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INTRODUCTION.
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Hemaka, Todeyya, Kappa, Gatukannin, Bhadrâvudha, Udaya, Posâla, Mogharågan (Pingiya, w. 1006–1008 ; Sela, p. 98), and K’ankin, Târukkha, Pokkharasati, Gânussoni, Vasettha, and Bharadvåga, p. 109.
We learn that there were four kinds of Samanas, viz. Maggaginas, Maggadesakas (or Maggadesins, Maggagghayins), Maggagivins, and Maggadůsins, v. 83-88. Among these Samanas disputes arose, w. 828, 883–884; a number of philosophical systems were formed, and at the time of Buddha there were as many as sixty-three of them, v. 538. These systems are generally designated by ditthi, vv. 54, 151, 786, 837, 851, &c.; or by ditthigata, w. 834, 836, 913; or by ditthasuta, v. 778; or by dittha, suta, and muta, W.793, 813, 914; or by dittha, suta, sîlavata , and muta, w. 790, 797–798, 836, 887, 1080. The doctrines themselves are called ditthinivesa, v. 785; or nivesana, vv. 209, 470, 801, 846; or vinikkhaya, v. 838, 866, 887, 894 ; and he who entertains any of them, is called nivissavâdin, vv. 910, 913.
What is said of the Samanas seems mostly to hold good about the Brâhmanas also. They too are called disputatious, vâdasîla, v. 381, &c., p. 109; and three kinds of them are mentioned, viz. Titthiyas, Ågivikas, and Ni. ganthas, w. 380, 891-892. In contradistinction to the Samanas the Brahmanas are designated as Teviggas, vv. 594, 1019; they are Padakas, Veyyâkaranas, and perfect in Gappa, Nighandu, Ketubha, Itihâsa, &c., V. 595, p. 98. They are called friends of the hymns, v. 139 ; well versed in the hymns, v. 976; and their principal hymn is Såvitti?, w. 568, 456. They worship and make offerings to the fire, pp. 74, 20. In Brâhmanadhammikasutta the ancient and just Brâhmanas are described in opposition to the later
1 I am not sure whether silavata is to be understood as one notion or two. It is generally written in one word, but at p. 109 Vâsettha says, when virtuous and endowed with works, he is a Brahmana, yato kho bho silava ka hoti vatasampanno ka ettâvatâ kho brâhmano hoti. Silavata, I presume, refers chiefly to the Brâhmanas.
? From v. 456 we see that Buddha has rightly read vareniyam as the metre requires, but I must not omit to mention that the Commentator understands by Såvitti the Buddhistic formula: Buddham saranam gakkhâmi, Dhammam saranam gakkhâmi, Samgham saranam gakkhâmi, which, like Sâvitti, contains twenty-four syllables.
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