Pramanas And Language Dispute Between Dinnaga Dharmakirti And Akalanka

Author(s): Piotr Balcerowicz
Publisher: Piotr Balcerowicz

Page 9

A DISPUTE BETWEEN DINNAGA, DHARMAKĪRTI AND AKALANKA 351
voyance (avadhi-jñāna), mind-reading (manah-paryāya-jñānal') and absolute knowledge (kevala-jñāna)." These two models were quickly combined into one consistent scheme which became the standard for centuries to come. It also comprised subdivisions, or stages, of sensuous cognition: sensation (avagraha), cogitation (inā), perceptual judgement (avāya") and retention (dhāraṇā). The scheme found its classical formulation with Umāsvāmin in the Tattvârtha-sūtra
(TS):13
cognitive criteria (pramāņa)
indirect cognition (parokşa)
direct cognition (pratyakşa)
sensuous cognition (mati-jñāna) scriptural cognition (śruta-jñāna)
clairvoyance (avadhi-jñāna)
mind-reading (manaḥ-paryāya-jñāna) - absolute knowledge (kevala-jñāna)
- sensation (avagraha)
cogitation (īhā) - perceptual judgement (apāya) - retention (dhāraņā)
Model 1
10 The Digambaras, including Akalanka (RVār), preferred the variant: manahparyaya-jñāna.
"Viy 8.2.22–23 (p. 336): ...pamcavihe nāne pannatte, tam jahā - ābhinibohiya-nāne suya-nāne ohi-nāne manapajjava-nāne kevala-nāne. ... ābhinibohiya-nāne catuvvihe pannatte, tam jahā - uggaho ihā avāo dhāraṇā. NamS 6[28–29] i 8 (pp. 6, 9): ...nānadarsana-gunānam... nānam pamcaviham pannattam. tam jahā - abhinibohiyanānam suya-nānam ohi-nānam manapajjava-nānam kevala-nāņam.
12 The Svetämbaras prefer the term apāya.
13 TS 1.9-12, 15. Umāsvāmin's actual classification, based on classifications found also in the Agamas, was far more complex and contained the blanket idea of cognitive application (upayoga): (1) jñāna: (1) abhinibodhika-jñāna with four stages: (a) avagraha, (b) ihā, (c) apāya, (d) dhāranā, (2) śruta-jñāna, (3) avadhi-jñāna, (4) manahparyāya-jñāna, (5) kevala-jñāna, (II) darśana: (1) cakşur-darśana, (2) acaksurdarśana, (4) avadhi-darśana, (5) kevala-darśana. Comp. Viy 2.10.9[2] (p. 115): ...jive nam anamtānam ābhinibohiya-nāna-pajjavānam evaṁ suta-nāna-pajjavānam ohi-nāna-pajjavānam manapajjava-nāna-pajjavāna kevala-nana-pajjavanaṁ mati-annāna-pajjavānam suta-annāna-pajjavānam vibhamga-nana-pajjavānam cakkhu-daṁsanapajjavānam acakkhu-damsaņa-pajjavānam ohi-damsana-pajjavāna kevala-damsanapajjavānam uvaogam gacchati, upayoga-lakkane nam jive... See also STP 2.3, 5, 6, 8, 16, 23, 27.