living and non- living, they have further divided Ajīva (non-living) into five categories, namely: Pudgala, Dharma, Adharma, Ākāśa, Kāla.
The non soul substances (bodies) are the medium of motion, the medium of rest, space and matter. Here in the first Sūtra the term Kāya is derived from 'body'. Here it is applied on the basis of analogy. The non-soul substances are called bodies on the analogy of the body of a Living being. The word 'body' is intended to indicate a multitude of space point. The spacepoints of the Medium of Motion are a multitude.
According to Kundakundācārya also there are only five Astikāyas (extensive substances), like Jīva, Pudgala, Dharma, Adharma and Ākāśa. Time (Kāla) is not Astikāya because of
6 Parasparopagraho jīvānām, Tattvärtha-sutra V/21 7 Ajīvakāya dharmadharmākāśapudgalahkalasca, Tattvärtha-sutra, V/39
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