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knowledge, from simple comprehension to the only true wisdom, as so many steps to final liberation; Darsanávarana, disbelief in the doctrines of the Jain Saints;
Mohaniya, hesitation in obeying the injunctions of the Jain code, or doubt as to their importance and the consequences of their neglect;
Antaraya, impeding or vexing those engaged in seeking liberation.
The second class comprises:
OF THE HINDUS.
Vedaniya, self-consciousness or sufficiency; Náma, pride of name; Gotra, pride of birth; and Ayushka, attachment to bodily existence.
These essential principles of the faith are common to all classes of Jains, but some differences occur in their Duties as they are divided into religious or lay orders, Yatis and Śrávakas. Implicit belief in the doctrines and actions of the Tirthankaras is, of course, obligatory on both; but the former are expected to follow a life of abstinence, taciturnity, and continence, whilst the latter add to their moral and religious code the practical worship of the Tirthankaras, and profound reference for their more pious brethren. The moral code of the Jains is expressed in five Mahávratas, or great duties: Refraining from injury to life, truth, honesty, chastity, and freedom from worldly desires. There are four Dharmas, or merits-liberality, gentleness, piety, and penance; and three sorts of restraint-government of the mind, the tongue, and the person. To these are superadded a number of minor
