Jain Dharm me Nari ki Bhumika

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prachya Vidyapith Shajapur
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/003244/1

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA Feng A. sA paravA paramo dharma: lekhaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka : prAcya vidyA pITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA DaoN. sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya sAMskRtika paramparAoM meM zramaNa paramparA viveka pradhAna evaM krAntidharmI rahI hai| usane sadaiva hI viSamatAvAdI aura vargavAdI avadhAraNAoM ke sthAna para samatAvAdI jIvana mUlyoM ko sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| jaina dharma bhI zramaNa paramparA kA hI eka aMga hai ata: usameM bhI nara evaM nArI kI samatA para bala diyA gayA aura strI ke dAsI yA bhogyA svarUpa ko nakAra kara use purUSa ke samakakSa hI mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI yaha satya hai ki jaina dharma aura saMskRti kA vikAsa bhI bhAratIya saMskRti ke purUSa pradhAna pariveza meM hI huA haiM, phalata: krAntidharmI hote hue bhI vaha apanI sahabhAgI brAhmaNa paramparA ke vyApaka prabhAva se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sakI aura usameM bhI vibhinna kAloM meM nArI kI sthiti meM parivartana hote rhe| yahA~ hama AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra para jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI kI kyA sthiti rahI hai isakA mUlyAMkana kareMge, kintu isake pUrva hameM isa sAhitya meM upalabdha sandarbho kI prakRti ko samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| jaina Agama sAhitya eka kAla kI racanA nahIM hai| vaha IsA pUrva pA~cavI zatI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavI zatI taka arthAt eka hajAra varSa kI sudIrgha kAlAvadhi meM nirmita, pariSkArita aura parivartita hotA rahA hai ata: usake samagra sandarbha eka hI kAla ke nahIM haiN| puna: unameM bhI jo kathA bhAga hai, vaha mUlata: anuzrutiparaka aura prAgaitihAsika kAla se sambandha rakhatA hai| ata: unameM apane kAla se bhI pUrva ke aneka tathya upasthiti haiM, jo anuzrutI se prApta hue haiN| unameM kucha aise bhI tathya haiM, jinakI aitihAsikatA vivAdAspada ho sakatI hai aura unheM mAtra paurANika kahA jA sakatA haiN| jahA~ taka Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya kA sambandha hai, vaha mukhyata: Agama granthoM para prAkRta evaM saMskRta meM likhI gayI TIkAoM para AdhArita haiM ata: isakI kAlAvadhi IsA kI 5vIM zatI se bArahavIM zatI taka hai| usameM bhI apane yuga ke sandarbha ke sAtha Agama yuga ke sandarbha bhI mila gaye haiN| isake atirikta ina Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM kucha aise ullekha bhI milate haiM, jinakA mUla srota, na to AgamoM meM aura na vyAkhyAkAroM ke samakAlIna samAja meM khojA jA jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA:1

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sakatA hai, yadyapi ve Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI mana:prasUta kalpanAe~ bhI nahIM kahe jA sakate haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM marUdevI, brAhmI, sundarI tathA pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kI aneka sAdhviyoM se sambandhita vistRta vivaraNa, jo Agamika vyAkhyA granthoM meM upalabdha haiM, ve yA to AgamoM meM anupalabdha haiM yA mAtra saketa rUpa meM upalabdha haiM, kintu hama yaha nahIM mAna sakate hai ki ye Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI mana:prasUta kalpanAe~ haiM / vastuta: ve vilupta pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM se yA anuzruti se ina vyAkhyAkAroM ko prApta hue haiN| ata: AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke AdhAra para nArI kA citraNa karate hue hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki kevala Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke yuga ke sandarbha haiM, apitu unameM eka hI sAtha vibhinna kAloM ke sandarbha upalabdha haiN| adhyayana kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se unheM nimna kAla khaNDoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai - 1. pUrva yuga :- IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI tk| 2. Agama yuga :- IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se lekara I. san kI pA~cavI zatAbdI tk| 3. prAkRta Agamika vyAkhyA yuga :- IsA kI pA~cavI zatAbdI se AThavIM zatAbdI tk| 4. saMskRta Agamika vyAkhyA evaM paurANika kathA sAhitya yuga :- AThavIM se bArahavIM zatAbdI tk| isI sandarbha meM eka kaThinAI yaha bhI hai ki ina paravartI AgamoM ke rUpa meM mAnya granthoM prAkRta evaM saMskRta Agamika vyAkhyAoM kA kAla lagabhaga eka sahasrAbdI arthAt IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI bArahavIM zatAbdI taka vyApta hai| puna: kAlavizeSa meM bhI jaina vicArakoM kA nArI ke sandarbha meM samAna dRSTikoNa nahIM haiN| prathama to uttara aura dakSiNa bhArata kI sAmAjika paristhitiyoM kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa aura dUsare zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM ke bheda ke kAraNa isa yuga ke jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke sambandha meM bhinna-bhinna rahA hai| jahA~ uttara bhArata ke yApanIya evaM zvetAmbara jaina AcArya nArI ke sambandha meM apekSAkRta udAra dRSTikoNa rakhate haiM, vahIM dakSiNa bhArata ke digambara jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa apekSAkRta anudAra pratIta hotA hai| isake lie acelatA kA Agraha aura dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ donoM hI uttaradAyI rahI haiM, ata: Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra para nArI kI sthiti kA citraNa karate samaya hameM bahuta hI sAvadhAnIpUrvaka tathyoM kA vizleSaNa karanA hogaa| puna: Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya aura jaina paurANika kathA sAhitya donoM meM hI nArI ke sambandha meM jo jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :2

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sandarbha upalabdha hai, ve saba jaina AcAyoM dvArA anuzAsita the, yaha mAna lenA bhI bhrAta dhAraNA hogii| jaina AcAryoM ne aneka aise tathyoM ko bhI prastuta kiyA hai, jo yadyapi usa yuga meM pracalita rahe haiM, kintu ve jaina dharma kI dharmika mAnyatAoM ke virodhI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bahu-vivAha prathA, vezyAvRtti, satIprathA, strI ke dvArA gomAMsa evaM madyapAna Adi ke ullekha hameM AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM upalabdha hote haiM, kintu ve jainadharmasammata the, yaha nahI kahA jA sktaa| vastuta: isa sAhitya meM laukika evaM dhArmika donoM hI prakAra ke sandarbha haiM, jinheM alaga-alaga rUpoM meM samajhanA Avazyaka h| . ata: nArI ke sambandha meM jo vivaraNa hameM AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM upalabdha hote haiM, unheM vibhinna kAla khaNDoM meM vibhAjita karake aura unake paramparAsammata aura laukika svarUpa kA vizleSaNa karake hI vicAra karanA hogaa| tathApi unake gambhIra vizleSaNa se hameM jainadharma meM aura bhAratIya samAja meM vibhinna kAloM meM nArI kI kyA sthiti thI, isakA eka aitihAsika paricaya prApta ho jAtA hai| nArI lakSaNa nArI kI sAmAjika, Arthika aura dhArmika sthiti kI carcA ke pUrva hameM yaha bhI vicAra kara lenA hai ki Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI dRSTi meM nArI zabda kA tAtparya kyA rahA hai| sarvaprathama sUtrakRtAMga niyukti aura cUrNi meM nArI zabda ke tAtparya ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| strI ko dravya-strI aura bhAvastrI aise do vibhAgoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| dravyastrI se jainAcAryoM kA tAtparya strI kI zArIrika saMracanA (zArIrika cinha) se hai, jabaki bhAva-strI kA tAtparya nArI svabhAva (veda) se hai| Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM donoM meM hI strI-purUSa ke vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra liMga aura veda mAne jAte rahe haiN| jaina paramparA meM strI kI zArIrika saMracanA ko liMga kahA gayA haiM / romarahita mukha, stana, yoni, garbhAzaya,Adi se yukta zArIrika saMracanA strIliMga haiM, yahI dravya-strI hai, jabaki purUSa ke sAtha sahavAsa kI kAmanA ko arthAt strIyocit kAma-vAsanA ko veda kahA gayA hai| vahI vAsanA kI vRtti bhAva-strI hai| jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM strI kI kAma-vAsanA ke svarUpa ko citrita karate hue use upalaagnivat batAyA gayA h| jisa prakAra upalaagni ke prajvalita hone meM samaya lagatA hai kintu prajvalita hone para cAlanA karane para baDhatI jAtI hai. adhika kAla taka sthAyI rahatI hai usI prakAra strI kI kAmavAsanA jAgata jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :3

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hone meM samaya lagatA hai, kintu jAgRta hone para cAlanA karane se bar3hatI jAtI hai aura adhika sthAyI hotI haiM / jainAcAryoM kA yaha kathana eka manovaijJAnika satya lie hue hai / yadyapi liMga aura veda arthAt zArIrika saMracanA aura tatsambandhI kAmavAsanA sahagAmI mAne gaye haiM, phira bhI sAmAnyatayA jahA~ liMga zarIra paryanta rahatA haiM, vahA~ veda ( kAmavAsanA) AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI eka vizeSa avasthA meM samApta ho jAtA hai|' jaina karmasiddhAnta meM liMga kA kAraNa nAmakarma (zArIrika saMracanA ke kAraka tatva) aura veda kA kAraNa mohanIyakarma (manovRttiyA~) mAnA gayA hai|' isa prakAra liMga, zArIrika saMracanA kA aura veda manovaijJAnika svabhAva aura vAsanA kA sUcaka hai tathA zArIrika parivartana se liMga meM aura manobhAvoM ke parivartana se veda meM parivartana sambhava haiM / nizIthacUrNi ( gAthA 359 ) ke anusAra liMga parivartana se veda (vAsanA) meM bhI parivartana ho jAtA hai isa sambandha meM sampUrNa kathA draSTavya h| jisameM zArIrika saMracanA aura svabhAva kI dRSTi se strItva ho, use hI strI kahA jAtA hai / sUtrakRtAMga niyukti meM strItva ke nAma, sthApanA, dravya, kSetra, kAla, prajanana, bhoga, guNa aura bhAva ye dasa nikSepa yA AdhAra mAne gaye haiM, arthAt kisI vastu ke strI kahe ke lie use nimna eka yA ekAdhika lakSaNoM se yukta honA Avazyaka haiN| yathA (1) strIvAcaka nAma se yukta honA jaise- ramA, zyAmA Adi / (2) strI rUpa meM sthApita honA jaise - zItalA Adi kI strI AkRti se yukta yA rahita pratimA / karma, ( 3 ) dravya - arthAt zArIrika racanA kA strI rUpa meM honA / ( 4 ) kSetra - deza vizeSa kI paramparAnusAra strI kI vezabhUSA se yukta hone para usa deza meM use strIrUpa meM samajhA jAtA hai / (5) kAla - jisane bhUta, bhaviSya yA vartamAna meM se kisI bhI kAla meM strI - paryAya dhAraNa kI ho, use usa kAla kI apekSA se strI kahA jA sakatA hai / (6) prajanana kSamatA se yukta honA / (7) striyocit kArya karanA / (8) strI rUpa meM bhogI jAne meM samartha honA / (9) striyocita guNa honA aura (10) strI sambandhI vAsanA kA honA / " jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 4

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jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI caritra kA vikRta pakSa jainAcAryoM ne nArI - caritra kA gambhIra vizleSaNa kiyA hai| nArI svabhAva kA citraNa karate hue sarvaprathama jainAgamagrantha tandulavaicArika prakaNaka meM nArI kI svabhAvagata nimna 94 vizeSatAyeM varNita haiM - ' nArI svabhAva se viSama, madhura vacana kI vallarI, kapaTa - prema rUpI parvata, sahastroM aparAdhoM kA ghara, zoka kI udgamasthalI, purUSa ke bala ke vinAza kA kAraNa, purUSoM kI vadhasthalI arthAt unakI hatyA kA kAraNa, lajjA - nAzikA, aziSTatA kA punja, kapaTa kA ghara, zatrutA kI khAna, zoka kI Dhera, maryAdA kI nAzikA, kAmarAga kI AzrayasthalI, durAcaraNoM kA AvAsa, sammoha kI jananI, jJAna kA skhalana karAne vAlI, zIla ko vicalita karane vAlI, dharmayoga meM bAdhA rUpa, mokSapatha sAdhakoM kI zatru, brahmacaryAdi AcAra mArga kA anusaraNa karane vAloM ke lie dUSaNa rUpa, kAmI kI vATikA, mokSapatha kI argalA, daridratA kA ghara, viSadhara sarpa kI bhA~ti kupita hone vAlI, madamatta hAthI kI bhA~ti kAmavihvalA, vyAghrI kI bhA~ti duSTa hRdaya vAlI, DhaMke hue kUpa kI bhA~ti aprakAzita hRdaya vAlI, mAyAvI kI bhA~ti madhura vacana bolakara svapAza meM Abaddha karane vAlI, AcArya kI vANI ke samAna aneka purUSoM dvArA eka sAtha grAhya, zuSka kaNDe kI agni kI bhA~ti puruSoM ke antaHkaraNa meM jvAlA prajvalita karane vAlI, viSama parvatamArga kI bhA~ti asamatala anta:karaNa vAlI, arntadUSita ghAva kI bhA~ti durgandhita hRdaya vAlI, kRSNa sarpa kI taraha avizvAsanIya, saMhAra (bhairava) ke samAna mAyAvI, sandhyA kI lAlimA kI bhA~ti kSaNika prema vAlI, samudra kI laharoM kI bhA~ti caMcala svabhAva vAlI, machaliyoM kI bhA~ti duSparivartanIya svabhAva vAlI, bandaroM ke samAna capala svabhAva vAlI, mRtyu kI bhA~ti nirviroSa, kAla ke samAna dayAhIna, varUNa ke samAna pAzayukta arthAt purUSoM ko kAmapAza meM bA~dhane vAlI, jala ke samAna adhogAminI, kRpaNa ke samAna rikta hasta vAlI, naraka ke samAna dAruNatrAsadAyakA, gardabha ke sadRza duSTAcAra vAlI, kulakSaNayukta ghor3e ke samAna lajjArahita vyavahAra vAlI, bAla svabhAva ke samAna caMcala anurAga vAlI, andhakAravat duSpravezya, viSa - bela kI bhA~ti saMsarga varjita, bhayaMkara makara Adi se yukta khApa ke samAna duSpravezya, sAdhujanoM kI prazaMsA ke ayogya, viSa - vRkSa ke phala kI taraha prAraMbha meM madhura kintu dArUNa anta vAlI, khAlI muTThI se jisa prakAra bAlakoM ko bhAyA jAtA haiM usI prakAra purUSoM ko lubhAne vAlI, jisa prakAra eka pakSI ke dvArA mAMsa jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :5

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khaNDa grahaNa karane para anya pakSI use vividha kaSTa dete haiM usI prakAra dArUNa kaSTa strI ko grahaNa karane para puruSoM ko hote haiM, pradIpta tRNarAzi kI bhA~ti jvalana svabhAva ko na chor3ane vAlI, ghora pApa ka samAna durlaghya, kUTa kArSApaNa kI bhA~ti akAlacAriNI, tIvra krodha kI bhA~ti durlakSya, dArUNa dukhadAyikA, ghRNA kI pAtra, duSTopacArA, capalA, avizvasanIyA, eka purUSa se baMdhakara na rahane vAlI, yauvanAvasthA meM kaSTa se rakSaNIya, bAlyAvasthA meM duHkha se pAlya, udvegazIlA, karkazA, dArUNa baira kA kAraNa, rUpa svabhAva garvitA, bhujaMga ke samAna kuTila gati vAlI, duSTa ghor3e ke padacinha se yukta mahAjaMgala kI bhA~ti durgamya, kula, svajana aura mitroM se vigraha karAne vAlI, paradoSa prakAzikA, kRtaghnA, vIryanAzikA, zUkaravat jisa prakAra zUkara khAdya-padArtha ko ekAnta meM le jAkara khAtA haiM usI prakAra bhoga hetu purUSa ko ekAnta meM le jAne vAlI, asthira svabhAva vAlI, jisa prakAra agnipAtra kA mukha Arambha meM rakta ho jAtA haiM kintu antatogatvA kAlA ho jAtA haiM usI prakAra nArI Arambha meM rAga utpanna karatI haiM parantu antata: usase virakti hI utpanna hotI hai, purUSoM ke maitrIvinAzAdi kI jar3a, binA rassI kI pAga, kASTharahita vana kI bhA~ti pApa karake pazcAttApa meM jalatI nahIM haiM / kutsita kArya meM sadaiva tatpara, adhArmika kRtyoM kI vaitaraNI, asAdhya vyAdhi, viyoga para tIvra duHkhI na hone vAlI, rogarahita upasarga, ratimAna ke lie manobhrama - kAraNa, zarIra-vyApI dAha kA kAraNa, binA bAdala bijalI ke samAna, binA jala ke pravAhamAna aura samudravega kI bhA~ti niyantraNa se pare kahI gaI hai| tandulavaicArika kI vRtti meM inameM se adhikAMza guNoM ke sambandha meM eka- eka kathA bhI dI gaI / " uttarAdhyayanacUrNi' meM bhI strI ko samudra kI taraMga ke samAna capala svabhAva vAlI, sandhyAkAlIna AbhA ke samAna kSaNika prema vAlI aura apanA svArtha siddha ho jAne para purUSa kA parityAga kara dene vAlI kahA gayA hai| Avazyaka bhASya aura nizIthacUrNI meM bhI nArI ke capala svabhAva aura zithila caritra kA ullekha huA hai / " nizIthacUrNi meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki striyA~ thor3e se upahAroM se hI vazIbhUta kI jA sakatI hai aura purUSoM ko vicalita karane meM sakSama hotI h| " AcArAMgacUrNi evaM vRtti meM use zItapariSaha * kahA gayA hai arthAt anukUla lagate hue bhI trAsadAyI hotI hai| 12 sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA haiM ki striyA~ pApakarma nahIM karane kA vacana dekara bhI punaH apakArya meM laga jAtI haiN| isakI TIkA meM TIkAkAra ne kAmazAstra kA udAharaNa dekara kahA haiM ki jaise darpaNa para par3I huI chAyA durgrAhya hotI haiM 14 vaise hI striyoM ke hRdaya kA bhAva sahasA jJAta nahIM hotaa| sUtrakRtAMga vRtti meM nArI caritra ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai acchI jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 6

