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DECEMBER, 1876.)
NOTES TO ARRIAN'S INDICA.
339
from the mainland, containing a small town prin- cipally inhabited by Arabs, who live on fish and dates. The harbour has good anchorage even for large vessels.
Apostana.-Near a place now called Sche- var. It is thought that the name may be traced in Dahr Asban, an adjacent mountain ridge of which Ochus was probably the southern extremity.
The bay with numerous villages on its shores is that on which Naban or Nabend is nor situated. It is not far from the river called by Ptolemy the Bagradas. The place abounds with palm-trees, as of old.
Gogana-Now Konkan or Konann. The bay lacks depth of water, still a stream falls into it-the Areon of the text. To the northwest of this place in the interior lay Pasargada, the ancient capital of Persia and the burial-place of Cyrus.
Sitak u 9.-The Sitiogagus of Pliny, who states that from its mouth an ascent could be made to Pasargada in seven days; but this is manifestly an error. It is now represented by a stream called Sita-Khegian.
CHAP. XXXIX. Hieratis.-The changes which have taken place along the coast have been so considerable that it is difficult to explain this part of the narrative consistently with the now existing state of things.
Mesambria.-The peninsula lies so low that at times of high tide it is all but submerged. The modern Abu-Shahr or Bushir is situated on it.
Taoke, on the river Granis.--Nearchus, it is probable, put into the mouth of the river now called the Kisht. A town exists in the neigh- bourhood called Gra or Gran, which may have received its name from the Granis. The royal city (or rather palace) 200 stadia distant from this river is mentioned by Strabo, XV. 3, 3, as being situate on the coast.
Rogonis.-It is written Rhogomanis by Ammianus Marcellinus, who mentions it as one of the four largest rivers in Persia, the other three being the Vatrachitis, Brisoana, and Bagrada.
Brizana.-Its position cannot be fixed with certainty.
Oroatis.- Another form is Arosis. It answers to the Zarotis of Pliny, who states that the uavigation at its mouth was difficult, except to
those well acquainted with it. It formed the boundary between Persis and Susiana. The form Oroätis corresponds to the Zend word aurwat, swift. It is now called the Tab.
CHAP. XL. Uxii.-They are mentioned by the author in the Anabasis, bk. vii. 15, 3.
Persis has three different climates. On this point compare Strabo, bk. xv. 3, 1.
Ambassadors from the Euxine Sea.- It has been conjectured that the text here is imperfect; Schmieder opines that the story about the ambassadors is a fiction.
CHAP. XLI. Kata derbis.- This is the bay which receives the streams of the Mensureh and Dorak; at its entrance lie two islands, Bunah and Deri, one of which is the Margastana of Arrian.
Dirido tis.-This is called by other writers Teredon, and is said to have been founded by Nabuchodonosor. Mannert places it on the island now called Bubian; Colonel Chesney, however, fixes its position at Jebel Sanâm, a gigantic mound near the Pallacopas branch of the Euphrates, considerably to the north of the embouchure of the present Euphrates. Nearchus had evidently passed unawares the main stream formed by the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris called by some the Pasitigris), and sailed too far westward. Hence he had to retrace his course, as mentioned in the next chapter.
CHAP. XLII. Pasitigris.--The Eulæus, now called the Karn, one arm of which united with the Tigris, while the other fell into the sea by an independent mouth. It is the Ulsi of the prophet Daniel. Pas. is said to be an old Persian word meaning small. 'By some writers the name Pasitigris was applied to the united stream of the Tigris and Euphrates, now called the Sha t-el-Arab.
The distance from where they entered the lake to where they entered the river was 600 stadia.-- A reconsideration of this passage has led me to adopt the view of those who place A ginis on the Tigris, and not on the Pasitigris. I would therefore now translate thus :-" The ascent from the southern (end of the) lake to where the river Tigris falls into it is 600 stadia." The fleet, therefore, could not have visited Aginis. The courses of the rivers and the conformation of the country have all undergone great changes, and hence the identification of localities is a matter of dif
