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have to be perpetually travelling about living on alms. The Qalandarīs are, in view of the treatment of their founder by the Baqtashis and the Maulavis, antagonistic to them.
The Murādīs seem to be an off-shoot of the Naqshbandis. The order may have been founded by Murad, 'the Syrian' who died in 1719 A. D., or by Abdal Murad a companion of Haji Baqtash in the 16th century A. D. In the latter case they may be an offshoot of the Baqtashīs. Haidaria were founded by Qutb-ud-Din Haidar, of Zaush near Nishapur in Khurasan, early in the thirteenth century. They are closely akin to the Rifa'i, and dance on fires. They also wear iron rings on the hands, neck, ears; and even elsewhere-in token of their vow of chastity.
INTRODUCTION
Lastly we may mention the Gulshanis founded by Ibrāhīm Gulshani who died at Cairo in 1533 A. D. They are also called the Roshanis from Dada 'Umr Roshani, preceptor of Ibrahim Gulshani. A sect bearing the name 'Roshanis' had some vogue in North-Western India at or about the same period. Bayazid Ansārī an Afghan known as Pir Roshan born in 1526 A. D. is noted in the Indian History as he and two generations of his descendants headed a formidable resistance to the Mughal power, inflicting at least one grave defeat upon it, and probably succeeding in preventing the complete subjugation of the Afghan hills by the Mughals. Pir Roshan taught that Pīrs are supreme manifestation of God.
We would refer the readers interested in the details of the lives of the saints mentioned above to Brown's 'The Darvishes', Nicholson's 'The Mystics of Islam' and to 'Tazkirat-ul-Aulia' a Persian work or its Gujarati translation entitled 'Muslim Mahātmās'.
DARVISH ORDERS IN INDIA
Sayyid Mohamed Hafeez considers that the Oldest Darvish Order in India is the Chishti Order which traces its origin to Khwajah Abu Abdal Chishti who died in 966 A. D. It was introduced into India by Khwajah Mu'in-ud-Din Chishti of Sistan, a southern district of Afghānistan, where he was born in 1142 A. D. He went to Khurāsān and
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