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taraha jItI huI, prasanna kI huI aura acchI taraha paricita aTavI aura strI kA vizvAsa nahIM karanA caahie| kyA isa samasta jIvaloka meM koI aMgulI uThAkara kaha sakatA hai, jisane strI kI kAmanA karake duHkha na pAyA ho ? usake svabhAva ke sambandha meM yahI kahA gayA hai ki striyA~ mana se kucha socatI haiM, vacana se kucha aura kahatI haiM tathA karma se kucha aura karatI haiN| striyoM kA purUSoM ke prati vyavahAra striyA~ purUSoM ko apane jAla meM phaMsAkara phira kisa prakAra usakI durgati karatI haiM usakA sundara evaM sajIva citraNa sUtrakRtAMga aura usakI vRtti meM upalabdha hotA hai| usa citraNa kA saMkSipta rUpa nimna hai -16 jaba ve purUSa para apanA adhikAra jamA letI haiM to phira usake sAtha Adeza kI bhASA meM bAta karatI haiN| ve purUSa se bAjAra jAkara acche-acche phala, churI, bhojana banAne hetu IMdhana tathA prakAza karane hetu tela lAne ko kahatI haiN| phira pAsa bulAkara mahAvara Adi se paira raMgane aura zarIra meM darda hone para use malane ko kahatI haiN| phira Adeza detI haiM ki mere kapar3e jIrNa ho gaye haiM naye kapar3e lAoM, tathA bhojana-peya padArthAdi laao| ve anurakta purUSa kI durbalatA jAnakara apane lie AbhUSaNa, vizeSa prakAra ke puSpa, bA~surI tathA cirayuvA bane rahane ke lie pauSTika auSadhi kI golI ma~gAtI haiM / to kabhI agarU, tagara Adi sugandhita dravya apanI prasAdhana sAmagrI rakhane hetu peTI,oSTha raMgane cUrNa, chAtA, jUtA Adi mA~gatI haiN| ve apane vastroM ko raMgavAne kA Adeza detI haiM tathA nAka kekezoM ko ukhAr3ane ke lie cimaTI, kezoM ke lie kaMghI, mukha-zuddhi hetu dAtauna Adi lAne ko kahatI haiN| puna: vaha apane priyatama se pAnasupArI, suI-dhAgA, mUtravisarjana pAtra, sUpa, ukhala Adi tathA deva-pUjA hetu tAmrapAtra aura madyapAna hetu madya-pAtra mA~gatI haiN| kabhI ve apane baccoM ke khelane hetu miTTI kI gur3iyA, bAjA, jhunajhunA, geMda Adi maMgavAtI hai aura garbhavatI hone para dohada-pUrti ke lie vibhinna vastue~ lAne kA Adeza detI haiN| kabhI ve use vastra dhone kA Adeza detI haiM, kabhI rote hue bAlaka ko cupa karAne ke lie kahatI isa prakAra kAminiyA~ dAsa kI taraha vazavartI purUSoM para apanI AjJA calAtI haiN| ve unase gadhe ke samAna kAma karavAtI haiM aura kAma na karane para jhir3akatI haiM, A~kheM dikhAtI haiM to kabhI jhUThI prazaMsA kara usase apanA kAma nikAlatI haiN| jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhamikA:7

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yadyapi nArI svabhAva kA yaha citraNa vastutaH usake ghRNita pakSa kA hI citraNa karatA haiM kintu isakI AnubhAvika satyatA se inkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA kintu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki nArI ke prati jainAcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa anudAra hI thA, ucita nahIM hogA / jaina dharma mUlataH eka nivRttiparaka dharma rahA hai, nivRttiparaka hone ke kAraNa usameM sanyAsa aura vairAgya para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / sanyAsa aura vairAgya ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki purUSa ke sAmane nArI kA aisA citra prastuta kiyA jAya jisake pha lasvarUpa usameM virakti kA bhAva prasphuTita ho / yahI kAraNa thA ki jainAcAryoM ne AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM aura itara sAhitya meM kaThora zabdoM meM nArI - caritra kI nindA kI, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM rahA ki jainAcAryoM ke sAmane nArI caritra kA ujjvalatama pakSa nahIM rahA hai / sUtrakRtAMga niyukti meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo zIla - pradhvaMsaka caritragata doSa nArI meM pAye jAte hai ve purUSo meM bhI pAye jAte haiM isalie vairAgya mArga meM pravartita striyoM ko bhI purUSoM se usI prakAra bacanA cAhie jisa prakAra striyoM se purUSoM ko bacane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai|" isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne nArI caritra kA jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai, vaha mAtra purUSoM meM vairAgya bhAvanA jAgRta karane hi / bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA haiM - striyoM meM jo doSa hote haiM ve doSa nIca purUSoM meM bhI hote haiM athavA manuSyoM meM jo bala aura zakti se yukta hote haiM unameM striyoM se bhI adhika doSa hote haiN| jaise apane zIla kI rakSA karane vAle purUSoM ke lie striyA~ nindanIya haiM, vaise hI apane zIla kI rakSA karane vAlI striyoM ke lie purUSa nindanIya haiN| saba jIva moha ke udaya se malina hote haiM aura vaha moha kA udaya strI-purUSoM meM samAna rUpa se hotA hai / ataH Upara jo striyoM ke doSoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai vaha sAmAnya strI kI dRSTi se hai| zIlavatI striyoM meM Upara kahe hue doSa kaise ho sakate haiM ? 18 jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI caritra kA ujjvala pakSa striyoM kI prazaMsA karate hue kahA gayA haiM jo guNasahita striyA~ haiM, jinakA yaza loka meM phailA huA hai tathA jo manuSya loka meM devatA samAna haiM aura devoM se pUjanIya haiM, unakI jitanI prazaMsA kI jAye kama hai| tIrthaMkara, cakravartI, vAsudeva, baladeva aura zreSTha gaNadharoM ko janma dene vAlI mahilAe~ zreSTha devoM aura uttama purUSoM ke dvArA pUjanIya hotI haiN| kitanI hI mahilAe~ eka pativrata aura kaumArya brahmacarya - vrata dhAraNa karatI haiM kitanI hI jIvanaparyanta vaidhavya kA tIvra duHkha bhogatI haiN| aisI bhI kitanI zIlavatI striyA~ sunI jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 8

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T jAtI haiM jinheM devoM ke dvArA sammAna Adi prApta huA tathA jo zIla ke prabhAva se zApa dene aura anugraha karane meM samartha thI / kitanI hI zIlavatI striyA~ mahAnadI ke jala pravAha meM bhI nahIM DUba sakI aura prajvalita ghora Aga meM bhI nahIM jala sakIM tathA sarpa vyAghra Adi bhI unakA kucha nahIM kara ske| kitanI hI striyA~ sarvaguNoM se sampanna sAdhuoM aura puruSoM meM zreSTha caramazarIrI purUSoM ko janma dene vAlI mAtAe~ huI haiN| 19 antakRtdazA aura usakI vRtti meM kRSNa dvArA pratidina apanI mAtAoM ke pAdavandana hetu jAne kA ullekha hai | 20 AvazyakacUrNi aura kalpasUtra TIkA meM ullekha haiM ki mahAvIra ne apanI mAtA ko duHkha na ho, isa hetu unake jIvita rahate saMsAra tyAga nahIM karane kA nirNaya apane garbhakAla meM le liyA thA / " isa prakAra nArI vAsudeva aura tIrthaMkara dvArA bhI pUjya mAnI gayI haiM / mahAnizItha meM kahA gayA hai ki strI bhaya, lokalajjA, kulAMkuza evaM dharmazraddhA ke kAraNa kAmagni ke vazIbhUta nahIM hotI hai, vaha dhanya hai, puNya hai, vaMdanIya hai, darzanIya hai, vaha lakSaNoM se yukta hai, vaha sarvakalyANakAraka hai, vaha sarvottama maMgala hai, (adhika kyA) vaha ( to sAkSAt ) zruta devatA hai, sarasvatI hai, acyutA hai ... parama pavitra siddhi, mukti, zAzvata zivagati hai| ( mahAnizItha 2 / sUtra 23 pR. 36 ) jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kA pada sarvocca mAnA jAtA hai aura zvetAmbara paramparA ne mallI kumArI ko tIrthaMkara mAnA hai / 22 isimaNlatthU (RSi maNDala stavana) meM brAhmI, sundarI, candanA Adi ko vandanIya mAnA gayA hai| 23 tIrthaMkaroM kI adhiSThAyaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM cakrezvarI, ambikA, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA Adi deviyoM ko pUjanIya mAnA gayA hai 24 aura unakI stutI meM paravartI kAla meM aneka stotra race gaye haiN| yadyapi yaha spaSTa hai ki jainadharma meM devI- pUjA kI paddhati lagabhaga gupta kAla meM hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se AI hai| uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika kI cUrNi meM rAjomati dvArA rathanemi 25 ko tathA Avazyaka cUrNi meM brAhmI aura sundarI dvArA muni bAhubalI ko pratibodhita karane ke ullekha haiM 201 na kevala bhikSuNiyA~ apitu gRhastha upAsikAe~ bhI purUSa ko sanmArga para lAne hetu pratibodhita karatI thIM / uttarAdhyayana meM rAnI kamalAvatI rAjA iSukAra ko sanmArga dikhAtI hai, 27 isI prakAra upAsikA jayantI bharI sabhA meM mahAvIra se praznottara karatI hai 28 to kozAvezyA apane AvAsa meM sthita muni ko sanmArga dikhAtI hai 29 ye tathya isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki jaina dharma meM nArI kI avamAnanA nahIM kI gii| caturvidha dharmasaMgha meM bhikSuNIsaMgha aura zrAvikAsaMgha ko sthAna dekara nigrantha paramparA jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 9

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ne strI aura purUSa kI samakakSatA ko hI pramANita kiyA hai| pArzva aura mahAvIra ke dvArA binA kisI hicakicAhaTa ke bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA kI gaI, jabaki buddha ko isa sambandha meM saMkoca rahA - yaha bhI isI tathya kA ghotaka hai ki jainasaMgha kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke prati apekSAkRta udAra rahA hai| jainasaMgha meM nArI kA kitanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thA isakA sabase bar3A pramANa to yahI hai ki usameM prAgaitihAsika kAla se vartamAna kAla taka sadaiva hI bhikSuoM kI apekSA bhikSuNiyoM kI aura gRhastha upAsakoM kI apekSA upAsikAoM kI saMkhyA adhika rahI hai| samavAyAMga, jambUdvIpa-prajJapti, kalpasUtra evaM Avazyaka-niyukti Adi meM pratyeka tIrthaMkara kI bhikSuNiyoM evaM gRhastha upAsikAoM kI saMkhyA upalabdha hotI hai| ina saMkhyAsUcaka AMkar3oM meM aitihAsika satyatA kitanI hai, yaha eka alaga prazna hai, kintu isase to phalita hotA hI hai ki jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI jainadharma saMgha kA mahatvapUrNa ghaTaka thii| bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA sambandhI aitihAsika satyatA ko bhI pUrI taraha nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| Aja bhI jainasaMgha meM lagabhaga nau hajAra do sau bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM meM do hajAra tIna sau bhikSu aura chaha hajAra nau sau bhikSuNiyA~ haiN|" bhikSuNiyoM kA yaha anupAta usa anupAta se adhika hI hai jo pArzva aura mahAvIra ke yuga meM mAnA gayA hai| dharmasabhA ke kSetra meM strI aura purUSa ko samakakSatA ke prazna para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra kareM to aneka mahatvapUrNa tathya hamAre samakSa upasthita hote haiN| sarvaprathama uttarAdhyayana, jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRtdazA Adi AgamoM meM spaSTa rUpa se strI aura purUSa donoM ko hI sAdhanA ke sarvocca lakSya mukti prApti ke lie sakSama mAnA gayA h| uttarAdhyayana meM strIliMga siddha kA ullekha haiN| jJAtA, antakRtdazA evaM Avazyaka cUrNi meM bhI aneka striyoM ke mukta hone kA ullekha hai| isa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM Agamika kAla se lekara vartamAna taka strI mukti kI avadhAraNa ko svIkAra kara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM donoM ko samAna sthAna diyA gayA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM yApanIya paramparA ke grantha SaTkhaNDAgama aura mUlAcAra meM bhI jo ki digambaroM meM bhI Agama rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta haiM, strI-purUSa donoM meM kramaza: AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pUrNatA aura mukti kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA h| hameM AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM yathA niyukti, bhASya aura cUrNi sAhitya meM kahIM bhI aisA saMketa nahIM milatA hai jisameM strI mukti kA niSedha kiyA gayA ho athavA kisI aise jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA:10

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jaina sampradAya kI sUcanA dI gayI ho jo strI mukti ko asvIkAra karatA hai| sarvaprathama dakSiNa bhArata meM kundakunda Adi kucha digambara AcArya lagabhaga pA~cavI-chaThI zatAbdI meM strI-mukti Adi kA niSedha karate haiM / kundakunda suttapAhuDa meM kahate haiM ki strI acela (nagna) hokara dharmasAdhanA nahIM kara sakatI, aura sacela cAhe tIrthaMkara bhI ho mukta nahIM ho sktaa| isakA tAtparya yaha bhI hai ki kundakunda strI-tIrthaMkara kI yApanIya (mUlata: uttara bhAratIya digambara saMgha) evaM zvetAMbara paramparA meM pracalita avadhAraNA se paricita the| yaha spaSTa hai ki pahale strI tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA banI, phira usake virodha meM strI mukti kA niSedha kiyA gyaa| sambhavata: sabase pahale jainaparivAra meM strI mukti niSedha kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa dakSiNa bhArata meM digambara sampradAya dvArA huaa| kyoMki sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI taka uttara bhArata ke zvetAmbara AcArya jahA~ sacelatA ko lekara vistAra se carcA karate haiM vaha~ strImukti ke pakSa-vipakSa meM koI bhI carcA nahIM karate haiM / isakA tAtparya hai ki uttara bhArata ke jaina sampradAyoM meM lagabhaga sAtavIM - AThavIM zatAbdI taka strImukti sambandhI vivAda utpanna hI nahIM huA thaa| isa sandarbha meM vistRta carcA paM.becaradAsa smRtigrantha meM paM. dalasukhabhAI, pro. DhAkI aura maiMna apane lekha meM kI hai| yahA~ kevala hamArA pratipAdya itanA hI hai ki strImukti kA niSedha dakSiNa bhArata meM pahale aura uttara bhArata meM bAda meM prArambha huA hai, kyoMki zvetAmbara aura yApanIya sampradAya ke granthoM meM lagabhaga AThavIM-nauvIM zatAbdI se strImukti ke prazna ko vivAda ke viSaya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai / isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainaparamparA ke kSetra meM strI kI samakakSatA kisa prakAra kama hotI gyii| sarvaprathama to strI kI mukti sambhAvanA ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA hai phira nagnatA ko hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva mAnakara use pA~ca mahAvratoM ke pAlana karane ke ayogya mAna liyA gayA aura yathAkhyAtacAritra (saccaritratA kI uccatama avasthA) ko asambhava batA diyA gyaa| suttapAhuDa meM to spaSTa rUpa se strI ke lie pravrajyA kA niSedha kara diyA gayA digambara paramparA meM strI ko jina kAraNoM se pravrajyA aura mokSa ke ayogya batAyA gayA hai, ve nimna haiM - (1). strI kI zarIra racanA hI aisI hai ki usase raktasrAva hotA hai, usa para balAtkAra sambhava hai ata: vaha acela yA nagna nahIM raha sktii| cUki strI acela yA nagna nahIM ho sakatI, dUsare zabdoM meM vaha pUrNa parigraha kA tyAga kiye binA usake dvArA mahAvratoM kA grahaNa evaM makti prApti sambhava nahIM ho sktii| jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA:11

