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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra
www.kobatirth.org
Acharya Shri Kailashsagarsuri Gyanmandir
788
Atman and Moksa
to the substance. The substance is the God and all finite things are its effects; but they cannot be understood apart from God. They become illusory when they are separated from God. Spinoza's philosophy is similar to that of Saṁkara in so far as both maintain the monistic and pantheistic nature of the substance and Brahman. The chief difference is that, according to Spinoza, the finite things become real when viewed synthetically in substance (God), but according to Samkara, the finite things and the world become illusory when one reaches the integral experience of the Brahman. According to Spinoza, the human soul is a mode of one attribute (mind) of God. The soul becomes unhappy and illusory when it thinks of itself as separate from God, but reaches blessedness and immortality when it realises identity with God.
Leibniz holds that the monads are the Ultimate Realities being centres of consciousness. In the case of human beings all knowledge comes from within. All things are spiritual but they differ in the degrees of intelligence. The soul reaches perfection by the contemplation of God. Locke, the father of Empiricism, holds that the soul is the substratum of ideas and of all the states of consciousness. It itself is not consciousness, but it is capable of receiving ideas and the other states of consciousness. The soul is perishable and it lasts only as long as the body exists. This soul is somewhat like the soul of the Nyaya-Vais'esika and Mimāmsā systems, according to which, the soul is the substratum of the states of
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