Sramana 1995 01

Author(s): Ashok Kumar Singh
Publisher: Parshvanath Vidhyashram Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/525021/1

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4.GO janavarI-mArca 1665 varSa 46] [aMka 1-3 vi GES Fes Private Personal Use Only pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI - 5

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pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina sampAdaka DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha saha-sampAdaka DaoN0 zivaprasAda - varSa 46 janavarI-mArca, 1995 aMka 1-3 prastuta aGka meM pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke nimna Alekha prakAzita kiye jA rahe hai : - 45 46 - 58 59 - 68 1. ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya 2. prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA 3. mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM usameM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya 4. sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA 5. tIrthakara aura Izvara ke sampratyayoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana 6. jaina jagat -- 86 - 92 - - vArSika zulka cAlIsa rupaye eka prati dasa rupaye yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki lekhaka ke vicAroM se sampAdaka athavA saMsthAna sahamata hoN|

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza - pro. sAgaramala jaina __ bhAratIya saMskRti meM ati prAcInakAla se hI do samAnAntara dhArAoM kI upasthiti pAI jAtI hai-- zramaNadhArA aura vaidikdhaaraa| jaina dharma aura saMskRti isI zramaNadhArA kA eka aMga hai| jahA~ zramaNadhArA nivRttiparaka rahI, vahA~ vaidikadhArA prvRttiprk| jahA~ zramaNadhArA meM saMnyAsa kA pratyaya pramukha banA, vahA~ vaidikadhArA meM gRhsthjiivn| zramaNadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA ko adhika abhivyakti dI aura yaha mAnA ki zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA sAgara, ataH usane zarIra aura saMsAra donoM se hI mukti ko apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya maanaa| usakI dRSTi meM jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlya gauNa rahe aura anAsakti, vairAgya aura AtmAnubhUti ke rUpa meM mokSa yA nirvANa ko hI sarvocca mUlya mAnA gyaa| isake viparIta vaidikadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana ko vareNya mAnakara jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM arthAt jIvana ke rakSaNa evaM poSaNa ke prayatnoM ke sAtha-sAtha pArasparika sahayoga yA sAmAjikatA ko pradhAnatA dii| phalataH vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti evaM pArasparika sahayoga hetu prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiM, yathA -- hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTha ho, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deM, vanaspati evaM anna pracura mAtrA meM utpanna hoM, hamameM paraspara sahayoga ho aadi| jJAtavya hai ki vedoM meM vairAgya evaM mokSa kI avadhAraNA anupasthita hai, jabaki vaha zramaNadhArA kA kendrIya tattva hai| isa prakAra ye donoM dhArAyeM do bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM ko lekara pravAhita huI haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa inake sAhitya meM bhI inhIM bhinna-bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana pAyA jAtA hai| zramaNa paramparA ke sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA ko pradarzita kara tyAga aura vairAgyamaya jIvana zailI kA vikAsa kiyA gayA, jabaki vaidika sAhitya meM aihika jIvana ko adhika sukhI aura samRddha banAne hetu prArthanAoM kI aura sAmAjika-vyavasthA ( varNa-vyavasthA) aura bhautika upalabdhiyoM ke hetu vividha karmakANDoM kI sRjanA huii| prArambhika vaidika sAhitya, jisameM mukhyataH veda aura brAhmaNa grantha samAhita haiM, meM laukika jIvana ko sukhI aura samRddha banAne vAlI prArthanAoM aura karmakANDoM kA hI prAdhAnya hai, isake viparIta zramaNa paramparA ke prArambhika sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA aura kSaNabhaMguratA ko pradarzita kara usase vairAgya aura vimukti ko hI pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| saMkSepa meM zramaNa paramparA kA sAhitya vairAgya pradhAna hai| zramaNadhArA aura usakI dhyAna aura yoga sAdhanA kI paramparA ke astittva ke saMketa hameM mohanajodar3o aura har3appA kI saMskRti ke kAla se hI milane lagate hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki haDappA saMskRti vaidika saMskRti se bhI pUrvavartI hI rahI hai| Rgveda jaise prAcInatama grantha meM bhI vrAtyoM aura vAtarazanA muniyoM ke ullekha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karate hai ki usa yuga meM zramaNadhArA kA astitva thaa| jahA~ taka isa prAcIna zramaNa paramparA ke sAhitya kA prazna hai

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza durbhAgya se vaha Aja hameM upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu vedoM meM usa prakAra kI jIvana dRSTi kI upasthiti ke saMketa yaha avazya sUcita karate haiM ki unakA apanA koI sAhitya bhI rahA hogA, jo kAlakrama meM lupta ho gyaa| Aja AtmasAdhanA pradhAna nivRttimUlaka zramaNadhArA ke sAhitya kA sabase prAcIna aMza yadi kahIM upalabdha hai, to vaha aupaniSadika sAhitya meM hai| prAcIna upaniSadoM meM na kevala vaidika karma-kANDoM aura bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kI AlocanA kI gaI hai, apitu AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna Atmatattva kI sarvoparitA bhI pratiSThita kI gayI hai| Aja yaha sabase bar3I bhrAnti hai ki hama upaniSadoM ko vaidikadhArA ke pratinidhi grantha mAnate haiM, kintu unameM vaidika karmakANDoM kI spaSTa AlocanA ke jo svara mukharita hue haiM aura tapa-tyAga pradhAna AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI jo pratiSThA huI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki ve mUlataH zramaNa jIvana-dRSTi ke prastotA haiN| yaha satya hai ki upaniSadoM meM vaidikadhArA ke bhI kucha saMketa upalabdha haiM kintu yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki upaniSadoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana dRSTi vaidika nahIM, zramaNa hai| ve usa yuga kI racanA haiM, jaba vaidikoM dvArA zramaNa saMskRti ke jIvana mUlyoM ko svIkRta kiyA jA rahA thaa| ve vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvaya kI kahAnI kahate haiN| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM samanvaya kA yaha prayatna spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotA hai| usameM tyAga aura bhoga, pravRtti evaM nivRtti, karma aura karma-saMnyAsa, vyakti aura samaSTi, avidyA (bhautika jJAna) aura vidyA (AdhyAtmika jJAna) ke madhya eka sundara samanvaya sthApita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM kA pUrvavartI evaM samasAmayika zramaNa paramparA kA jo adhikAMza sAhitya thA, vaha zramaNa paramparA kI anya dhArAoM ke jIvita na raha pAne yA unake bRhad hindU paramparA meM samAhita ho jAne ke kAraNa yA to vilupta ho gayA thA yA phira dUsarI jIvita zramaNa paramparAoM ke dvArA athavA bRhad hindU paramparA ke dvArA AtmasAta kara liyA gyaa| kintu usake astitva ke saMketa evaM avazeSa Aja bhI aupaniSadika sAhitya, pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgamoM meM surakSita haiN| prAcIna AraNyakoM, upaniSadoM, AcArAMga (prathama zrutaskandha), sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, isibhAsiyAI, theragAthA, suttanipAta aura mahAbhArata meM ina vilupta yA samAhita zramaNa paramparAoM ke aneka RSiyoM ke upadeza Aja bhI pAye jAte haiN| isibhAsiyAI, sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM ullikhita yAjJavalkya, nArada, asitadevala, kapila, pArAzara, AruNi, uddAlaka, nami, bAhuka, rAmaputta Adi RSi ve hI haiM, jinameM se aneka ke upadeza evaM AkhyAna upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI surakSita haiN| jaina paramparA meM RSibhASita meM inheM arhata RSi evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM siddhi ko prApta tapodhana mahApuruSa kahA gayA hai aura unheM apanI pUrva paramparA se sambaddha batAyA gayA hai| pAlitripiTaka ke dIghanikAya ke sAmaJaphalasutta meM bhI buddha ke samakAlIna chaha tIrthaMkaroM -- ajitakezakambala, prakudhakAtyAyana, pUrNakazyapa, saMjayavelaThThiputta, maMkhaligozAlaka evaM niggaThanAtaputta kI mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza huA hai, phira cAhe unheM vikRta spa meM hI prastuta kyoM na kiyA gayA ho| isI prakAra ke theragAthA, suttanipAta Adi ke aneka thera (sthavira) bhI prAcIna zramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita rahe haiN| isa sabase bhArata meM

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pro. sAgaramala jaina zramaNadhArA ke prAcInakAla meM astitva kI sUcanA mila jAtI hai| padmabhUSaNa paM dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne pAlitripiTaka meM ajita, araka aura aranemi nAmaka tIrthaMkaroM ke ullekha ko mana khoja nikAlA hai| jJAtavya hai ki usameM inheM "titthakaro kAmesu vItarAgo" kahA gayA hai-. cADe hama yaha mAne yA na mAneM ki inakI saMgati jaina paramparA ke ajita, araha aura ariSTanemi nAmaka tIrthaMkaroM se ho sakatI hai-- kintu itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki ye sabhI ullekha zramaNadhArA ke atiprAcIna astitva ko hI sUcita karate haiN| vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgama vaidika sAhitya meM veda prAcInatama hai| vedoM ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya darzanoM meM do prakAra / mAnyatAe~ ullikhita haiN| mImAMsakadarzana ke anusAra veda apauruSeya hai arthAta kisI vyakti viza dvArA nirmita nahIM hai| unake anusAra veda anAdi-nidhana hai, zAzvata hai, na to unakA koI racayitA hai aura nahIM rcnaakaal| naiyAyikoM kI mAnyatA isase bhinna hai, ve veda-vacanoM jo Izvara-sRSTa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra veda apauruSeya nahIM, apitu IzvarakRta haiN| IzvarakRta hote hue bhI Izvara ke anAdi-nidhana hone se veda bhI anAdi-nidhana mAne jA sakate haiM, kintu jaba unheM IzvarasRSTa mAna liyA gayA hai, to phira anAdi kahanA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki Izvara kI apekSA se to ve sAdi hI hoNge| jahA~ taka jainAgamoM kA prazna hai unheM artha-rUpa meM arthAt kathya-viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se tIrthakaroM ke dvArA upadiSTa mAnA jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se ve apauruSeya nahIM haiN| ve artha-rUpa meM tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadiSTa aura zabda-rUpa meM gaNadharoM dvArA racita mAne jAte haiM, kintu yaha bAta bhI kevala aMga AgamoM ke sandarbha meM hai| aMgabAhya Agama grantha to vibhinna sthaviroM aura pUrvadhara-AcAryoM kI kRti mAne hI jAte haiN| isa prakAra jaina Agama pauruSeya (puruSakRta) haiM aura kAla vizeSa meM nirmita haiN| kintu jaina AcAryoM ne eka anya apekSA se vicAra karate hue aMga AgamoM ko zAzvata bhI kahA hai| unake isa kathana kA AdhAra yaha hai ki tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA to anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai aura anantakAla taka calegI, koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM, jisameM tIrthaMkara nahIM hote haiN| ataH isa dRSTi se jaina Agama bhI anAdi-ananta siddha hote haiN| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra tIrthakara bhinna-bhinna AtmAe~ hotI haiM kintu unake upadezoM meM samAnatA hotI hai aura unake samAna upadezoM ke AdhAra para racita grantha bhI samAna hI hote haiN| isI apekSA se nandIsUtra meM AgamoM ko anAdi-nidhana bhI kahA gayA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke kathana meM cAhe zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho, kintu artha-rUpa meM bhinnatA nahIM hotI hai| ataH artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se yaha ekarUpatA hI jainAgAmoM ko pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi-ananta siddha karatI hai| nandIsatra (satra 58) meM kahA gayA hai ki "yaha jo bradaza-aMga yA gaNipiTaka hai-- vaha aisA nahIM hai ki yaha kabhI nahIM thA, kabhI nahIM rahegA aura na kabhI hogaa| yaha sadaiva thA, sadaiva hai aura sadaiva rhegaa| yaha dhruva, nitya, zAzvata, akSaya, avasthita aura nitya hai|" isa prakAra jaina cintaka eka ora pratyeka tIrthakara ke

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza upadeza ke AdhAra para unake pramukha ziSyoM ke dvArA zabda-rUpa meM AgamoM kI racanA hone kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karate haiM to dUsarI ora artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se samarUpatA ke AdhAra para yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki artha-rUpa se jina-vANI sadaiva thI aura sadaiva rhegii| vaha kabhI bhI naSTa nahIM hotI hai| vicAra kI apekSA se AgamoM kI zAzvatatA aura nityatA mAnya karate hue bhI jaina paramparA unheM zabda rUpa se sRSTa aura vicchinna hone vAlA bhI mAnatI hai / anekAnta kI bhASA meM kaheM to tIrthaMkara kI anavarata paramparA kI dRSTi se Agama zAzvata aura nitya hai, jabaki tIrthaMkara vizeSa kI zAsana kI apekSA se ve sRSTa evaM anitya haiN| vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgamoM meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki vedoM ke adhyayana meM sadaiva hI zabda-rUpa ko mahattva diyA gayA aura yaha mAnA gayA ki zabda-rUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM honA caahie| cAhe usakA artha spaSTa ho yA na ho| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ko artha kA pravaktA mAnA gayA aura isalie isa bAta para bala diyA gayA ki cAhe AgamoM meM zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho jAya kintu unameM artha-bheda nahIM honA cAhie / yahI kAraNa thA ki zabda-rUpa kI isa upekSA ke kAraNa paravartIkAla meM AgamoM meM aneka bhASika parivartana hue aura Agama pAThoM kI ekarUpatA nahIM raha sakI / yadyapi vibhinna saMgItiyoM ke mAdhyama se ekarUpatA banAne kA prayAsa huA lekina usameM pUrNa saphalatA nahIM mila sakI / yadyapi yaha zabda-rUpa parivartana bhI Age nirbAdha rUpa se na cale isalie eka ora unheM lipibaddha karane kA prayAsa huA to dUsarI ora AgamoM meM pada, akSara, anusvAra Adi meM parivartana karanA bhI mahApApa batAyA gyaa| isa prakAra yadyapi AgamoM ke bhASAgata svarUpa ko sthiratA to pradAna kI gayI, phira bhI zabda kI apekSA artha para adhika bala diye jAne ke kAraNa jainAgamoM kA svarUpa pUrNatayA aparivartita nahIM raha sakA, jabaki veda zabda-rUpa meM aparivartita rhe| Aja bhI unameM aisI aneka RcAyeM haiM-- jinakA koI artha nahIM nikalatA hai (anarthakAri mantrAH ) / isa prakAra veda zabda - pradhAna hai jabaki jaina Agama artha - pradhAna hai / veda aura jainAgamoM meM tIsarI bhinnatA unakI viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se bhI hai| vedoM meM bhautika upalabdhiyoM hetu prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke prati prArthanAe~ hI pradhAna rUpa se dekhI jAtI hai, sAtha hI kucha khagola- bhUgola sambandhI vivaraNa aura kathAe~ bhI haiN| jabaki jaina ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM AdhyAtmika evaM vairAgyaparaka upadezoM ke dvArA mana, indriya aura vAsanAoM para vijaya pAne ke nirdeza diye gaye haiN| isake sAtha-sAtha usameM muni evaM gRhastha ke AcAra sambandhI vidhi-niSedha pramukhatA se varNita haiM tathA tapa- sAdhanA aura karma-phala viSayaka kucha kathAyeM bhI haiM / khagola- bhUgola sambandhI carcA bhI jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti Adi granthoM meM haiM / jahA~ taka jainadarzana kA prazna hai usakA prArambhika rUpa hI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai / vaidika sAhitya meM vedoM ke pazcAt kramazaH brAhmaNa-granthoM, AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM kA krama AtA hai| inameM brAhmaNa grantha mukhyataH yajJa-yAga sambandhI karmakANDoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karate haiM / ataH unakI zailI aura viSaya-vastu donoM hI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya se bhinna hai / AraNyakoM ke sambandha meM maiM abhI taka samyak adhyayana nahIM kara pAyA hU~ ataH unase ardhamAgadhI

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 19 5 Agama sAhitya kI tulanA kara pAnA mere liye sambhava nahIM hai / kintu AraNyakoM meM vairAgya, nivRtti evaM vAnaprastha jIvana ke aneka tathyoM ke ullekha hone se vizeSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana dvArA unameM aura jaina AgamoM meM samarUpatA ko khojA jA sakatA hai| 1 jahA~ taka upaniSadoM kA prazna hai upaniSadoM ke aneka aMza AcArAMga, isimAsiyAI Adi prAcIna ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM bhI yathAvat upalabdha hote haiM / yAjJavalkya, nArada, kapila, asitadevala, arUNa, uddAlaka, pArAzara Adi aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke ullekha evaM upadeza isibhAsiyAI, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha haiM / isimAsiyAI meM yAjJavalkya kA upadeza usI rUpa meM varNita hai, jaisA vaha upaniSadoM meM milatA hai / uttarAdhyayana ke aneka AkhyAna, upadeza evaM kathAe~ mAtra nAma-bheda ke sAtha mahAbhArata meM bhI upalabdha haiM / prastuta prasaMga meM vistArabhaya se vaha saba tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta karanA sambhava nahIM hai| inake tulanAtmaka adhyayana hetu icchuka pAThakoM ko isibhAsiyAI kI merI bhUmikA evaM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana khaNDa 1 evaM 2 dekhane kI anuzaMsA karake isa carcA ko yahIM virAma detA hU~ / pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama apane udbhava srota kI apekSA se samakAlika kahe jA sakate haiM, kyoMki pAlitripiTaka ke pravaktA bhagavAna buddha aura jainAgamoM ke pravaktA bhagavAna mahAvIra samakAlika hI haiN| isalie donoM ke prArambhika granthoM kA racanAkAla bhI samasAmayika hai| dUsare jaina paramparA aura bauddha paramparA donoM hI bhAratIya saMskRti kI zramaNadhArA ke aMga haiM ataH donoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana-dRSTi eka hI hai| isa tathya kI puSTi jainAgamoM aura pAlitripiTaka ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se ho jAtI hai| donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se nivRttiparaka jIvana-dRSTi ko apanAyA gayA hai aura sadAcAra evaM naitikatA kI prasthApanA ke prayatna kiye gaye haiM, ataH viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se bhI donoM hI paramparAoM ke sAhitya meM samAnatA hai / uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika evaM kucha prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAe~, suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi meM mila jAtI haiM / kintu jahA~ taka donoM ke darzana evaM AcAra niyamoM kA prazna hai, vahA~ spaSTa antara bhI dekhA jAtA hai| kyoMki jahA~ bhagavAna buddha AcAra ke kSetra meM madhyamamArgIya the, vahA~ mahAvIra tapa, tyAga aura titikSA para adhika bala de rahe the| isa prakAra AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM kI dRSTiyA~ bhinna thIM / yadyapi vicAra ke kSetra meM mahAvIra aura buddha donoM hI ekAntavAda ke samAlocaka the, kintu jahA~ buddha ne ekAntavAdoM ko kevala nakArA, vahA~ mahAvIra ne una ekAntavAdoM meM samanvaya kiyaa| ataH darzana ke kSetra meM buddha kI dRSTi nakArAtmaka rahI hai, jabaki mahAvIra kI sakArAtmaka / isa prakAra darzana aura AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM meM jo bhinnatA thI, vaha unake sAhitya meM bhI abhivyakta huI hai| phira bhI sAmAnya pAThaka kI apekSA se donoM paramparA ke granthoM meM kSaNikavAda, anAtmavAda Adi dArzanika prasthAnoM ko chor3akara ekatA hI adhika parilakSita hotI hai /