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( 2 ). strI karUNA pradhAna hai usameM tIvratama krUra adhyavasAyoM kA abhAva hotA hai ataH nimnatama gati sAtaveM naraka meM jAne ke ayogya hotI hai| jainAcAryoM kI isa udAra aura manovaijJAnika mAnyatA ke AdhAra para digambara paramparA ne yaha mAna liyA ki tIvra purUSArtha ke abhAva meM jo nimnatama gati meM nahIM jA sakatI, vaha uccatama gati meM bhI nahIM jA sakatI / ataH strI kI mukti sambhava nahIM / ( 3 ) . yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki caMcala svabhAva ke kAraNa striyoM meM dhyAna kI sthiratA nahIM hotI hai, ata: ve AdhyAtmi vikAsa kI pUrNatA ko prApta nahIM kara sakatIM / (4). eka anya tarka yaha bhI diyA gayA haiM ki strI meM vAda sAmarthya evaM tIvra buddhi ke abhAva ke kAraNa ye dRSTivAda ke adhyayana meM ayogya hotI haiM ata: ve mukti prApta nahIM kara sakatI / . yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ne bhI unheM bauddhika kSamatA ke kAraNa dRSTivAda, arUNopapAta, nizItha Adi ke adhyayana ke ayogya avazya mAnA phira bhI unameM 'mokSaprApti' kI kSamatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA / cAhe zArIrika saMracanA ke kAraNa isake lie saMyama-sAdhanA ke upakaraNa ke rUpa meM vastra Avazyaka hoM kintu Asakti ke abhAva ke kAraNa vaha parigraha nahIM haiM, ataH isameM pravrajita hone evaM mukta hone ke sAmarthya haiM / 39 yahA~ hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki muni ke acelakatva ( digambaratatva ) kI poSaka yApanIya-paramparA ne strI-mukti aura paMca mahAvrata AropaNa rUpa chedopasthApanIya cAritra (strI-dIkSA) ko svIkAra kiyA hai| usase vikasita drAviDa, kASThA aura mAthura saMghoM meM bhI strI-dIkSA (mahAvratAropaNa) ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi isa kAraNa ve mUlasaMghIya digambara paramparA kI AlocanA ke pAtra bhI bane aura unheM jainAbhAsa taka kahA gyaa| isase spaSTa hai na kevala zvetAmbaroM ne apitu digambara paramparA ke aneka saMghoM ne bhI strI-mukti aura strI-dIkSA ko svIkAra karake nArI ke prati udAra dRSTikoNa apanAyA thA / 40 yaha nizcita hI satya hai ki Agamika kAla ke jainAcAryoM ne na kevala strImukti aura dIkSA ko svIkAra kiyA apitu malli ko strI tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM svIkAra karake yaha bhI udghoSita kiyA ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke sarvocca pada kI adhikArI nArI bhI ho sakatI | strI tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA jainadharma kI apanI eka viziSTa abhAgA hai jo garI kI garimA ko paTana karatI hai| jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 12

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jJAtavya haiM ki bauddhaparamparA, jo jainoM ke samAna hI zramaNa dhArA kA eka aMga thI, strI ke prati utanI udAra nahIM bana sakI, jitanI jaina paramparA | kyoMki buddha strI ko nirvANa pada kI adhikAriNI mAnakara bhI yaha mAnate the ki strI buddhatva ko prApta nahIM kara sakatI hai| nArI ko saMgha meM praveza dene meM unakI hicaka aura usake praveza ke lie aSTagurU dharmoM kA pratipAdana jainoM kI apekSA nArI ke prati unake anudAra dRSTikoNa kA hI paricAyaka hai / yadyapi hindU dharma meM zakti upAsanA ke rUpa meM strI ko mahatva diyA gayA hai, kintu jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kI jo avadhAraNA hai, usakI apanI eka vizeSatA hai| vaha yaha sUcita karatI hai ki vizva kA sarvocca garimAmaya pada purUSa aura strI donoM hI samAna rUpa meM prApta kara sakate haiM / yadyapi paravartI AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyA - sAhitya meM ise eka Azcaryajanaka ghaTanA kahakara purUSa ke prAdhAnya ko sthApita karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gyaa| (sthAnAMga 10/160) kintu Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke kAla meM jaina paramparA meM bhI purUSa kI mahattA bar3hI aura jyeSThakalpa ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA gayA / aMga AgamoM meM mujhe eka bhI aisA udAharaNa nahIM milA jisameM sAdhvI apanI pravartinI, AcArya aura tIrthaMkara ke atirikta dIkSA meM kaniSTha bhikSu ko vandana yA namaskAra karatI ho, kintu paravartI Agama evaM Agamika vyAkhyA - sAhitya meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA haiM ki sau varSa kI dIkSita sAdhvI ke lie bhI sadyaH dIkSita muni vandanIya hai| (vRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 6 gAthA 6399 kalpasUtra kalpalatA TIkA) / sambhavata: jaina paramparA meM purUSa kI jyeSThatA kA pratipAdana bauddhoM ke aSTagurU dharmoM ke kAraNa hI huA ho / jainadharma saMgha meM nArI kI mahattA ko yathAsambhava surakSita rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / mathurA meM upalabdha abhilekhoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki dharmakAryoM meM purUSoM ke samAna nAriyA~ bhI samAna rUpa se bhAga letI thiiN| ve na kevala puruSoM ne samAna pUjA, upAsanA kara sakatI tho, apitu ve svecchAnusAra dAna bhI kara sakatI thIM, aura mandira Adi banavAne meM samAna rUpa se bhAgIdAra hotI thiiN| jaina paramparA meM mUrtiyoM para jo prAcIna abhilekha upalabdha hote haiM unameM sAmAnya rUpa se purUSoM ke sAtha-sAtha striyoM ke nAma bhI upalabdha hote haiM jo isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa haiM / 11 yadyapi digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM paramparAoM meM kucha loga yaha mAnate haiM ki strI ko jina pratimA ke sparza, pUjana evaM abhiSeka kA adhikAra nahIM hai kintu yaha eka paravartI avadhAraNA hai / mathurA ke jaina zilpa meM sAdhu ke samAna hI sAdhvI kA aMkana jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 13

Page #15
aura rUtrI-purUSa donoM ke pUjA sambandhI sAmagrI sahita aMkana yahI sUcita karate haiM ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA meM donoM kA sthAna rahA hai| Agamika vyAkhyAkAla meM hama dekhate haiM ki yadyapi saMgha pramukha ke rUpa meM AcArya kA pada purUSoM ke adhikAra meM thA, kisI strI ke AcArya hone kA koI ullekha nahIM hai, kintu gaNinI, pravartinI, gaNAvacchedinI, abhiSekA Adi pada striyoM ko pradAna kiye jAte the aura ve apane bhikSuNI saMgha kI svataMtra rUpa se Antarika vyavasthA dekhatI thiiN| yadyapi tarUNI bhikSuNiyoM kI surakSA kA dAyitva bhikSu saMgha ko saupA gayA thA, kintu sAmAnyatayA bhikSuNiyA~ apanI surakSA kI vyavasthA svayaM rakhatI thI, kyoMki rAtri evaM padayAtrA meM bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM kA eka hI sAtha rahanA sAmAnyatayA varjita thaa| isa surakSA ke lie bhikSuNI saMgha meM pratihArI Adi ke pada bhI nirmita ko surakSita rakhA gayA -phira bhI tathyoM ke avalokana se yaha nizcita hotA hai ki Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke yuga meM aura usake pazcAt jaina paramparA meM bhI strI kI apekSA purUSa ko mahattA dI jAne lagI thii| nArI kI svataMtratA nArI kI svataMtratA ko lekara prArambha meM jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa udAra thaa| yaugalika kAla meM strI-purUSa sahabhAgI hokara jIvana jIte the| Agama-grantha jJAtAdharmakathA meM rAjA drupada dropadI se kahate haiM ki mere dvArA vivAha kiye jAne para tujhe sukha-duHkha ho sakatA haiM ata: acchA ho ki tU apanA vara svayaM hI cuna / yahA~ grathakAra ke ye vicAra vaivAhika jIvana ke liye nArI-svatantrya ke samarthaka haiN| isI pakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upAsakadazAMga meM mahAzataka apanI patnI revatI ke dhArmika vizvAsa, khAna-pAna aura AcAra-vyavahAra para koI jabarajastI nahIM karatA hai| jahA~ Ananda Adi zrAvakoM kI patniyA~ apane pati kA anugamana karatI huI mahAvIra se upAsaka vratoM ko grahaNa karatI haiM aura dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM bhI pati kI sahabhAgI banatI haiM, vahIM revatI apane pati kA anugamana nahIM karatI haiM, mAtra yahI nahIM, vaha to apane mAyake se ma~gAkara madya-mAMsa kA sevana karatI hai, aura mahAzataka ke pUrNa sAdhanAtmaka jIvana meM vighna-bAdhAe~ bhI upasthita karatI haiN| isase aisA lagatA hai ki Agama yuga taka nArI ko adhika svAtantrya thA kintu Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM hama pAte haiM ki pati yA patnI apane dhArmika vizvAsoM ko eka dUsare para jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA:14

Page #16
lAdane kA prayAsa karate haiN| cUrNi sAhitya meM aisI aneka kathAe~ haiM jinameM purUSa strI ko apane dhArmika vizvAsoM kI svataMtratA nahIM detA h| isI prakAra dharmasaMgha meM bhI Agama yuga meM bhikSuNI saMgha kI vyAvasthA ko bhikSusaMgha se adhika niyantrita nahIM pAte haiN| bhikSuNI saMgha apane Antarika mAmaloM meM pUrNatayA Atmanirbhara thA, gaNadhara athavA AcArya kA usa para bahuta adhika aMkuza nahIM thA, kintu chedasUtra evaM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke kAla meM yaha niyantraNa kramaza: bar3hatA jAtA hai| ina graMthoM meM cAturmAsa, prAyazcita, zikSA, surakSA Adi sabhI kSetroM meM bhikSu varga kA prabhutva bar3hatA huA pratIta hotA hai| phira bhI bauddha bhikSuNI saMghakI apekSA jaina bhikSuNI saMgha meM svAyattA adhikthii| kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM ko choDakara vedIkSA, prAyazcita, zikSA aura surakSA aura surakSA kI apanI vyavasthA karatI thIM aura bhikSu saMgha se svataMtra vicaraNa karate hue dharmopadeza detI thIM jabaki bauddhadharmasaMgha meM bhikSuNI ko uposatha, varSAvAsa Adi bhikSusaMgha ke adhIna karane hote the| yadyapi jahA~ taka vyAvahArika jIvana kA prazna thA jainAcArya hindU paramparA ke cintana se prabhAvita ho rahe the| manusmRti ke samAna vyavahArabhASya meM bhI kahA gayA -- jAyA pitivvasA nArI dattA nArI ptivvsaa| vihavA puttavasA nArI nAtthi nArI sayaMvasA // arthAt janma ke pazcAt strI pitA ke adhIna, vivAhita hone para pati ke adhIna aura vidhavA hone para putra ke adhIna hotI hai ata: vaha kabhI svAdhIna nahIM h| isa prakAra Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM strI kI svAdhInatA sImita kI gayI ha / putra-putrI kI samAnatA kA prazna cAhe prArambhika vaidika dharma meM putra aura putrI kI samakakSatA svIkAra kI gaI ho kintu paravartI hindU dharma meM arthopArjana aura dhArmika karmakANDa donoM hI kSetroM meM purUSa kI pradhAnatA ke pariNAmasvarUpa putra kA sthAna mahatvapUrNa ho gayA aura yaha udghoSa kiyA gayA ki putra ke binA pUrvajoM kI sugati/mukti sambhava nahIM / 45 phalata: Age calakara hindU paramparA meM kanyA kI utpatti ko atyanta hInadRSTi se jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA:15

Page #17
dekhA jAne lagA / isa prakAra vaidika hindU paramparA meM putra-putrI kI samakakSatA ko asvIkAra kara putra ko adhika mahanIyatA pradAna kI gaI kintu isake viparIta jaina AgamoM meM hama dekhate haiM ki upAsaka aura upAsikAe~ putra-putrI hetu samAna rUpa se kAmanA karate haiM / " cAhe arthopArjana aura pArivArika vyavasthA kI dRSTi se jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM meM bhI putra kI pradhAnatA rahI ho kintu jahA~ taka dhArmika jIvana aura sAdhanA kA prazna thA, jaina dharma meM putra kI mahattA kA koI sthAna nahIM thA / jaina karma siddhAnta ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha udghoSita kiyA ki vyakti apane karmoM ke anusAra sugati yA durgati meM jAkara sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai / santAna ke dvArA sampanna kie gaye karmakANDa pUrvajoM ko kisI bhI prakAra prabhAvita nahIM krte"| isa prakAra usameM dhArmika AdhAra para putra kI mahattA ko asvIkAra kara diyA gayA / phalataH Akamika yuga meM putra-putrI ke prati samAnatA kI bhAvanA pradarzita kI gaI kintu arthopArjana aura pArivArika vyavasthA meM purUSa kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa putrotpatti hI adhika sukhada mAnA jAne lagA / yadyapi jJAtA dharmakathA meM malli Adi ke janmotsava ke ullekha" upalabdha haiM kintu ina ullekhoM ke AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki jaina saMgha meM putra aura putrI kI sthiti sadaiva hI samakakSa kI rahI, ucita nahIM hogA / Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya evaM paurANika sAhitya meM uparyukta Agamika apavAdoM ko chor3a kara jainasaMgha meM bhI putrI kI apekSA putra ko jo adhika sammAna milA usakA AdhAra dhArmika mAnyatAyeM na hokara sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ thI / yadyapi bhikSuNI saMgha kI vyavasthA ke kAraNa putrI pitA ke liye utanI adhika bhArasvarUpa kabhI nahIM mAnI gayI jitanI use hindU paramparA meM mAnA gayA thA / isa prakAra jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya se jo sUcanAe~ upalabdha haiM unake AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaugalika kAla arthAt pUrva yuga aura Agama yuga meM putra aura putrI donoM kI hI utpatti sukhada thI kintu Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke yuga meM bAhya sAmAjika evaM Arthika prabhAvoM ke kAraNa sthiti meM parivartana AyA aura putrI kI apekSA putra ko adhika mahatva diyA jAne lagA / vivAha saMsthA aura nara-nArI kI samakakSatA kA prazna vivAha - vyavasthA prAcIna kAla se lekara Aja taka mAnavIya samAja jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 16

Page #18
vyavasthA kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga rahI hai| yaha satya hai ki jainadharma ke anuyAyiyoM meM bhI prAcInakAla se vivAha vyavasthA pracalita rahI hai kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhana hogA ki nivRttipradhAna hone ke kAraNa jainadharma meM vivAha - vyavasthA ko koI vizeSa mahatva nahIM diyA gayA / dhArmika dRSTi se vaha svapatnI yA svapati santoSavrata ka vyavasthA karatA hai jisakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vyakti ko apanI kAma vAsanA ke svapati yA svapatnI taka hI sImita rakhanA caahie| tAtparya yaha hai ki yadi brahmacara kA pAlana sambhava na ho to vivAha kara lenA cAhie / vivAha - vidhi ke sambandha me jainAcAryoM kI spaSTa dhAraNA kyA thI, isakI sUcanA hameM AgamoM aura Agamiva vyAkhyAoM meM nahIM prApta hotI haiN| jaina- vivAha vidhi kA pracalana paryApta rUpa se paravartI hai aura dakSiNa ke digambara AcAryoM kI hI dena haiM jo hindU - vivAha - vidhi IT jaikAraNa mAtra hai| uttara bhArata ke zvetAmbara jainoM meM to vivAha vidhi ko hinda dharma ke anusAra hI sampAdita kiyA jAtA hai| Aja bhI zvetAmbara jainoM meM apana koI vivAha paddhati nahIM hai| jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM se jo sUcana hameM milatI hai usake anusAra yaugalika kAla meM yugala rUpa se utpanna hone vAle bhAI-bahana hI yuvAvasthA meM pati-patnI kA rUpa le lete the / jaina purANoM ke anusA sarvaprathama RSabhadeva se hI vivAha prathA kA Arambha huaa|" unhoMne bhAI-bahanoM ve bIca sthApita hone vAle yauna sambandha ( vivAha - praNAlI) ko asvIkAra kara diyA unakI donoM putriyoM brAhmI aura sundarI ne AjIvana brahmacAriNI rahane kA nirNa kiyA / phalata: bharata aura bAhubalI kA vivAha anya vaMzoM kI kanyAoM se kiya gyaa| jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA haiM ki Agamika kAla ta strI vivAha sambandhI nirNayoM ko lene meM svatantra thIM aura adhikAMza vivAha usaka sammati se hI kiye jAte the jaisA ki jJAtA meM malli" aura draupadI ke kathAnakoM jJAta hotA hai / jJAtAdharmakathA meM pitA spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki yadi maiM tere tere li pati cunatA hU~ to vaha tere lie sukha-duHkha kA kAraNa ho sakatA hai, isalie accha yahI hogA ki tU apane pati kA cayana svayaM hI kara / mallI aura draupadI ke li svayaMvara kA Ayojana kiyA gayA thA / 50 Agama granthoM se jo sUcanA milatI hai usake AdhAra para hama itanA hI ka sakate haiM ki prAgaitihAsika yuga aura Agama yuga meM sAmAnyatayA strI ko apane pa kA cayana karane meM svataMtratA thii| yaha bhI usakI icchA para nirbhara thA ki vaha vivA kareM yA na kareM / pUrvayuga meM brahmI, sundarI, mallI, Agamika yuga meM candanabAlA jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 17

