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SUPPLEMENT, 1876.]
MISCELLANEA.
361
It does not follow that in all cases they were so deduced. The Dravidian forms may well be older than the Sanskrit.
These rules of the Jain grammarians assist us, however, in comparing the languages.
It may be added, as a most remarkable and suggestive fact, that, although the Teluga, Ka- narese, and Malayalim languages have adopted the Sanskrit alphabet almost entirely, and can thus transliterate any word they receive from Sanskrit with perfect exactness, nevertheless words which represent the same Sanskrit forms are found in these languages changed according to laws similar to those existing in Tamil.
This, and what has gone before, may be illustrated by derivations in the Drávidian from Sanskrit ✓ RIJ, RAJ, RAJ, or ARJ, which last seems its primitive form.
The Sanskrit noun rajan = 'res,' appears in Tamil under the following forms :-(1) irdchan, (2) iráchd, (3) irdyan, (4) irrai, (5) irrai-van, (6) arachan, (7) arachu, (8) arayan, (9) arai, (10) arai-yan.
In Telugu we have, side by side with rája, the forms arachu and rdyu-du.
In Kanarese are found aracha and erevya. In Malayalim also appears aracha.
If Fick is right in giving ✓ ARG as the primi- tive, the Dravidian forms are in this case nearer to the original pre-Sanskrit mother of the Indo-
Germanic languages than Sanskrit is, and this affords some indication of an ancient and most intimate relation between the 'ur-sprache' of the Dravidian and that of the Sanskrit.
III. It is an interesting question, I conceive, whether any radical connection exists between the Sanskrit RI or VAR, and ar, or ir, ur, which enter into the composition of so many Dravidian words, with the same ideas of strength,''excellence,' and 'goodness.'
I take it for granted (Bopp, Eng. ed. vol. I. p. 1) that şi is á more modern form, and that ar, ir, and ur are the older in Sanskrit.
In Tamil and in Teluga ar is in most extensive nise as the first member of compounds. The abstract noun arr-mái (mdi = 'ness') signifies rarity,' 'excellence ;' as an adjective it takes the shapes of aru, arum, ar-iya, and ár.
In the same way we have iru-mái, iru, irum, = 'strength,' iru-m-bu = 'iron,' 'the strong substance.
What connexion there is between these forms and Sanskrit arya, arha, árya, or Gr. áp, ép, I leave others to inquire.
It is, however, noteworthy that the very stem which in the 'ur-sprache' must have meant 'noble,'excellent,' should exist in the Dravidian languages, and in such a way as to show that it is, if any, a genuine root of these languages, one of the oldest and most honoured.
MISCELLANEA. THE DESPONDENCY OF ARJUNA. Those for whom kingly power we prize, and joys From the 1st Canto of the Bhagavad-gitá.
of wealth and life, When I behold my valiant kin all thirsting for Leaving their wenih and happy lives, stand ranged the fight,
for mortal strife. My knees are loosed, my mouth is dry, and tear- Preceptors, fathers, grandsires, sons, though foes, drops dim my sight;,
I could not slay My hair all upright stands from fear, slips from To gain three worlds-much less for this, the emmy hand the bow,
pire of a day. My stalwart limbs with horror quake, my skin is If we slay Dhsitarashtra's sons, though dead to all aglow.
sense of right, Oh! Kesava, † I scarce can stand, for giddy Shall we not lose those blissful worlds, and sink whirls my brain,
in endless night! And strange ill-boding sights I see, and monstrous Though these, with minds obscured with lust of shapes of pain;
gold and kingly state, No heavenly bliss can be my lot, the slayer of my Shrink not from slaughter of their tribe, fear not kin;
the awful fate How can I long for victory or empire, dashed of those whose hands are red with blood of kinswith sin P
man and of friend,
• Gandiva is the miraculous bow given by Indra to Arjuna.-ED.
The slayer of Kefin--the hairy one',- form of a horse slain by Krishna.-ED.
Daitys in the
