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THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY
(JULY, 1920
the second, third and fourth mandalas being similarly formed by the enemy, medium, and super states with a friend and friend's friend of each 1.8 (2) The central state, enemy, friend, rear-enemy, medium, and super states form a circle of six sovereign-elements according to Puloman and Indra."
A list of other opinions is given below. 10
The excellences of the seven constituents are indicated in the Kautilya.11 (1) Those of the sovereign are:-(a) The inviting qualities (abhigamika-guna) of very high descent, favoured by destiny (daiva-sampanna), intelligent (buddhi-sampanna), steady (in weal or woe) (sativa-sampanna), seeing through people old in wisdom, virtuous, truthful, noncontradictory, grateful, having large aims, highly energetic, prompt, able to control neighbouring states, resolute, served by good men, and self-controlled. 19
(b) The intellectual qualities (prajfd-gusa)-desiring to hear what is worth hearing, hearing it, understanding, retaining in memory, discriminating, deliberating, rejecting what does not appeal to reason, and adhering to what is regarded as best. 13
(c) The energic qualities (utedha-guna)-courageous, justly indignant, quick, and industrious.
Kautilya, Bk. VI, ch. 2, p. 259. This corresponds to Maya's view in the Kdmandakiya, sarga 8, 4k. 20, calling the four principal states mala-prakriti (root-elements). The other elements would be called sathd-prakriti (branch-elements).
Kamandakiya, VIII, 21. The resource-elements have not been calculated.
10 (a) Maya (second view): the usual 12 sovereign-elements with an ally and an enemy of each (12+(12×2) 36 sovereign-elements). Ibid., VIII, 23.
(b) Brihaspati: 12 sovereign-elements-+an enemy of central state+an enemy of enemy+a friend as well as an enemy of each of the latter two=12+1+1+4=18 sovereign-elements. Ibid., VIII, 26.
(o) Kavaya (the wise): 18 sovereign-elements mentioned in (b)+5 resource-elements of each 18+90=108 (both kinds of elements). Ibid., VIII, 27.
(d) Visláksha: 18 sovereign-elements-+an ally and an enemy of each=18-+-36=54 sovereign-elements. Ibid., VIII, 28.
(e) 54 sovereign-elements mentioned in (d)+5 resource-elements of each 54+5x54-394 (both kinds of elements). Kémandablya, VIII, 29. [M. N. Dutt's translation of this passage at p. 90 is incorrect. He refers to "three hundred and twenty-four monarchies" which is likely to mislead a reader.]
In this way, the varying speculations of the ancient Hindu publicists mention 14, 6, 36, 21, 48, 10, 60, 30, 2, and even 1 element (Ibid., VIII, 30-40), the generally accepted view as already pointed out being that of 12 sovereign-elements. (Ibid., VIII, 41).
11 Kautilya, Bk. VI, ch. 1, pp. 255, 256.
19 I have consulted Sankararya's commentary as well as that called "Upadhyaya-nirapekshasarint" on dokas 6-8 of the fourth sarga of the Kdmandaliya in translating the above passages of the Kautilya.
18 Cf. Kamandakiya, IV, 22, 23 with the aforesaid commentaries.