Page #19
jayantI Adi aisI aneka striyo ke ullekha prApta hote hai jinhone AjIvana brahmacaye pAlana svIkAra kiyA aura vivAha asvIkAra kara diyaa| agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hameM vivAha ke aneka rUpa upalabdha hote haiN| DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina ne jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM upalabdha vivAha ke vividha rUpoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA haiM yathA -svayaMvara, mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita vivAha, gandharva vivAha (premavivAha), kanyA ko balapUrvaka grahaNa karake vivAha karanA, pArasparika AkarSaNa yA prema ke AdhAra para vivAha, vara yA kanyA kI yogyatA dekhakara vivAha, kanyA pakSa ko zulka dekara vivAha yA bhaviSyavANI ke AdhAra para vivaah| kintu hameM Agama evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM kahIM bhI aisA ullekha na mila sakA jahA~ jainAcAryoM ne guNa-doSoM ke AdhAra para inameM se kisI kA samarthana yA niSedha kiyA ho yA yaha kahA ho ki yaha vivAha paddhati ucita hai yA anucita hai| yadyapi vivAha ke sambandha meM jainoM kA apanA koI svataMtra dRSkioNa nahIM thA para itanA avazya mAnA jAtA thA ki yadi koI brahmacarya kA pAlana karane meM asaphala ho to use vivAha-bandhana mAna lenA caahie| jahA~ taka svayaM vara vidhi kA prazna hai nizcita hI nArI-svAtantrya kI dRSTi se yaha vidhi mahatvapUrNa thI kintu janasAmAnya meM jisa vidhi kA pracalana thA vaha mAtA-pitA ke dvArA Ayojita vidhi hI thii| yadyapi isa vidhi meM strI aura purUSa donoM kI svataMtratA khaNDita hotI thii| jainakathA sAhitya meM aise aneka ullekha upalabdha haiM jahA~ balapUrvaka apaharaNa karake vivAha sampanna huA isa vidhi meM nArI kI svataMtratA pUrNatayA khaNDita ho jAtI thI, kyoMki apaharaNa karake vivaha karane kA artha mAtra yaha mAnanA nahIM hai ki strI ko cayana kI svataMtratA hI nahIM hai, apitu yaha to use lUTa kI sampatti mAnane jaisA hai| jahA~ taka Agamika vyAkhyAoM kA prazna hai unameM adhikAMza vivAha mAtApitA ke dvArA Ayojita vivAha hI haiM kevala kucha prasaMgoM meM hI svayaMvara evaM gandharva vivAha ke ullekha milate haiM jo Agama yuga evaM pUrva kAla ke haiN| mAtA-pitA ke dvArA Ayojita isa vivAha-vidhi meM strI-purUSoM kI samakakSatA para koI prabhAva nahIM par3atA hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki jainAcAryoM ne vivAha-vidhi ke sambandha meM gambhIratA se cintana nahIM kiyA kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki unhoMne strI ko garimAhIna banAne kA prayAsa bhI nahIM kiyaa| jahA~ hindU-paramparA meM vivAha strI ke lie bAdhyatA thii| vahIM jaina paramparA meM aisA nahIM mAnA gyaa| prAcInakAla se lekara AdyAvadhi vivAha karane jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :18

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na karane ke prazna ko strI-viveka para chor3a diyA gyaa| jo striyA yaha samajhatI thI ki vaha avivAhita rahakara apanI sAdhanA kara sakeMgI unheM binA vivAha hue hI dIkSita hone kA adhikAra thaa| vivAha saMsthA jainoM ke lie brahmacarya kI sAdhanA meM sahAyaka hone ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kI gii| jainoM ke lie vivAha kA artha thA apanI vAsanA ko saMyamita krnaa| kevala unhIM logoM ke lie vivAha saMsthA meM praveza Avazyaka mAnA gayA thA jo svayaM ko pUrNarUpa se brahmacarya kA pAlana karane meM asamartha pAte ho athavA vivAha ke pUrva pUrNa brahmacarya pAlana kA vrata nahIM le cuke haiN| ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki jainoM ne brahmacarya kI AMzika sAdhanA ke aMga ke rUpa meM vivAha saMsthA ko svIkAra karake bhI nArI kI svataMtra nirNaya zakti ko mAnya karake usakI garimA ko khaNDita nahIM hone diyaa| bahupati aura bahupatnI prathA vivAha saMsthA ke sandarbha meM eka mahatvapUrNa prazna bahuvivAha kA bhI hai| isake do rUpa haiM bahupatnI prathA aura bahupati prathA / yaha spaSTa haiM ki draupadI ke eka apavAda ko chor3akara hindU aura jaina donoM hI paramparAoM ne nArI ke sambandha meM eka-pati kI avadhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA aura bahupati prathA ko dhArmika dRSTi se anucita mAnA gyaa| jainAcAryoM ne drApadI ke bahupati hone kI avadhAraNA ko isa AdhAra para aucityapUrNa batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki sukamAlikA AryA ke bhava meM usane apane tapa ke pratApa se pA~ca pati prApta karane kA nidAna (nizcaya kara) liyA thaa| ata: ise pUrvakarma kA phala mAnakara santoSa kiyA gayA kintu dUsarI ora purUSa ke sambandha meM bahupatnI prathA kI spaSTa avadhAraNA AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM milatI h| inameM aise aneka sandarbha haiM jahA~ purUSoM ko bahuvivAha karate dikhAyA gayA ha / duHkha to yaha ha ki unakI isa pravatti kI samAlocanA bhI nahIM kI gaI ha / ata: usa yuga meM jainAcArya isa sambandha meM taTastha bhAva rakhate the, yahI kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki kisI jainAcArya ne bahuvivAha ko acchA kahA ho, aisA bhI koI sandarbha nahIM milatA hai| upAsakadazA meM zrAvaka ke svavatnI saMtoSa vrata ke aticAroM kA ullekha milatA hai, usameM 'paravivAhakaraNa ko aticAra yA doSa mAnA gayA ha / 'paravivAhakaraNa kI vyAkhyA meM usakA eka artha dUsarA vivAha karanA batAya gayA haiM, ata: hama itanA jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :19

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avazya kaha sakate haiM ki jainoM kA Adarza eka patnIvrata hI rahA haiN| bahupatnI prathA ke AvirbhAva para vicAra kareM to hama pAte haiM ki yaugalika kAla taka bahupatnI prathA pracalita nahIM thii| AvazyakacUrNi ke anusAra sarvaprathama RSabhadeva ne do vivAha kiye the| kintu unake liye dUsarA vivAha isaliye Avazyaka ho gayA thA ki eka yugala meM purUSa kI akAla mRtyu ho jAne ke kAraNa usa strI ko surakSA pradAna karane kI dRSTi se yaha Avazyaka thaa| kintu jaba Age calakara strI ko eka sampatti ke rUpa meM dekhA jAne lagA to svAbhAvika rUpa se strI ke prati anugraha kI bhAvanA ke AdhAra para nahIM, apitu apanI kAmavAsanApUrti aura sAmAjika pratiSThA ke lie bahuvivAha kI prathA Arambha ho gyii| yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yadyapi samAja meM bahuvivAha kI prathA pracalita thI kintu ise jainadharma sammata eka AcAra mAnanA anucita hogaa| kyoMki jaba jainoM meM vivAha ko hI eka anivArya dhArmika kartavya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA to bahuvivAha ko dhArmika kartavya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM yadyapi purUSa ke dvArA bahuvivAha ke aneka sandarbha upalabdha hote haiM kintu hameM eka bhI aisA sandarbha nahIM milatA jahA~ koI vyakti gRhasthopAsaka ke vratoM ko svIkAra karane ke pazcAt bahuvivAha karatA hai / yadyapi aise sandarbha to haiM ki munivrata yA zrAvakavrata svIkAra karane ke pUrva aneka gRhasthopAsakoM kI eka se adhika patniyA~ thI kintu vrata svIkAra karane ke pazcAt kisI ne apanI patniyoM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi kI ho, aisA eka bhI sandarbha mujhe nahIM milaa| Adarza sthiti to eka patnI prathA ko hI mAnA jAtA thA / upAsakadazA meM 10 pramukha upAsakoM meM kevala eka kI hI eka se adhika patniyA~ thii| zeSa sabhI kI eka-eka patnI thI sAtha hI usameM zrAvakoM ke vratoM ke jo aticAra batAye gaye haiM unameM svapatnI santoSa vrata kA eka aticAra 'paravivAhakaraNa' hai| yadyapi kucha jainAcAryoM ne 'paravivAhakaraNa' kA artha sva-santAna ke atirikta anyoM kI santAnoM kA vivAhasambandha karavAnA mAnA haiM kintu upAsakadazAMga kI TIkA meM AcArya abhayadeva ne isakA artha eka se adhika vivAha karanA mAnA hai| ata: hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dhArmika AdhAra para jainadharma bahupatnI prathA kA samarthaka nahIM hai| bahupatnI-prathA kA uddezya to vAsanA meM AkaNTha DUbanA hai, jo nivRttipradhAna jainAdharma kI mUla bhAvanA ke anukUla nahIM hai / jaina granthoM meM jo bahapatnI prathA kI upasthiti ke saMketa milate haiM ve usa yuga kI sAmAjika sthiti ke sUcaka haiN| Agama sAhitya meM pArzva, mahAvIra jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :20

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eva mahAvIra ke nau pramukha upAsako kI eka patnI mAnI gaI hai| vidhavA-vivAha evaM niyoga yadyapi Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM niyoga aura vidhavA-vivAha ke kucha sandarbha upalabdha ho jAte haiM kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yaha bhI jainAcAryoM dvArA samarthita nahIM haiN| nizIthacUrNi meM eka rAjA ko apanI patnI se niyoga ke dvArA santAna utpanna karavAne ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA haiM ki jisa prakAra kheta meM bIja kisI ne bhI DAlA ho phasala kA adhikArI bhUsvAmI hI hotA haiN| usI prakAra svastrI se utpanna santAna kA adhikArI usakA pati hI hotA haiN| yaha satya haiM ki eka yuga meM bhArata meM niyoga kI paramparA pracalita rahI kintu nivRttipradhAna jainadharma ne na to niyoga kA samarthana kiyA na hI vidhavA vivAha kaa| kyoMki usakI mUlabhUta preraNA yahI rahI ki jaba bhI kisI strI yA purUSa ko kAmavAsanA se mukta hone kA avasara prApta ho vaha usase mukta ho jaay| jaina Agama evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hajAroM sandarbha prApta hote haiM jahA~ pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt vidhavAyeM bhikSuNI banakara saMgha kI zaraNa meM calI jAtI thiiN| jaina saMgha meM bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA ke adhika hone kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki bhikSuNI saMgha vidhavAoM ke sammAnapUrNa evaM surakSita jIvana jIne kA Azrayasthala thaa| yadyapi kucha logoM ke dvArA yaha kahA jAtA hai ki RSabhadeva ne mRta yugala patnI se vivAha karake vidhavA-vivAha kI paramparA ko sthApita kiyA thaa| kintu AvazyakacUrNi se spaSTa hotA haiM ki vaha strI mRta yugala kI bahana thI, pani nhoN| kyoMki usa yugala meM purUSa kI mRtyu bAladazA meM ho cukI thii| ata: isa AdhAra para vidhavA vivAha kA samarthana nahIM hotA hai| jainadharma jaise nivRttipradhAna dharma meM vidhavA-vivAha ko mAnyatA prApta nahIM thii| yadyapi bhAratIya samAja meM ye prathAe~ pracalita thIM, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| vidhura-vivAha jaba samAja meM bahu-vivAha ko samarthana ho to vidhura-vivAha ko mAnya karane meM koI Apatti nahIM hogii| kintu ise bhI jainadharma meM dhArmika dRSTi se samarthana prApta thA, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| patnI kI mRtyu ke pazcAt Adarza sthiti to yahI mAnI gaI thI ki vyakti vairAgya le le| mAtra yahI nahIM aneka sthitiyoM meM pati, patnI jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :21

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ke bhikSuNI banane para svayaM bhI bhikSu bana jAtA hai / yadyapi sAmAjika jIvana meM vidhuravivAha ke aneka prasaMga upalabdha hote haiM, jinake saMketa Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM milate haiM / vivAhetara yauna sambandha jainadharma meM pati-patnI ke atirikta anyatra yauna sambandha sthApita karanA dhArmika dRSTi se sadaiva hI anucita mAnA gayA / vezyAgamana aura parastrIgamana donoM ko anaitika karma batAyA gayA / phira bhI na kevala gRhastha strI-purUSoM meM apitu bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM meM bhI anaitika yauna sambandha sthApita ho jAte the, Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM aise saikar3oM prasaMga ullikhita haiM / jaina AgamoM aura unakI kAoM Adi meM aisI aneka striyoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo apane sAdhanA-mArga se patita hokara svecchAcArI bana gayI thIM / jJAtAdharmakathA, usakI TIkA, AvazyakacUrNi Adi meM pArvApatya paramparA kI aneka zithilacArI sAdhviyoM ke ullekha milate haiM / " jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI kA pUrva jIvana bhI isI rUpa meM varNita haiN| sAdhanA kAla meM vaha vezyA ko pA~ca purUSoM se sevita dekhakara svayaM pA~ca patiyoM kI patnI banane kA nidAna kara letIM hai / " nizIthacUrNi meM putriyoM aura putravadhU ke 1 athavA dhUrta vyaktiyoM ke sAtha bhAgane ke ullekha haiM / Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM mukhyata: nizIthacUrNi bRhatkalpabhASya, vyavahArabhASya Adi meM aise bhI ullekha milate haiM jahA~ striyA~ avaidha santAnoM ko bhikSuoM ke nivAsa sthAnoM para " chor3a jAtI thIM / Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAyeM isa bAta kI sAkSI haiM ki striyA~ sambhoga ke lie bhikSuoM kA uttejita karatI thI" unheM isa hetu vivaza karatI thI aura unake dvArA inkAra kiye jAne para unheM badanAma kiye jAne kA bhaya dikhAtI thI / Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM ina uparisthitiyoM meM bhikSu ko kyA karanA cAhie isa sambandha meM aneka ApavAdika niyamoM kA ullekha milatA hai| yadyapi zIlabhaMga sambandhI aparAdhoM ke vivaza rUpoM evaM sambhAvanAoM ke ullekha jaina paramparA meM vistAra se milate haiM kintu isa carcA kA uddezya sAdhaka ko vAsanA sambandhI aparAdhoM se vimukha banAnA hI rahA hai| yaha jIvana kA yathArtha to thA kintu jainAcArya use jIvana kA vikRtapakSa mAnate the aura usa Adarza samAja kI kalpanA karate haiM, jahA~ isakA pUrNa abhAva ho / - jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 22

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Agamika vyAkhyAo me una ghaTanAo kA bhI ullekha hai jinake kAraNa striyoM ko purUSoM kI vAsanA kA zikAra honA par3A thaa| purUSoM kI vAsanA kA zikAra hone se bacane ke lie bhikSuNiyoM ko apanI zIla-surakSA meM kauna-kauna sI satarkatA baratanI hotI thI yaha bhI ullekha nizItha aura bRhatkalpa donoM meM hI vistAra se milatA hai| rUpavatI bhikSuNiyoM ko manacale yuvakoM aura rAjapurUSoM kI kudRSTi se bacane ke lie isa prakAra kA veSa dhAraNA karanA par3atA thA tAki ve kurUpa pratIta hoN| bhikSuNiyoM ko sote samaya kyA vyavasthA karanI cAhie isakA bhI bRhatkalpabhASya meM vistAra se varNana hai| bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza karane vAloM kI pUrI jA~ca kI jAtI thii| pratihArI bhikSuNI upAzraya ke bAhara daNDa lekara baiThatI tho| zIla surakSA ke jo vistRta vivaraNa hameM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM milate haiM usase spaSTa ho jAtA haiM ki purUSa varga striyoM evaM bhikSuNiyoM ko apanI vAsanA kA zikAra banAne meM koI kamI nahIM rakhatA thA / purUSa dvArA balAtkAra kiye jAne para aura aisI sthiti meM garbha raha jAne para saMgha usa bhikSuNI ke prati sadbhAvanApUrvaka vyavahAra karatA thA tathA garbha kI surakSA ke prayatna bhI kiye jAte the| prasUta bAlaka ko jaba vaha usa sthiti meM ho jAtA thA ki vaha mAtA ke binA raha sake use upAsaka ko sauMpakara athavA bhikSu saMgha ko sauMpakara aisI bhikSuNI puna: bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza pA letI thii| ye tathya isa bAta ke sUcaka haiM ki sadAcArI nAriyoM ke saMrakSaNa meM jainasaMgha sadaiva sajaga thaa| nArI-rakSA balAtkAra kiye jAne para kisI ko bhikSuNI kI AlocanA kA adhikAra nahIM thaa| isake viparIta jo vyakti aisI bhikSuNI kI AlocanA karatA use hI daNDa kA pAtra mAnA jAtA thaa| nArI kI maryAdA kI rakSA ke lie jainasaMgha sadaiva hI tatpara rahatA thaa| nizIthacUrNi meM ullekhita kAlakAcArya kI kathA meM isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki ahiMsA kA prANapaNa se pAlana karane vAlA bhikSusaMgha bhI nArI kI garimA ko khaNDita hone kI sthiti meM durAcAriyoM ko daNDa dene ke lie zastra pakar3akara sAmane A jAtA thaa| nizIthacUrNi meM kAlakAcArya kI kathA isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki AcArya ne bhikSuNI (bahana sarasvatI) kI zIla-surakSA ke liye gardabhilla ke viruddha zakoM kI sahAyatA lekara pUrA saMgharSa kiyA thaa| nizItha, bRhatkalpabhASya jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :23

