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The difference between Rijusutra and Shabd is that whereas Rijusutra deals with the present form only, Shabd accepts the present form precisely on the basis of gender and case.
Samabhirudh does not accept synonyms as real. For example ghat, kut and kraya are synonyms of pitcher. But according to this naya a pitcher can be called ghat only when it is in the process of being filled. Only that pitcher can be called kut which is uneven in shape; and only that pitcher is called kraya which is placed on the floor and then filled. The meaning of a word also changes with its use.
Other categories of nayas-Dividing nayas into general and special categories, Avashyak Sutra states seven hundred categories of nayas.
First three nayas, i.e. Naigam, Samgraha and Vyavahar are called Dravyarthik nayas (existent material aspects). The remaining three are called Paryayarthik nayas (transformational aspects) because they cover paryayas (modes).
First four nayas lay emphasis on meaning (arth) therefore they are called Arth nayas. The remaining nayas are called Shabd nayas (verbal viewpoints). (Visheshavashyak Bhashya 2262)
The viewpoint that accepts popular meaning is called Vyavahar naya (conventional viewpoint). For example bumble-bee is black. Nishchaya naya (transcendental viewpoint) is more specific, it says a bumble-bee has five colours not just black.
To know the acceptable and non-acceptable meanings is Jnana naya (conceptual viewpoint) and to get involved with the acceptable meaning is Kriya naya (practical viewpoint).
When all these nayas remain relative to each other and do not shift towards isolation by accepting one and rejecting other they are called samyak nayas. When they become absolute and are not relative any more, they become Mithya nayas (false viewpoint). To explain this Jinabhadra Gani has given two examples. When seven blind persons touch seven different parts of an elephant and each considers only that part which he has touched as elephant, it is Mithya naya. But when a person with perfect vision accepts the combination of all these seven parts as elephant it is Samyak naya.
The other example is each single bead of a necklace cannot be separately called a necklace but when strung in a thread the combination of these several beads is called a necklace.
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सचित्र अनुयोगद्वार सूत्र-२
(474)
Illustrated Anuyogadvar Sutra
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