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THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY
(August, 1920
direct inter-statal bearing if the mitra+3 instead of signifying a friendly sovereign meant only a courtier or a personal friend of a particular king.
(A) Hina-sandhl. (A) It is the hina-sandhis alone that constitute the treaty of peace for bringing the
hostilities between the belligerents to a close. This is what we The hina-sandhis.
ordinarily mean by the term sandhi and will be dealt with at present, relegating the other kinds to subsequent sections. A treaty of peace should be concluded by a sovereign in view of the fact that the continu.
ance of hostilities will make him gradually weaker than his The circumstances in which sandhi should te enemy.44 It is recommended to be made with states of superior made.
or even equal power, for in the former case, the continuance of war is ruinous to the inferior state, and in the latter, to both. Should a superior power reject an offer of peace, the inferior has no other alternative but to throw itself up to the mercy of the former or have recourse to the methods of defence recommended in'dvallyasam'.45 If an offer of peace by a belligerent be rejected by another of equal strength, the former should wage war only so long as the latter sticks to it. An unqualified submission made by an inferior state ought to put a stop to hostilities; for, as on the one hand, the state may grow in fury by further maltreatment, so on the other, it may be helped by the other powers of the statal circle taking pity on its miserable condition. Should a state allied with other states against an enemy find that the states of the adjacent zone 6 naturally hostile to it will not attack (n = opagachchhanti) it, even if they are tempted, weakened, and oppressed by the enemy (trying to win them over to its side) or will not do so through fear of receiving blow for blow from the allied states (pratyaddna-bhaydt), then the state in alliance, even if inferior to the enemy individually, should continue the war. When again a state in war with another finds that the states of the adjacent zone will attack it, tempted, weakened, or oppressed by the latter, or through anxieties caused by the war waged next door, it should, even if individually superior to the enemy, make a treaty of peace in the first case, and remove the causes for anxiety to the aforesaid states in the second.47 If & belligerent sees that he is afflicted with calamities greater than those of his enemy, who will be able to remedy them easily and carry on the war effectively, the former though superior iv strength should make peace with the latter. 48 Kinds of hina-sandhi The various kinds of treaty of peace (hinu-sandhi)49 are :
I. (1) Atmamisha.50 The defeated sovereign (henceforth abbreviated into DS) agrees to help the conqueror (henceforth abbreviated into C), by going over to him personally with a stipulated number or the flower of his troops. A person of high rank is also given as a hostage.
13 In the passage " bhpityena mitrona od dosh- pas ritena ..... "Kaufi Hya ,Bk. VII, ch. 6, p. 279. 11 Kau illya, Bk. VII, ch. 1, p. 261, parasamad=dhiyamanah sam dadhita. 15 1.e.. Bk. XII of the Kaniliya.
< Para-prak ritaya's.ri-prakritaya, the reference being to the dja-prakritis and not to the citizens of the state of the enemy..
47 The text (Karafiltya, Bk. VII, ch. 3, p. 287) has " monopagachchhanti" which appears to be ar error for mdm upagachchhanti.
For the texts of this paragraph, see Kaufiltya, VII, ch. 3, pp. 266, 267. 4 The treaty of peace is also calledrama or samddhi. See Kautilya, k. VII, ch. 17, p. 311. 56 Corresponds to Kamandaldya, warga IX, fik. 16.