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Adi meM spaSTa rUpa se aise ullekha haiM ki yadi saMghastha bhikSuNiyoM kI zIla-surakSA ke lie durAcArI vyakti kI hatyA karanA bhI aparihArya ho jAye to aisI hatyA ko bhI ucita mAnA gyaa| nArI ke zIla kI surakSA karanevAle aise bhikSu ko saMgha meM sammAnita bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki jala, agni, cora aura duSkAla kI sthiti meM sarvaprathama strI kI rakSA karanI caahie| isI prakAra DUbate hue zramaNa aura bhikSuNI meM pahale bhikSuNI ko aura kSullaka aura kSullikA meM se kSullikA kI rakSA karanI caahie| isa prakAra nArI kI rakSA ko prAthamikatA dI gii| satI prathA aura jainadharma uttaramadhya yuga meM nArI utpIr3ana kA sabase bIbhatsa rUpa satI prathA bana gayA thA, yadi hama satI prathA ke sandarbha meM jaina Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya ko dekheM to spaSTa rUpa se hameM eka bhI aisI ghaTanA kA ullekha nahIM milatA jahA~ patnI pati ke zava ke sAtha jalI ho yA jalA dI gayI ho / yadyapi nizIthacUrNi meM eka aisA ullekha milatA ha jisake anusAra saupAraka ke pA~ca sau vyApAriyoM ko kara na dene ke kAraNa rAjA ne unheM jalA dene kA Adeza de diyA thA ukta ullekha ke anusAra una vyApAriyoM kI patniyA~ bhI unakI citAoM meM jala gayI thoN| lekina jainAcArya isakA samarthana nahIM karate haiN| puna: isa ApavAdika ullekha ke atirikta hameM jaina sAhitya meM isa prakAra ke ullekha upalabdha nahIM hote haiM, mahAnizItha meM isase bhinna yaha ullekha bhI milatA haiM ki kisI rAjA kI vidhavA kanyA satI honA cAhatI thI kintu usake pitRkula meM yaha rivAja nahIM thA ata: usane vicAra tyAga diyaa| isase lagatA ha ki jainAcAryAM ne pati kI mRtyoparAnta svecchA se bhI apane deha-tyAga ko anucita hI mAnA ha aura isa prakAra ke maraNa ko bAla-maraNa yA mUrkhatA hI kahA h| satI prathA kA dhArmika sarmathana jaina Agama sAhitya aura usakI vyAkhyAoM meM hameM kahI nahIM milatA h| yadyapi Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM dadhivAhana kI patnI evaM candanA kI mAtA dhAriNI Adi ke kucha aise ullekha avazya haiM jisameM brahmacarya kI rakSA ke nimitta deha-tyAga kiyA gayA hai kintu yaha avadhAraNA satI prathA kI avadhAraNA se bhinna ha / jaina dharma aura darzana yaha nahIM mAnatA hai ki mRtyu ke bAda pati kA anugamana karane se arthAt jIvita citA meM jala marane se puna: svargaloka meM usI pati kI prApti hotI jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :24

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h| isake viparIta jainadharma apanI karma siddhAnta ke prati AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnatA hai ki pati-patnI apane-apane manobhAvoM ke anusAra hI vibhinna yoniyoM meM janma lete haiN| yadyapi paravartI jaina kathA sAhitya meM hameM aise ullekha milate haiM jahA~ eka bhava ke pati-patnI AgAmI aneka bhavoM meM jIvanasAthI bane, kintu isake virUddha bhI udAharaNoM kI jaina kathA sAhitya meM kamI nahIM hai| ata: yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki dhArmika AdhAra para jaina dharma satIprathA kA samarthana nahIM karatA hai| jaina dharma ke satI prathA ke samarthaka na hone ke kucha sAmAjika kAraNa bhI rahe haiN| vyAkhyA sAhitya meM aisI aneka kathAe~ varNita haiM jinake anusAra pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt patnI na kevala pArivArika dAyitva kA nirvAha karatI thI, apitu pati ke vyavasAya kA saMcAlana bhI karatI thii| zAlibhadra kI mAtA bhadrA ko rAjagRha kI eka mahattvapUrNa zreSThI aura vyApArI nirUpita kiyA gayA hai jisake vaibhava ko dekhane ke liye zreNika bhI usake ghara AyA thaa| AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM aise aneka ullekha haiM jahA~ ki strI pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt virakta hokara bhikSuNI bana jAtI thii| yaha satya hai ki jaina bhikSuNI saMgha vidhAvAoM, kumAriyoM aura parityaktAoM kA Azraya-sthala thaa| yadyapi jaina Agama sAhitya evaM vyAkhyA sAhitya donoM meM hameM aise ullekha milate haiM jahA~ pati aura putroM ke jIvita rahate hue bhI patnI yA mAtA bhikSuNI bana jAtI thii| jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI pati aura putroM kI sammati se dIkSita huI thI kintu inake alAvA aise udAharaNoM kI bhI vipulatA dekhI jAtI haiM jahA~ patniyA~ pati ke sAtha athavA pati evaM putroM kI mRtyu ke uparAnta virakta hokara sanyAsa grahaNa kara letI thiiN| kucha aise ullekha bhI mile haiM jahA~ strI AjIvana brahmacarya ko dhAraNa karake yA to pitRgRha meM hI raha jAtI thI athavA dIkSita ho jAtI thii| jaina paramparA meM bhikSuNI saMsthA eka aisA AdhAra rahI hai jisane hamezA nArI ko saMkaTa se ubArakara na kevala Azraya diyA hai, apitu use sammAna aura pratiSThA kA jIvana jInA sikhAyA hai| jaina bhikSuNI saMgha, una sabhI striyoM ke liye jo vidhavA, parityaktA athavA AzrayahIna hotI thI, zaraNadAtA hotA thaa| ata: jaina dharma meM satI prathA ko koI prazraya nahIM milaa| jaba-jaba bhI nArI para koI atyAcAra kiye gaye, jaina bhikSuNI saMgha usake lie rakSAkavaca banA kyoMki bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza karane ke bAda na kevala vaha pArivArika utpIr3ana se baca sakatI thI apitu eka sammAnapUrNa jIvana bhI jI sakatI jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :25

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thii| Aja bhI vidhavAoM, parityaktAoM, pitA ke pAsa daheja ke abhAva, kurUpatA athavA anya kinhIM kAraNoM se avivAhita rahane ke liye vivaza kumAriyoM Adi ke liye jaina bhikSuNI saMgha Azrayasthala hai| jaina bhikSuNI saMgha ne nArI kI garimA aura usake satItva donoM kI rakSA kii| yahI kAraNa thA ki satI-prathA jaisI kutsita prathA jaina dharma meM kabhI bhI nahIM rhiiN| mahAnizItha meM hama eka strI ko satI hone kA mAnasa banAne para bhI apanI ku la - paramparA meM satI prathA kA pracalana nahIM hone ke kAraNa apane nirNaya ko badalatA huA dekhate haiN| yaha isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi satIprathA virodhI thii| jaina AcArya aura sAdhviyA~ vidhavAoM ko satI banane se rokakara unheM saMgha meM dIkSita hone kI preraNA dete the| jaina paramparA meM brAhmI, sundarI aura candanA Adi ko satI kahA gayA hai aura tIrthakaroM ke nAma-smaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha Aja bhI 16 satiyoM kA nAma smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, kintu inheM satI isaliye kahA gayA ki ye apane zIla kI rakSA hetu yA to avivAhita rahIM yA pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt inhoMne apane caritra evaM zIla ko surakSita rkhaa| Aja jaina sAdhviyoM ke liye eka bahupracalita nAma mahAsatI hai usakA AdhAra zIla kA pAlana hI hai| jaina paramparA meM Agamika vyAkhyAoM aura paurANika racanAoM ke pazcAt jo prabandha sAhitya likhA gayA, usameM sarvaprathama satI prathA kA hI jainIkaraNa kiyA huA eka rUpa hameM dekhane ko milatA hai| tejapAla - vastupAla prabandha meM batAyA gayA hai ki tejapAla aura vastupAla kI mRtyu ke pazcAt unakI patniyoM ne anazana karake apane prANa tyAga diye / yahA~ pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt zarIra tyAgane kA upakrama to hai kintu usakA svarUpa saumya aura vairAgya pradhAna banA diyA gayA hai / vastuta: yaha usa yuga meM pracalita satI prathA kI jainadharma meM kyA pratikriyA huI thI, usakA sUcaka hai| gaNikAoM kI sthiti gaNikAyeM aura vezyAyeM bhAratIya samAja kA Avazyaka ghaTaka rahI haiN| unheM aparigRhItA-strI mAnA jAye yA parigRhItA ise lekara jaina AcAryoM meM vivAda rahA haiN| kyoMki Agamika kAla se upAsaka ke liye hama aparigRhItA-strI se sambhoga karane kA niSedha dekhate haiN| bha. mahAvIra ke pUrva pArkhApatya paramparA ke zithilAcArI jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :26

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zramaNa yahA~ taka kahane lage the ki binA vivAha kiye arthAta parigRhIta kiye yadi koI strI kAmavAsanA kI AkAMkSA karatI hai to usake sAtha sambhoga karane meM koI pApa nahIM hai| jJAtavya hai pArzva ki paramparA meM brahmacarya vrata aparigraha ke adhIna mAnA gayA thA kyoMki usa yuga meM nArI ko bhI sampatti mAnA jAtA thA, cU~ki aisI sthiti meM aparigraha ke vrata kA bhaMga nahIM thA isaliye zithilAcArI zramaNa usakA virodha kara rahe the| yahI kAraNa thA ki bha.mahAvIra ne brahmacarya ko jor3A thaa| cU~ki vezyA yA gaNikA parastrI nahIM thI, ata: parastrI-niSedha ke sAtha svapatnI saMtoSa vrata ko bhI jor3A gayA aura usake aticAroM meM aparigRhItAgamana ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA aura kahA gayA ki gRhastha upAsaka ko aparigRhita (avivAhita) strI se sambhoga nahIM karanA cAhiye / puna: jaba yaha mAnA gayA ki parigrahaNa ke binA sambhoga sambhava nahIM, sAtha hI dravya dekara kucha samaya ke liye gRhItA vezyA bhI parigRhIta kI koTi meM A jAtI haiM, to pariNAmasvarUpa dhanAdi dekara alpakAla ke lie gRhItA strI (itvarikA) ke sAtha bhI sambhoga kA niSedha kiyA gayA aura gRhastha upAsaka ke lie AjIvana hetu gRhItA arthAt vivAhita strI ke atirikta sabhI prakAra ke yauna sambandha niSiddha mAne gye| jainAcAryoM meM somadeva (10 vIM zatI) eka aise AcArya the, jinhone zrAvaka ke svapatnI saMtoSa vrata meM, vezyA ko upapatnI mAnakara usakA bhoga rAjA aura zreSThI varga ke lie vihita mAna liyA thA kintu yaha eka apavAda hI thaa| yadyapi AgAmoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM se prApta sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki anya sabhI logoM ke sAtha jainadharma ke prati zraddhAvAna sAmAnyajana bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM gaNikAoM se sambaddha rahA hai| AgAmoM meM ullekha hai ki kRSNa vAsudeva kI dvArikA nagarI meM anaMgasenA pramukha aneka gaNikAe~ bhI thIM / svayaM RSabhadeva ke nIlAMjanA kA nRtya dekhate samaya usakI mRtyu se pratibodhita hone kI kathA digambara paramparA meM suvizruta hai| kucha vidvAna mathurA meM isake aMkana ko bhI svIkAra karate haiM / jJAtA Adi meM devadattA Adi gaNikAoM kI samAja meM sammAnapUrNa sthiti kI sUcanA milatI hai| samAja ke sampanna parivAroM ke logoM ke vezyAoM se sambandha the, isakI sUcanA Agama, Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya aura jaina paurANika sAhitya meM vipula mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| kAnhaDa kaThiArA aura sthUlabhadra ke AkhyAna suvizruta haiM ,kintu ina saba ullekhoM se yaha mAna lenA ki jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :2:

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vezyAvRtti jainadharmasammata thI yA jainAcArya isake prati udAsIna bhAva rakhate the, sabasa bar3I bhrAMti hogii| hama yaha pUrva meM saMketa kara hI cuke haiM ki jainAcArya isa sambandha meM sajaga the aura kisI bhI sthiti meM ise aucityapUrNa nahIM mAnate the| sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI meM to jainadharma kA anuyAyI banane kI prathama zarta yaha thI ki vyakti sapta duni kA tyAga kare / isameM parastrIgamana aura vezyAgamana donoM niSiddha mAne gaye the| upAsakadazA meM "asatIjana poSaNa"zrAvaka ke lie niSiddha karma thaa|2 Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM prApta ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki aneka vezyAoM aura gaNikAoM kI apanI naitika maryAdAe~ thI, ve unakA kabhI ullaMghana nahIM karatI thii| kAnhaDa kaThiArA aura sthUlibhadra ke AkhyAna isake pramANa haiN| aisI vezyAoM aura gaNikAoM ke prati jainAcarya anudAra nahIM the, unake lie dharmasaMgha meM praveza ke dvAra khule the, ve zrAvikAe~ bana jAtI thiiN| kozA aisI vezyA thI, jisakI zAlA meM jaina muniyoM ko ni:saMkoca bhAva se cAturmAsa vyatIta karane kI anujJA AcArya de dete the| mathurA ke abhilekha isa bAta ke sAkSI haiM ki gaNikAe~ jinamandira aura AyAgapaTTa (pUjApaTTa) banavAtI thii| yaha jainAcAryoM kA udAra dRSTikoNa thA jo isa patita varga kA uddhAra kara use pratiSThA pradAna karatA thaa| nArI-zikSA . nArI-zikSA ke sambandha meM jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM se hameM jo sUcanA milatI hai, usake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM nArI ko samucita zikSA pradAna kI jAtI thii| apekSAkRta paravartI Agama jambUdvIpaprajJapti, AvazyakacUrNi evaM digambara paramparA ke AdipurANa Adi meM ullekha hai ki RSabhadeva ne apanI putriyoM brAhmI aura sundarI ko gaNita aura lipi vijJAna kI zikSA dI thii| mAtra yahI nahIM, jJAtAdharmakathA aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM strI kI cauMsaTha kalAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| yadyapi yahA~ inake nAma nahIM diye gaye tathApi yaha avazya sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki kanyAoM ko inakI zikSA dI jAtI hai| sarvaprathama jambUdvIpaprajJapti kI TIkA meM inakA vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai / Azcaryajanaka yaha hai ki jahA~ jJAtAdharmakathA meM purUSa kI 72 kalAoM kA varNana hai, vahIM nArI kI causaTha kalAoM kA nirdezamAtra hai| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :28

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bhAratIya samAja me yaha avadhAraNA bana cukI thii| jJAtAdharmakathA meM devadattA gaNikA ko cauMsaTha kalAoM meM paNDita, cauMsaTha gaNikA guNa (kAma-kalA) se upeta, untIsa kAra se ramaNa karane me pravINa, ikkIsa ratiguNoM se yukta, battIsa purUSopacAra meM kuzala, navAMgasUtra pratibodhana aura aThAraha dezI bhASAoM meM vizArada kahA hai| ina sUciyoM ko dekhakara spaSTa rUpa se aisA lagatA hai ki striyoM ko unakI prakRti aura dAyitva ke anusAra bhASA, gaNita, lekhanakalA Adi ke sAtha-sAtha striyocita tya, saMgIta aura lalitakalAoM tathA pAka-zAstra Adi meM zikSita kiyA jAtA thaa| yadyapi Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAe~ isa sambandha meM spaSTa nahIM haiM ki ye zekSA unheM ghara para hI dI jAtI thI athavA ve gurUkula meM jAkara inakA adhyayana karatI thii| strI-gurUkula ke sandarbha ke abhAva se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki unakI zakSA kI vyavasthA ghara para hI kI jAtI thii| sambhavata: parivAra kI praur3ha mahilAeM hI unakI zikSA kI vyavasthA karatI thI, kintu sampanna parivAroM meM isa hetu vibhinna dezoM kI dAsiyoM evaM gaNikAoM kI bhI niyukti kI jAtI thI, jo inheM ina kalAoM meM gAraMgata banAtI thii| Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hameM koI bhI aisA sandarbha upalabdha nahIM huA, jo sahazikSA kA nirdeza karatA ho| nArI ke gRhastha jIvana sambandhI ina zikSAoM ke prApta karane ke adhikAra meM prAgaitihAsika kAla se lekara Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke kAla taka koI vizeSa parivartana huA hoM, aisA bhI hameM jJAta nahIM hotA mAtra veSayavastu meM kramika vikAsa huA hogaa| yadyapi laukika zikSA meM strI aura purUSa kI prakRti evaM kArya ke AdhAra para antara kiyA gayA thA, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM haiM ki strI aura purUSa meM koI bheda-bhAva kiyA jAtA thaa| nArI ko usake Avazyaka sabhI pakSoM kI sampUrNa zikSA dI jAtI thii| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki usa yuga meM strI aura purUSa donoM ke lie karma-pradhAna zikSA kA hI vizeSa pracalana thaa| jahA~ taka dhArmika-AdhyAtmika zikSA kA prazna hai vaha unheM bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA pradAna kI pradAna kI jAtI thii| sUtrakRtAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina paramparA meM bhikSu ko striyoM ko zikSA dene kA adhikAra nahIM thaa|" vaha kevala striyoM aura purUSoM kI saMyukta sabhA meM upadeza de sakatA thaa| sAmAnyatayA bhikSuNiyoM aura gRhastha upAsikAoM donoM ko hI sthavirA bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA hI zikSA dI jAtI tho| yadyapi AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hameM kucha sUcanAyeM upalabdha hotI haiM jinake jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :29

