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412
THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
(DECEMBER, 1891.
works21 which tell us that the Jainas bad two kinds of names for the months, the laukika or ordinary names, 'Srâvaņa, Bhadrapada, etc., and the lókóttara namos abhinandita (or abhinanda), pratishthita (or supratishtha), vijaya, prîtivardhana, srêyah, biva, sisira, hinnavat, Vasantamasa, kusumasambhava, nidâgha, and vanavirôha (or vanavirodhin). Laukika-Srávana would thus mean the month which is ordinarily called Srâvaņa (but whose 18köttara zame is abhinandita),' and this Jaina usage has been followed in the above dates; and it is plain now why the word laukika, which some scholars have erroneously taken as qualifying the year, occurs in this manner just in inscriptions from Anhilvậd. - In the place of laukika and in the same sense the word sádhárana appears to be used in the date No. 186 of V. 15:2, which is from a MS. of which I do not know where it was written.
Nakshatras, Karanas, and Yogas: - If we now turn to the days of the dates, it must strike as that, compared with the dates of the 'Saka era, the Vikrama dates, especially in more early times, rarely furnish any data besides the tithi and weekday. Thus, down to V. 1250, out of seventy dates of my list of calculated dates only one (No. 57 of V. 898) gives the nakshatra and yôga, and four (Nos. 190, 30, 58, and 31, of V. 794, 919, 962, and 1042), two of which are from literary works and the earliest of which is from a forged copper-plate, give the nakshatra. And altogether, of the 200 calculated dates, three (N08. 11, 22, and 23) give the nakshatru, karana, and yôga, five (Nos. 8, 57, 71, 122, and 136) the nakshatra and yoga; 20 the nakshatra only, and one (No. 39) gives the yôga (Vyatipata) only. Of these 29 dates ten are from stone inscriptions, ten from literary works, biz are dates of M88., and three of copper-plates. All the items thus furnisbed are correct, except those given in the dates Nos. 190 and 195.
Lunar and solar eclipses : - Five dates from copper-plate inscriptions mention lunar eclipses, and five, also from copper-plates, solar eclipses. The lunar eclipses all work out satisfactorily. Two of them in Nos. 5 and 40, of v. 1055 and 1272) were total eclipses, visible in India, and two (in No8. 4 and 161, of v. 1036 and 1220) partial eclipses, also visible in India. Of the eclipse mentioned in No. 80 of V. 1200 it is imposeible to speak quite positively, because it so happens that there were lunar eclipses on each of the three possible European equivalents of the Hindu date, but as only one of these eclipses was visible in India, it is highly probable that this is the eclipse referred to by the inscription - Of the five solar eclipses only two work out satisfactorily. One of these (in No. 83 of V. 1043) was a total eclipse, which was not visible in India, and the other in No. 114 of V. 1270) a total eclipse, visible in India. The three other solar eclipses are mentioned in the daien Nos. 190, 192, and 194; of V. 794, 1166, and 1299, which do not work out properly. - What deserves to be drawn special attention to here, is, that one of the solar eclipses, as already remarked, was not visible in India, • Samkrantis :-The date No. 139 of V. 994 quotes an unspecified sarnkránti (really the Vrisha-sankranti) which took place during the tithi of the date, 3 h. 30 m. after mean sunset : and another unspecified sankranti is quoted, wrongly, as it appears, in the date No. 193 of V. 1187.-Two dates, No. 74 of V. 1516 and No. 119 of V. 1717, mention the Mosha-samkranti, which in both cases took place during the tithi of the date, in the one date sh 1 m. before mean sunrise, and in the other 1 h. 1 m. after mean sunset.-A Dakshiņayana-samkranti which also took place during the tithi of the date, 4 h. 32 m. after mean sunset, is quoted in connection with the date No. 112 of V. 1084.-Besides, the Uttarayana-saṁkrinti is mentioned in five dates. In two of them, No. 12 of v. 1280 and No. 174 of V. 1234, the sankranti took place during the tithi of the date, in day-time, but the dates differ from each other in this that in the second date the tithi is joined with the week-day on which it commenced. In the date No. 169 of V. 1078 (assuming the reading of it to be correct) the sankranti took place 3 b. 29 m. before the commencement of the day on which the tithi commenced 3 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise ; and in No. 176 of V. 1161 it took place 7 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise, between
- Compare ... Indische Studion, Vol. X. p. 298, and Professor Weber Catalogue, Vol. II. p. 592.
