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August, 1920 ]
INTER-STATE RELATIONS IN ANCIENT INDIA
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are often noticeable : on the one hand, for instance, he states the circumstances in which to make a treaty of peace with hostages while, on the other, he enumerates the means by which the hostages can escape from the territories to which they have been committed ; similarly, he advises a powerful monarch as to when and whom to attack, recording as well the ways by which a weak or distressed monarch should defend himself against the attack; he offers his guidance in the same way to an invader by asking him to take proper precautions against
rear attack, direoting at the same time a rear enemy as to when and whom to attack from behind. Thus his advioe is meant for the solution of problems arising from different interstatal situations and has in view the welfare not of a single state in a particular situation in te mandala but of the other states in it as well.
An analysis of the ways by which difficulties in inter-statal situations.could be tided over laid bare to the Hindu statesmen six courses of action,-sandhi, vigraha, dsana, yana, sambraya, and dvaidhíbhava. A further analysis may reduce them to the first two, and according to Vâta vyâdhi, these two are taken as the fundamental courses; but the aforesaid six are generally recognized in view of their applicability to different conditions.36
These six courses of action admit of combinations and imply many other measures which need not be named at present. Let us treat of the first course first.
SECTION II. Sandhi in the sense of treaty of peace represents but one of its uses in the Kauçiliya.
The other senses have to be carefully distinguished from the first The different senses of in order to avoid a confusion. The term bears in the Kauçiltya the sandhi in the Kaufiliya.
following meanings : (1) It is panabandha, i.e., a treaty of peace 36 concluding hostilities between the parties to the treaty.
(2) It is a compact between powers in their efforts to have friendly state to help them in their needs.37
(3) It is a compact between powers out on an expedition to divide among themselves the lands that might be acquired by each as the result of their combined efforts against a hostile state, 38
(4) It is a compact to plant a colony.39
(5) It is a compact to carry out particular works advantageous to the parties to the compact, such as building forts, exploiting mines, constructing trade-routes.co
(6) It is a settlement of differences between the king and his friend or servant.1
It is the first signification alone that has to do with the treaty of peace. The use of the second kind of compact will be realized when it is borne in mind that to secure a friendly state for help in difficulties, specially in war, was not an easy matter; for, as on the one hand, the combined request of two or more states was likely to be more mighty and persuasive than the request of a single state, so on the other, the compact was helpful in the dissension that might have ensued from the rejection of the request. The compact though termed a kind of sandhi was altogether different from the treaty of peace (hina-sandhi), and might have been in certain cases dissociated from war. The third compact had connection with but preceded the conclusion of the war in which the parties acted as friends, while the fourth and fifth need not have anything to do with war at all. The sixth would be devoid of any # Kausillya, Bk. VII, ch. 1, p. 261.
» Soe Ibid., Bk. VII, ch. S mitra-80.dhs). * Soe Ibid., Bk. VII, oh: 10 (bhdmi-sandhi). » See Ibid., Bk. VII, ch. 11 (an asta-sandhe). 49 Boo Ibid, Bk. VII, ch. 12 barmd-sandh).
41 See Ibid., B. VII, ch.6, Ep. 279, 280. 41 Cf. ruch cases in Ibid., B. VII, ch. 7.