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza AgamoM kA mahattva evaM prAmANikatA pratyeka dharma paramparA meM dharma grantha yA zAstra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai, kyoMki usa dharma ke dArzanika siddhAnta aura AcAra vyavasthA donoM ke lie "zAstra" hI eka mAtra pramANa hotA hai| hindUdharma meM veda kA, bauddhadharma meM tripiTaka kA, pArasIdharma meM avestA kA, IsAIdharma meM bAibila kA aura islAma meM kurAna kA, jo sthAna hai, vahI sthAna jainadharma meM Agama sAhitya kA hai| phira bhI Agama sAhitya ko na to veda ke samAna apauruSeya mAnA gayA hai aura na bAibila yA kurAna ke samAna kisI paigambara ke mAdhyama se diyA gayA Izvara kA sandeza hI, apitu vaha una arhatoM va RSiyoM kI vANI kA saMkalana hai, jinhoMne apanI tapasyA aura sAdhanA dvArA satya kA prakAza prApta kiyA thaa| jainoM ke lie Agama jinavANI hai, Aptavacana hai, unake dharma-darzana aura sAdhanA kA AdhAra hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM jainadharma kA digambara sampradAya upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko pramANabhUta nahIM mAnatA hai, kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM ina AgamoM meM kucha aisA prakSipta aMza hai, jo unakI mAnyatAoM ke viparIta hai| merI dRSTi meM cAhe vartamAna meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM kucha prakSipta aMza hoM yA unameM kucha parivartana-parivardhana bhI huA ho, phira bhI ve jainadharma ke prAmANika dastAveja haiN| unameM aneka aitihAsika tathya upalabdha haiN| unakI pUrNataH asvIkRti kA artha apanI prAmANikatA ko hI nakAranA hai| zvetAmbara mAnya ina ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye I.pU. pA~cavIM zatI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI arthAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa meM jaina saMgha ke car3hAva-utAra kI eka prAmANika kahAnI kaha dete ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa vartamAna jo Agama grantha upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai-- 11 aMga 1. AyAra (AcArAMga), 2. sUyagaDa (sUtrakRtAMga), 3. ThANa (sthAnAMga), 4. samavAya (samavAyAMga), 5. viyAhapannatti (vyAkhyAprajJapti yA bhagavatI), 6. nAyAdhammakahAo (jJAta-dharmakathAH), 7. uvAsagadasAo (upAsakadazAH ), 8. aMtagaDadasAo (antakRddazAH ), 9. anuttarovavAiyadasAo ( anuttaraupapAtikadazAH ), 10. paNhAvAgaraNAiM (praznavyAkaraNAni), 11. vivAgasuyaM (vipAkazrutam ), 12 dRSTivAda (diThivAya), jo vicchinna huA hai| 12 upAMga ___1. uvavAiyaM (aupapAtikaM), 2. rAyapaseNaijaM (rAjaprasenajitkaM) athavA rAyapaseNiyaM (rAjapraznIyaM), 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama, 4. paNNavaNA (prajJApanA), 5. sUrapaNNatti (sUryaprajJapti), 6. jambuddIvapaNNatti (jambUdvIpaprajJapti), 7. caMdapaNNatti (candraprajJapti), 8-12. nirayAvaliyAsuyakkhaMdha (nirayAvalikAzrutaskandha), 8. nirayAvaliyAo (nirayAvalikAH ), 9. kappavaDiMsiyAo (kalpAvataMsikAH ), 10. puphiyAo (puSpikAH ), 11. puSphacUlAo (puSpacUlAH ), 12. vaNhidasAo (vRssnnidshaa)|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina jahA~ taka uparyukta aMga aura upAMga granthoM kA prazna hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAya inheM mAnya karate haiN| jabaki digambara sampradAya inhIM gyAraha aMgasUtroM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki ye aMgasUtra vartamAna meM vilupta ho gaye haiN| upAMgasUtroM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM meM eka rupatA hai, kintu digambara paramparA meM bAraha upAMgoM kI na to koI mAnyatA rahI aura na ve vartamAna meM ina granthoM ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| yadyapi jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dIpasAgaraprajJapti Adi nAmoM se unake yahA~ kucha grantha avazya pAye jAte haiN| sAtha hI sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti ko bhI unake dvArA dRSTivAda ke parikarma vibhAga ke antargata svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| 4 mUlasUtra sAmAnyatayA (1) uttarAdhyayana, (2) dazavakAlika, (3) Avazyaka aura (4) piNDaniyukti -- ye cAra mUlasUtra mAne gaye haiN| phira bhI mUlasUtroM kI saMkhyA aura nAmoM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM ekarupatA nahIM hai| jahA~ taka uttarAdhyayana aura dazavakAlika kA prazna hai inheM sabhI zvetAmbara sampradAyoM evaM AcAryoM ne eka mata se mUlasUtra mAnA hai| samayasundara, bhAvaprabhasUri tathA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM pro. vebara, pro. vUlhara, pro. sArapenTiyara, pro. vinTarnija, pro. zUbriga Adi ne eka svara se Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra mAnA hai, kintu sthAnakavAsI evaM terApanthI sampradAya Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra ke antargata nahIM mAnate haiN| ye donoM sampradAya Avazyaka evaM piNDaniyukti ke sthAna para nandI aura anuyogadAra ko mUlasUtra mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM kucha AcAryoM ne piNDaniyukti ke sAtha-sAtha oghaniyukti ko bhI mUlasUtra meM mAnA hai| isa prakAra mUlasUtroM ke vargIkaraNa aura unake nAmoM meM eka rupatA kA abhAva hai| digambara paramparA meM ina mUlasUtroM meM se dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka mAnya rahe haiN| tattvArtha kI digambara TIkAoM meM, dhavalA meM tathA aMgapaNNatti meM inakA ullekha hai| jJAtavya hai ki aMgapaNNatti meM nandIsUtra kI bhA~ti hI Avazyaka ke chaha vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| yApanIya paramparA meM bhI na kevala Avazyake, uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika mAnya rahe haiM, apitu yApanIya AcArya aparAjita ( navIM zatI) ne to dazavaikAlika kI TIkA bhI likhI thii| 6 chedasUtra chedasUtroM ke antargata vartamAna meM 1. AyAradazA (dazAzrutaskandha), 2. kappa (kalpa), 3. vavahAra (vyavahAra), 4 nisIha (nizItha), 5. mahAnisIha ( mahAnizItha) aura 6. jIyakappa (jItakalpa) ye chaha grantha mAne jAte haiN| inameM se mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa ko zvetAmbaroM kI terApanthI aura sthAnakavAsI sampradAyeM mAnya nahIM karatI haiN| ve donoM mAtra cAra hI chedasUtra mAnate haiN| jabaki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya uparyukta 6 chedasUtroM ko mAnatA hai| jahA~ taka digambara aura yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai unameM aMgabAhya granthoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha kA ullekha milatA hai| yApanIya sampradAya ke granthoM meM na kevala inakA ullekha milatA hai, apitu inake avataraNa bhI diye gaye haiN| Azcarya yaha hai ki vartamAna meM digambara paramparA meM pracalita

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza mUlataH yApanIya paramparA ke prAyazcita sambandhI grantha "chedapiNDazAstra" meM kalpa aura vyavahAra ke pramANya ke sAtha-sAtha jItakalpa kA bhI pramANya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra digambara evaM yApanIya paramparAoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha aura jItakalpa kI mAnyatA rahI hai, yadyapi vartamAna meM digambara AcArya inheM mAnya nahIM karate haiN| 10 prakIrNaka isake antargata nimna dasa grantha mAne jAte haiM -- 1. causaraNa (catuHzaraNa), 2. AurapaccAkkhANa (AturapratyAkhyAna), 3. bhattaparinnA (bhaktaparijJA), 4. saMthAraya (saMstAraka), 5. taMDulaveyAliya (taMdulavaicArika), 6. caMdavejjhaya (candravedhyaka), 7. devindatthaya (devendrastava), 8. gaNivijjA (gaNividyA), 9. mahApaccAkkhANa ( mahApratyAkhyAna) aura 10 vIratthaya (viirstv)| zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karate haiN| yadyapi merI dRSTi meM inameM unakI paramparA ke viruddha aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jisase inheM amAnya kiyA jaaye| inameM se 9 prakIrNakoM kA ullekha to nandIsatra meM mila jAtA hai| ataH inheM amAnya karane kA koI aucitya nahIM hai| hamane isakI vistRta carcA Agama saMsthAna, udayapura se prakAzita mahApaccakkhANa kI bhUmikA meM kI hai| jahA~ taka dasa prakIrNakoM ke nAma Adi kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya ke AcAryoM meM bhI kiMcita matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| lagabhaga 9 nAmoM meM to eka rupatA hai kintu bhattaparinnA, maraNavidhi aura vIrastava ye tIna nAma aise haiM jo bhinna-bhinna AcAryoM ke vargIkaraNa meM bhinna-bhinna rUpa se Aye haiN| kisI ne bhaktaparijJA ko chor3akara maraNavidhi kA ullekha kiyA hai to kisI ne usake sthAna para vIrastava kA ullekha kiyA hai| muni zrI puNyavijayajI ne paiNNayasuttAiM, prathama bhAga kI bhUmikA meM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita lagabhaga nimna 22 granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai inameM se adhikAMza mahAvIra vidyAlaya se paiNNayasuttAiM nAma se 2 bhAgoM meM prakAzita hai| aMgavidyA kA prakAzana prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI kI ora se huA hai| ye bAIsa prakIrNaka nimna hai-- 1. catuHzaraNa, 2. AturapratyAkhyAna, 3. bhaktaparijJA, 4. saMstAraka, 5. taMdulavaicArika, 6. candravedhyaka, 7. devendrastava, 8. gaNivijjA, 9. mahApratyAkhyAna, 10. vIrastava, 11. RSibhASita, 12. ajIvakalpa, 13. gacchAcAra, 14. maraNasamAdhi, 15. titthogAliya, 16. ArAdhanApatAkA, 17. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, 18. jyotiSkaraNDaka, 19. aMgavidyA, 20. siddhaprAbhRta, 21. sArAvalI aura 22. jiivvibhkti| isake atirikta eka hI nAma ke aneka prakIrNaka bhI upalabdha hote haiM, yathA-- "AurapaccakkhAna" ke nAma se tIna grantha upalabdha hote haiN| unameM se eka to dasavIM zatI ke AcArya vIrabhadra kI kRti hai| inameM se nandI aura pAkSikasUtra ke utkAlika sUtroM ke varga meM devendrastava, taMdulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, gaNividyA, maraNavibhakti, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna ye sAta nAma pAye jAte hai

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pro. sAgaramala jaina aura kAlikasUtroM ke varga meM RSibhASita aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti ye do nAma pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra nandI evaM pAkSikasUtra meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka samAja ke kucha AcArya jo 84 Agama mAnate haiM, ve prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA 10 ke sthAna para 30 mAnate haiN| isameM pUrvokta 22 nAmoM ke atirikta nimna 8 prakIrNaka aura mAne gaye haiM -- piNDavizuddhi, paryantaArAdhanA, yoniprAbhRta, aMgacUliyA, vaMgacUliyA, vRddhacatuHzaraNa, jambUpayannA aura klpsuutr| jahA~ taka digambara paramparA evaM yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai, vaha spaSTataH ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karatI haiM, phira bhI mUlAcAra meM AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna se aneka gAthAyeM usake saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna aura bRhat-pratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyAyoM meM avatarita kI gaI hai| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI maraNavibhakti, ArAdhanApatAkA Adi aneka prakIrNakoM kI gAthAyeM avatarita haiN| jJAtavya hai ki inameM aMga bAyoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| 2 cUlikAsUtra cUlikAsUtra ke antargata nandIsUtra aura anuyogadAra ye do grantha mAne jAte haiN| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM ki sthAnakavAsI paramparA inheM cUlikAsUtra na kahakara mUlasUtra meM vargIkRta karatI hai| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ye donoM grantha zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM ko mAnya rahe haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 4 mUla, 6 cheda, 10 prakIrNaka, 2 cUlikAsUtra-- ye 45 Agama zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM mAnya haiN| sthAnakavAsI va terApanthI isameM se 10 prakIrNaka, jItakalpa, mahAnizItha aura piNDaniyukti -- ina 13 granthoM ko kama karake 32 Agama mAnya karate haiN| __jo loga caurAsI Agama mAnya karate haiM ve dasa prakIrNakoM ke sthAna para pUrvokta tIsa prakIrNaka mAnate haiN| isake sAtha das niyuktiyoM tathA yatijItakalpa, zrAddhajatikalpa, pAkSikasUtra, kSamApanAsUtra, vandittu tithi-prakaraNa, kavacaprakaraNa, saMzaktaniyukti aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya ko bhI AgamoM meM sammilita karate haiN| isa prakAra vartamAnakAla meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai, kintu yaha vargIkaraNa paryApta paravartI hai| 12vIM zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM isa prakAra ke vargIkaraNa kA kahIM koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai| vargIkaraNa kI yaha zailI sarvaprathama hameM AcArya zrIcanda kI "sukhabodhAsamAcArI" (I.san.1112 ) meM AMzika rUpa se upalabdha hotI hai| isameM Agama sAhitya ke adhyayana kA jo krama diyA gayA hai usase kevala itanA hI pratiphalita hotA hai ki aMga, upAMga Adi kI avadhAraNA usa yuga meM bana cukI thii| kintu vartamAnakAla meM jisa prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA vargIkaraNa usa samaya taka bhI pUrNa rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM huA thaa| usameM mAtra aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka itane hI nAma milate haiN| vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM nandIsUtra va anuyogadArasUtra ko bhI prakIrNakoM meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| sukhabodhAsamAcArI kA yaha

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10 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza vivaraNa mukhya rUpa se to Agama granthoM ke adhyayana-krama ko hI sUcita karatA hai| isameM muni jIvana sambandhI AcAra niyamoM ke pratipAdaka Agama granthoM ke adhyayana ko prAthamikatA dI gayI hai aura siddhAnta granthoM kA adhyayana bauddhika paripakvatA ke pazcAt ho aisI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| isI dRSTi se eka anya vivaraNa jinaprabha ne apane grantha vidhimArgaprapA meM diyA hai| isameM vartamAna meM ullikhita AgamoM ke nAma to mila jAte haiM, kintu kauna Agama kisa varga kA hai yahe ullekha nahIM hai| mAtra pratyeka varga ke AgamoM ke nAma eka sAtha Ane ke kAraNa yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya taka cAhe aMga, upAMga Adi kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pUrNataH sthira na huA ho, kintu jaisA padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI kA kathana hai ki kauna grantha kisake sAtha ullikhita honA cAhie aisA eka krama bana gayA thA, kyoMki usameM aMga, upAMga, cheda, mUla, prakIrNaka evaM cUlikAsUtroM ke nAma eka hI sAtha milate haiN| vidhimArgaprapA meM aMga, upAMga granthoM kA pArasparika sambandha bhI nizcita kiyA gayA thaa| mAtra yahI nahIM eka matAntara kA ullekha karate hue usameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki kucha AcArya candraprajJapti evaM sUryaprajJapti ko bhagavatI kA upAMga mAnate haiN| jinaprabha ne isa grantha meM sarvaprathama vAcanAvidhi ke prArambha meM aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda aura mUla ina vargoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne vidhimArgaprapA ko I. san 1306 meM pUrNa kiyA thA, ataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki isake Asa-pAsa hI AgamoM kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pracalana meM AyA hogaa| AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI isase bhinna rahI hai| isa prAcIna zailI kA sarvaprathama nirdeza hameM nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra (IsvI san pA~cavIM zatI) meM milatA hai| usa yuga meM AgamoM ko aMgapraviSTa va aMgabAhya-- ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA thaa| aMgapraviSTa ke antargata AcArAMga Adi 12 aMga grantha Ate the| zeSa grantha aMgabAhya kahe jAte the| usameM aMgabAyoM kI eka saMjJA prakIrNaka bhI thii| aMgaprajJapti nAmaka digambara grantha meM bhI aMgabAhyoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| aMgabAhya ko punaH do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA thA-- 1. Avazyaka aura 2. aavshyk-vytirikt| Avazyaka ke antargata sAmAyika Adi chaH grantha the| jJAtavya hai ki vartamAna vargIkaraNa meM Avazyaka ko eka hI grantha mAnA jAtA hai aura sAmAyika Adi 6 Avazyaka aMgoM ko usake eka-eka adhyAya rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, kintu prAcInakAla meM inheM chaha svatantra grantha mAnA jAtA thaa| isakI puSTi aMgapaNNatti Adi digambara granthoM se bhI ho jAtI hai| unameM bhI sAmAyika Adi ko chaha svatantra grantha mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi usameM kAyotsarga evaM pratyAkhyAna ke sthAnapara vainayika evaM kRtikarma nAma milate haiN| Avazyaka-vyatirikta ke bhI do bhAga kiye jAte the-- 1. kAlika aura 2. utkaalik| jinakA svAdhyAya vikAla ko chor3akara kiyA jAtA thA, ve kAlika kahalAte the, jabaki utkAlika granthoM ke adhyayana yA svAdhyAya meM kAla evaM vikAla kA vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra kI AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI yaha sUcI nimnAnusAra hai--

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pro. sAgaramala jaina zruta (Agama) (ka) aMgapraviSTa (kha) aMgabAhya (ka) Avazyaka (kha) Avazyaka vyatirikta 1. AcArAMga 2. sUtrakRtAMga 3. sthAnAMga 4. samavAyAMga 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti 6. jJAtAdharmakathA 7. upAsakadazAMga 8. antakRtdazAMga 9. anuttaropapAtikadazAMga 10. praznavyAkaraNa 11. vipAkasUtra 12. dRSTivAda 1. sAmAyika 2. caturviMzatistava 3. vandanA 4. pratikramaNa 5. kAyotsarga 6. pratyAkhyAna (ka) kAlika (kha) utkAlika 1. uttarAdhyayana 2. dazAzrutaskandha 3. kalpa 4. vyavahAra 5. nizItha 6. mahAnizItha 7. RSibhASita 8. jambUdIpaprajJapti 9. dIpasAgaraprajJapti 10. candraprajJapti 11. kSullikAvimAna -pravibhakti 12. mahallikAvimAna __ -pravibhakti 13. aMgacUlikA 14. vaggacUlikA 15. vivAhacUlikA 16. aruNopapAta 17. varuNopapAta 18. garuDopapAta 19. dharaNopapAta 20. vaizramaNopapAta 1. dazavaikAlika 21. velandharopapAta 2. kalpikAkalpika 22. devendropapAta 3. cullakalpazruta 23. utthAnazruta 4. mahAkalpazruta 24. samutthAnazruta 5. aupapAtika 25. nAgaparijJApanikA 6. rAjapraznIya 26. nirayAvalikA 7. jIvAbhigama 27. kalpiko 8. prajJApanA 28. kalpAvataMsikA 9. mahAprajJApanA 29. puSpitA 10. pramAdApramAda 30. puSpacUlikA 11. nandI 31. vRSNidazA 12. anuyogadAra 13. devendrastava 14. tandulavaicArika 15. candravedhyaka 16. sUryaprajJapti 17. pauruSImaMDala 18. maNDalapraveza 19.vidyAcaraNa vinizcaya 20. gaNividyA 21. dhyAnavibhakti 22. maraNavibhakti 23. Atmavizodhi 24. vItarAgazruta 25. saMlekhaNAzruta 26. vihArakalpa 27. caraNavidhi 28. AturapratyAkhyAna 29. mahApratyAkhyAna

