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SANMATI-TARKA [111, 23, 24 different from substance. But "they cannot be applied to a substance and quality in one.
(24) If qualities are regarded as absolutely different from a substance they are either corporeal (Mūrta) or incorporeal (Amurta). If they are corporeal then Paramāņu (an atom) which is a substance and in which qualities are said to reside will also be corporeal for it is a repository of corporeal things. But the universally accepted characteristics of an atom is that it is incorporeal ; while on the other hand qualities are regarded as incorporeal then they will never be known.
The definitions cited above are objected to by our author for the obvious reason that the definition would be proper only if substance and quality are different from each other. But in reality the two are not mutually exclusive ; substance like quality is subject to birth and destruction, on the other hand quality is also stationery or permanent like the substance. The definitions, therefore, are not complete. They are partially true. The perfect definition would be that in which there is the combination of the characteristics of substance and quality brought together. Such a perfect definition is given by Umāswati in his Tattwārtha Sūtra 5, 29. According to
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