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JULY, 1990)
INTER-STATE RELATIONS IN ANCIENT INDIA
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(d) The personal qualities (atma-eampat)-intelligent, bold in the refutation of arguments, with retentive memory, strong, towering, able to easily dissuade others from evil ways, proficient in arte, able to reward or punish for benefaction or injury in calamities, shameful,14 far-sighted, able to utilize the advantages of time, place, and manly efforts, resorting timely to alliance, vikrama, 15 concession, restraint upon actions and compacts, and turning into account the weaknesses of enemies ; reserved (samwrita), noble-minded (adina), treating jests with oblique looks and brow-beating, 16 devoid of evil passions, anger, avarice, idleness, frivolity, haste, and wickedness ; able,and talking with smile and dignity, and acting upon the advice of men old in wisdom.
(2) The excellences of ministers have been enumerated at the beginning, middle, and end of the Kaufiliya.11
(3) The excellences of the janapada are:-Extensive, self-sufficing, able to supply the needs of other states in their calamities, provided with sufficient means of protection and livelihood, (with subjects) hoetile to inimical states, able to control the neighbouring states, devoid of miry, stony, saline, uneven, thorny lands as well as forests with ferocious animals; lovely, containing agricultural lands, mines, timber and elephant-forests, inhabited by energetic people, provided with cattle, other animals, and well-protected pastures ; not relying upon rain for irrigation purposes (.e. containing irrigation works), possessing land and water-ways, large quantities of valuable and variegated articles of commerce, able to maintain an army and bear taxes, inhabited by laborious tillers of the soil and numerous intelligent (abelida) owners of properties, and containing numerous people of lower castes and loyal and righteous citizens.
(4) The excellences of forts have been already mentioned. 18
(5) The excellences of the treasure are :- Acquired honestly by the sovereign himself or his predecessors, containing large quantities of gold and silver, gold coins and varieties of big gems, and able to withstand long calamities and non-replenishment.
(6) The excellences of the army are Hereditary service, permanent, devoted, contentod, maintaining wife and children, not dissatisfied (avisamuddita) in sojourns,
# Tho next exprension in the text is not intelligible.
# Including pradda-yuddha (open fight), kdfa-yuddha (treacherous fight) and wish yuddha (scoret fight). Boo Kardiya, Bk. VII, ch. 6, p. 378. : "Abhih Aaya-jihma-bhrukutikshape" (implying abhindeyemalindaya vishaye).
17 Boo Kautilya, Bk. I, (mantri-pwahita patlik), p. 15, and the next chaptor, p. 17; the qualities of the and you lie poattered elsewhere in the work, the word referring to officialaliko samdharti and annidhi and not to mandrine (councillora) slono
. Kautilya, Bk. II (durga-vidhdnam), p. 51; B. ch. 10, pp. 292, 293.