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2 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza isa prakAra nandIsUtra meM 12 aMga, 6 Avazyaka, 31 kAlika evaM 26 utkAlika sahita 78 AgamoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki Aja inameM se aneka grantha anupalabdha haiN| yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa yApanIya aura digambara paramparAoM meM jaina Agama sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI jo zailI mAnya rahI hai, vaha bhI bahuta kucha nandIsUtra kI zailI ke hI anurUpa hai| unhoMne use umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra se grahaNa kiyA hai| usameM AgamoM ko aMga aura aMgabAhya aise do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| inameM aMgoM kI bAraha saMkhyA kA spaSTa ullekha to milatA hai, kintu aMgabAhya kI saMkhyA kA spaSTa nirdeza nahIM hai| mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai aMgabAhya aneka prakAra ke haiN| kintu apane tattvArthabhASya (1/20) meM AcArya umAsvAti ne aMga-bAhya ke antargata sarvaprathama sAmAyika Adi chaha AvazyakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai usake bAda dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, dazA, kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha aura RSibhASita ke nAma dekara anta meM Adi zabda se anya granthoM kA grahaNa kiyA hai| kintu aMgabAhya meM spaSTa nAma to unhoMne kevala bAraha hI diye haiN| isameM kalpa-vyavahAra kA ekIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| eka anya sUcanA se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki tattvArthabhASya meM upAMga saMjJA kA nirdeza hai| ho sakatA hai ki pahale 12 aMgoM ke samAna yahI 12 upAMga mAne jAte hoN| tattvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAra pUjyapAda, akalaMka, vidyAnandI Adi digambara AcAryoM ne aMgabAhya meM na kevala uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu kAlika evaM utkAlika aise vargoM kA bhI nAma nirdeza (1/20) kiyA hai| harivaMzapurANa evaM dhavalATIkA meM AgamoM kA jo vargIkaraNa upalabdha hotA hai usameM 12 aMgoM evaM 14 aMgabAhayoM kA ullekha hai| usameM bhI aMgabAyoM meM sarvaprathama chaha AvazyakoM kA ullekha hai, tatpazcAt dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpa-vyavahAra, kappAkappIya, mahAkappIya, puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka va nizItha kA ullekha hai| isa prakAra dhavalA meM 12 aMga aura 14 aMgabAhyoM kI gaNanA kI gyii| isameM bhI kalpa aura vyavahAra ko eka hI grantha mAnA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki tattvArthabhASya kI apekSA isameM kappAkappIya (kalpikAkalpika), mahAkappIya (mahAkalpa), puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka-- ye cAra nAma adhika haiN| kintu bhASya meM ullikhita dazA aura RSibhASita ko chor3a diyA gayA hai| isameM jo cAra nAma adhika hai-- unameM kappAkappIya aura mahAkappIya kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM bhI hai, mAtra puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka ye do nAma vizeSa digambara paramparA meM AcArya zubhacandra kRta aMgaprajJapti (aMgapaNNatti) nAmaka eka grantha milatA hai| yaha grantha dhavalATIkA ke pazcAt kA pratIta hotA hai| isameM dhavalATIkA meM varNita 12 aMgapraviSTa va 14 aMgabAhya granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| yadyapi isameM aMgabAhya granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa saMkSipta hI hai| isa grantha meM aura digambara paramparA ke anya granthoM meM aMga bAhayoM ko prakIrNaka bhI kahA gayA hai (3.10) / isameM kahA gayA hai ki sAmAyika pramukha 14 prakIrNaka aMgabAva hai| isameM diye gaye viSaya-vastu ke vivaraNa se lagatA hai

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__ 13 pro. sAgaramala jaina ki yaha vivaraNa mAtra anuzruti ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai, mUla granthoM ko lekhaka ne nahIM dekhA hai, isameM bhI puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka kA ullekha hai| ina donoM granthoM kA ullekha zvetAmbara paramparA meM mujhe kahIM nahI milaa| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ke sUtrakRtAMga meM eka adhyayana kA nAma puNDarIka avazya milatA hai| prakIrNakoM meM eka sArAvalI prakIrNaka hai| isameM puNDarIka mahAtIrtha (zatrujaya) kI mahattA kA vistRta vivaraNa hai| sambhava hai ki puNDarIka sArAvalI prakIrNaka kA hI yaha dUsarA nAma ho| phira bhI spaSTa pramANa ke abhAva meM isa sambandha meM adhika kucha kahanA ucita nahIM hogaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prathama zatI se lekara dasavIM zatI taka AgamoM ko nandIsUtra kI zailI meM aMga aura aMgabAhya -- punaH aMga bAyoM ko Avazyaka aura Avazyaka-vyatirikta aise do vibhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA thaa| Avazyaka-vyatirikta meM bhI kAlika aura utkAlika aise do vibhAga sarvamAnya the| lagabhaga gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI ke bAda se aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra yaha vartamAna vargIkaraNa astitva meM AyA hai| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM paramparAoM meM sabhI aMgabAhya AgamoM ke lie prakIrNaka (paiNNaya ) nAma bhI pracalita rahA hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI prAcInatA evaM unakA racanAkAla bhArata jaise vizAla deza meM atiprAcInakAla se hI aneka boliyoM kA astitva rahA hai, kintu sAhityika dRSTi se bhArata meM tIna prAcIna bhASAe~ pracalita rahI haiM -- saMskRta, prAkRta aura paali| inameM saMskRta ke do rUpa pAye jAte haiM-- chAndas aura sAhityika sNskRt| veda chAndas saMskRta meM hai, jo pAli aura prAkRta ke nikaTa hai| upaniSadoM kI bhASA chAndas kI apekSA sAhityika saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa hai| prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha jo sAhitya upalabdha hai, usameM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAcInatama hai| yahA~ taka ki AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha aura RSibhASita to azokakAlIna prAkRta abhilekhoM se bhI prAcIna hai| ye donoM grantha lagabhaga I.pU. pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanAe~ haiN| AcArAMga kI sUtrAtmaka aupaniSadika zailI use upaniSadoM kA nikaTavartI aura svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI siddha karatI hai| bhAva, bhASA aura zailI tInoM ke AdhAra para yaha sampUrNa pAli aura prAkRta sAhitya meM prAcInatama hai| AtmA ke svarUpa evaM astitva sambandhI isake vivaraNa aupaniSadika vivaraNoM ke anurUpa haiN| isameM pratipAdita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta bhI alaukikatA aura atizayatA rahita hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha vivaraNa bhI usI vyakti dvArA kahA gayA hai, jisane svayaM unakI jIvanacaryA ko nikaTatA se dekhA aura jAnA hogaa| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM hI sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke chaThe adhyAya, AcArAMgacUlA aura kalpasUtra meM bhI mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA kA ullekha hai, kintu ve bhI apekSAkRta rUpa meM AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI apekSA paravartI haiM, kyoMki unameM kramazaH alaukikatA, atizayatA aura atiraMjanA kA praveza hotA gayA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita kI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se rahita udAradRSTi tathA bhAva aura bhASAgata aneka tathya use AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara sampUrNa prAkRta evaM pAlisAhitya meM

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14 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza prAcInatama siddha karate haiN| pAlisAhitya meM prAcInatama grantha sattanipAta mAnA jAtA hai, kinta aneka tathyoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki RSibhASita, suttanipAta se bhI prAcIna hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA sthUlibhadra ke samaya arthAt IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI meM huI thI, ataH itanA nizcita hai ki usa samaya taka ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya astitva meM A cukA thaa| isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke kucha granthoM ke racanAkAla kI uttara sImA I.pU. pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI siddha hotI hai, jo ki isa sAhitya kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karatI hai| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya na to eka vyakti kI racanA hai aura na eka kAla kii| yaha satya hai ki isa sAhitya ko antima rUpa vIranirvANa samvat 980 meM vallabhI meM sampanna huI vAcanA meM prApta huaa| kintu isa AdhAra para hamAre kucha vidvAna mitra yaha galata niSkarSa nikAla lete haiM ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya IsvI sana kI pA~cavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| yadi ardhamAgadhI Agema IsA kI pAMcavI zatI kI racanA haiM, to vallabhI kI isa antima vAcanA ke pUrva bhI vallabhI, mathurA, khaNDagiri aura pATalIputra meM jo vAcanAyeM huIM thIM unameM saMkalita sAhitya kauna sA thA ? unheM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki valabhI meM AgamoM ko saMkalita, suvyavasthita aura sampAdita karake lipibaddha (pustakArur3ha) kiyA gayA thA, ataH yaha kisI bhI sthiti meM unakA racanA kAla nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| saMkalana aura sampAdana kA artha racanA nahIM hai| punaH AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu, bhASA aura zailI kI jo vividhatA aura bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kI pramANa hai ki saMkalana aura sampAdana ke samaya unakI maulikatA ko yathAvata rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, anyathA Aja unakA prAcIna svarUpa samApta hI ho jAtA aura AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI bhASA aura zailI bhI parivartita ho jAtI tathA usake upadhAnazruta nAmaka naveM adhyayana meM varNita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta alaukikatA evaM atizayoM se yukta bana jaataa| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kucha prakSipta aMza hai, kintu prathama to aise prakSepa bahuta hI kama haiM aura dUsare unheM spaSTa rUpa se pahacAnA bhI jA sakatA hai| ataH isa AdhAra para sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko paravartI mAna lenA sabase bar3I bhrAnti hogii| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya para kabhI-kabhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara bhI usakI prAcInatA para saMdeha kiyA jAtA hai| kintu prAcIna hastapratoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka prAcIna hastapratoM meM Aja bhI unakA "ta" zrutipradhAna ardhamAgadhI svarupa surakSita hai| AcArAMga ke prakAzita saMskaraNoM ke adhyayana se bhI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki paravartIkAla meM usameM kitane pAThAntara ho gaye haiN| isa sAhitya para jo mahArASTrI prabhAva A gayA hai vaha lipikAroM aura TIkAkAroM kI apanI bhASA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga kA "rAmaputte" pATha cUrNi meM "rAmAutte" aura zIlAMka kI TIkA meM "rAmagutte" ho gyaa| ataH ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM, mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara unakI prAcInatA para saMdeha nahIM karanA caahiye| apitu una granthoM kI vibhinna pratoM evaM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke prAcIna svarUpoM ko

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 15 surakSita rakhane kA prayatna karanA cAhiye / vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM vibhinna kAla kI sAmagrI surakSita hai| isakI uttara sImA I. pU. pA~cavIM cauthI zatAbdI aura nimna sImA I. san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI hai / vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM kA yA unake kisI aMza vizeSa kA kAla nirdhArita karate samaya unameM upalabdha sAMskRtika sAmagrI, dArzanika cintana kI spaSTatA evaM gahanatA tathA bhASA-zailI Adi sabhI pakSoM para prAmANikatA ke sAtha vicAra karanA caahie| isa dRSTi se adhyayana karane para hI yaha spaSTa bodha ho sakegA ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA kauna sA grantha athavA usakA kauna sA aMza vizeSa kisa kAla kI racanA hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza zvetAmbara paramparA meM hameM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra, nandIcUrNI evaM tattvArthabhASya meM tathA digambara paramparA meM tattvArtha kI TIkAoM ke sAtha-sAtha dhavalA aura jayadhavalA meM milate haiM / tattvArthasUtra kI digambara paramparA kI TIkAoM aura dhavalAdi meM unakI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza mAtra anuzrutiparaka hai, ve granthoM ke vAstavika adhyayana para AdhArita nahIM haiN| unameM diyA gayA vivaraNa tattvArthabhASya evaM paramparA se prApta sUcanAoM para AdhArita hai| jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandI Adi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura unakI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM unakI viSaya-vastu kA jo vivaraNa hai vaha una granthoM ke avalokana para AdhArita hai kyoMki prathama to isa paramparA meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA Aja taka jIvita calI A rahI hai| dUsare Agama granthoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kAlakrama meM kyA parivartana huA hai, isakI sUcanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke uparyukta Agama granthoM se hI prApta ho jAtI hai| inake adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kisa kAla meM kisa Agama grantha meM kauna sI sAmagrI jur3I aura alaga huI hai| AcArAMga meM AcAracUlA aura nizItha ke jur3ane aura punaH nizItha ke alaga hone kI ghaTanA, samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMga meM samaya-samaya para hue prakSepa, jJAtAdharmakathA ke dvitIya varga meM jur3e hue adhyAya, praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu meM huA sampUrNa parivartana, antakRtdazA, anuttaraupapAtika evaM vipAka ke adhyayanoM meM hue AMzika parivartana -- ina sabakI prAmANika jAnakArI hameM una vivaraNoM kA tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana karane se mila jAtI hai| inameM praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu kA parivartana hI aisA hai, jisake vartamAna svarUpa kI sUcanA kevala nandIcUrNi (IsvI san sAtavIM zatI) meM milatI hai| vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa lagabhaga IsvI san kI pA~cavIM - chaThIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM AyA hai / isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya lagabhaga eka sahasra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM kisa prakAra nirmita, parivardhita, parivartita evaM sampAdita hotA rahA hai isakI sUcanA bhI svayaM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya aura usakI TIkAoM se mila jAtI hai| vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama vizeSa yA usake aMza vizeSa ke racanAkAla kA nirdhAraNa eka jaTila samasyA hai, isa sambandha meM viSaya-vastu sambandhI vivaraNa, vicAroM kA vikAsakrama, bhASA-zailI Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se nirNaya karanA hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sthAnAMga meM sAta

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16 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza nihnavoM aura nau gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo ki vIranirvANa saM. 584 taka astitva meM A cuke the| kintu usameM boTikoM evaM una paravartI gaNoM, kuloM aura zAkhAoM ke ullekha nahIM hai, jo vIranirvANa saM. 609 athavA usake bAda astitva meM Aye, ataH viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se sthAnAMga ke racanAkAla kI antima sImA vIranirvANa samvat 609 ke pUrva arthAt IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI kA uttarArdha yA dvitIya zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha siddha hotI hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI viSaya-vastu evaM bhASA-zailI AcArAMga ke racanAkAla ko. ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna siddha karatI hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama ke kAla-nirdhAraNa meM ina sabhI pakSoM para vicAra apekSita hai| isa prakAra na to hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM kI yaha dRSTi samucita hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama devarddhigaNi kI vAcanA ke samaya arthAt IsA kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM Aye aura na kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM kA yaha kahanA hI samucita hai ki sabhI aMga Agama apane vartamAna svarUpa meM gaNadharoM kI racanA hai aura unameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana, parivardhana, prakSepa yA vilopa nahIM huA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki kucha prakSepoM ko chor3akara ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya zaurasenI Agama sAhitya se prAcIna hai| zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha kasAyapAhuDasutta bhI IsvI san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se prAcIna nahIM hai| usake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA, tiloyapaNNatti, piNDachedazAstra, Avazyaka (pratikamaNasUtra) Adi kA krama AtA hai, kintu piNDachedazAstra aura Avazyaka (pratikramaNa ) ke atirikta ina sabhI granthoM meM guNasthAna siddhAnta Adi kI upasthiti se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ye sabhI grantha pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt ke haiN| digambara Avazyaka ( pratikramaNa) evaM piNDachedazAstra kA AdhAra bhI kramazaH zvetAmbara mAnya Avazyaka aura kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha Adi chedasUtra hI rahe haiN| unake pratikramaNa sUtra meM bhI vartamAna sUtrakRtAMga ke teIsa evaM jJAtAdharmakathA ke unnIsa adhyayanoM kA vivaraNa hai tathA piNDachedazAstra meM jItakalpa ke AdhAra para prAyazcitta dene kA nirdeza hai ye yahI siddha karate haiM ki prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM ardhamAgadhI Agama hI prAcInatama hai, cAhe unakI antima vAcanA pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArdha (I.san 453) meM hI sampanna kyoM na huI ho? / isa prakAra jahA~ taka AgamoM ke racanAkAla kA prazna hai use I.pU. pA~cavIM zatAbdI se IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM vyApaka mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki upalabdha AgamoM meM sabhI eka kAla kI racanA nahIM hai| AgamoM ke sandarbha meM aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga AgamoM ke sambandha meM paramparAgata mAnyatA to yahI hai ki ve gaNadharoM dvarA racita hone ke kAraNa I.pU. pA~cavIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai| kintu dUsarI ora kucha vidvAna unheM vallabhI meM saMkalita evaM sampAdita kiye jAne ke kAraNa IsA kI pAMcavIM zatI kI racanA mAna lete haiN| merI dRSTi meM ye donoM hI mata samIcIna nahIM haiN| devadhi ke saMkalana, sampAdana evaM tADapatroM para lekhana kAla ko unakA racanA kAla nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| aMga Agama to prAcIna hI hai| IsA pUrva cauthI zatI meM pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM jinavAdaza aMgoM kI vAcanA huI thI, ve nizcita rUpa se

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 17 usake pUrva hI bane hoNge| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM meM devardhi kI vAcanA ke samaya athavA usake bAda bhI kucha prakSepa hue hoM, kintu una prakSepoM ke AdhAra para sabhI aMga AgamoM kA racanAkAla I.san kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| DaoN. harmana yAkobI ne yaha nizcita kiyA hai ki AgamoM kA prAcIna aMza I. pU. cauthI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se lekara I.pU. tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke bIca kA hai| na kevala aMga Agama apitu dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra bhI, jinheM AcArya bhadrabAhu kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai yAkobI aura zubiMga ke anusAra I.pU. caturtha zatI ke uttarArddha se I.pU. tIsarI zatI ke pUrvArddha meM nirmita haiN| paM. dalasukhabhAI Adi kI mAnyatA hai ki AgamoM kA racanAkAla pratyeka grantha kI bhASA, chaMdayojanA, viSaya-vastu aura upalabdha Antarika aura bAhya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para hI nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha apanI bhASA-zailI, viSaya-vastu, chaMdayojanA Adi kI dRSTi se mahAvIra kI vANI ke sarvAdhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai| usakI aupaniSadika zailI bhI yahI batAtI hai ki vaha eka prAcIna grantha hai| usakA kAla kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. caturtha zatI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sktaa| usake dvitIya zrutaskandha ke rUpa meM jo "AyAracUlA" jor3I gayI hai, vaha bhI I.pU. dUsarI yA prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAMga bhI eka prAcIna Agama hai usakI bhASA, chandayojanA evaM usameM vibhinna dArzanika paramparAoM ke tathA RSiyoM ke jo ullekha mile haiM unake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha bhI I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI se bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usake bAda vikasita dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA usameM kahIM koI ullekha nahIM hai| usameM upalabdha vIrastuti meM bhI atiraMjanAoM kA prAyaH abhAva hI hai| aMga AgamoM meM tIsarA krama sthAnAMga kA AtA hai| sthAnAMga, bauddha Agama aMgattaranikAya kI zailI kA grantha hai| grantha lekhana kI yaha zailI bhI prAcIna rahI hai| sthAnAMga meM nau gaNoM aura sAta nihnavoM ke ullekha ko chor3akara anya aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jisase use paravartI kahA jA ske| ho sakatA hai ki jainadharma ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hone ke kAraNa ye ullekha usameM antima vAcanA ke samaya prakSipta kiye gaye hoN| usameM jo dasa dazAoM aura unameM pratyeka ke adhyAyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai, vaha bhI una AgamoM kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA nirdeza karatA hai| yadi vaha vallabhI ke vAcanAkAla meM nirmita huA hotA to usameM dasa dazAoM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai vaha bhinna hotii| ataH usakI prAcInatA meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| samavAyAMga, sthAnAMga kI apekSA eka paravartI grantha hai| isake prArambha meM dvAdaza aMgoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| sAtha hI isameM uttarAdhyayana ke 36, RSibhASita ke 44, sUtrakRtAMga ke 23, sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke 16, AcArAMga ke cUlikA sahita 25 adhyayana, dazA, kalpa aura vyavahAra ke 26 adhyayana Adi kA ullekha hone se itanA to nizcita hai ki yaha grantha isameM nirdiSTa AgamoM ke svarUpa ke nirdhArita hone ke pazcAt hI banA hogaa| punaH isameM caturdaza guNasthAnoM kA jIvasthAna ke rUpa meM spaSTa ullekha milatA hai| yaha nizcita hai ki guNasthAna kA yaha siddhAnta umAsvAti ke pazcAt arthAt IsA kI caturtha zatI ke bAda hI astitva meM AyA hai| yadi isameM jIvaThANa ke rUpa meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke ullekha ko bAda meM prakSipta bhI mAna liyA jAya to bhI apanI bhASA-zailI aura viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se isakA vartamAna svaspa IsA kI

