________________
in arithmetic. They know just how many different, ries. kinds of different things there are in the Universe and they have them all tabulated and numbered, so that they shall have a place for every thing & every thing at its right place, Prof. Dr. Bibhuti Bhusan Dutt finds, "Ganita-sara-Sangraha is an important treatise on arithmetic by a Jain scholar Mahavira is still available".
(c) Mensuration: "The formula concerning the mensuration of a segment of a circle has been stated by the celebrated Jain metaphysician Umasvami, several centuries before Bhaskara 1". Jain Acharya Nemi Chandera has employed the law of indices, summation of series, mensuration, formula for circle and its segment, permutations and combinations."
(d) Mathematic: The Bulletin of Calcutta Mathematical Society (Vol. XXI) mentions that Jain scholar Mahaveera's investigations in the solution of rational triangles and quadrilaterals deserve special consideration. "Indeed these have certain notable features, which we miss in the others. Certain methods of finding solution of rational triangles, the credit for the discovery of which should rightly go to Mahaveera, are attributed by modern historians by mistake to writers posterior to him."
(e) Grammar: Jinendra-Vayakarna is a very famous Jain work on grammar. Panini-Sabdavatara is another Jain grammatical work. Vopadeva counts it among the 8 original authorities on Sanskrit gram
mar.
(f) Science: Jainism is purely a scientific system, and the Jain Tirthankaras were the greatest Scientists hence Jainism is the greatest subject for the study of modern science. Prof. Ghasiram has ably explained Jain principles in full compliance of science in his Cosmology Old and New.
(g) Classification: According to Dr. Brajindra Nath Seal, "Jainacharya Shri Umasvami's classification of animals is a good instance of classification by series, the number of senses possessed by the animal taken to determine its place in the seJainism: The
(h) Atomic Theory: The most remarkable contribution of the Jaina relates to their analysis of atomic linking or the mutual attraction of atoms in the formation of molecules.
(i) Medicine: Khagendra-Manidarpana is a Jain work on Medicine. Kalyanakaraka is another Jain treatise on medicine which long continued to be an authority on the subject with entirely a vegetarian and non-alcoholic treatment.
(j) Astronomy: German Thinker Dr. Schnbrig observes, "History of Indian Astronomy is not conceivable without famous Jain work Surya Pragyapti.
(k) Metaphysics: According to Dr. Jacobi, "Jainism has a metaphysical basis of its own, which secured it a distinct position apart from rival systems.
(1) Geography: As Jain monks tours on foot and village to village and ordinarily do not stay more than 3 days at one place except in rainy season, certainly their Geographical observations are vast and they wrote important books on the subject.
(m) Iconography: Images of 'Jina' was made centuries before the rule of Nanda. Images
of 'Jain Tirthankaras' made during Mouryan rule are at Patna museum. In the history of Indian iconography, the Jain images have their earliest place.
(n) Painting: Jain art of painting is one of pure draught-man-ship, the pictures are brilliant statements of the epic and drawing has perfect equilibrium of a mathematical equation—
(0) Art & Architecture: According to Dr. Guirenot, "Indian art owes to Jains a number of remarkable monuments and in architecture their achievements are greater still". According to Mr. Walhouse, "The whole capital and canopy of Jain pillars are a wonder of light, elegant lightly decorated stone work. Udaigiri caves of Orissa and architectural finds of Kushan age of Mathura are Jain objects of rare Global Impact 173
