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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra
www.kobatirth.org
Acharya Shri Kailashsagarsuri Gyanmandir
Nyāya-Vais'eșika
267
mind, works and pain causes bondage and, its consequent suffering, in human life. The Naiyāyikas lay emphasis first upon the need of properly grasping the logical interrelations of these objects, and thus by going to the root cause of pain. The Nyāya and the Vais'esika systems do not lay stress on performance of rites and rituals, nor on idol worship; they emphasize much the pure understanding of the reality. They believe like the Advaita Vedānta that liberation can be attained by right knowledge and not by other methods.
The Nyāya and the Vais'eșika systems are called realistic for they recognise the independent existence of the objects of knowledge. They do not hold that the external world or the objects of knowledge have ideal existence; they do not reduce them to ideas as Berkeley did, nor do they deprive them of their own independent existence by making them mind-dependent. They hold that objects of knowledge exist outside knowledge, and that they have their own existence independent of knowlege, and that they are independent of each other. They reduce all the multifarious things of the world to a few elements or
substances' which they call Dravyas. The Dravyas are those substances to which the various things with their qualities can be reduced, and which are further irreducible to any other thing. The Dravyas are the final, eternally existing independent existences, and act as the possessors of attributes. The world is a manifestation of such dravyas in various forms. They recognise nine final and eternal realities which are mutually irreducible and explain the infinite varieties
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