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18 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 3-4 zatI se pahale kA nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai usake kucha aMza prAcIna hoM, lekina Aja unheM khoja pAnA ati kaThina kArya hai| jahA~ taka bhagavatIsUtra kA prazna hai, vidvAnoM ke anusAra isake aneka stara haiN| isameM kucha stara avazya hI I.pU. ke haiM, kintu samavAyAMga kI bhA~ti bhagavatI meM bhI paryApta prakSepa huA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM aneka sthaloM para jIvAjIvAbhigama, prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra, nandI Adi paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza huA hai| inake ullekha hone se yaha spaSTa hai ki isake sampAdana ke samaya isameM ye aura isI prakAra kI anya sUcanAyeM de dI gayI haiN| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki vallabhI vAcanA meM isameM paryApta rUpa se parivardhana aura saMzodhana avazya huA hai, phira bhI isake kucha zatakoM kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| kucha pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAna isake prAcIna evaM paravartI staroM ke pRthakkaraNa kA kArya kara rahe haiN| unake niSkarSa prApta hone para hI isakA racanAkAla nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| upAsakadazA Agama sAhitya meM zrAvakAcAra kA varNana karane vAlA prathama grantha hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyayanoM aura unakI viSaya-vastu meM kisI prakAra ke parivartana hone ke saMketa nahIM milate haiN| ataH maiM samajhatA hU~ ki yaha grantha bhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM I.pU. kI hI racanA hai aura isake kisI bhI adhyayana kA vilopa nahIM huA hai| zrAvakavratoM ke aNuvrata aura zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM vargIkRta karane ke sambandha meM tattvArthasUtra meM spaSTataH isakA anusaraNa dekhA jAtA hai ataH yaha tattvArtha se arthAt IsA kI tIsarI zatI se paravartI nahIM ho sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki anuttaraupapAtika meM upalabdha vargIkaraNa paravartI hai, kyoMki usameM guNavrata kI avadhAraNA A gayI hai| aMga Agama sAhitya meM antakRdazA kI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha hameM sthAnAMgasUtra meM milatA hai| usameM isake nimna dasa adhyAya ullikhita haiM-- nami, mAtaMga, somila, rAmaputta, sudarzana, jamAli, bhagAli, kiMkima, pallatetiya, phAla ambddputr| inameM se sudarzana sambandhI kucha aMza ko chor3akara vartamAna antakRddazAsUtra meM ye koI bhI adhyayana nahIM milate haiN| kintu samavayAMga aura nandIsUtra meM kramazaH isake sAta aura ATha vargoM ke ullekha milate haiN| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki sthAnAMga meM ullikhita antakRdazA kA prAcIna aMza vilupta ho gayA hai| yadyapi samavAyAMga aura nandI meM kramazaH isake sAta evaM ATha vargoM kA ullekha hone se itanA taya hai ki vartamAna antakRdazA samavAyAMga aura nandI kI racanA ke samaya astitva meM A gayA thaa| ataH isakA vartamAna svarupa IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatI kA hai| usake prAcIna dasa adhyAyoM ke jo ullekha hameM sthAnAMga meM milate haiM unhIM dasa adhyayanoM ke ullekha digambara evaM yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM meM yathA akalaMka ke rAjavArtika, dhavalA, aMgaprajJapti Adi meM bhI milate haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki isa aMga Agama ke prAcIna svarUpa ke vilupta ho jAne ke pazcAt bhI mAthurI vAcanA kI anuzruti se sthAnAMga meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyAyoM kI carcA hotI rahI hai| ho sakatA hai ki isakI mAtharI vAcanA meM ye dasa adhyayana rahe hoge| bahuta kucha yahI sthiti anuttaraupapAtikadazA kI hai| sthAnAMgasUtra kI sUcanA ke anusAra isameM nimna dasa adhyayana kahe gaye haiM-- 1. RSidAsa, 2. dhanya, 3. sunakSatra, 4. kAttika, ___

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 5. saMsthAna, 6. zAlibhadra, 7. Ananda, 8. tetalI, 9. dazArNabhadra, 10. atimukt| upalabdha anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM tIna varga haiM usameM dvitIya varga meM RSidAsa, dhanya aura sunakSatra aise tIna adhyayana milate haiM inameM bhI dhanya kA adhyayana hI vistRta hai| sunakSatra aura RSidAsa ke vivaraNa atyanta saMkSepa meM hI haiN| sthAnAMga meM ullikhita zeSa sAta adhyAya vartamAna anuttaraupapAtikasUtra meM upalabdha nahIM hote| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki yaha grantha vallabhI vAcanA ke samaya hI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM AyA hogaa| jahA~ taka praznavyAkaraNadazA kA prazna hai itanA nizcita hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu na kevala sthAnAMga meM ullikhita usakI viSaya-vastu se bhinna hai, apitu nandI aura samavAyAMga kI ullikhita viSaya-vastu se bhI bhinna hai| praznavyAkaraNa kI vartamAna Asava aura saMvara nara vAlI viSaya-vastu kA sarvaprathama nirdeza nandIcUrNi meM milatA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNasUtra nandI ke pazcAt I. san. kI pA~cavIM-chaThavIM zatI ke madhya hI kabhI nirmita huA hai| itanA to nizcita hai ki nandI ke racayitA devavAcaka ke sAmane yaha grantha apane vartamAna svarUpa meM nahIM thaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRdazA aura anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM jo parivartana hue the, ve nandIsUtrakAra ke pUrva ho cuke the kyoMki ve unake isa parivartita svarUpa kA vivaraNa dete haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA maine apane eka svatantra lekha meM kI hai jo "jaina Agama sAhitya", sampAdaka DaoN. ke. Ara. candrA, ahamadAbAda, meM prakAzita hai| isI prakAra jaba hama upAMga sAhitya kI ora Ate haiM to usameM rAyapaseNiyasutta meM rAjA paseNIya dvArA AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha meM jo prazna uThAye gaye haiM unakA vivaraNa hameM pAlitripiTaka meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki aupapAtika kA yaha aMza kama se kama pAlitripiTaka jitanA prAcIna to hai hii| jIvAjIvAbhigama ke racanAkAla ko nizcita rUpa se batA pAnA to kaThina hai, kintu isakI viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vaha grantha I.pU. kI racanA honI caahiye| upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra ko to spaSTataH Arya zyAma kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai| Arya zyAma kA AcAryakAla vI.ni.saM. 335-376 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| ataH isakA racanAkAla I. pU. dvitIya zatAbdI ke lagabhaga nizcita hotA hai| isI prakAra upAMga varga ke antargata varNita candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti -- ye tIna prajJaptiyA~ bhI prAcIna hI haiN| vartamAna meM candraprajJapti aura sUryaprajJapti meM koI bheda nahIM dikhAI detA hai| kintu sUryaprajJapti meM jyotiSa sambandhI jo carcA hai vaha vedAMga jyotiSa ke samAna hai, isase isakI prAcInatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| yaha grantha kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| ina tInoM prajJaptiyoM ko digambara paramparA meM bhI dRSTivAda ke eka aMza -- parikarma ke antargata mAnA hai| ataH yaha grantha bhI dRSTivAda ke pUrNa viccheda evaM sampradAya-bheda ke pUrva kA hI honA caahiye| chedasUtroM meM dazAzruta, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra ko spaSTataH bhadrabAhu prathama kI racanA mAnA

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20 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza gayA hai ataH isakA kAla I.pU. caturtha-tRtIya zatAbdI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA hai| ye sabhI grantha acela paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiM isI prakAra nizItha bhI apane mUla rUpa meM to AcArAMga kI hI eka cUlA rahA hai, bAda meM use pRthaka kiyA gayA hai| ataH isakI prAcInatA meM bhI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yAkobI, zUbiMga Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ekamata se chedasUtroM kI prAcInatA svIkAra kI hai| isa varga meM mAtra jItakalpa hI aisA grantha hai jo nizcita hI paravartI hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra yaha AcArya jinabhadra kI kRti hai| ye jinabhadra vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kartA haiN| inakA kAla aneka pramANoM se I.san kI sAtavIM zatI hai| ataH jItakalpa kA bhI kAla vahI honA caahiye| merI dRSTi meM paM. dalasukhabhAI kI yaha mAnyatA nirApada nahIM hai, kyoMki digambara paramparA meM indranandi ke chedapiNDazAstra meM jItakalpa ke anusAra prAyazcitta dene kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, isase phalita hotA hai ki yaha grantha spaSTa rUpa se sampradAya bheda se pUrva kI racanA honI caahiye| ho sakatA hai isake kartA jinabhadra vizeSAvazyaka ke kartA jinabhadra se bhinna hoM aura unake pUrvavartI bhI hoN| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM jo AgamoM kI sUcI milatI hai usameM jItakalpa kA nAma nahIM hai| ataH yaha usake bAda kI hI racanA hogii| isakA kAla bhI I. san kI pA~cavIM zatI kA uttarArddha honA caahiye| isakI digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM mAnyatA tabhI saMbhava ho sakatI hai jaba yaha spaSTa rUpa se saMghabheda ke pUrva nirmita huA ho| spaSTa saMgha-bheda pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArdha meM astitva meM AyA hai| cheda varga meM mahAnizItha kA uddhAra AcArya haribhadra ne kiyA thA, yaha sunizcita hai| AcArya haribhadra kA kAla I.san kI AThavIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai| ataH yaha grantha usake pUrva hI nirmita huA hogaa| haribhadra isake uddhAraka avazya haiM kintu racayitA nhiiN| mAtra itanA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne isake truTita bhAga kI racanA kI ho| isa prakAra isakA kAla bhI AThavIM zatI se pUrva kA hI hai| mUlasUtroM ke varga meM dazavakAlika ko Arya zayyaMbhava kI kRti mAnA jAtA hai| inakA kAla mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 75 varSa bAda hai| ataH yaha grantha I.pU. pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| uttarAdhyayana yadyapi eka saMkalana hai kintu isakI prAcInatA meM koI zaMkA nahIM hai| isakI bhASA-zailI tathA viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne ise I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI kA grantha mAnA hai| merI dRSTi meM yaha pUrva praznavyAkaraNa kA hI eka vibhAga thaa| isakI aneka gAthAyeM tathA kathAnaka pAlitripiTaka sAhitya tathA mahAbhArata Adi meM yathAvat milate haiN| dazavakAlika aura uttarAdhyayana yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM mAnya rahe haiM ataH ye bhI saMgha bheda yA sampradAya bheda ke pUrva kI racanA hai| ataH inakI prAcInatA meM koI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| Avazyaka zramaNoM dainandina kriyAoM kA grantha thA ataH isake kucha prAcIna pATha to bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlika hI mAne jA sakate haiN| cU~ki dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka ke sAmAyika Adi vibhAga digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiM, ataH inakI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hai ataH ye sabhI nandIsUtra se to

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pro. sAgaramala jaina prAcIna haiM hI, isameM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / punaH AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi Adi prakIrNakoM kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM pAyI jAtI haiM, mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatI ArAdhanA bhI chaThavIM zatI se paravartI nahIM hai / ataH ina nau prakIrNakoM ko to I. san kI cauthI - pA~cavIM zatI se paravartI nahIM mAne jA sakatA / yadyapi vIrabhadra dvArA racita kucha prakIrgaka navIM - dasavIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiM / isI prakAra cUlikAsUtroM ke antargata nandI aura anuyogadvAra sUtroM meM bhI anuyogadvAra ko kucha vidvAnoM ne AryarakSita ke samaya kA mAnA hai / ataH vaha I. san kI prathama zatI kA grantha honA cAhie / nandIsUtra ke karttA devavAcaka devadhi se pUrvavartI haiM ataH unakA kAla bhI pA~cavIM zatAbdI se paravartI nahIM ho sakatA / 21 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upalabdha AgamoM meM prakSepoM ko chor3akara adhikAMza grantha to I. pU. ke haiM / yaha to eka sAmAnya carcA huI, abhI ina granthoM meM se pratyeka ke kAla-nirdhAraNa ke lie svatantra aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se adhyayana kI AvazyakatA banI huI hai / AzA hai jaina vidvAnoM kI bhAvI pIDhI isa dizA meM kArya kregii| AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ yaha satya hai ki vartamAna meM upalabdha zvetAmbara mAnya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke antima svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa vallabhI vAcanA meM vi. ni. saMvat 980 yA 993 meM huA kintu usake pUrva bhI AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ to hotI rahI haiN| jo aitihAsika sAkSya hameM upalabdha haiM unake anusAra ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI pA~ca vAcanAe~ hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| prathama vAcanA prathama vAcanA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt huI / paramparAgata mAnyatA to yaha hai ki madhyadeza meM dvAdazavarSIya bhISaNa akAla ke kAraNa kucha muni kAla-kavalita ho gaye aura kucha samudra ke taTavartI pradezoM kI ora cale gaye / akAla kI samApti para ve munigaNa vApasa lauTe to unhoMne yaha pAyA ki unakA Agama-jJAna aMzataH vismRta evaM vizrRMkhalita ho gayA hai aura kahIM-kahIM pAThabheda ho gayA hai| ataH usa yuga ke pramukha AcAryoM ne pATalIputra meM ekatrita hokara AgamajJAna ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA / dRSTivAda aura pUrva sAhitya kA koI viziSTa jJAtA vahA~ upasthita nahIM thA / ataH gyAraha aMga to vyavasthita kiye gaye haiM kintu dRSTivAda aura usameM antarnihita sAhitya ko vyavasthita nahIM kiyA jA sakA, kyoMki usake viziSTa jJAtA bhadrabAhu usa samaya nepAla meM the| saMgha kI vizeSa prArthanA para unhoMne sthUlibhadra Adi kucha muniyoM ko pUrva sAhitya kI vAcanA denA svIkAra kiyA / sthUlibhadra bhI unase dasa pUrvI taka kA hI adhyayana artha sahita kara sake aura zeSa cAra pUrvoM kA mAtra zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara pAye / -- isa prakAra pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM dvAdaza aMgoM ko suvyavasthita karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gayA kintu unameM ekAdaza aMga hI suvyavasthita kiye jA sake / dRSTivAda aura usameM antarbhukta pUrva sAhitya ko pUrNataH surakSita nahIM kiyA jA sakA aura usakA kramazaH vilopa honA prArambha ho gayA / phalataH usakI viSaya-vastu ko lekara aMga bAhya grantha nirmita kiye jAne

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22 AgamoM kI dvitIya vAcanA I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke ---- lge| dvitIya vAcanA lagabhaga 300 varSa pazcAt ur3IsA ke kumArI pUrvavat para samrATa khAravela ke kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai| mAtra yahI jJAta hotA hai ki isameM zruta ke saMrakSaNa kA prayatna huA thA / vastutaH usa yuga meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA guru-ziSya ke mAdhyama se maukhika rUpa se hI calatI thii| ataH dezakAlagata prabhAvoM tathA vismRti - doSa ke kAraNa unameM svAbhAvika rUpa se bhinnatA A jAtI thI / ataH vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se unake bhASAyI svarUpa tathA pAThabheda ko suvyavasthita kiyA jAtA hai| kAlakrama meM jo sthaviroM ke dvArA navIna granthoM kI racanA hotI thI, usa para bhI vicAra karake unheM inhIM vAcanAoM meM mAnyatA pradAna kI jAtI thii| isI prakAra paristhitivaza AcAra-niyamoM meM evaM unake Agamika sandarbhoM kI vyAkhyA meM jo antara A jAtA thA, usakA nirAkaraNa bhI inhIM vAcanAoM meM kiyA jAtA thA / khaNDagiri para huI isa dvitIya vAcanA meM aise kina vivAdoM kA samAdhAna khojA gayA thA - isakI prAmANika jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| -- ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza -- tRtIya vAcanA AgamoM kI tRtIya vAcanA vi.ni. 827 arthAt I. san kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM mathurA meM Arya skaMdila ke netRtva meM huI / isalie ise mAthurI vAcanA yA skandilI vAcanA ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| mAthurI vAcanA ke sandarbha meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ nandIcUrNi meM haiM / prathama mAnyatA ke anusAra sukAla hone ke pazcAt Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM zeSa rahe muniyoM kI smRti ke AdhAra para kAlikasUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA / anya kucha kA mantavya yaha hai ki isa kAla meM sUtra naSTa nahIM huA thA kintu anuyogadhara svargavAsI ho gaye the / ataH eka mAtra jIvita skandila ne anuyogoM kA punaH pravartana kiyA / caturtha vAcanA caturtha vAcanA tRtIya vAcanA ke samakAlIna hI hai| jisa samaya uttara, pUrva aura madhya kSetra meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha mathurA meM ekatrita huA, usI samaya dakSiNa-pazcima meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha vallabhI (saurASTra) meM Arya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meM ekatrita huA / ise nAgArjunIya vAcanA bhI kahate haiN| Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA samakAlika haiN| nandI sUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna ke madhya Arya himavaMta kA ullekha hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna samakAlika hI rahe hogeM / nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skaMdila ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA ki unakA anuyoga Aja bhI dakSiNArddha bharata kSetra meM pracalita hai| isakA eka tAtparya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki unake dvArA sampAdita Agama dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita the / aitihAsika sAkSyoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke vibhAjana ke phalasvarUpa jisa yApanIya sampradAya kA vikAsa huA thA usameM Arya skaMdila ke dvArA sampAdita Agama hI mAnya kiye jAte the aura isa yApanIya sampradAya kA prabhAva kSetra madhya aura dakSiNa bhArata thA / AcArya pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana ne to strI- nirvANa prakaraNa meM

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23 pro. sAgaramala jaina spaSTa rUpa se mathurAgama kA ullekha kiyA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki yApanIya sampradAya jina AgamoM ko mAnya karatA thA, ve mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA Adi yApanIya AgamoM meM vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, vyavahAra saMgrahaNIsUtroM evaM niyuktiyoM Adi kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ Aja bhI upalabdha ho rahI haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki yApanIyoM ke pAsa mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| hama yaha bhI pAte haiM ki yApanIya granthoM meM jo AgamoM kI gAthAe~ milatI haiM ve na to ardhamAgadhI meM haiM, na mahArASTrI prAkRta meM, apitu ve zaurasenI meM haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM aparAjita kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, kalpasUtra, nizItha Adi se jo aneka avataraNa diye haiM ve sabhI ardhamAgadhI meM na hokara zaurasenI meM haiN| ___ isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki skaMdila kI adhyakSatA vAlI mAthurI vAcanA meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA para zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| dUsare mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI pATha bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA Adi meM upalabdha hote haiM, unameM vallabhI vAcanA ke vartamAna AgamoM se pAThabheda bhI dekhA jAtA hai| sAtha hI acelakatva kI samarthaka kucha gAthAe~ aura gadyAMza bhI pAye jAte haiN| kundakunda ke granthoM meM anuyogadArasUtra, prakIrNakoM evaM niyukti Adi kI kucha gAthAe~ kvacita pAThabheda ke sAtha milatI haiM-- sambhavataH unhoMne ye gAthAyeM yApanIyoM ke mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se hI lI hogii| eka hI samaya meM Arya skaMdila dvArA mathurA meM aura nAgArjuna dvArA vallabhI meM vAcanA kiye jAne kI eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki donoM meM kinhIM bAtoM ko lekara matabheda the| sambhava hai ki ina matabhedoM meM vastra-pAtra Adi sambandhI prazna bhI rahe hoN| paM. kailAzacandrajI ne jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa -- pUrva pIThikA (pU. 500) meM mAthurI vAcanA kI samakAlIna vallabhI vAcanA ke pramukha ke rUpa meM devardhigaNi kA ullekha kiyA hai, yaha unakI bhrAnti hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki mAthurI vAcanA kA netRtva Arya skaMdila aura vallabhI kI prathama vAcanA kA netRtva Arya nAgArjuna kara rahe the aura ye donoM samakAlika the, yaha bAta hama nandIsUtra ke pramANa se pUrva meM hI kaha cuka haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna kI vAcanA meM matabheda thaa| __paM. kailAzacandrajI ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi vallabhI vAcanA nAgArjuna kI thI to devardhi ne vallabhI meM kyA kiyA ? sAtha hI unhoMne yaha bhI kalpanA kara lI ki vAdivetAlazAntisUri vallabhI kI vAcanA meM nAgArjunIyoM kA pakSa upasthita karane vAle AcArya the| hamArA yaha durbhAgya hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zvetAmbara sAhitya kA samagra evaM niSpakSa adhyayana kiye binA mAtra yatra-tatra uddhRta yA aMzataH paThita aMzoM ke AdhAra para aneka bhrAntiyA~ khar3I kara dii| isake pramANa ke rUpa meM unake dvArA uddhRta mUla gAthA meM aisA kahIM koI ullekha hI nahIM hai, ki zAntisUri vallabhI vAcanA ke samakAlika the| yadi hama Agamika vyAkhyAoM ko dekheM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka varSoM taka nAgArjunIya aura devardhi kI vAcanAyeM sAtha-sAtha calatI rahIM haiM, kyoMki inake pAThAntaroM kA ullekha mUla granthoM meM kama aura TIkAoM meM adhika