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AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki AcArya aura upAdhyAya bhI kabhI-kabhI unheM zikSA pradAna karate the / vyavahArasUtra meM ullekha hai ki tIna varSa kI paryAya vAlA nirgrantha, tIsa varSa kI paryAya vAlI bhikSuNI kA upAdhyAya tathA pA~ca varSa kI paryAya vAlA nirgrantha, sATha varSa kI paryAya vAlI zramaNI kA AcArya ho sakatA thA / " jahA~ taka striyoM ke dvArA dharmagrantha ke adhyayana kA prazna hai ati prAcInakAla meM isa prakAra kA koI bandhana rahA ho, hameM jJAta nahIM hotA / antakRtadazA Adi Agama granthoM meM aise aneka ullekha milate haiM jahA~ bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA sAmAyika Adi 11 aMgo kA adhyayana kiyA jAtA thA / yadyapi AgamoM meM na kahIM aisA koI spaSTa ullekha hai ki strI dRSTivAda kA adhyayana nahIM kara sakatI thI aura na hI aisA koI vidhAyaka sandarbha upalabdha hotA hai, jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sake ki strI dRSTivAda kA adhyayana karatI thI kintu Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTivAda kA adhyayana striyoM ke lie niSiddha mAna liyA gayA / bhikSuNiyoM ke lie dRSTivAda kA niSedha karate hue kahA gayA ki svabhAva kI caMcalatA, evaM buddhi-prakarSa meM kamI ke kAraNa usake lie dRSTivAda kA adhyayana niSiddha batAyA gayA hai| jaba eka ora yaha mAna liyA gayA ki strI ko sarvocca kevalajJAna kI prApti ho sakatI hai, to yaha kahanA galata hogA ki unameM buddhi prakarSa kI kamI hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki jaba hindU paramparA meM usI nArI ko, jo vaidika RcAoM kI nirmAtrI thI, vedoM ke adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA gayA to usI ke prabhAva meM Akara usa nArI ko jo tIrthaMkara ke rUpa aMga aura mUla sAhitya kA mUlastrota thI, dRSTivAda ke adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA gayA / isakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA haiM ki dRSTivAda kA mukhya viSaya mUlata: dArzanika aura tArkika thA aura aise jaTila viSaya ke adhyayana ko unake lie upayukta na samajhakara unakA adhyayana niSiddha kara diyA gayA ho| bRhatkalpabhASya aura vyavahAra bhASya kI pIThikA meM unake lie mahAparijJA, arUNopapAta aura dRSTivAda ke adhyayana kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai kintu Age calakara nizItha Adi aparAdha aura prAyazcitta sambandhI granthoM ke adhyayana se bhI use vaMcita kara diyA gyaa| yadyapi nizItha Adi ke adhyayana ke niSedha karane kA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki aparAdhoM kI jAnakArI se yA to vaha aparAdhoM kI ora pravRtta ho sakatI thI yA daNDa dene kA adhikAra purUSa apane pAsa surakSita rakhanA cAhatA thA kintu niSedha kA yaha krama Age bar3hatA hI gayA / bArahavIM - terahavIM zatI ke pazcAt eka yuga aisA bhI AyA jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 30

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jaba usase AgamoM ke adhyayana kA mAtra adhikAra hI nahIM chInA gayA, apitu upadeza dene kA adhikAra bhI samApta kara diyA gayA / Aja bhI zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA ke tapAgaccha meM bhikSuNiyoM ko isa adhikAra se vaMcita hI rakhA gayA hai / yadyapi punarjAgrati ke prabhAva se Aja adhikAMza jaina sampradAyoM meM sAdhviyA~ AgamoM ke adhyayana aura pravacana kA kArya kara rahI haiN| niSkarSa ke rUpa meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki prAcIna kAla aura Agama yuga kI apekSA Agamika vyAkhyA yuga meM kisI sImA taka nArI ke zikSA ke adhikAra ko sImita kiyA gayA thaa| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se yahA~ yaha bhI dRSTavya hai ki nArIzikSA ke prazna para vaidika aura jaina paramparA meM kisa prakAra samAnAntara parivartana hotA gyaa| Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke yuga meM na kevala zikSA ke kSetra meM apitu dharmasaMgha meM aura sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI strI kI garimA aura adhikAra sImita hote gye| isakA mukhya kAraNa to apanI sahagAmI hindU paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA, kintu isake sAtha hI acelatA ke ati Agraha ne bhI eka mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA adA kii| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA apekSAkRta udAra rahI, kintu samaya ke prabhAva se vaha bhI nahIM baca sakI aura usameM bhI zikSA, samAja aura dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM Agama yuga kI apekSA Agamika vyAkhyA yuga meM nArI ke adhikAra sImita kiye gye| ___ isa prakAra kAla-krama meM jaina dharma meM bhI bhAratIya hindU samAja ke prabhAva ke kAraNa nArI ko usake adhikAroM se vaMcita kiyA gayA thA, phira bhI bhikSuNI ke rUpa meM usakI garimA ko kisI sImA taka surakSita rakhA gayA thaa| bhikSuNI-saMgha aura nArI kI garimA" jaina bhikSuNI saMgha meM nArI kI garimA ko kisa prakAra ko kisa prakAra surakSita rakhA gayA isa sambandha meM yahA~ kiMcit carcA kara lenA upayogI hogaa| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM jainadharma ke bhikSuNI saMgha ke dvAra binA kisI bhedabhAva ke sabhI jAti, varNa evaM varga kI striyoM ke lie khule hue the| jaina bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza ke lie sAmAnya rUpa se ve hI striyA~ ayogya mAnI jAtI thI, jo bAlikA athavA mUrkha yA pAgala hoM yA kisI saMkrAmaka aura asAdhya roga se pIr3ita ho athavA jo indriyoM yA aMga se hIna ho, jaise aMdhI, paMgu, lUlI aadi| kintu striyoM ke lie bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza usa avasthA meM bhI varjita thA - jaba ve garbhiNI hoM athavA unakI goda meM ati alpavaya kA dUdha pItA huA zizu ho| isake atirikta jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :31

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saMrakSaka arthAt mAtA-pitA, pati, putra kI anujJA na milane para bhI unheM saMgha meM praveza nahIM diyA jAtA thaa| kintu surakSA pradAna karane ke lie vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM aisI striyoM ko bhI saMgha meM praveza kI anumati de dI jAtI thii| niravAyalikAsUtra ke anusAra subhadrA ne apane pati kI AjJA ke virUddha hI bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza kara liyA thaa| yadyapi sthAnAMga ke anusAra garbhiNI strI kA bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza varjita thA, kintu uttarAdhyayananiyukti, AvazyakacUrNI meM aise saMketa bhI milate haiM, jinake anusAra kucha striyoM ne garbhavatI hone para bhI bhikSuNI saMgha meM dIkSA grahaNa kara lI thii| madanarekhA apane pati kI hatyA kara diye jAne para jaMgala meM bhAga gayI aura vahIM usane bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza le liyaa| isI prakAra padmAvatI aura yazabhadrA ne garbhavatI hote hue bhI bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza le liyA thA aura bAda meM unha putra prasava hue| vastuta: ina apavAda niyamoM ke pIche jaina AcAyA kI mUladRSTi yaha thI ki nArI aura garbhastha zizu kA jIvana surakSita raheM, kyoMki aisI sthitiyoM meM yadi unheM saMgha meM praveza nahIM diyA jAtA haiM, to ho sakatA thA ki unakA zIla aura jIvana khatare meM par3a jAya aura kisI strI ke zIla aura jIvana ko surakSita rakhanA saMgha kA sarvopari kartavya thaa| ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki nArI ke zIla evaM jIvana kI surakSA aura usake AtmanirNaya ke adhikAra ko mAnya rakhate hetu pati kI anumati ke binA athavA garbhavatI hone kI sthiti meM bhI unheM jo bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza diyA jAtA thA - yaha nArI ke prati jaina saMgha kI udAra evaM garimApUrNa dRSTi hI thii| sAmAnyatayA sAdhanA kI dRSTi se bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke AhAra, bhikSAcaryA, upAsanA Adi se sambandhita niyama samAna hI the, kintu striyoM kI prakRti aura sAmAjika sthiti ko dekhakara bhikSuNiyoM ke lie vastra ke sambandha meM kucha vizeSa niyama banAye gye| udAharaNa ke lie jahA~ bhikSu sampUrNa vastroM kA tyAga kara raha sakatA thA vahA~ bhikSuNI ke lie nagna honA varjita mAna liyA gayA thaa| mAtra yahI nahIM usakI AvazyakatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue usakI vastra-saMkhyA meM bhI vRddhi kI gayI thii| jahA~ bhikSu ke lie adhikatama tIna vastroM kA vidhAna thA vahA~ bhikSuNI ke lie cAra vastroM ko rakhane kA vidhAna thaa| Age calakara Agamika vyAkhyAsAhitya meM na kevala usake tana DhaMkane kI vyAvasthA kI gayI, balki zIla surakSA ke lie use aise vastroM ko pahanane kA nirdeza diyA gayA, jisase unakA zIla bhaMga karane vAle vyakti ko sahaja hI avasara upalabdha na ho| isI prakAra zIla surakSA kI dRSTi se jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA:32

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bhikSuNI ko akele bhikSArtha jAnA varjita kara diyA gayA thA / bhikSuNI tIna yA usase adhika saMkhyA meM bhikSA ke lie jA sakatI thii| sAtha meM yaha bhI nirdeza thA ki yuvA bhikSuNI vRddha bhikSuNI ko sAtha lekara jaae| jahA~ bhikSu 6 kilomITara bhikSA ke lie sakatA thA, vaha bhikSuNI ke lie sAmAnya paristhitiyoM meM bhikSA ke lie atidUra jAnA niSiddha thA / isI prakAra bhikSuNiyoM ke lie sAmAnyatayA dvArarahita upAzrayoM meM ThaharanA bhI varjita thaa| ina sabake pIche mukhya uddezya nArI ke zIla kI surakSA thI / kyoMki zIla hI nArI ke sammAna kA AdhAra thaa| ataH usakI zIla surakSA hetu vivadha niyamoM aura apavAdoM kA sRjana kiyA gayA hai / nArI kI zIla- surakSA ke lie jaina AcAryoM ne eka ora aise niyamoM kA sRjana kiyA jisake dvArA bhikSuNiyoM kA purUSoM aura bhikSuoM se samparka sImita kiyA jA sake, tAki cAritrika skhalana kI sambhAvanAeM alpatama hoN| phalasvarUpa na kevala bhikSuNiyoM kA bhikSuoM ke sAtha ThaharanA aura vihAra karanA niSiddha mAnA gayA, apitu aise sthaloM para bhI nivAsa varjita mAnA gayA, jahA~ samIpa meM hI bhikSu athavA gRhastha nivAsa kara rahe hoM / bhikSuoM se bAtacIta karanA aura unake dvArA lAkara diye jAne vAle vastra, pAtra evaM bhikSAdi ko grahaNa karanA bhI unake lie niSiddha ThaharAyA gayA / Apasa meM eka dUsareM kA sparza to varjita thA hI, unheM Apasa meM akele meM bAtacIta karane kA bhI niSedha kiyA gayA thA / yadi bhikSuoM se vArtAlApa Avazyaka bhI ho, to bhI agra- bhikSuNI ko Age karake saMkSipta vArtAlApa kI anumati pradAna kI gayI thI / vastutaH ye sabhI niyama isalie banAye gaye the, ki kAmavAsanA jAgRta hone evaM cAritrika skhalana ke avasara upalabdha na ho athavA bhikSuoM evaM gRhasthoM ke AkarSaNa evaM vAsanA kI zikAra banakara bhikSuNI kI zIla kI surakSA khatare meM na par3e / kintu dUsarI ora unakI zIla surakSA ke lie ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM unakA bhikSuoM ke sAnnidhya meM rahanA evaM yAtrA karanA vihita bhI mAna liyA gayA thaa| yahA~ taka kahA gayA ki AcArya, yuvA bhikSu aura vRddhA bhikSuNiyA~ tarUNa bhikSuNiyoM ko apane saMrakSaNa meM lekara yAtrA kreN| aisI yAtrAoM meM pUrI racanA karake yAtrA kI jAtI thI - sabase Age AcArya evaM vRddha bhikSugaNa, unake pazcAt yuvA bhikSu, phira vRddha bhikSuNiyA~, unake pazcAt yuvA bhikSuNiyA~ punaH unake pazcAt vRddha bhikSuNiyA~ aura anta meM yuvA bhikSu hote the / nizIthacUrNi Adi meM aise bhI ullekha haiM ki jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 33 5

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bhikSuNiyoM kI zIla surakSA ke liye Avazyaka hone para bhikSu una manuSyoM kI bhI hiMsA kara sakatA thA jo usake zIla ko bhaMga karane kA prayAsa karate the / yahA~ taka ki aise aparAdha prAyazcitta yogya bhI nahIM mAne gaye the| bhikSuNiyoM ko kucha anya paristhitiyoM meM bhI isI dRSTi se bhikSuoM ke sAnnidhya meM nivAsa karane kI bhI anumati de dI gayI thI, jaise- bhikSu - bhikSuNI yAtrA karate hue kisI nirjana gahana vana meM pahu~ca carriao nagara meM athavA devAlaya meM Thaharane ke lie anyatra koI sthAna upalabdha na ho rahA ho athavA una para balAtkAra evaM unake vastra - pAtrAdi ke apaharaNa kI sambhAvanA pratIta hotI ho| isI prakAra vikSipta citta athavA atirogI bhikSu kI paricaryA ke lie koI bhikSu upalabdha na ho to bhikSuNI usakI paricaryA kara sakatI thI / bhikSuoM ke lie bhI sAmAnyatayA bhikSuNI kA sparza varjita thA kintu bhikSuNI ke kIcar3a meM pha~sa jAne para, nAva meM car3hane yA utarane meM kaThinAI anubhava karane para athavA jaba usakI hiMsA athavA zIlabhaMga ke prayatna kiye jA rahe ho to aisI sthiti meM bhikSu bhikSuNI kA sparza kara use surakSA pradAna kara sakatA thA / jaina paramparA meM AcArya kAlaka kI kathA isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai| bhikSuNI ke zIla kI surakSA ko jaina bhikSu saMgha kA anivArya evaM prathamika kartavya mAnA gayA thA / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM nArI kI zIla kI surakSA ke lie paryApta satarkatA rakhI gaI thii| mAtra yahI nahIM, jainAcAryoM ne apanI daNDa- vyavasthA aura saMgha vyavasthA meM bhI nArI kI prakRti ko samyak rUpa se samajhane kA prayatna kiyA hai| purUSoM ke balAtkAroM aura atyAcAroM se pIr3ita nArI ko unhoneM dutkArA nahIM apitu usake samuddhAra kA prayatna kiyA / jaina daNDavyavasthA meM una bhikSuNiyoM ke liye kisI prakAra ke daNDa kI vyavasthA nahIM kI gaI thI, jo balAtkAra kI zikAra hokara garbhavatI ho jAtI thI, apitu unake aura unake garbhastha bAlaka ke saMrakSaNa kA dAyitva saMgha kA mAnA gayA thA / prasavoMparAnta bAlaka ke bar3A ho jAne para ve punaH bhikSuNI ho sakatI thii| isI prakAra ve bhikSuNiyA~ bhI jo kabhI vAsanA ke Avega meM bahakara cAritrika skhalana kI zikAra ho jAtI thI, tiraskRta nahIM kara dI jAtI, apitu unheM apane ko sudhArane kA avasara pradAna kiyA jAtA thA / isa tathya ke sarmathana meM yaha kahA gayA ki kyA bAr3ha se grasta nadI punaH apane mUla mArga para nahIM A jAtI hai ? jaina prAyazcitta vyavasthA meM bhI striyoM yA bhikSuNiyoM ke lie parihAra aura pArAJcika (niSkAsana) jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :34

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jaise kaThora daNDa varjita mAna liye gaye the, kyoMki ina daNDoM ke pariNAma svarUpa ve nirAzrita hokara vezyAvRtti jaise anaitika karmoM ke lie bAdhya ho sakatI thii| isa prakAra jainAcArya nArI ke prati sadaiva sajaga aura udAra rahe haiN| hama yaha pUrva meM hI sUcita kara cuke haiM ki jainadharma kA bhikSuNI saMgha una anAtha, parityaktA evaM vidhavA nAriyoM ke lie sammAnapUrvaka jIne ke lie eka mArga prazasta karatA thA aura yahI kAraNa hai ki prAcIna kAla se lekara Ajataka jainadharma abhAgI nAriyoM ke lie Azraya sthala yA zaraNasthala banA rahA haiN| suzrI hIrAbahana boradiyA ne apane zodha kArya ke daurAna aneka sAdhviyoM kA sAkSAtkAra liyA aura usameM ve isI niSkarSa para pahuMcI thI ki vartamAna meM bhI aneka anAtha, vidhavA, parityaktA striyA~ athavA ve kanyAyeM jo daheja athavA kurUpatA ke kAraNa vivAha na kara sakI, ve sabhI jaina bhikSuNI saMgha meM sammilita hokara eka sammAnapUrNa svAvalambana kA jIvana jI rahI haiN| jaina bhikSuNiyoM meM se aneka to Aja bhI samAja meM susthApita haiM ki unakI tulanA meM munI varga kA prabhAva bhI kucha nahIM lagatA hai| isa AdhAra para hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki jainadharma ke vikAsa aura prasAra meM nArI kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| Aja bhI jaina samAja meM bhikSuoM kI apekSA bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA tIna gunI se bhI adhika hai jo samAja para unake vyApaka prabhAva ko dyotita karatI hai| vartamAna yuga meM bhI aneka aisI jaina sAdhviyA~ huI haiM aura haiM jinakA samAja para atyadhika prabhAva rahA hai| jaise sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM paMjAbasiMhanI sAdhvI pArvatIjI, jo apanI vidvattA aura prabhAvazIlatA ke liye suvizruta thiiN| jainadharma ke kaTTara virodhI bhI unake tarkoM aura bulaMdagI ke sAmane sahama jAte the| isI prakAra sAdhvI yazaku~varajI, jinhone mUka pazuoM kI bali ko banda karAne meM aneka saMgharSa kiye aura apane zaurya evaM pravacanapaTutA se aneka sthaloM para pazubali ko samApta karavA diyaa| usI krama meM sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM mAlavasiMhanI sAdhvI zrI ratnakuMvarajI aura mahArASTra gaurava sAdhvI zrI ujjavalaku~varajI ke bhI nAma liye jA sakate haiM jinakA samAja para prabhAva kisI AcArya se kama nahIM thaa| mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM vartamAna yuga meM sAdhvI zrI vicakSaNa zrI jI, maNiprabhA zrI jI aura sAdhvI zrI mRgAvatIjI bhI aise nAma haiM ki jinake vyaktvi aura kRtitva donoM hI unakI yazogAthA ko ujAgara karate haiN| isI prakAra digambara paramparA meM AryikA jJAnamatIjI kA bhI paryApta prabhAva hai| unake dvArA prakAzita granthoM kI sUcI se unakI jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :35

