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r., 1920)
INTER-STATE RELATIONS IN ANCIENT INDIA
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(B). Of the several kinds of treaty of pence, the first three have been found to form a
group called Dandoponata-Sandhis, danda (army) being the chief Belf-submitter. subject matter of the stipulations. The dandopanata of the
Kauriliya, Bk. VII, chs. 15, 16 appears to be a much more helpless sovereign than one who is compelled to sue for a treaty of peace in any of the above three forms. If the disparity in power between a sovereign and his invader be very great and the former sees no other means of saving himself except by throwing him. self upon the latter's mercy, he becomes dandopanata. This self-submitter owes several obligations to the dandopandyin (henceforth to be termed dominator '). These obligations do not appear to be part and parcel of the three dandopanata treaties of peace, which points to the inference that the position of a self-submitter is not the outcome of those treaties but is rather caused by self-submission before any fight takes place between him and the invader, who afterwards becomes the dominator. For one who had enjoyed independence, the position of a self-submitter was no
doubt humiliating. He had to demean himself towards his The obligations of dominator rather like #government servant in the self-submitter.
the conven. tional ways, discharging his duties faithfully, but adapting himself to the moods of his master to continue in the latter's good graces.89 He had, when ordered by the dominator or with his permission, to engage in the construction of forts or other works, invite (other kings), celebrate marriages, hold the installation ceremonies of a son, capture elephants for sale, perform sacrifices, march against foes, or start on excursions for amusement. 84 He could not enter into alliance with any kinga85 staying in his kingdom or secretly punish those who had backed out from such alliances. If the citizens in his king. dom were wicked, he could not exchange it for lands with righteous people from another king, punish the wicked with secret punishments, or acoept lands offered by a friendly king, without the aforesaid permission. Interviews with the chief councillor, royal priest, commander-in-chief, or heir-apparent without the knowledge of the dominator were prohibited. 87 It was incumbent on the self-submitter to help the dominator to the utmost of his capacity and always express his readiness to do so. On the occasions of invocations of blessings on the dominator before the gods, he should promptly cause the ceremony to be observed in
98 "Lavdha-samiraya samay-doh drivad-bhartari vartota " Kaufltya, Bk. VII, ch. 18, p. 308, referring to Ibid., Bk. V, ch. 5 (comaydohdoilam), p. 250.
Some of the items enumerated above may be on behalf of the dominator. The construction of forts, for instance, may be for the defence of the dominator's kingdom, while several of the remain. ing items may be intended for him a well.
* The word in the text is praksis. The reference is to rdja-prakriti. For a parallel use of the word, see the heading "prakritindm sdmandyika-viparimarsch" in which prakpitindm" means "ndja. prabitindo " (Kautilya, Bk. VII, sh. 8, p. 372).
* For the treatment of the apassitor, 400 Kampültya, Bk. VII, ch. 6, pp. 278—280 Where apattina keriyd has been dealt with.
# There has been an omission of negative particle in the Sanskrit padenge for this sentence (Koufiltya, B. VII, ch. 16, p. 308