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24 huA hai| paMcama vAcanA vI. ni. ke 980 varSa pazcAt I. san kI pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArddha meM Arya skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAta devardhigaNikSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM punaH vallabhI meM eka vAcanA huI / isa vAcanA meM mukhyataH AgamoM ko pustakArUr3ha karane kA kArya kiyA gyaa| aisA lagatA hai ki isa vAcanA meM mAthurI aura nAgArjunIya donoM vAcanAoM ko samAnvita kiyA gayA hai aura jahA~ matabheda parilakSita huA vahA~ "nAgArjunIyAstu paThanti " aisA likhakara nAgArjunIya pATha ko bhI sammilita kiyA gyaa| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza pratyeka vAcanA ke sandarbha meM prAyaH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki madhyadeza meM dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke kAraNa zramaNasaMgha samudrataTIya pradezoM kI ora calA gayA aura vRddha muni, jo isa akAla meM lambI yAtrA na kara sake kAlagata ho gaye / sukAla hone para jaba munisaMgha lauTakara AyA to usane yaha pAyA ki inake zrutajJAna meM vismRti aura visaMgati A gayI hai| pratyeka vAcanA se pUrva akAla kI yaha kahAnI mujhe buddhigamya nahIM lagatI hai| merI dRSTi meM prathama vAcanA meM zramaNa saMgha ke vizrRMkhalita hone kA pramukha kAraNa akAla kI apekSA magadha rAjya meM yuddha se utpanna azAMti aura ArAjakatA hI thI kyoMki usa samaya nandoM ke atyAcAroM evaM candragupta maurya ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa magadha meM azAMti thI / usI ke phalasvarUpa zramaNa saMgha sudUra samudrItaTa kI ora yA nepAla Adi parvatIya kSetra kI ora calA gayA thA / bhadrabAhu kI nepAla yAtrA kA bhI sambhavataH yahI kAraNa rahA hogA / jo bhI upalabdha sAkSya hai usase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke samaya dvAdaza aMgoM ko hI vyavasthita karane kA prayatna huA thaa| usameM ekAdaza aMga suvyavasthita hue aura bArahaveM dRSTivAda, jisameM anya darzana evaM mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA sAhitya samAhita thA, isakA saMkalana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| isI sandarbha meM sthUlibhadra ke dvArA bhadrabAhu ke sAnnidhya meM nepAla jAkara caturdaza pUrvo ke adhyayana kI bAta kahI jAtI hai / kintu sthUlabhadra bhI mAtra dasa pUrvo kA hI jJAna artha sahita grahaNa kara sake, zeSa cAra pUrvoM kA kevala zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara ske| isakA phalitArtha yahI hai ki pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM ekAdaza aMgoM kA hI saMkalana aura saMpAdana huA thaa| kisI bhI caturdaza pUrvavid kI upasthiti nahIM hone se dRSTivAda ke saMkalana evaM saMpAdana kA kArya nahIM kiyA jA skaa| upAMga sAhitya ke aneka grantha jaise prajJApanA Adi, chedasUtroM meM AcAradazA, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi tathA cUlikAsUtroM meM nandI, anuyogadvAra Adi ye sabhI paravartI kRti hone se isa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM kiye gaye hoMge / yadyapi Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana Adi grantha pATalIputra kI vAcanA ke pUrva ke haiM kintu isa vAcanA meM inakA kyA kiyA gayA, yaha jAnakArI prApta nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai ki sabhI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke liye inakA svAdhyAya Avazyaka hone ke kAraNa inake vismRta hone kA prazna hI na uThA ho / --- pATalIputra vAcanA ke bAda ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata ( khaNDagiri) para khAravela ke rAjya

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 25 kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM mAtra itanA hI jJAta hai ki isameM bhI zruta ko suvyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA thaa| saMbhava hai ki isa vAcanA meM I.pU. prathama zatI se pUrva racita granthoM ke saMkalana aura sampAdana kA koI prayatna kiyA gayA ho| jahA~ taka mAthurI vAcanA kA prazna hai itanA to nizcita hai ki usameM I. san kI cauthI zatI taka ke racita sabhI granthoM ke saMkalana evaM sampAdana kA prayatna kiyA gayA hogaa| isa vAcanA ke kArya ke sandarbha meM jo sUcanA milatI hai, usameM isa vAcanA meM kAlikasUtroM ko vyavasthita karane kA nirdeza hai| nandisatra meM kAlikasatra ko aMga-bAhaya, Avazyaka vyatirikta zrutoM kA hI eka bhAga batAyA gayA hai| kAlikasUtroM ke antargata uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita, dazAzruta, kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha tathA vartamAna meM upAMga ke nAma se abhihita aneka grantha Ate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki aMga sUtroM kI jo pATalIputra kI vAcanA calI A rahI thI vaha mathurA meM mAnya rahI ho, kintu upAMgoM meM se kucha ko tathA kalpa Adi cheda sUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA ho| kintu yApanIya granthoM kI TIkAoM meM jo mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke uddharaNa milate haiM, una para jo zaurasenI kA prabhAva dikhatA hai, usase aisA lagatA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA meM na kevala kAlika sUtroM kA apitu usa kAla taka racita sabhI granthoM ke saMkalana kA kAma kiyA gayA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki yaha mAthurI vAcanA acelatA kI poSaka yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahI hai| yApanIya granthoM kI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM isa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke avataraNa tathA ina AgamoM ke prAmANya ke ullekha milate haiN| Arya zAkaTAyana ne apane strI-nirvANa prakaraNa evaM apane vyAkaraNa kI svopajJaTIkA meM na kevala mathurA Agama kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu unakI aneka mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza bhI kiyA hai tathA aneka avataraNa bhI diye haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA kI aparAjita kI TIkA meM bhI AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha Adi ke avataraNa pAye jAte haiM, yaha hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiN| Arya skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA vastutaH uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke sacela-acela donoM pakSoM ke liye mAnya thI aura usameM donoM hI pakSoM ke sampoSaka sAkSya upasthita the| yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki yadi mAthurI vAcanA ubhaya pakSoM ko mAnya thI to phira usI samaya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM vAcanA karane kI kyA AvazyakatA thii| merI mAnyatA hai ki aneka praznoM para skaMdila aura nAgArjuna meM matabheda rahA hogaa| isI kAraNa se nAgArjuna ko svatantra vAcanA karane kI AvazyakatA pdd'ii| isa samasta carcA se paM. kailAzacandrajI ke isa prazna kA uttara bhI mila jAtA hai ki vallabhI kI dUsarI vAcanA meM kyA kiyA gayA ? eka ora muni zrI kalyANavijayajI kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko mAtra pustakArur3ha kiyA gayA to dUsarI ora paM. kailAzacandrajI yaha mAnate haiM ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko naye sire se likhA gayA, kintu ye donoM hI mata mujhe ekAMgI pratIta hote haiN| yaha satya hai ki vallabhI meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakAsda kiyA gayA, apitu unheM saMkalita evaM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA kintu yaha saMkalana evaM sampAdana nirAdhAra nahIM thaa| na to digambara paramparA kA yaha kahanA ucita hai ki vallabhI meM zvetAmbaroM ne apanI

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26 __ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza mAnyatA ke anurUpa AgamoM ko naye sire se raca DAlA aura na yaha kahanA hI samucita hogA ki vallabhI meM jo Agama saMkalita kiye gaye ve akSuNNa rUpa se vaise hI the jaise-- pATalIputra Adi kI pUrva vAcanAoM meM unheM saMkalita kiyA gayA thaa| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sAtha-sAtha aneka Agama grantha bhI kAlakrama meM vilupta hue haiN| vartamAna AgamoM kA yadi samyak prakAra se vizleSaNa kiyA jAya to isa tathya kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| Aja AcArAMga kA sAtavA~ adhyayana vilupta hai| isI prakAra antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtika va vipAkadazA ke bhI aneka adhyAya Aja anupalabdha haiN| nandisUtra kI sUcI ke aneka Agama grantha Aja anupalabdha haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA hamane AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA ke prasaMga meM kI hai| jJAtavya hai ki devardhi kI vallabhI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakAr3ha kiyA gayA hai, apitu unheM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA hai| isa sampAdana ke kArya meM unhoMne AgamoM kI avaziSTa upalabdha viSaya-vastu ko apane DhaMga se punaH vargIkRta bhI kiyA thA aura paramparA yA anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ke ve aMza jo unake pUrva kI vAcanAoM meM samAhita nahIM the, unheM samAhita bhI kiyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jJAtAdharmakathA meM sampUrNa dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa varga aura adhyayana isI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye gaye haiM, kyoMki zvetAmbara, yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke pratikramaNasUtra evaM anyatra usake unnIsa adhyayanoM kA hI ullekha milatA hai| prAcIna granthoM meM dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa vargoM kA kahIM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| isI prakAra antakRdazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA ke sandarbha meM sthAnAMga meM jo dasa-dasa adhyayana hone kI sUcanA hai usake sthAna para inameM bhI jo vargoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI vaha devardhi kI hI dena hai| unhoMne inake vilupta adhyAyoM ke sthAna para anuzruti se prApta sAmagrI jor3akara ina granthoM ko naye sire se vyavasthita kiyA thaa| yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki Aja praznavyAkaraNa kI Asava-sa~vara ra sambandhI jo viSaya-vastu upalabdha hai vaha kisake dvArA saMkalita va saMpAdita hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina kArya hai kintu yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki nandIsUtra ke racayitA devardhi na hokara deva vAcaka hai, jo devardhi se pUrva ke haiM to yaha kalpanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai ki devardhi ne Asava va saMvara dvAra sambandhI viSaya-vastu ko lekara praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA jo viccheda ho gayA thA, usakI pUrti kI hogii| isa prakAra jJAtAdharma se lekara vipAkasUtra taka ke cha: aMga AgamoM meM jo AMzika yA sampUrNa parivartana hue haiM, ve devardhi ke dvArA hI kiye hue mAne jA sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha parivartana unhoMne kisI pUrva paramparA yA anuzruti ke AdhAra para hI kiyA hogA yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta devardhi ne eka yaha mahattvapUrNa kArya bhI kiyA ki jahA~ aneka AgamoM meM eka hI viSaya-vastu kA vistRta vivaraNa thA vahA~ unhoMne eka sthala para vistRta vivaraNa thA rakhakara anyatra usa grantha kA nirdeza kara diyaa| hama dekhate haiM ki bhagavatI Adi kucha prAcIna staroM ke AgamoM meM bhI, unhoMne prajJApanA, nandI, anuyogadvAra jaise paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza karake AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu ke punarAvartana ko kama kiyaa| isI prakAra jaba eka hI Agama meM koI vivaraNa bAra-bAra A rahA thA to usa vivaraNa ke prathama zabda ke bAda

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 27 " jAva" zabda rakhakara antima zabda kA ullekha kara use saMkSipta banA diyaa| isake sAtha hI unhoMne kucha mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ jo yadyapi paravartIkAla kI thIM, unheM bhI AgamoM meM de diyA jaise sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAta nihnavoM aura sAta gaNoM kA ullekha / isa prakAra vallabhI kI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA apitu unakI viSaya-vastu ko suvyavasthita aura saMpAdita bhI kiyA gayA / sambhava hai ki isa sandarbha meM prakSepa aura vilopana bhI huA hogA kintu yaha saba bhI anuzruti yA paramparA ke AdhAra para hI kiyA gayA thA anyathA AgamoM ko mAnyatA na milatI / sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vAcanAoM meM kevala anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ko hI saMkalita kiyA jAtA thA kintu merI dRSTi meM vAcanAoM meM na kevala Agama pAThoM ko sampAdita evaM saMkalita kiyA jAtA apitu unameM navanirmita granthoM ko mAnyatA bhI pradAna kI jAtI aura jo AcAra aura vicAra sambandhI matabheda hote the unheM samanvita yA nirAkRta bhI kiyA jAtA thA / isake atirikta ina vAcanAoM meM vAcanA sthaloM kI apekSA se AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana huA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jo Agama paTanA athavA ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata ( khaNDagiri) meM suvyavasthita kiye gaye the, unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI rahI, kintu jaba ve Agama mathurA aura vallabhI meM punaH sampAdita kiye gaye to unameM bhASika parivartana A gaye / mAthurI vAcanA meM jo AgamoM kA svarUpa taya huA thA, usa para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thA / durbhAgya se Aja hameM mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama upalabdha nahIM haiM, kintu ina AgamoM ke jo uddhRta aMza uttara bhArata kI acela dhArA yApanIya saMgha ke granthoM meM aura unakI TIkAoM meM uddhRta milate haiM, unameM hama yaha pAte haiM ki bhAvagata samAnatA ke hote hue bhI zabda - rUpoM aura bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatA hai| uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga, nizItha, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi se jo aMza bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uddhRta haiM ve apane bhASika svarUpa aura pAThabheda kI apekSA se vallabhI ke AgamoM se kiMcit bhinna haiM / ataH ina vAcanAoM ke kAraNa AgamoM meM na kevala bhASika parivartana hue apitu pAThAntara bhI astitva meM Aye haiM / vallabhI kI antima vAcanA meM vallabhI kI hI nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara to liye gaye, kintu mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara samAhita nahIM haiN| yadyapi kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vallabhI kI devadhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara diye haiM / kintu merA mantavya isase bhinna hai / merI dRSTi meM unakI vAcanA kA AdhAra bhI paramparA se prApta nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pUrva ke Agama rahe hoMge, kintu jahA~ unheM apanI paramparAgata vAcanA kA nAgArjunIya vAcanA se matabheda dikhAyI diyA, vahA~ unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA kA ullekha kara diyA, kyoMki mAthurI vAcanA spaSTataH zaurasenI se prabhAvita thI, dUsare usa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI avataraNa Aja milate haiM unameM kucha vartamAna AgamoM kI vAcanA se mela nahIM khAte haiN| unase yahI phalita hotA hai ki devadhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra skaMdila kI vAcanA to nahIM rahI hai| tIsare mAthurI .

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28 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza vAcanA ke jo avataraNa Aja yApanIya granthoM meM milate haiM, unase itanA to phalita hotA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM meM bhI vastra-pAtra sambandhI evaM strI kI tadbhava mukti ke ullekha to the, kintu unameM acelatA ko utsarga mArga mAnA gayA thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM uddhRta, acelapakSa ke sampoSaka kucha avataraNa to vartamAna vallabhI vAcanA ke AgamoM yathA AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha Adi meM milate haiM kintu kucha avataraNa vartamAna vAcanA meM nahIM milate haiN| ataH mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara vallabhI kI devardhi kI vAcanA meM samAhita nahIM hue haiM, isakI puSTi hotI hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki vallabhI kI devardhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama na hokara unakI apanI hI guru-parampara se prApta Agama rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke hI pAThAntara apanI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye -- kyoMki donoM meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu donoM hI dRSTi se kama hI antara thaa| mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama yA to unheM upalabdha hI nahIM the athavA bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu donoM kI apekSA bhinnatA adhika hone se unhoMne use AdhAra na banAyA ho| phira bhI devadhi ko paramparA se prApta jo Agama the, unakA aura mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM kA mUlasrota to eka hI thaa| ho sakatA hai ki donoM meM kAlakrama meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu kI apekSA kvacit antara A gaye hoN| ataH yaha dRSTikoNa bhI samucita nahIM hogA ki devardhi kI vallabhI vAcanA ke Agama mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se nitAnta bhinna the| yApanIyoM ke Agama yApanIya saMgha ke AcArya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, nizItha, vyavahAra, Avazyaka Adi AgamoM ko mAnya karate the| isa prakAra AgamoM ke viccheda hone kI jo digambara mAnyatA hai, vaha unheM svIkArya nahIM thii| yApanIya AcAryoM dvArA nirmita kisI bhI grantha meM kahIM bhI yaha ullekha nahIM hai ki aMgAdi-Agama vicchinna ho gaye haiN| ve AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, kalpa Adi ko apanI paramparA ke granthoM ke rUpa meM uddharita karate the| isa sambandha meM AdaraNIya paM. nAthUrAma premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 91 ) kA yaha kathana draSTavya hai-- "aksara granthakAra kisI mata kA khaNDana karane ke lie usI mata ke granthoM kA havAlA diyA karate haiM aura apane siddhAnta ko puSTa karate haiN| parantu isa TIkA ( arthAt bhagavatI-ArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA) meM aisA nahIM hai, isameM to TIkAkAra ne apane hI AgamoM kA havAlA dekara acelatA siddha kI hai|" AgamoM ke astitva ko svIkAra kara unake adhyayana aura svAdhyAya sambandhI nirdeza bhI yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra meM spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha hote haiN| mUlAcAra (5/80-82 ) meM cAra prakAra ke Agama granthoM kA ullekha hai-- 1. gaNadhara kathita, 2. pratyekabuddha kathita, 3. zrutakevali kathita aura 4. abhinna dazapUrvI kathita / isake sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki saMyamI puruSoM evaM striyoM arthAt muniyoM evaM AryikAoM ke lie asvAdhyAyakAla meM inakA svAdhyAya karanA varjita hai kintu inake atirikta kucha anya aise grantha hai jinakA asvAdhyAyakAla meM pATha kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaise -- ArAdhanA

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 29 (bhagavatIArAdhanA yA ArAdhanApatAkA), niyukti, maraNAvibhakti, saMgraha (paMcasaMgraha yA saMgrahaNIsUtra ), stuti ( deviMdatyu), pratyAkhyAna (AurapaccakkhANa evaM mahApaccakkhANa), dharmakathA (jJAtAdharmakathA ) tathA aise hI anya grnth| yahA~ para cAra prakAra ke Agama granthoM kA jo ullekha huA hai, usa para thoDI vistRta carcA apekSita hai, kyoMki mUlAcAra kI mUlagAthA meM mAtra ina cAra prakAra ke sUtroM kA ullekha huA hai| usameM ina granthoM kA nAma nirdeza nahIM hai| mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra vasunandi na to yApanIya paramparA se sambaddha the aura na unake sammukha ye grantha hI the| ataH isa prasaMga meM unakI pratyeka-buddhakathita kI vyAkhyA pUrNataH bhrAnta hI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, agalI gAthA kI TIkA meM unhoMne "thudi", "paccakkhANa" evaM "dhammakahA" ko jina granthoM se samIkRta kiyA hai vaha to aura bhI adhika bhrAmaka hai| Azcarya hai ki ve "thudi" se devAgamastotra aura parameSThistotra ko samIkRta karate haiM, jabaki mUlAcAra kA mantavya anya hI hai| jahA~ taka gaNadharakathita granthoM kA prazna hai vahA~ lekhaka kA tAtparya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi aMga granthoM se hai, pratyekabuddhakathita granthoM se tAtparya praznavyAkaraNa, uttarAdhyayana aura RSibhASita Adi se hai, kyoMki ye grantha pratyekabuddhakathita mAne jAte haiN| ye grantha pratyekabuddhakathita haiM, aisA spaSTa ullekha bhI samavAyAMga, uttarAdhyayana niyukti Adi meM hai| zrutakevalikathita granthoM se tAtparya AcArya zayyambhavaracita dazavaikAlika, AcArya bhadrabAhu (prathama) racita bRhatkalpa, dazAzrutaskandha (AyAradasA ), vyavahAra Adi se hai tathA abhinna dazapUrvIkathita granthoM se unakA tAtparya kammapayaDI Adi "pUrva" sAhitya ke granthoM se hai| yahA~ smaraNa rakhane yogya tathya yaha hai ki yadi yApanIya paramparA meM ye grantha vicchinna mAne jAte, to phira inake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza lagabhaga IsA kI chaThIM zatAbdI ke grantha mulAcAra meM kaise ho paataa| digambara paramparA ke anusAra to vIranirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAt arthAt IsA kI dUsarI zatI meM AcArAMga dhAriyoM kI paramparA bhI samApta ho gaI thI phira vIranirvANa ke eka hajAra varSa pazcAt bhI AcArAMga Adi ke svAdhyAya karane kA nirdeza dene kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki mUlAcAra kI yahI gAthA kundakunda ke suttapAhuDa meM bhI milatI hai, kintu kundakunda AgamoM ke uparyukta prakAroM kA ullekha karane ke pazcAt unakI svAdhyAya vidhi ke sambandha meM kucha nahIM kahate haiN| jabaki mUlAcAra spaSTa rUpa se unake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza karatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM mUlAcAra meM AgamoM ke adhyayana kI upadhAna vidhi arthAt tapa pUrvaka AgamoM ke adhyayana karane kI vidhi kA bhI ullekha hai| AgamoM ke adhyayana kI yaha upadhAna vidhi zvetAmbaroM meM Aja bhI pracalita hai| vidhimArgaprapA (pR. 49-51 ) meM isakA vistRta ullekha hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se pramANita ho jAtA hai ki mUlAcAra AgamoM ko vicchinna nahIM mAnatA thaa| yApanIya paramparA meM ye aMga Agama aura aMgabAhya Agama pracalana meM the, isakA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki navIM zatAbdI meM yApanIya AcArya aparAjita bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM na kevala ina AgamoM se aneka uddharaNa prastuta karate haiM, apitu svayaM dazavaikAlika para TIkA bhI likha rahe haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, yApanIya paryuSaNa ke avasara para kalpasUtra kA vAcana bhI karate the, aisA nirdeza svayaM digambarAcArya kara rahe haiN| kyA yApanIya Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM se bhinna the ?