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vidvatA kA AbhAsa ho jAtA hai / ataH hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki jainadharma meM usake atIta se lekara vartamAna taka nArI kI Ara vizeSa rUpa se bhikSuNiyoM kI eka mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI ha / jahA~ eka Ara jainadharma ne nArI ko sammAnita aura gauravAnvita karate hue, usake zIla saMrakSaNa kA prayAsa kiyA aura usake AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA mArga prazasta kiyA, vahIM dUsarI ora bAhmI, sundarI aura candanA se lekara Aja taka kI anekAneka satIsAdhviyoM ne apane caritrabala tathA saMyama sAdhanA se jainadharma kI dhvajA ko phaharAyA ha / vibhinna dharmoM meM nArI kI sthiti kI tulanA - (1) hindU dharma aura jainadharma :- hindU dharma meM vaidika yuga meM nArI kI bhUmikA dhArmika aura sAmAjika dAnoM hI kSetroM meM mahatvapUrNa mAnI jAtI thI aura use purUSa ke samakakSa samajhA jAtA thaa| striyoM ke dvArA racita aneka veda RcAe~ aura yajJa Adi dhArmika karmakANDoM meM patnI kI anivAryatA, nizcaya hI isa tattva kI poSaka haiN| manu kA yaha udghoSa ki "yatra nAryastu pUjyante ramante tatra devatAH " - arthAt jahA~ nArI kI pUjA hotI hai vahA~ devatA ramaNa karate haiM, isI tathya ko sUcita karatA hai ki hindUdharma prAcInakAla se nArI kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai, ina sabake atirikta bhI devIupAsanA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI, lakSmI, mahAkAlI Adi deviyoM kI upAsanA bhI isa tathya kI sUcaka ha ki nArI na kevala upAsaka ha apitu upAsya bhI haiM / yadyapi vaidika yuga se lekara taMtrayuga prArambha taka nArI kI mahattA ke aneka pramANa hameM hindUdharma meM milate ha kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI hai ki smRti yuga se hI usameM kramaza: nArI ke mahatva kA avamUlyana hotA gayA / smRtiyoM meM nArI ko purUSa ke adhona banAne kA upakrama prArambha ho gayA thA aura unameM yahA~ taka kahA gayA ki nArI ko bAlyakAla meM pitA ke adhIna, yuvAvasthA meM pati ke adhIna aura vRddhAvasthA meM putra ke adhIna raha kara hI apanA jIvana jInA hotA hai| isa prakAra vaha sadaiva hI purUSa ke adhIna hI ha, kabhI bhI svatantra nahIM ha / smRtikAla meM use sampatti ke adhikAra se bhI vaMcita kiyA gayA aura sAmAjika jIvana meM mAtra usake dAsI yA bhogyA svarUpa para hI bala diyA gyaa| pati kI sevA ko hI usakA ekamAtra kartavya mAnA gayA / yaha viDambanA hI thI ki adhyayana ke kSetra meM bhI veda RcAoM kI nirmAtrI jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 36

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nArI ko, unhIM RcAoM ke adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA gyaa| usake kAryakSetra ko santAna - utpAdana, santAna - pAlana, gRhakArya sampAdana tathA pati kI sevA taka sImita karake use ghara kI cAradivArI meM kaida kara diyA gayA / hindU dharma meM nArI kI yaha durdazA muslima AkrAntAoM ke Agamana ke sAtha kramazaH bar3hatI hI gyii| rAmacaritamAnasa ke racayitA yuga-kavi tulasIdAsa ko bhI kahanA par3A ki 'Dhola ga~vAra zUdra pazu nArI, ye saba tAr3ana ke adhikArI ' / hindu dharma kA madhyayuga kA itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki bahupatnIprathA aura satIprathA jaisI krUra aura nRzaMsa prathAoM ne janma lekara nArI ke mahattva aura mUlya ko prAyaH samApta hI kara diyA thA / vartamAna samAja vyavasthA meM bhI hindU dharma meM nArI ko purUSa ke samakakSa gauravapUrNa sthAna prApta haiM yaha kahanA kaThina hai, yadyapi nArI cetanA kA punaH jAgaraNa huA hai kintu yaha bhI bhaya haiM ki pazcima ke andhAnukaraNa meM vaha kahIM galata dizA meM mor3a na le le / hindUdharma meM yadyapi sanyAsa kI avadhAraNA ko sthAna milA huA hai aura prAcInakAla se hI hindU sanyAsiniyoM ke bhI ullekha milane lagate haiM, phira bhI sanyAsiniyoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra ke sambandha meM hindUdharmagrantha prAyaH mauna ho haiM / hindUdharma meM prAcInakAla se lekara Aja taka yatra-tatra kinhIM sanyAsiyoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha ko chor3akara sanyAsiniyoM kA eka suvyavasthita varga banA ho aisA nahIM dekhA jAtA haiM / yahI kAraNa haiM ki hindU dharma meM vidhavAoM, parityaktAoM aura avivAhita striyoM ke lie sammAnapUrNa jIvana jIne ke lie koI Azrayasthala nahIM bana sakA aura ve sadaiva hI purUSa ke atyAcAroM aura pratAr3anAoM kA zikAra banI / cAhe siddhAntarUpa meM striyoM ke sandarbha meM hindU dharma meM kucha AdarzavAdI udghoSa hameM mila jAe~, kintu vyAvahArika jIvana meM hindU dharma meM striyA~ upekSA kA hI viSaya banI rahIM / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki hindU dharma kI apekSA jaina dharma meM nArI kI sthiti aura bhUmikA donoM hI adhika mahattvapUrNa rahI / yoM to jainadharma hindUdharma ke sahavartI dharma ke rUpa meM hI vikasita huA hai aura isIlie pratyeka kAla meM vaha hindUdharma se prabhAvita rahA hai| hindUdharma ke nArI sambandhI dRSTikoNa aura usake duSpariNAmoM kA zikAra vaha bhI banA hai / jisa prakAra hindUdharma meM veda"I RcAoM kI nirmAtA strI ko unake adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA gayA, usI prakAra jaina dharma meM bhI strI ke lie na kevala dRSTivAda ke adhyayana ko apitu AgamoM ke jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 37

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adhyayana kA bhI varjita mAna liyA gayA, yadyapi prAcIna Agama-sAhitya meM striyoM ke aMga Agama ke adhyayana ke ullekha evaM nirdeza upalabdha hai| yaha satya hai ki isa sambandha meM jainadharma ne hindUdharma kA anusaraNa hI kiyaa| bRhattara hindU samAja kA eka aMga bane rahane ke kAraNa jainoM ke sAmAjika jIvana meM striyoM kI sthiti hindUdharma ke samAna hI rahI hai, phira bhI jainadharma kI sAmAjika vyavasthA meM hindUdharma kI bhA~ti bahupatnIprathA itanI adhika hAvI nahIM huI ki purUSa kI dRSTi meM strI mAtra bhogyA banakara raha gayI ho| isake pIche jainadharma kA sanyAsamArgIya dRSTikoNa hI pramukha rahA hai| dUsare jainadharma meM prArambha se lekara Aja taka bhikSuNIsaMgha kI, jo eka sudRr3ha vyavasthA rahI hai, usake kAraNa usameM nArI vizeSarUpa se vidhavA, parityaktA aura kumAriyA~ purUSa ke atyAcAra aura utpIr3ana kA zikAra nahIM bnii| jainadharma kA bhikSuNI saMgha aisI nAriyoM ke lie eka zaraNa-sthala rahA aura usane unheM sammAnapUrNa aura svAvalambI jIvana jInA sikhaayaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki usameM satIprathA jaisI vIbhatsa prathAe~ bhI apane jar3e nahI jamA skii| jainadharma meM ve striyA~ jo sAmAjika kSetra meM purUSa ke adhIna hokara jIvana jItI thI, bhikSuNI banakara purUSoM ke lie vanadanIya aura mArgadarzaka bana jAtI thii| isa prakAra tulanAtmaka dRSTi se nizcaya hI hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki hindUdharma kI tulanA meM jainadharma meM nArI kI sthiti bahuta kucha sammAnapUrNa rahI hai| (2). bauddhadharma aura jainadharma :- bauddhadharma aura jainadharma donoM hI zravaNa paramparA ke dharma rahe haiM aura donoM meM bhikSuNI saMsthA kI upasthiti rahI hai, phira bhI nArI ke prati jainadharma kI apekSA bauddhadharma kA dRSTikoNa adhika anudAra rahA hai| prathama to bhabavAn buddha bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA ke lie sahamata hI nahIM hue the kintu jaba apanI kSIradAyikA mausI gautamI aura antevAsI Ananda ne kisI prakAra apane prabhAva kA upayoga karake buddha ko sahamata karane kA prayatna kiyA to buddha ne bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA kI svIkRti kucha zartoM ke sAtha pradAna kii| jabaki jainadharma meM mahAvIra ke pUrva meM bhI pArzva kA bhikSuNI saMgha suvyavasthita DhaMga se kAryarata thA aura mahAvIra ko bhI isa sambandha meM kisI prakAra kA saMkoca nahIM huA thaa| isa prakAra jainadharma kA bhikSuNI saMgha bauddhadharma ke bhikSuNI saMgha se pUrvavartI thaa| puna: buddha bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA ke samaya hI jina aSTa-gurudharmoM (aSTa purUSoM kI zreSThatA sambandhI niyamoM) ke pAlana ke lie striyoM ko bAdhya kiyA, ve spaSTa rUpa se darzAte haiM ki buddha kI dRSTi nAriyoM ke prati apekSAkRta anudAra thii| ina aSTa gurudharmoM ke anusAra jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :38

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bhikSuNI saMgha pratyeka kSetra meM bhikSu saMgha ke adhIna thaa| cira pravrajitA aura vayovRddha bhikSuNI ke lie sadya: pravrajita bhikSu na kevala vandanIya thA apitu vaha unakA anuzAstA bhI ho sakatA thaa| bhikSuNI ko upadeza dene kA adhikAra bhI nahIM thaa| yadyapi yahA~ yaha kahA jA sakatA haiM ki bauddhadharma ke samAna hI jainadharma meM bhI to cirakAla kI dIkSita evaM vayovRddha bhikSuNI ke lie sadya: dIkSita bhikSu vandanIya hotA haiM, kintu merI dRSTi meM jainadharma meM yaha niyama bauddhadharma ke prabhAva athavA isa deza kI purUSa pradhAna saMskRti ke kAraNa kAlAMtara meM hI AyA hogaa| prAcInatama Agama AcArAMga bhikSu-bhikSuNI ke niyamoM evaM unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke nirdeza to karatA haiM, kintu kahI yaha ullekha nahIM karatA haiM ki cirapravrajita bhikSuNI sadya: dIkSita bhikSu ko vaMdana kre| paravartI Agama meM bhI mAtra jyeSTha- kalpa kA ullekha haiN| - jyeSTha-kalpa kA tAtparya hai ki kaniSTha apane se pravrajyA meM jyeSTha ko vaMdana kre| yaha TIkAkAroM kI apanI kalpanA hai ki unhone jyeSTha kalpa ko purUSa jyeSTha kalpa ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyaa| mUla-AgamoM meM aisI koI bhI vyavasthA upalabdha nahIM hai, jisake AdhAra para jainadharma meM strI ko purUSa kI apekSA nimna mAnA gayA ho| AgamoM meM strI ko na kevala mokSa kI adhikArI batAyA gayA apitu use tIrthaMkara jaise sarvocca pada kI bhI adhikArI ghoSita kiyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM mallI kA strI tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM ullekha hai| ata: hama spaSTa rUpa se yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bauddhadharma kI apekSA jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke prati adhika udAra thaa| bauddhadharma meM nArI kabhI bhI buddha nahIM bana sakatI hai, kintu jainadharma meM cAhe apavAda rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho, strI tIrthaMkara ho sakatI hai| yadyapi paravartI kAla meM jainadharma kI digambara zAkhA meM, jo nArI ko tIrthaMkaratva evaM nirvANa ke adhikAra se vaMcita kiyA gayA thA. vaha usake acelatA para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa haA thaa| cU~ki sAmAjika sthiti ke kAraNa nArI nagna nahIM raha sakatI thI ata: digambara paramparA ne use nirvANa aura tIrthaMkatva ke ayogya hI ThaharA diyA kintu yaha eka paravartI hI ghaTanA hai| IsA kI sAtavIM zatI ke pUrva jaina sAhitya meM aise ullekha nahIM milate haiN| yadyapi bauddhadharma meM bhikSuNI saMgha astitva meM AyA aura saMghamitrA jaisI bhikSuNiyoM ne bauddhadharma ke prasAra meM mahatvapUrNa avadAna bhI diyA kintu bauddhadharma kA yaha bhikSuNI saMgha cirakAla taka astitva meM nahIM raha skaa| cAhe usake kAraNa kucha bhI rahe hoN| Aja bauddhadharma vizva ke eka pramukha dharma ke rUpa apanA astitva rakhatA haiM, kintu kucha zrAmaNeriyoM ko chor3akara bauddhadharma meM kahI bhI bhikSuNI saMgha kI jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :39

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upasthiti nahIM dekhI jAtI hai| yaha eka durbhAgyapUrNa ghaTanA rahI hai| cAhe isake mUla meM bhI bauddhAcAryoM ke mana meM buddha kA yaha bhaya hI kAma kara rahA ho ki bhikSuNiyoM kI upasthiti se saMgha cirakAla taka jIvita nahIM rhegaa| jabaki jainadharma meM Aja bhI susaMgaThita bhikSuNI saMgha upasthita hai aura bhikSuoM kI apekSA bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA na se adhika hai| yaha bauddhadharma kI apekSA jainadharma ke nArI ke prati udAra dRSTikoNa kA paricAyaka hai| ( 3 ). IsAI dharma aura jainadharma :- nArI ke sambandha meM IsAI aura jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa bahuta kucha samAna hai| tIrthakaroM kI mAtAoM ke samAna IsAIdharma meM yIzu kI mAtA mariyama ko bhI pUjanIya mAnA gayA hai| sAtha hI IsAIdharma meM jainadharma bhAMti hI bhikSuNI saMsthA kI upasthiti rahI hai / Aja bhI IsAIdharma meM na kevala bhikSuNI saMsthA suvyavasthita rUpa meM astitva rakhatI hai apitu IsAI bhikSuNiyA~ (Nuns) apane jJAnadAna aura sevAkArya se samAja meM adhika AdaraNIya aura mahattvapUrNa banI huI haiN| IsAI dharma saMgha dvArA sthApita zikSA saMsthAoM, cikitsAlayoM aura sevAzramoM meM ina bhikSuNiyoM kI tyAga aura sevA-bhAvanA aneka vyaktiyoM ke mana ko moha letI hai / yadi jaina samAja unase kucha zikSA le to usakA bhikSuNI saMgha samAja ke lie adhika lokopayogI bana sakatA haiM aura nArI meM nihita samarpaNa aura sevA kI bhAvanA kA samyak upayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai / 1 jahA~ taka sAmAjika jIvana kA prazna hai, nizcaya hI pAzcAtya IsAI samAja meM nArI kI purUSa se samakakSatA kI bAta kahI jAtI hai / yaha bhI satya hai ki pAzcAtya dezoM meM nArI bhAratIya nArI kI apekSA adhika svataMtra haiM aura aneka kSetroM meM purUSoM ke samakakSa khar3I huI hai kintu ina sabakA eka duSpariNAma yaha huA ki vahA~ kA pArivArika va sAmAjika jIvana TUTatA huA dikhAI detA hai / bar3hate hue talAka aura svachanda yaunAcAra aise tattva haiM jo IsAI nArI kI garimA ko khaNDita karate haiM / jahA~ hindU dharma aura jaina dharma meM vivAha sambandha ko Aja bhI na kevala eka pavitra sambandha mAnA jAtA hai, apitu eka ajIvana sambandha ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai, vahA~ IsAI samAja meM Aja vivAha yauna - vAsanAoM kI pUrti kA mAdhyama hI raha gayA hai / usake pIche rahI huI pavitratA evaM AjIvana bandhana kI dRSTi samApta ho rahI hai| yadi IsAI dharma apane samAja ko isa doSa se mukta kara sake to sambhavata: vaha nArI kI garimA pradAna karane kI dRSTi se vizva dharmoM meM adhika sArthaka siddha ho sakatA hai| (4). islAma dharma aura jainadharma :- jahA~ taka islAma dharma aura jaina jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 40