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30 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza isa prasaMga meM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki yApanIyoM ke ye Agama kauna se the ? kyA ve ina nAmoM se upalabdha zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM se bhinna the yA yahI the ? hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM ne yaha kahane kA atisAhasa bhI kiyA hai ki ye Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM se sarvathA bhinna the| paM. kailAzacandrajI (jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pUrva pIThikA, pR. 525) ne aisA hI anumAna kiyA hai, ve likhate haiM "jaina paramparA meM digambara aura zvetAmbara ke samAna eka yApanIya saMgha bhI thaa| yaha saMgha yadyapi nagnatA kA pakSadhara thA, tathApi zvetAmbarIya AgamoM ko mAnatA thaa| isa saMgha ke AcArya aparAjitasUri kI saMskRta TIkA bhagavatIArAdhanA nAmaka prAcIna grantha para hai| jo mudrita bhI ho cukI hai| usameM nagnatA ke samarthana meM aparAjitasUri ne Agama granthoM se aneka uddharaNa diye haiM, jinameM se aneka uddharaNa vartamAna AgamoM meM nahIM milte| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne yahA~ jo "aneka" zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai vaha bhrAnti utpanna karatA hai| maiMne aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta Agamika sandarbho kI zvetAmbara AgamoM se tulanA karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha pAyA hai ki lagabhaga 90 pratizata sandarbho meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta para zaurasenI prAkRta ke prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa hue AMzika pAThabheda ko chor3akara koI antara nahIM hai| jahA~ kiMcit pAThabheda hai vahA~ bhI artha-bheda nahIM hai| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne isa grantha meM bhagavatIArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA (pU. 320-327 ) se eka uddharaNa diyA hai, jo vartamAna AcArAMga meM nahIM milatA hai| unake dvArA prastuta vaha uddharaNa nimna hai-- tathA coktamAcArage -- sudaM *Aussatto* bhagavadA evamakkhAdA iha khalu saMyamAbhimukha duvihA itthI purisA jAdA hvNti| taM jahA savvasamaNNagade No savvasamaNNAgade cev| tattha je savvasamaNNAgade thiNA* hatthapANIpAde savvidiya samaNNAgade tassa NaM No kappadi egamavi vattha dhArilaM evaM parihiuM evaM aNNattha egeNa paDilehageNa iti| nizcaya hI uparyukta sandarbha AcArAMga meM isI rUpa meM zabdazaH nahIM hai kinta "savvasamannAgaya" nAmaka pada aura ukta kathana kA bhAva AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke aSTama adhyayana meM Aja bhI surakSita hai| ataH isa AdhAra para yaha kalpanA karanA anucita hogA ki yApanIya paramparA kA AcArAMga, vartamAna meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha AcArAMga se bhinna thaa| kyoMki aparAjitasUri dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga ke anya sandarbha Aja bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ke isI AcArAMga meM upalabdha hai| aparAjita ne AcArAMga ke "lokavicaya" nAmaka dvitIya adhyayana ke paMcama uddezaka kA ullekhapUrvaka jo uddharaNa diyA hai, vaha Aja bhI usI adhyAya ke usI uddezaka meM upalabdha hai| isI prakAra usameM "ahaM puNa evaM jANejja upAtikate hemaMte-- Thavijja" jo yaha pATha AcArAMga se uddhRta hai-- vaha bhI vartamAna AcArAMga ke aSTama adhyayana ke caturtha uddezaka meM hai| uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga, kalpa Adi ke sandarbho kI bhI lagabhaga yahI sthiti hai| aba hama uttarAdhyayana ke sandarbho para vicAra kregeN| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne jaina sAhitya kI pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjita kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA kI nimna do gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiM--

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 31 paricattesu vatthesu Na puNo celmaadie| acelapavare bhikkhU jiNarUpadhare sdaa|| sacelago sukhI bhavadi asukhI vA vi acelgo| ahaM to sacelo hokkhAmi idi bhikkhu na ciNte|| paMDitajI ne inheM uttarAdhyayana kI gAthA kahA hai aura unheM vartamAna uttarAdhyayana meM anupalabdha bhI batAyA hai| kintu jaba hamane svayaM paMDitajI dvArA hI sampAdita evaM anuvAdita bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA dekhI to usameM inheM spaSTa rUpa se uttarAdhyayana kI gAthAyeM nahIM kahA gayA hai| usameM mAtra "imAni ca sUtrANi acelatAM darzayanti" kahakara inheM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ko yaha bhrAnti kaise ho gaI, hama nahIM jaante| punaH ye gAthAe~ bhI cAhe zabdazaH uttarAdhyayana meM na hoM, kintu bhAvarUpa se to donoM hI gAthAe~ aura zabda-rUpa se inake ATha caraNoM meM se cAra caraNa to upalabdha hI haiN| uparokta uddhRta gAthAoM se tulanA ke lie uttarAdhyayana kI ye gAthAe~ prastuta haiM-- "parijuNNehiM vatthehiM hokkhAmi tti acele| aduvA "sacelae hokkhaM" idaM bhikkhU na cinte|| "egayA acelae hoi sacele yAvi egyaa|" eyaM dhammahiyaM naccA nANI no prideve|| -- uttarAdhyayana, 2/12-13 jisa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM hI cUrNi meM Agata pAThoM aura zIlAMka yA abhayadeva kI TIkA meM Agata pAThoM meM ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kI dRSTi se pAThabheda rahA hai, usI prakAra yApanIya paramparA ke Agama ke pATha mAdhurI vAcanA ke hone ke kAraNa zaurasenI prAkRta se yukta rahe hoNge| kintu yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki prAcIna stara ke sabhI Agama grantha mUlataH ardhamAgadhI ke rahe haiN| unameM jo mahArASTrI yA zaurasenI ke zabda-rUpa upalabdha hote haiM, ve paravartI haiN| vijayodayA meM AcArAMga Adi ke sabhI Agamika sandarbho ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ve pUrNataH zaurasenI prabhAva se yukta haiN| mUlataH AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi Agama to nizcita hI ardhamAgadhI meM rahe haiN| yahA~ do sambhAvanAe~ ho sakatI haiM, prathama yahI hai ki mAthurI vAcanA ke samaya una para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA ho aura yApanIyoM ne use mAnya rakhA ho| dUsare yaha hai ki yApanIyoM dvArA una AgamoM kA zaurasenIkaraNa karate samaya zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AcArAMga Adi se unameM pAThabheda ho gayA ho, kintu isa AdhAra para bhI yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hogA ki yApanIya aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke Agama bhinna the| aisA pAThabheda to eka hI paramparA ke AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha hai| svayaM paM. kailAzacandrajI ne apane grantha jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa-pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjitasUri kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA se AcArAMga kA jo uparyukta pATha diyA hai, usameM aura svayaM unake dvArA sampAdita bhagavatIArAdhanA kI aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta pATha meM hI antara hai-- eka meM "thINa" pATha hai-- dUsare meM "thIrAMga" pATha hai, jisase artha-bheda bhI hotA hai| eka hI lekhaka aura

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32 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza sampAdaka kI kRti meM bhI pAThabheda ho to bhinna paramparAoM meM kiMcit pAThabheda honA svAbhAvika hai, kintu usase unakI pUrNa bhinnatA kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| punaH yApanIya paramparA dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi ke uparyukta pAThoM kI acelakatva kI avadhAraNA kA prazna hai, vaha zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| isI prasaMga meM uttarAdhyayana kI jo anya gAthAyeM uddhRta kI gaI haiM, ve Aja bhI uttarAdhyayana ke 23veM adhyayana meM kucha pAThabheda ke sAtha upalabdha haiN| ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uddhRta ina gAthAoM para bhI zaurasenI kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki mUla uttarAdhyayana ardhamAgadhI kI racanA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane samaya ke avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM ko mAnya karate hue bhI unheM zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA, anyathA aparAjita kI TIkA meM mUla AgamoM ke uddharaNoM kA zaurasenI rUpa na milakara ardhamAgadhI rUpa hI miltaa| isa sambandha meM paM. nAthUrAmajI premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 60 ) kA nimna vaktavya vicAraNIya hai- " zvetAmbara sampradAya mAnya jo Agama grantha haiM, yApanIya saMgha zAyada una sabhI ko mAnatA thA, parantu aisA jAna par3atA hai ki donoM ke AgamoM meM kucha pAThabheda thA aura usakA kAraNa yaha ho ki upalabdha vallabhI vAcanA ke pahale kI koI vAcanA (saMbhavataH mAthurI vAcanA ) yApanIya saMgha ke pAsa thI, kyoMki vijayodayA TIkA meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa haiM ve zvetAmbara AgamoM meM bilkula jyoM ke tyoM nahIM balki kucha pAThabheda ke sAtha milate haiM / yApanIyoM ke pAsa skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the yaha mAnane meM eka bAdhA AtI hai, vaha yaha ki skaMdila kI vAcanA kA kAla vIranirvANa 827-840 arthAt IsA kI tRtIya zatI kA anta aura caturthazatI kA prArambha hai, jabaki saMghabheda usake lagabhaga 200 varSa pahale hI ghaTita ho cukA thA / kintu paM. nAthUrAmajI yaha zaMkA isa AdhAra para nirasta ho jAtI haiM ki vAstavika sampradAya - bheda IsvI san kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM na hokara pA~cavIM zatI meM huA / yadyapi yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki phalgumitra kI paramparA kI koI vAcanA thI, kintu isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM spaSTa nirdeza kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hai / niSkarSa yaha hai ki yApanIya Agama vahI the, jo una nAmoM se Aja zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha haiN| mAtra unameM kiMcit pAThabheda thA tathA bhASA kI dRSTi se zaurasenI kA prabhAva adhika thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa milate haiM unameM kucha to vartamAna zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM meM anupalabdha haiM, kucha pAThAntara ke sAtha upalabdha haiM / jo anupalabdha haiM, unake sambandha meM do vikalpa haiM-- prathama yaha ki mUlAgamoM ke ve aMza bAda ke zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne agalI vAcanA meM nikAla diye aura dUsarA yaha ki ve aMza yApanIya mAnyatA ke prakSipta aMza ho / kintu prathama vikalpa meM isalie vizvAsa nahIM hotA ki yadi paravartI vAcanAoM meM ve saba bAteM, jo usa yuga ke AcAryoM ko mAnya nahIM thIM yA unakI paramparA ke viruddha thIM, nikAla dI gaI hotIM to vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM meM acelatA ke samarthaka sabhI aMza nikAla diye jAne cAhie the| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki AgamoM kI vAcanAoM ( saMkalana ) ke samaya kevala ve hI aMza nahIM

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33 pro. sAgaramala jaina A pAye the jo vismRta ho gaye the athavA punarAvRtti se bacane ke lie "jAva" pATha dekara vahA~ se haTA diye gaye the| mAnyatA bheda ke kAraNa kucha aMza jAnabUjhakara nikAle gaye hoM, aisA koI bhI vizvasanIya pramANa hameM nahIM milatA hai| kintu yaha ho sakatA hai ki ve aMza kisI anya gaNa kI vAcanA ke rahe hoM, jinake pratinidhi usa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM the| kucha aise pramANa upalabdha haiM ki vibhinna gaNoM meM vAcanA-bheda yA pAThabheda hotA thaa| vibhinna gaNoM ke nirmANa kA eka kAraNa vAcanA bheda bhI mAnA gayA hai| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadharoM kI nau vAcanAe~ thIM arthAt mahAvIra ke kAla meM bhI vAcanA-bheda thaa| kyoMki pratyeka vAcanAcArya kI adhyApana zailI bhinna hotI thii| jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM zabda ke sthAna para artha para bala diyA jAtA thA, tIrthaMkara ko artha kA pravartaka mAnA gayA thA jabaki vaidika paramparA zabda pradhAna thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainoM ne yaha mAnA ki cAhe zabda-bheda ho, para artha-bheda nahIM honA caahie| yahI kAraNa hai ki vAcanA bheda bar3hate gye| hameM yApanIya granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika uddharaNoM se vartamAna AgamoM ke pAThoM kA jo pAThabheda milatA hai unakA kAraNa vAcanA-bheda hai, artha-bheda nahIM, kyoMki aise anupalabdha aMzoM yA pAThabhedoM meM viSaya pratipAdana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa antara nahIM hai| kintu isa sambhAvanA se pUrI taraha inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki svayaM yApanIyoM ne bhI apanI mAnyatA kI puSTi ke lie kucha aMza jor3e hoM athavA parivartita kiye hoN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI vallabhI vAcanA meM yA usake pazcAt bhI AgamoM meM kucha aMza jur3ate rahe haiM-- isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| hama paNDita kailAzacandrajI (jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pUrvapIThikA, pR. 527) ke isa kathana se sahamata haiM ki vallabhI vAcanA ke samaya aura usake bAda bhI AgamoM ke svarUpa meM kucha parivartana hue haiN| kintu unake dvArA prayukta "bahuta" zabda Apattijanaka hai| phira bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki inameM prakSepa hI adhika huA hai, vismRti ko chor3akara jAna-bUjhakara nikAlA kucha nahIM gayA hai| kintu aisA prakSepa mAtra zvetAmbaroM ne kiyA hai aura digambaroM tathA yApanIyoM ne nahIM kiyA hai-- yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sambhava hai ki yApanIya paramparA ne bhI AgamoM meM apane anukUla kucha aMza prakSipta kiye hoN| mulAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA Adi granthoM ko dekhane se aisA spaSTa lagatA hai ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI hI saikar3oM gAthAyeM zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karake apane ina granthoM ko racanA kI hai, mUlAcAra kA lagabhaga AdhA bhAga prakIrNakoM, niyuktiyoM evaM AgamoM kI gAthAoM se nirmita hai| yaha to nizcita hai ki prAcIna Agama sAhitya ardhamAgadhI meM thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika sandarbha ke sadaiva zaurasenI rUpa hI milate haiM, jo isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa haiM ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko zaurasenI meM apane' DhaMga se rUpAntarita karane kA prayatna kiyA hogA aura isa prayatna meM unhoMne apane mata kI puSTi kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hogaa| ataH isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki yApanIya AcAryoM ne bhI mUla AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achADa kI thI aura apane mata kI puSTi hetu unhoMne unameM parivardhana aura prakSepa bhI kiye|

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34 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza mAtra zvetAmbara aura yApanIya hI AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achAr3a karane ke doSI nahIM haiM, balki digambara AcArya aura paNDita bhI isa daur3a meM pIche nahIM rahe haiN| yApanIya granthoM meM digambara paramparA ke dvArA jo prakSepaNa aura parivartana kiye gaye haiM ve to aura bhI adhika vicAraNIya haiM, kyoMki inake kAraNa aneka yApanIya granthoM kA yApanIya svarUpa hI vikRta ho gayA hai| hamAre digambara vidvAn zvetAmbara granthoM meM prakSepaNa kI bAta to kahate haiM kintu ve isa bAta ko vismRta kara jAte haiM ki svayaM unhoMne yApanIya aura apane granthoM meM bhI kisa prakAra hera-phera kiye haiN| isa sambandha meM maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara digambara vidvAnoM kA mata prastuta karanA caahuuNgaa| __paM. kailAzacandrajI sva-sampAdita "bhagavatIArAdhanA" kI prastAvanA (pR. 9) meM likhate haiM-- "vijayodayA ke adhyayana se prakaTa hotA hai ki unake sAmane TIkA likhate samaya jo mUlagrantha upasthita thA, usameM aura vartamAna mUla (grantha) meM antara hai| aneka gAthAoM meM ve zabda nahIM milate jo TIkAoM meM haiN|" ___ isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaba digambara AcAryoM ne isa yApanIya grantha ko apane meM samAhita kiyA hogA to isakI mUla gAthAoM ke zabdoM meM bhI hera-phera kara diyA hogaa| yadi paM. kailAzacandrajI ne una sabhI sthaloM kA jahA~ unheM pAThabheda pratIta huA, nirdeza kiyA hotA to sambhavataH hama adhika prAmANikatA se kucha bAta kaha sakate the| TIkA aura mUla ke sAre antaroM ko hama bhI abhI taka khoja nahIM pAye haiN| ataH abhI to unake mata ko hI vizvasanIya mAnakara saMtoSa kreNge| svayaMbhU ke riTThanemicariu (harivaMzapurANa) meM bhI isI prakAra kI cher3a-chAr3a huI thii| isa sandarbha meM paM. nAthUrAmajI premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 202 ) likhate haiM-- "isameM to saMdeha nahIM hai ki isa antima aMza meM muni jasakitti (yazakIrti) kA bhI hAtha hai parantu yaha kitanA hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| bahuta kucha soca-vicAra ke bAda hama isa nirNaya para pahu~ce haiM ki muni jasakitti ko isa grantha kI koI aisI jIrNa-zIrNa prati milI thI jisake antima patra naSTa-bhraSTa the aura zAyada anya pratiyA~ durlabha thIM, isalie unhoMne gopagiri (gvAliyara) ke samIpa kumaranagarI ke jaina mandira meM vyAkhyAna karane ke lie ise ThIka kiyA arthAt jahA~-jahA~ jitanA aMza par3hA nahIM gayA thA yA naSTa ho gayA thA, usako svayaM racakara jor3a diyA aura jahA~-jahA~ joDA, vahA~-vahA~ apane parizrama ke evaja meM apanA nAma bhI joDa diyaa| isase spaSTa hai ki kucha digambara AcAryoM ne dUsaroM kI racanAoM ko bhI apane nAma para car3hA liyaa| - isI prakAra tiloyapaNNatti meM bhI paryApta rUpa se milAvaTa huI hai| jahA~ "tilAyapaNNatti" kA grantha-parimANa 8000 zloka batAyA gayA hai vahA~ vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti kA zloka-parimANa 9340 hai arthAt lagabhaga 1340 zloka adhika haiN| paM. nAthUrAmajI premI ke zabdoM meM -- ye isa bAta ke saMketa dete haiM ki pIche se isameM milAvaTa kI gayI hai| isa sandarbha meM paM. phUlacandrazAstrI ke, jaina sAhitya bhAskara, bhAga 11, aMka prathama meM prakAzita "vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti aura

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 35 usake racanAkAra kA vicAra" nAmaka lekha ke AdhAra para ve likhate haiM-- "usase mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha grantha apane asala rUpa meM nahIM rahA hai / usameM na kevala bahuta sA lagabhaga eka aSTamAMza prakSipta hai, balki bahuta-sA parivartana aura parizodha bhI kiyA gayA hai, jo mUla grantha kartA ke anukUla nahIM hai|" isI prakAra kasAyapAhuDasutta kI mUla gAthAe~ 180 thIM, kintu Aja usameM 233 gAthAe~ milatI haiM-- arthAt usameM 53 gAthAe~ paravartI AcAryoM dvArA prakSipta haiN| yahI sthiti kundakunda ke samayasAra, vaTTakera ke mUlAcAra Adi kI bhI hai / prakAzita saMskaraNoM meM bhI gAthAoM kI saMkhyAoM meM bahuta adhika antara hai / samayasAra ke jJAnapITha ke saMskaraNa meM 415 gAthAyeM haiM to ajitAzrama saMskaraNa meM 437 gaathaayeN| mUlAcAra ke digambara jainagranthamAlA ke saMskaraNa meM 1242 gAthAe~ haiM to phalaTaNa ke saMskaraNa meM 1414 gAthAe~ haiM arthAt 162 gAthAe~ adhika haiM, yaha saba isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki digambara paramparA ke AcAryoM ne zvetAmbaroM aura yApanIyoM kI apekSA bahuta adhika prakSepa evaM parivartana kiyA hai| ina ullekhoM ke atirikta vartamAna meM bhI isa prakAra ke parivartanoM ke prayAsa hue haiN| jaise "dhavalA " ke sampAdana ke samaya mUla grantha SaTkhaNDAgama se "saMjada" pada ko haTA denA, tAki usa grantha ke yApanIya svarUpa yA strI-mukti ke samarthaka hone kA pramANa naSTa kiyA jA ske| isa sandarbha meM digambara samAja meM kitanI UhApoha macI thI aura pakSaa-vipakSa meM kitane lekha likhe gaye the, yaha tathya kisI se chipA nahIM hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki anta meM mUlaprati meM " saMjada" pada pAyA gayA / tathApi tAmrapatra vAlI prati meM vaha pada nahIM likhA gayA, sambhavataH bhaviSya meM vaha eka naI samasyA utpanna kregaa| isa sandarbha meM bhI maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara digambara paramparA ke mAnya vidvAn paM. kailAzacandrajI ke zabdoM ko hI uddhRta kara rahA huuN| paM. bAlacandrazAstrI kI kRti " SaTkhaNDAgama - parizIlana" ke apane pradhAna sampAdakIya meM ve likhate haiM-- "samUcA grantha prakAzita hone se pUrva hI eka aura vivAda uTha khar3A huaa| prathama bhAga ke sUtra 93 meM jo pATha hameM upalabdha thA, usameM artha - saMgati kI dRSTi se "saMjadAsaMjada" ke Age " saMjada" pada jor3ane kI AvazyakatA pratIta huI, kintu isase phalita hone vAlI saiddhAntika vyavasthAoM se kucha vidvAnoM ke mana AloDita hue aura ve " saMjada" pada ko vahA~ jor3anA eka anadhikAra ceSTA kahane lge| isa para bahuta bAra maukhika zAstrArtha bhI hue aura uttara- pratyuttara rUpa lekhoM kI zrRMkhalAe~ bhI cala par3IM, jinakA saMgraha kucha svatantra granthoM meM prakAzita bhI huaa| isake maukhika samAdhAna hetu jaba sampAdakoM ne tAr3apatrIya pratiyoM ke pATha kI sUkSmatA se jA~ca karAyI taba patA calA ki vahA~ kI donoM bhinna pratiyoM meM hamArA sujhAyA gayA saMjada pada vidyamAna hai| isase do bAteM spaSTa huIM-- eka to yaha ki sampAdakoM ne jo pATha-saMzodhana kiyA hai, vaha gambhIra cintana aura samajhadArI para AdhArita hai aura dUsarI yaha ki mUla pratiyoM se pATha milAna kI AvazyakatA aba bhI banI huI hai, kyoMki jo pAThAntara mUDabidrI se prApta hue the aura tRtIya bhAga ke anta meM samAviSTa kiye gaye the unameM yaha saMzodhana nahIM milaa|" mere uparyukta lekhana kA tAtparya kisI kI bhAvanAoM ko Thesa pahu~cAnA nahIM hai kintu mUlagranthoM ke sAtha aisI cher3a-chAr3a karane ke lie zvetAmbara, digambara, yApanIya -- sabhI samAnarUpa se doSI haiM / jahA~ zvetAmbaroM ne apane hI pUrva avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM se aisI cher3a-chAr3a 1

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36 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza kI, vahA~ yApanIyoM ne zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM se aura digambaroM ne yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM se aisI hI cher3a-chAr3a kii| niSkarSa yaha hai ki isa prakAra kI cher3a-chAr3a prAcIna kAla se lekara vartamAna kAla taka hotI rahI hai| koI bhI paramparA isa sandarbha meM pUrNa nirdoSa nahIM kahI jA sktii| ataH kisI bhI paramparA kA adhyayana karate samaya yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama una prakSipta athavA parivardhita aMzoM para niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM, kyoMki isa cher3a-chAr3a meM kahIM kucha aisA avazya raha jAtA hai, jisase yathArthatA ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| parivardhanoM aura parivartanoM ke bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara AgamoM kI eka vizeSatA hai, vaha yaha ki ve saba bAteM bhI jinakA unakI paramparA se spaSTa virodha hai, unameM yathAvat rUpa se surakSita haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki zvetAmbara Agama jaina dharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kI jAnakArI dene meM Aja bhI pUrNatayA sakSama haiN| AvazyakatA hai niSpakSa bhAva se unake adhyayana kii| kyoMki unameM bahuta kucha aisA mila jAtA hai, jisameM jainadharma ke vikAsa aura usameM Aye parivartanoM ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| yahI bAta kisI sImA taka yApanIya aura digambara granthoM ke sandarbha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, yadyapi zvetAmbara sAhitya kI apekSA vaha alpa hI hai| prakSepa aura pariSkAra ke bAda bhI samagra jaina sAhitya meM bahuta kucha aisA hai, jo satya ko prastuta karatA hai, kintu zarta yahI hai ki usakA adhyayana aitihAsika aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se ho, tabhI hama satya ko samajha skeNge| AgamoM ke viccheda kI avadhAraNA Agama ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA jainadharma ke zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM ullikhita haiN| digambara paramparA meM AgamoM ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA tiloyapaNNatti, SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa Adi meM milatI hai| ina saba granthoM meM tiloyapaNNatti apekSA kRta prAcIna hai| tiloyapaNNatti kA racanAkAla vidvAnoM ne IsA kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatI ke lagabhaga mAnA hai| isake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa Adi grantha Ate haiM jo lagabhaga I. kI navIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiN| harivaMza purANa meM Agama-viccheda kI carcA ko kucha vidvAnoM ne prakSipta mAnA hai kyoMki vaha yApanIya paramparA kA grantha hai aura yApanIyoM meM navIM-dasavIM zatAbdI taka AgamoM ke adhyayana aura una para TIkA likhane kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai| sambhava yaha bhI hai ki jisa prakAra zvetAmbaroM meM AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA hote hue bhI AgamoM kI paramparA jIvita rahI usI prakAra yApanIyoM meM bhI zrata viccheda kI paramparA kA ullekha hote hue bhI zrata ke adhyayana evaM una para TIkA Adi ke lekhana kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai| punaH harivaMzapurANa meM bhI mAtra pUrva evaM aMga grantha ke viccheda kI carcA hai zeSa grantha to the hii|| ina granthoM ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAta gautama, sudharmA (lohArya) aura jambU ye tIna AcArya kevalI hue, ina tInoM kA sammilita kAla 62 varSa mAnA gayA hai|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 37 tatpazcAt viSNu, nandimitra, aparAjita, govardhana aura bhadrabAhu ye pA~ca AcArya caturdaza pUrvI ke dhAraka zrutakevalI hue / ina pA~ca AcAryoM kA sammilita kAla 100 varSa hai| isa prakAra bhadrabAhu ke kAla taka aMga aura pUrva kI paramparA avicchinna banI rhii| usake bAda prathama pUrva sAhitya kA viccheda prArambha huA / bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt vizAkha, proSThila, kSatriya, jaya, nAga, siddhArtha, dhRtisena, vijaya buddhila, dharmasena aura gaMgadeva ye gyAraha AcArya dasa pUrvI ke dhAraka hue| inakA sammilita kAla 183 varSa mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra vIranirvANa ke pazcAt 345 varSa taka pUrvadharoM kA astitva rhaa| isake bAda pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sAtha hI pUrva jJAna kA viccheda ho gyaa| inake pazcAt nakSatra, yazapAla, pANDu, dhruvasena aura kaMsa ye pA~ca AcArya ekAdaza aMgoM jJAtA hue| inakA sammilita kAla 220 varSa mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa ke 565 varSa pazcAt AcArAMga ko chor3akara zeSa aMgoM kA bhI viccheda ho gyaa| inake bAda subhadra, yazobhadra, yazobAhu aura lohAcArya ye cAra AcArya AcArAMga ke dhAraka hue| inakA kAla 118 varSa rhaa| isa prakAra vIranirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAt aMga evaM pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM ke pUrNajJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA samApta ho gaI / inake bAda AcArya dharasena taka aMga aura pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA (AMzikajJAtA ) AcAryoM kI paramparA clii| usake bAda pUrva aura aMga sAhitya kA viccheda ho gyaa| mAtra aMga aura pUrva ke AdhAra para unake ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM dvArA nirmita grantha hI zeSa rahe / aMga aura pUrvadharoM kI yaha sUcI hamane harivaMzapurANa ke AdhAra para dI hai| anya granthoM evaM zravaNa belagolA ke kucha abhilekhoM meM bhI yaha sUcI dI gayI hai kintu ina sabhI sUciyoM meM kahIM nAmoM meM aura kahIM krama meM antara hai, jisase inakI prAmANikatA saMdehAspada bana jAtI hai| kintu jo kucha sAhityika aura abhilekhIya sAkSya upalabdha haiM unheM hI AdhAra banAnA hogA anya koI vikalpa bhI nahIM hai / yadyapi ina sAkSyoM meM bhI eka bhI sAkSya aisA nahIM hai, jo sAtavIM zatI se pUrva kA ho| ina samasta vivaraNoM se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki digambara paramparA meM zruta viccheda kI isa carcA kA prArambha lagabhaga chaThIM -sAtavIM zatAbdI meM huA aura usameM aMga evaM pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai / ---- -- ---- zvetAmbara paramparA meM pUrva jJAna ke viccheda kI carcA to niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi Adi Agamika vyAkhyA granthoM meM huI hai| kintu aMga-AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA mAtra titthogAliya prakIrNaka ke atirikta anyatra kahIM nahIM milatI hai / titthogAliya prakIrNaka ko dekhane se lagatA hai ki yaha grantha lagabhaga chaThIM -sAtavIM zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hai| isakA racanA kAla aura kucha viSaya-vastu bhI tiloyapaNNatti se samarUpa hI hai| isa prakIrNaka kA ullekha, nandIsUtra kI kAlika aura utkAlika granthoM kI sUcI meM nahIM hai kintu vyavahArabhASya (10/704) meM isakA ullekha huA hai / vyavahArabhASya spaSTataH sAtavIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai / antataH titthogAliya pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt tathA sAtavIM zatI ke pUrva arthAt lagabhaga IsvI san kI chaThIM zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hogA / yahI kAla tiloyapaNNatti kA bhI hai| ina donoM granthoM meM hI sarvaprathama zruta ke viccheda kI carcA hai / titthogAliya meM tIrthaMkaroM kI mAtAoM ke caudaha svapna, strI-mukti tathA dasa AzcaryoM kA ullekha hone se evaM nandIsUtra, anuyogavara tathA Avazyakaniryukti se isameM

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38 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza aneka gAthAe~ avatarita kiye jAne se yahI siddha hotA hai ki yaha zvetAmbara grantha hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM prakIrNaka rUpa meM isakI Aja bhI mAnyatA hai| isa grantha kI gAthA 807 se 857 taka meM na kevala pUrvo ke viccheda kI carcA hai apitu aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI bhI carcA hai| titthogAliya evaM anya granthoM ke sAkSya se jJAta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra antima caturdazapUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu hue| Arya bhadrabAhu svargavAsa ke sAtha hI cartudaza pUrvadharoM kI paramparA samApta ho gyii| inakA svargavAsa kAla vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt mAnA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt sthUlibhadra dasa pUrvo ke artha sahita aura zeSa cAra pUrvo ke mUla mAtra ke jJAtA hue| yathArtha meM to ve dasa pUrvo ke hI jJAtA the| titthogAliya meM sthUlibhadra ko dasa pUrvadharoM meM prathama kahA gayA hai| usameM antima dasapUrvI satyamitra pAThabheda se sarvamitra ko batAyA gayA hai, kintu unake kAla kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA hai| usake bAda usa grantha meM yaha ullekhita hai ki anukrama se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 1000 varSa pazcAt vAcaka vRSabha ke samaya meM pUrvagat zruta kA viccheda ho jaayegaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra dasa pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt bhI pUrvadharoM kI paramparA calatI rahI hai, zvetAmbaroM meM abhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara aura bhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara, aise do prakAra ke vargoM kA ullekha hai, jo sampUrNa dasa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote, ve abhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara kahe jAte the aura jo AMzika rUpa se dasa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote the, unheM bhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara kahA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki caturdaza pUrvadharoM ke viccheda kI isa carcA meM donoM paramparA meM antima caturdazapUrvI bhadrabAhu ko hI mAnA gayA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra 162 varSa pazcAt caturdaza pUrvadharoM kA viccheda huaa| yahA~ donoM paramparAoM meM mAtra ATha varSoM kA antara hai| kintu dasa pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sambandha meM donoM paramparAoM meM koI samarUpatA nahIM dekhI jAtI hai| zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra Arya sarvamitra aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra Arya dharmasena yA Arya siddhArtha antima dasa pUrvI hue haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM Arya sarvamitra ko antima dasa pUrvadhara kahA gayA hai| digambara paramparA meM bhagavatIArAdhanA ke kartA zivArya ke guruoM ke nAmoM meM sarvaguptagaNi aura mitragaNi nAma Ate haiM kintu donoM meM koI samarUpatA ho yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| digambara paramparA meM dasa pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt ekadeza pUrvadharoM kA ullekha to huA hai kinta unakI koI sUcI upalabdha nahIM hotii| ataH isa sambandha meM kisI prakAra kI tulanA kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| pUrva sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA ke pazcAt titthogAliya meM aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai, jo nimnAnusAra hai-- usameM ullikhita hai ki vIranirvANa ke 1250 varSa pazcAt vipAkasUtra sahita chaH aMgoM kA viccheda ho jaayegaa| isake pazcAt vIranirvANa saM. 1300 meM samavAyAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1350 meM sthAnAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1400 meM kalpa-vyavahAra kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1500 meM

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 39 AyAradazA kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1900 meM sUtrakRtAMga kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 2000 meM nizIthasUtra kA viccheda hogaa| jJAtavya hai ki isake pazcAt lagabhaga aThAraha hajAra varSa taka viccheda kI koI carcA nahIM hai| phira vIranirvANa saM. 20,000 meM AcArAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 20500 meM uttarAdhyayana kA, vIranirvANa saM. 20900 meM dazavaikAlika mUla kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 21,000 meM dazavaikAlika ke artha kA viccheda hogA -- yaha kahA gayA hai| __jJAtavya hai ki paNDita dalasukhabhAI ne jaina sAhitya ke bRhad itihAsa kI bhUmikA (pU. 61) meM AcArAMga kA viccheda vIranirvANa ke 2300 varSa pazcAt likhA hai kintu mUla gAthA se kahIM bhI yaha artha phalita nahIM hotaa| unhoMne kisa AdhAra para yaha artha kiyA yaha hama nahIM jAnate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki unake pAsa isa gAthA kA koI dUsarA pAThAntara rahA ho| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki aMga AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI calI hai, kintu isake bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ne aMga sAhitya ko, cAhe AMzika rUpa se hI kyoM na ho, surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| prathama to prazna yaha hai ki kyA viccheda kA artha tat-tat grantha kA sampUrNa rUpa se vinAza hai ? merI dRSTi meM viccheda kA artha yaha nahIM ki usa grantha kA sampUrNa lopa ho gyaa| merI dRSTi meM viccheda kA tAtparya usake kucha aMzoM kA viccheda hI mAnanA hogaa| yadi hama niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM to jJAta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI jo aMga sAhitya Aja avaziSTa haiM ve usa rUpa meM to nahIM haiM jisa rUpa se unakI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra Adi meM huA hai| yaha satya hai ki na kevala pUrva sAhitya kA apitu aMga sAhitya kA bhI bahuta kucha aMza vicchinna huA hai| Aja AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA sAtavA~ mahAparijJA nAmaka adhyAya anupalabdha hai| bhagavatIsUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazA, anutaraupapAtika, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAkadazA Adi granthoM kI bhI bahuta kucha sAmagrI vicchinna huI hai, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kyoMki sthAnAMga meM dasa dazAoM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai, vaha unakI vartamAna viSaya-vastu se mela nahIM khAtI hai| unameM jahA~ kucha prAcIna adhyayana vilupta hue haiM, vahIM kucha navIna sAmagrI samAviSTa bhI huI hai| antima vAcanAkAra devardhigaNi ne svayaM bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki mujhe jo bhI truTita sAmagrI milI hai, usako hI maine saMkalita kiyA hai| ataH Agama granthoM ke viccheda kI jo carcA hai, usakA artha yahI lenA cAhiye ki yaha zruta-saMpadA yathAvat rUpa meM surakSita nahIM raha skii| vaha AMzika rUpa se vismRti ke garbha meM calI gii| kyoMki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa taka yaha sAhitya maukhika rahA aura maukhika paramparA meM vismRti svAbhAvika hai| vicdeda kA krama tabhI skA jaba AgamoM ko likhita rUpa de diyA gyaa| digambara paramparA meM zruta-viccheda sambandhI yaha jo carcA hai usake sambandha meM yaha bAta vizeSa rUpa se jJAtavya hai ki usameM zrutadharoM ke arthAt zruta ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai na ki zruta granthoM ke viccheda carcA huI hai| dUsare yaha ki pUrva aura aMga ke isa viccheda kI

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40 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza carcA meM bhI pUrva aura aMgoM ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM kA astitva to svIkAra kiyA hI gayA hai| dharasena ke sambandha meM bhI mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki ve aMga aura pUrvo ke ekadeza jJAtA the| inake bAda aMga evaM pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA bhI samApta ho gayI ho, aisA ullekha hameM kisI bhI digambara grantha meM nahIM milaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA (vahI, pR. 62 ) Adi kucha vidvAna ina ullekhoM ko zrutadharoM ke viccheda kA ullekha mAnate haiM na ki zruta ke viccheda kA punaH isa carcA meM mAtra pUrva aura aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI hI carcA huI hai| kAlika aura utkAlika sUtroM ke athavA chedasUtroM ke viccheda kI kahIM koI carcA digambara paramparA meM nahIM uThI hai| durbhAgya yaha hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zrutadharoM ke viccheda ko hI zruta kA viccheda mAna liyA aura kAlika, utkAlika Adi AgamoM ke viccheda kI koI carcA na hone para bhI unakA viccheda svIkAra kara liyaa| yaha satya hai ki jaba zruta ke adhyayana kI paramparA maukhika ho to zrutadhara ke viccheda se zruta kA viccheda mAnanA hogA kintu jaba zrRta likhita rUpa meM bhI ho, to zrutadhara ke viccheda se zruta kA viccheda nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| dUsare maukhika paramparA se cale A rahe zruta meM vismati Adi ke kAraNa kisI aMza-vizeSa ke viccheda ko pUrNa viccheda mAnanA bhI samIcIna nahIM hai| viccheda kI isa carcA kA tAtparya mAtra yahI hai ki mahAvIra kI yaha zruta-sampadA akSuNNa nahIM raha sakI aura usake kucha aMza vilupta ho gye| ataH AMzika rUpa meM jinavANI Aja bhI hai, ise svIkAra karane meM kisI ko koI vipratipatti nahIM honA caahiye| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sarala hai ____ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu mukhyataH upadezaparaka, AcAraparaka evaM kathAparaka hai| bhagavatI ke kucha aMza, prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra, jo ki apekSAkRta paravartI hai, ko chor3akara unameM prAyaH gahana dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcAoM kA abhAva hai| viSaya-pratipAdana sarala, sahaja aura sAmAnya vyakti ke lie bhI bodhagamya hai| vaha mukhyataH vivaraNAtmaka evaM upadezAtmaka hai| isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM meM ArAdhanA aura mUlAcAra ko chor3akara lagabhaga sabhI grantha dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcA se yukta hai| ve paripakva dArzanika vicAroM ke paricAyaka hai| guNasthAna aura karmasiddhAnta kI ve gaharAIyA~, jo zaurasenI AgamoM meM upalabdha hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM unakA prAyaH abhAva hI hai| kundakunda ke samayasAra ke samAna unameM saiddhAntika dRSTi se adhyAtmavAda ke pratisthApana kA bhI koI prayAsa parilakSita nahIM hotaa| yadyapi ye saba unakI kamI bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, kintu cintana ke vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAthamika stara kA hone se prAcIna bhI hai aura sAtha hI vikasita zaurasenI AgamoM ke lie AdhAra bhUta bhii| samavAyAMga meM jIvasthAnoM ke nAma se 14 guNasthAnoM kA mAtra nirdeza hai, jabaki SaTkhaNDAgama jaisA prAcIna zaurasenI Agama bhI unakI gambhIratA se carcA karatA hai| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA, kundakunda ke grantha aura gommaTasAra Adi sabhI meM guNasthAnoM kI vistRta carcA hai| cU~ki tattvArtha meM guNasthAnoM kI carcA kA evaM syAdrada-saptabhaMgI kA abhAva hai, ataH ye sabhI