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dharma kA sambandha haiM sarvaprathama hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki donoM kI prakRti bhinna h| islAmadharma meM sanyAsa kI avadhAraNA prAya: anupasthita hai aura isalie usameM nArI ko purUSa ke samakakSa sthAna mila pAnA sambhava hI nahI hai| usameM aksara nArI ko eka bhogyA ke rUpa meM hI dekhA gayA hai| bahupatnIprathA kA khulA samarthana bhI islAma meM nArI kI sthiti ko hIna banAtA hai| vahA~ na kevala purUSa ko bahuvivAha kA adhikAra hai| apitu use yaha bhI adhikAra hai ki vaha cAhe jaba mAtra tIna bAra talAka kahakara vivAha bandhana ko tor3a sakatA hai| phalata: usameM nArI ko atyAcAra va utpIr3ana kI zikAra banAne kI sambhAvanAe~ adhika rahI ha / yaha kevala hindUdharma va jainadharma kI hI vizeSatA ha ki usameM vivAha ke bandhana ko AjIvana eka pavitra bandhana ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA ha aura yaha mAnA jAtA ha ki yaha bandhana tor3A nahIM jA sakatA ha / yadyapi islAma meM nArI ke sampatti ke adhikAra ko mAnya kiyA gayA ha, kintu vyavahAra meM kabhI bhI nArI purUSa kI kaida evaM utpIr3ana se mukta nahIM raha skii| usameM strI purUSa kI vAsanApUrti kA sAdhana hI banI rhii| bhArata meM pardAprathA, satIprathA jaise kuprathAoM ke panapane ke lie islAma dharma hI adhika jimmedAra rahA h| isa tulanAtmaka vivaraNa ke AdhAra para anta meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vibhinna dharmoM kI apekSA jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke prati apekSAkRta adhika vyAvahArika evaM udAra hai| yadyapi isa satya ko svIkAra karane meM hameM koI Apatti nahI hai ki samasAmayika paristhitiyoM aura sahavartI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se jainadharma meM bhI nArI ke mUlya va mahattA kA kramika avamUlyana huA hai| kintu usameM upasthita bhikSuNI saMgha ne na kevala nArI ko jo garimA pradAna kI, apitu use sAmAjika utpIr3ana aura purUSa ke atyAcAroM se bacAyA bhI hai| yahI jainadharma kI vizeSatA h| mAgha zukla pUrNimA vi. saMvat 2048 sAgaramala jaina nidezaka, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.) jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :41

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1. 2. o s 3. 4. 5. 6. sandarbha-grantha davvAbhilAvacindhe ve bhAve ya itthiNikkhevo / ahilAve jaha siddhI bhAve veyammi uvautto // 9. - sUtrakRtAMga niyukti 54 abhidhAna rAjendra, bhAga 2, pR. 623 yadvazAt striyAH purUSaM pratyabhilASo bhavati, yathA pittavaNAn madhuradravyaM prati sa phuMphamAdAhasamaH yathA yathA cAlyate tathA tathA jvalati bRMhati ca / evam bAlA'pi yathA yathA saMpRzyate puruSeNa tathA tathA asyA adhikataro'bhilASo jAyate, bhujyamAnAyAM tu channakarISadAhatulyo'bhilASoH, manda ityarthaH iti strIvedodayaH / - vahI, bhAga6, pRSTha 1430 saMmattaMtimasaMdhayaNa tiyagaccheo bi sattari apavve | hAsAichakka aMtA chasaTThi aniyaTriTaveyatiga // dekhe - karmaprakRtiyoM kA vivaraNa / - karmagrantha, bhAga 2, gAthA 18 maMThavaNAdavikhette kAle ya pajjaNaNakamme // bhoge guNe ya bhAve dasa e e itthINikkhevo // -- sUtrakRtAMga niryukti gAthA 54 7. tandulavaicArika sAvacUri sUtra 19, (devacaMda lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra granthamAlA) 8. tandulavaicArika sAvacUri sUtra 19, (devacanda lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra granthamAlA) samudravIcIcapalasvabhAvAH saMdhyAbhramarekhA va muhUrtarAgAH / striyaH kRtArthAH purUSaM nirarthakaM nipIDitAlaktakavad tyajanti // uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, pR. 65, RSabhadevajI, kezarImala saMsthA ratnapura (ratalAma) 1933 I. 10. pagaitti sabhAo / svabhAvena ca itthI alpasatvA bhavati / - nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, pR. 584, AgarA, 1957-58 11. sAya appasattattaNaA jeNa vAteNa vatthamAdiNA || appeNAvi lobhijjati, dANalobhiyA ya akajjaMpi karoti // - vahI, bhAga 3, pR. 584 12. AcarAMgacUrNi pR. 315 jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 42

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13. evaM pitA vadittAvi aduvA kammuNA avkreNti| - sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/23 14. dugrahiyaM hRdayaM yathaiva vadanaM yadarpaNAntargatam, bhAva: parvatamArgadurgaviSamaH strINAM pa vijnyaayte|| - sUtrakRtAMga vivaraNa 1/4/23, pra. seTha chaganalAla, [thA baMgalora 1930 15. suTThavi jiyAsu suTThavi piyAsu suTThavi lddhpraasu| aDaIsu mahiliyAsu ya vIsaMbho neva kaayvyo| ubbheu aMgulI so puriso sayalaMmi jiivloymmi| kAmaM taeNa nArI jeNa na pattAI dukkhaaii|| -vahI, vivaraNa 1/4/23 16. vahI, 1/4/2 17. ee ceva ya dosA purisasamAye vi itthiyANaM pi| -sUtrakRtAMganiyukti gAthA 61 18. bhAgavatI ArAdhanA gAthA 987-88 va 995-96 19. vahI gAthA, 989-94 20. tae NaM se kaNhe drAsudeva NhAe jAva vibhUsie devaIe devIe pAsavaMdAye hvbmaagcchi|| -antedazA sUtra 18 21. no khula me kappai ammApitIhiM jIvaMtehI muNDe bhavittA agAravAsAo aNagAriyaM pvvie|| -kalpasUtra 91 (evaM) gambhattho ceva abhiggahe geNhati NAhaM samaNe hokkhAmi jAva etANi ettha jIvaMti tti| ____ -AvazyakacUrNiprathama bhAga, pR. 242, pR. RSabhadeva jI kezarImala zvetAmbara saM. ratalAma 1928 22. tae NaM mallI arahAkevalanANadaMsaNe samuppane / -jJAtAdharma kathA 8/186 23. ajjA vi baMbhi-sundarI-rAimaI candaNA pmukkhaao| kAlatae vi jAo tAo ya namAmi bhAveNaM // - RSimaNDalastava 208 jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :43

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24. devIo cakkesarI ajiyA duriyArI kAli mhaakaalii| accuya saMtA jAlA sutArayA asoya sirivcchaa| pavara vijayaM kusA paNNattI nivvANi accuyA dhrnnii| vairoTTAcchuta gaMdhAri aMba paumAvai siddhA / / -pravacanasAroddhAra, bhAga 1, pR.375-76, devacaMda lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra saMsthA san 1922 25. tIse so vayaNaM soccA saMjayAe subhaasiyN| aMkuseNa jahA nAgo dhamme sNpddivaaiyo|| -uttarAdhyayana sUtra 22, 48 (tathA) dazavaikAlikacUrNi, pR. 87-88 maNivijaya sirija bhAvanagara / 26. bhagavaM vaMzI sundarIo patthaveti imaM va bhnnito| Na kira hatthiM vilaggassa kevalanANaM uppajjai // -AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1, pR. 211 27. vaMtAsI puriso rAyaM, na so hoi psNsio| mAhaNeNaM paricataM dhaNaM AdAumicchasi / / -uttarAdhyayana sUtra 14, 38 evaM uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, pR. 230 (RSabhadeva kezarImala saMsthA ratalAma, san 1933) 28. bhagavatI 12/2 29. jai vi parivittasaMgo tahA vi privddi| mahilAsaMsaggIe kosAbhavaNUsiya vva risii|| --bhaktaparijJA, gA. 128 (tathA) tuma eta soyasi appaNaM Navi, tuma erisao hati / / -AvazyakacUrNi 2, pR.187 Na dukkara toDiya aMbapiMDI, Na dukkaraNaccitu sikkhiyaae| taM dukkaraM taM ca mahANubhAgaM, ja so muNI pamayavaNaM nivittttho|| -vahI, 1, pR. 555 30. kalpasUtra, kramazaH 197, 167, 157 va 134, prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura, 1977 I. jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :44

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31. cAtumAsa sUcA, pR. 77 pra. a. bhA. samagra jaina cAturmAsa sUci prakazana pariSada bambaI 1987 / 32. itthI purisasiddhA ya, taheva ya napusaMgA / saliMge annaliMge ya, gihiliMge taheva ya // 33. jJAtAdharmakathA - malli aura dropadI ayayayana / 34. (a) tatheva hatthikhaMdhavaragatAe kevalanANaM, siddhAe imAme osappiNIe padmasiddho marUdevA / evaM ArAhaNaM pratiyogasaMgaho kAyavvo / - A. cUrNibhAga 2 pRSTha 212 draSTavya, vahI bhAga, 1, pR. 181 va 488 / (ba) antakRddazA ke varga 5 meM 10, varga 7 meM 13, varga 8 meM 10 | isa prakAra kala 33 mukta nAriyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA haiM / 35. (a) maNussiNIsu micchAiTThi sAsaNasammAiTTi - TThANe siyA pajjatti - yAo siyA apajjattiyAosaMjadAsaMjadasaMjadaTThANe NiyamA pajjattiyAA / (ba) evaM vidhANacariyaM cariyaM je sAdhavo ya ajjAvo / te jaMgapujjaM kitiM suhaM ca laddhUNa sijjhati // uttarAdhyayana sUtra 36, 50 - SaTkhaNDAgama, 1, 192-93 36. liMga itthINa havadi bhuMjai sueyakAlammi | ajjiya vi ekavatthA vatthAvaraNeNa bhuMjei // vi sijjha vatthadharo jiNasAsaNe jaDavi hoi titthayaro / go vimokkhamaggo sesA umaggayA sabve // jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 45 (tathA) suNahAta gaddahANa ya gopasumahilANaM dIsade mokkho / je sodhati cautthaM picchijjaMtA jaNehi savvehiM / - mUlAcAra 4 / 196 - zIlaprabhRta 29 37. Aspects of jainology Vo.. 2; Pt. Bechardas Doshi Commeinoration Vol. page 150-110.38. isa sambandha meM zvetAMbara dRSTikoNa ke lie dekhie - abhidhAna rAjendra bhAga - 2, - sUtraprAbhRta, 22, 23

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pR. 618-621 (tathA) itthIsu Na pAvayA bhaNiyA --sUtra prAbhRta, pR. 24-26 evaM Navi sijjai vatthabharo jiNayAsaNe hoi titthyro| --vahI, 23 39. isa sambandha meM digambara pakSa kI vistRta carcA ke lie dekheM --jainendra siddhAnta koSa, bhAga 3, pR. 596-598 evaM zvetAmbara pakSa ke lie dekheM --abhidhAna rAjendra koSa, bhAga 2, pR. 618-621 40. isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA ke lie dekheM --yApanIya sampradAya, pro. sAgaramala jain| 41. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2 42. (ka). bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, 2411; 2407, (kha). bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga4, 4339 (ga). vyavahArasUtra 5/1-16 43. jassaNaM ahaM puttA! rAyassa vAjuvarAyassa vAbhAriyattAe sayameva dalaissAmi, tattha NaM tumaM suhiyA vA dukkhiyA vA bhvijjaasi|| --jJAtAdharmakathA 16/85 44. taeNaMsArevaI gAhAvaiNI tehiMgoNamaMsehiM sAllehiMya 4 suraMca AsAemANo 4 vihri| --uvAsagadasAo 244 tae NaM tassa mahAsayagassa samaNovAsagassa bahUhiM sIla jAva bhAvamANassa coisa saMvaccharA vikkNtaa| evaM taheva jeThaM puttaM Thavei jAva posahasAlAe dhammapaNNattiM uvasaMpajjitA NaM vihri| --uvAsagadasAo, 245 45. aputrasya gati sti| 46. jaiNaM ahaM dAragaM vA payAyAmi to NaM ahaM jAyaM ya jAva annuvuddddhemitti| _ -- jJAtAdharmakathA, 1, 2, 16, 47. na tassa dukkhaM vibhayaMti nAio, na mittavaggA na suyA na bNdhvaa| ekko sayaM paccaNu hoi duksa, kattAramevaM aNujAi kammaM / / jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :46

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48. jJAtAdharmakathA adhyayana 8, sUtra 30, 31 . 49. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pRSTha 152 50. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, 142-143 51. jainAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina pR. 253-266 52. jJAtAdharmakathA adhyAya 16, sUtra, 82-74 53. uvAsakadasA 1, 48 54. uvAsakadasA, abhayadevakRtavRtti pR. 43 55. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 2, 381 56. jJAtAdharmakathA, dvitIyazrutaskandha, prathama varga, adhyAya 2-6 dvitIya varga, adhyAya 5, tRtIya varga, adhyAya 1-54 57. jJAtAdharmakathA, prathamazruskandha, adhyAya 16, sUtra 82-84 58. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, pR. 267 59. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 2, pR. 183 60. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR. 129 61. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, pR. 234 62. (a) nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 2, pR. 59-60 (ba) tesiM paMca mahilAsatAI, tANi vi aggiM pAvaTThANi / --nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 4, pR. 14 63. mahAnizItha pR. 29 1 dekheM, jainAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR. 281 64. AvazyakacUrNi. bhAga 1, pR. 318 65. mantriNyau lalitAdevI saukhyau anazanena mamratuH / --prabandhakoza, pRSTha 129 66. evamege dha pAsatthA, pannavaMti annaariyaa| itthIvasagayA bAlA, jinnsaasnnprmmuhaa|| jahA gaMDa pilAgaM vA, paripIlejja muhuttaMgaM / evaM vinnavaNitthIsu, doso tattha kao siyA ? -- sUtrakRtAMga, 1/3/4/9-10 67. upAsakadazA 1, 48 jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA :47

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68. aNagaseNA pAmokkhANaM aNegANaM gaNiyAsAhassINaM / AvazyakacUrNa bhAga 1, pR. 356 69. AdipurANa, pR. 125, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, 1919 70. aDDhA jAvAmittaM bhaTTittaM mahattaragataM ANA Isara seNAvaccaM kAremA " / 71. dekheM, jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA AcAra darzana, bhAga 2, DaoN sAgaramala jaina, 7.268 'asaIjaNaposaNayA 72. 73. sAvikA jAyA abaMbhassa paccakkhAi NaNNatya rAyAbhiyogeNaM / -- - upAsakadazA 1/51 74. jainazilAlekha saMgraha bhAga 2 abhilekha kramAMka 8 75. jambUdvIpa prajJapti - zAntisUrIya vRtti, adhikAra 2, 30 76. jJAtAdharmakathA 4/6 -- AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR. 554-55 77. tamhA u vajjae itthI AghAte Na sevi NiggaMthe / 78. kappai niggaMthINaM viikiTThAe kAle sajjhAyaM karettae niggaMtha nissAe / (tathA) paMcavAsapariyAe samaNe nimgaMthe, saTThivAsa pariyAe samaNIe niggaMthIe kappai Ayariya uvajjhAyattAe uddisittAe / -- vyavahArasUtra 7, 15 va 20 79. isa samasta carcA ke lie dekheM mere nirdezana meM racita aura mere dvArA sampAdita grantha - jaina aura bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha - DaoN. arUNa pratApa siMha / jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA : 48

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina janma tithi di. 22.02.1932 janma sthAna : zAjApura (ma.pra.) zikSA : sAhityaratna : 1954 ema.e. (darzana zAstra) : 1963 pI-eca.DI. : 1969 akAdamika upalabdhiyA~ : pravaktA ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA (1964-67), sahAyaka prAdhyApaka (1968-85), prAdhyApaka (prophesara) (1985-89), nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI (1979-97) lekhana : 30 pustakeM, 25 laghu pustikAe~ sampAdana 150 pustakeM sampAdaka jaina vidyA vizvakoSa (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI mahatvAkAMkSI pariyojanA) 'zramaNa' traimAsika zodha patrikA puraskAra pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra (1986,1998), svAmI praNavAnanda puraskAra (1987), DipTImala puraskAra (1992), AcArya hastImala smRti sammAna (1994), vidyAvAridhi sammAna (2003), kalAM marmajJa sammAna (2006), jaina presIDenziyala avArDa (yU.esa.e. 2007), gautamagaNadhara puraskAra (2008), AcArya tulasI prAkRta puraskAra (2009). sadasyaH akAdamika samitiH vidvat pariSada, bhopAla vizvavidyAlaya, bhopAla jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna lADanUM mAnada nidezaka, Agama, ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura / samprati saMsthApaka evaM nidezaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.) videza bhramaNa zikAgo, rAle, hyUsTana, nyUjarsI, uttarI karolInA, vAziMgaTana, senaphAMsisko, laoNsa eMjilsa, phinIksa, seMTa luIsa, piTsabarga, ToraNTo, nyUyArka, kanADA aura laMdana yU. ke.| prAcya vidyApITa: eka paricaya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina pAramArthika zikSaNa nyAsa dvArA san 1997 se saMcAlita prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura AgarA-mumbaI rASTrIya rAjamArga para sthita isa saMsthAna kA mukhya udezya bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM ke ucca starIya adhyayana, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko punaH pratiSThita karanA hai| isa vidyApITha meM jaina, bauddha aura hindu dharma Adi ke lagabhaga 12,000 durlabha grantha upalabdha hai| isake atirikta 700 hastalikhita pANDulipiyA~ bhI hai| yahA~ 40 patrapatrikAe~ bhI niyamita AtI hai| RAATSONGS org JUDUCULUSURISE SADrint - Akrati Offset Uiiain Ph.0734-2561720, 96300-777000 00