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pro. sAgaramala jaina racanAe~ tattvArtha ke bAda kI kRtiyA~ mAnI jA sakatI haiN| isI prakAra kaSAyapAhuDa, SadakhaNDAgama, gommaTTasAra Adi zaurasenI Agama granthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kI jo gahana carcA hai, vaha bhI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM anupalabdha hai| ataH zaurasenI AgamoM kI apekSA ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sarala, bodhagamya evaM prAthamika stara kI vivaraNAtmaka zailI unakI prAcInatA kI sUcaka hai| tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana kiyA gayA hai ataH aneka sthAnoM para saiddhAntika dRSTi se unameM bhinnatAe~ bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| vastutaH ye grantha akRtrima bhAva se race gaye haiM aura unheM unake sampAdana kAla meM bhI saMgatiyukta banAne kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| eka ora utsarga kI dRSTi se unameM ahiMsA ke sUkSmatA ke sAtha pAlana karane ke nirdeza hai to dUsarI ora apavAda kI apekSA se aise aneka vivaraNa bhI hai jo isa sUkSma ahiMsaka jIvanazailI ke anukUla nahIM hai| isI prakAra eka ora unameM muni kI acelatA kA pratipAdana samarthana kiyA gayA hai, to dUsarI ora vastra, pAtra ke sAtha-sAtha muni ke upakaraNoM kI lambI sUcI bhI mila jAtI hai| eka ora kezaloca kA vidhAna hai to dUsarI kSura-muNDana kI anujJA bhI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM vedanIya ke bhedoM meM krodha vedanIya Adi kA ullekha hai, jo ki karmasiddhAnta ke granthoM meM yahA~ taka ki svayaM uttarAdhyayana ke karmaprakRti nAmaka adhyayana meM bhI anupalabdha hai, ukta sAkSyoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya jaina saMgha kA, niSpakSa itihAsa prastuta karatA hai| tathyoM kA yathArtha rUpa meM prastutIkaraNa usakI apanI vizeSatA hai| vastutaH tathyAtmaka vividhatAoM evaM antarvirodhoM ke kAraNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke granthoM ke kAla krama kA nirdhAraNa bhI sahaja ho jAtA hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM jainasaMgha ke itihAsa kA prAmANika rUpa yadi hama ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kareM, to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA ke AcAra evaM vicAra meM dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa kAlakrama meM kyA -kyA parivartana hue isako jAnane kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI hai, kyoMki ina parivartanoM ko samajhane ke lie unameM una tathyoM ke vikAsa krama ko khojA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jainadharma meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRDha-mUla hotA gayA, isakI jAnakArI RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana se mila jAtI hai| RSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhaligozAla, asitadevala, tArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, bAhuka Adi RSiyoM ko arhat RSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI kapila, nami, karakaNDU, naggati, gardabhAlI, saMjaya Adi kA sammAnapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA gayA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inameM se kucha ko AcArabheda ke bAvajUda bhI paramparA-sammata mAnA gyaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA meM mArada kI aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka meM maMkhalI gozAla kI samAlocanA bhI kI gaI hai| isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM anya

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42 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza paramparAoM ke prati udAratA kA bhAva kaise parivartita hotA gayA aura sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRDhamUla hote gaye, isakA yathArtha citraNa unameM upalabdha ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha, AcAracUlA, dazavaikAlika, nizItha Adi chedasUtra tathA unake bhASya aura cUrNiyoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jainAcAra meM kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA parivartana huA hai / isI prakAra RSibhASita uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, jJAtAdharmakathA Adi ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki pArzvapatyoM kA mahAvIra ke saMgha para kyA prabhAva par3A aura donoM ke bIca sambandhoM meM kaise parivartana hotA gyaa| isI prakAra ke aneka prazna jinake kAraNa AjakA jaina samAja sAmpradAyika kaThagharoM meM banda hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana ke mAdhyama se sulajhAye jA sakate haiN| zaurasenI AgamoM meM mAtra mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA ko, jo apanI viSaya-vastu ke liye ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke RNI haiM, isa koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai, kintu zeSa Agamatulya zaurasenI grantha jainadharma ko sImita gheroM meM Abaddha hI karate haiN| ardhamAgadhI - Agama zaurasenI - Agama aura paravartI mahArASTrI vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra ardhamAgadhI - Agama zaurasenI Agama aura mahArASTrI Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra rahe haiN| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM kramazaH niryukti, bhASya, cUrNi, vRtti, TabbA Adi likhe gaye haiM, ye sabhI jainadharma evaM darzana ke prAcInatama srota hai| yadyapi zaurasenI Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya meM cintana ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha deza, kAla aura sahagAmI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha aisI sAmagrI bhI hai, jo unakI apanI maulika kaha jA sakatI hai phira bhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko unake aneka granthoM ke mUlasrota ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / mAtra mUlAcAra meM hI tIna sau se adhika gAthAe~ uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyaka niyukti, jIvasamAsa, AturapratyAkhyAna, candravedhyaka ( candAvejjhaya ) Adi meM upalabdha hotI hai| isI prakAra bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI aneka gAthAyeM ardhamAgadhI Agama aura vizeSa rUpa se prakIrNakoM (painnA) se milatI hai / SaTkhaNDAgama aura prajJApanA meM bhI jo samAnatAe~ parilakSita hotI hai, unakI vistRta carcA paNDita dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne (pro. e. ena. upAdhye vyAkhyAnamAlA meM ) kI hai| niyamasAra kI kucha gAthAe~ anuyogadvAra evaM itara AgamoM meM bhI pAI jAtI hai, jabaki samayasAra Adi kucha aise zaurasenI Agama grantha bhI hai, jinakI maulika racanA kA zreya unake kartAoM ko hI hai / tiloyapannati kA prAthamika rUpa vizeSa rUpa se Avazyaka niyukti tathA kucha prakIrNakoM ke AdhAra para taiyAra huA thA, yadyapi bAda meM usameM paryApta rUpa se parivartana aura parivardhana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra zaurasenI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki unakA mUla AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya hI rahA hai tathApi unameM jo saiddhAntika gaharAIyA~ aura vikAsa parilakSita hote haiM, ve unake racanAkAroM kI maulika dena hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA kRrtatva ajJAta ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM prajJApanA, dazavaikAlika aura chedasUtroM ke kRrtatva chor3akara zeSa ke

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43 pro. sAgaramala jaina racanAkAroM ke sambandha meM hameM koI spaSTa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai| yadyapi dazavaikAlika Arya zayambhavasUri kI, tIna chedasUtra AryabhadrabAhu kI aura prajJApanA zyAmAcArya kI kRti mAnI jAtI hai, mahAnizItha kA usakI dImakoM se bhakSita prati ke AdhAra para AcArya haribhadra ne samuddhAra kiyA thA, yaha svayaM usI meM ullekhita hai, tathApi anya AgamoM ke kartAoM ke bAre meM hama andhakAra meM hI haiN| sambhavataH usakA mUla kAraNa yaha rahA hogA ki sAmAnyajana meM isa bAta kA pUrNa vizvAsa banA rahe ki ardhamAgadhI Agama gaNadharoM athavA pUrvadharoM kI kRti hai, isaliye kartAoM ne apane nAma kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| yaha vaisI hI sthiti hai jaisI hindU purANoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM kevala veda vyAsa ko jAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi ve aneka AcAryoM kI aura paryApta paravartIkAla kI racanAe~ haiN| isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM sabhI granthoM kA kRrtatva sunizcita hai| yadyapi unameM bhI kucha parivartana aura prakSepa paravartI AcAryoM ne kiye haiN| phira bhI isa sambandha meM unakI sthiti ardhamAgadhI Agama kI apekSA kAphI spaSTa hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM to yahA~ taka bhI huA hai ki kucha vilupta kRtiyoM ke sthAna para paryApta paravartI kAla meM dUsarI kRti hI rakha dI gii| isa sambandha meM praznavyAkaraNa kI sampUrNa viSaya-vastu ke parivartana kI carcA pUrva meM hI kI jA cukI hai| abhI-abhI aMgacUliyA aura baMgacUliyA nAmaka do vilupta AgamoM kA patA calA, ye bhogIlAla leharacanda bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira meM upalabdha hai, jaba inakA adhyayana kiyA gayA to patA calA ki ve lokAzAha ke pazcAt arthAt solahavIM yA satrahavIM zatAbdI meM kisI ajJAta AcArya ne banAkara rakha diye haiN| yadyapi isase yaha niSkarSa bhI nahIM nikAla lenA cAhie ki yaha sthiti sabhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI hai| satya to yaha hai ki unake prakSepoM aura parivartanoM ko AsAnI se pahacAnA jA sakatA hai, jabaki zaurasenI AgamoM meM hue prakSepoM ko jAnanA jaTila hai| ___ AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sambandha meM jisa atizayatA kI carcA paravartI AcAryoM ne kI hai, vaha unake kathana kI vizvasanIyatA para prazna cinha upasthita karatI hai| hamArI zraddhA aura vizvAsa cAhe kucha bhI ho kintu tarka, buddhi aura gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu ko bar3hA-car3hAkara batAyA gyaa| yaha kahanA ki AcArAMga ke Age pratyeka aMga grantha kI zloka saMkhyA eka dUsare se kramazaH dviguNita rahI thI athavA 14veM pUrva kI viSaya-vastu itanI thI ki use caudaha hAthiyoM ke barAbara syAhI se likhA jA sakatA thA, vizvAsa kI vastu ho sakatI hai, kintu buddhigamya nahIM hai| .' anta me vidvAnoM se merI yaha apekSA hai ki ve AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa se ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA adhyayana zvetAmbara, digambara, mUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI yA terApaMthI dRSTi se na kareM apitu ina sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara kareM, tabhI hama unake mAdhyama se jainadharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kA yathArtha darzana kara sakegeM aura prAmANika rUpa se yaha bhI samajha sakegeM ki kAlakrama meM unameM kaise aura kyA parivatana hue hai| Aja AvazyakatA hai paM. becaradAsajI jaisI niSpakSa evaM taTastha buddhi se unake adhyayana kii| anyathA digambara ko usameM vastrasambandhI ullekha prakSepa

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44 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza lageMge, to zvetAmbara sAre vastrapAtra ke ullekhoM ko mahAvIrakAlIna mAnane lagegA aura donoM hI yaha nahI samajha sakegeM ki vastra - pAtra kA kramika vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM aura kaise huA hai ? isa sambandha meM niyukti bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkA kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai kyoMki ye inake adhyayana kI kuMjiyA hai| zaurasenI aura ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI unameM nihita satya ko yathArtha rUpa se Alokita kara skegaa| AzA hai yuvA vidvAn merI isa prArthanA para dhyAna degeM / jaina Agama sAhitya kA paricaya dene ke uddezya se sampratikAla meM aneka prayatna hue haiN| sarvaprathama pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM harmana jekobI zUbiMga, vinTaranitja Adi ne apanI bhUmikAoM evaM svatantra nibandhoM meM isa para prakAza ddaalaa| isa dizA meM aMgrejI meM sarvaprathama hIrAlAla rasikalAla kApaDiyA ne A History of the Cononical Literature of the Jainas nAmaka pustaka likhI / yaha grantha atyanta zodhaparaka dRSTi se likhA gayA aura Aja bhI eka pramANika grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt pro. jagadIzacandra jaina kA grantha 'prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bhI isa kSetra meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna kI jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa yojanA ke antargata prakAzita prathama tInoM khaNDoM meM prAkRta Agama sAhitya kA vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| isI dizA meM AcArya devendramunizAstrI kI pustaka jainAgama manana ora mImAMsA bhI eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai / muni nagarAjajI kI pustaka jainAgama aura pAlI - tripiTaka bhI tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| paM. kailAzacandrajI dvArA likhita jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA aura usake prathama bhAga meM zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA ullekha huA hai kintu usameM niSpakSa dRSTi kA nirvAha nahIM huA hai aura ardhamAgadhI Agama sahitya ke mUlya aura mahattva ko samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA gayA hai| pUjya AcArya zrI jayantasenasUrijI ne prastuta kRti kI sRjanA jana-sAdharaNa ko Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu kA paricaya dene ke uddezya kI hai, kintu jaba maine isa kRti ko dekhA to mujhe lagA ki unhoMne pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha saMzodhanAtmaka dRSTi kA bhI nirvAha kiyA hai, jo unakI sahaja vidvattA kI paricAyaka hai| sAtha hI unhoMne isake lekhana meM apane ko sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se bhI mukta rakhA hai, isase unakI udAra evaM vyApaka dRSTi kA paricaya bhI mila jAtA hai| prastuta kRti bAraha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta haiN| prathama tIna adhyAya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke mahattva, pramANya, vargIkaraNa evaM racanAkAla kA ullekha karate haiN| isa carcA meM AcArya zrI ne pUrNataH anveSaka dRSTi kA nirvAha kiyA hai| adhyAya kramAMka cAra se sAta taka cAra adhyAyoM meM AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| AThavA~ adhyAya Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya se sambandhita hai| naveM adhyAya meM Agama meM varNita samAja-vyavasthA kA, dasaveM meM zAsana- vyavasthA kA, gyArahaveM meM artha-vyavasthA kA aura bArahaveM meM dharma-vyavasthA kA citraNa hai / ye antima cAra adhyAya sAmAnya pAThaka dvArA AgamoM ke mUlya evaM mahattva ko samajhane meM ati sahAyaka hai / AzA hai, pAThakagaNa isa kRti ke paThana se AgamoM ke viSaya kA sahaja hI

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45 pro. sAgaramala jaina rasAsvAdana kara skeNge| isa hetu hama AcAryazrI ke AbhArI raheMge ki unhoMne AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ko sahaja aura bodhagamya rUpa meM hamAre sAmane prastuta kiyA hai| maiM vyaktigata rUpa se bhI AcAryazrI kA AbhArI hU~ ki unhoMne bhUmikA likhane ke mAdhyama se mujhe Agama-sAhitya ke AloDana kA sahaja avasara diyaa| * pro. sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA - pro. sAgaramala jaina cArvAka yA lokAyata darzana kA bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM bhautikavAdI darzana ke rUpa meM viziSTa sthAna hai| bhAratIya cintana meM bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTi kI upasthiti ke pramANa ati prAcIna kAla se hI upalabdha hone lagate haiN| bhArata kI pratyeka dhArmika evaM dArzanika cintana dhArA ne usakI samAlocanA kI hai| jaina dhArmika evaM dArzanika sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke yuga se lekara Aja taka lagabhaga 2500 varSa kI sudIrgha kAlAvadhi meM isa vicAradhArA kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samAlocanA hotI rahI hai| isa samagra vistRta carcA ko prastuta nibandha meM sameTa pAnA sambhava nahIM hai, ataH hama prAkRta Agama sAhitya taka hI apanI isa carcA ko sImita rkheNge| isa prAcInatama prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM mukhyatayA 'AcArAMga', 'sUtrakRtAMga, 'uttarAdhyayana' aura 'RSibhASita' ko samAhita kiyA jA sakatA hai| ye sabhI grantha I0 pU0 pA~cavIM zatI se lekara tIsarI ke bIca nirmita hue haiM, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| isake atirikta upAMga sAhitya ke eka grantha 'rAjapraznIya' ko bhI hamane isa carcA meM samAhita kiyA hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki 'rAjapraznIya kA vaha bhAga jo cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa aura samIkSA karatA hai eka to cArvAka darzana kI sthApanA evaM samIkSA donoM hI dRSTi se ati samRddha hai, dUsare atiprAcIna bhI mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki ThIka isI carcA kA bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM buddha aura rAjA payAsI ke bIca hone kA ullekha hameM milatA hai| 2 jaina paramparA meM isa carcA ko pArzvapatya paramparA ke mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AcArya kezIkumAra zramaNa aura rAjA payAsI aura bauddha tripiTaka meM payAsI ke bIca sampanna huA batAyA gayA hai| yadyapi kucha jaina AcAryoM ne payAsI kA saMskRta rUpa pradezI mAna liyA hai kintu devavAcaka, siddhasenagaNi, malayagiri aura municandrasUri ne rAjA prasenajita ko hI mAnA hai, jo aitihAsika dRSTi se adhika prAmANika lagatA hai / prasenajita ko zvetAmbikA ( seyaviyA) nagarI kA rAjA batAyA gayA hai jo itihAsa - siddha hai| unakA sArathi citta kezIkumAra ko zrAvastI se yahA~ kevala isIliye lekara AyA thA ki rAjA kI bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi ko parivartita kiyA jA ske| 'kathAvastu' kI prAcInatA, prAmANikatA tathA tArkikatA kI dRSTi se hI ise bhI prastuta vivecana meM samAhita kiyA gayA hai / prastuta vivecanA meM mukhya rUpa se cArvAka darzana ke tajjIvataccharIravAda ke evaM paraloka tathA puNya-pApa kI avadhAraNAoM ke usake dvArA kiye gaye khaNDanoM ke prastutIkaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha unakI ina AgamoM meM upalabdha samIkSAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaI haiN| isase bhI 'RSibhASita' ( I0 pU0 cauthI zatI) meM bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kA jo prastutIkaraNa hai, vaha uparyukta vivaraNa se kucha viziSTa prakAra kA hai| usameM jo daNDokkala, rajjUkkala, stenAkkala,

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cAvaki darzana kA prastutikaraNa evaM samIkSA : 47 desokkala, savvokkala ke nAma se bhautivAdiyoM ke pA~ca prakAroM kA ullekha hai, vaha anyatra kisI bhI bhAratIya sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM hai| isI prakAra 'sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha evaM rAjapraznIya meM cArvAka darzana kI sthApanA aura khaNDana donoM ke lie jo tarka prastuta kiye gaye haiM ve bhI mahattvapUrNa kahe jA sakate haiN| isake atirikta prAkRta Agamika-vyAkhyA sAhitya meM mukhyataH 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya (chaThIM zatI) ke 'gaNadharavAda meM lagabhaga 500 gAthAoM meM bhautikavAdI cArvAka darzana kI vibhinna avadhAraNAoM kI jo samIkSA mahAvIra aura gautama Adi 11 gaNadharoM ke madhya hue vAda-vivAda ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI hai, vaha bhI dArzanika dRSTi se ati mahattvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai| anya Agamika saMskRta TIkAoM (10vIM-11vIM zatI) meM bhI cArvAka darzana kI jaina dArzanikoM dvArA kI gaI samIkSAoM kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI upalabdha hai| ina AgamoM kI prAkRta evaM saMskRta Agamika vyAkhyAoM, yathA-niyukti, bhASyacUrNi, vRtti, TIkA Adi ke atirikta jaina dArzanika granthoM meM bhI bhautikavAdI jIvana- dRSTi kI samIkSAe~ upalabdha haiN| kintu ina sabako to kisI eka svatantra grantha meM hI sameTA jA sakatA hai| ataH isa nibandha kI sImA maryAdAoM kA dhyAna rakhate hue hama apanI vivecanA ko pUrva nirdezita prAcIna stara ke prAkRta AgamoM taka hI sImita rkheNge| 'AcArAMga meM lokasaMjJA ke rUpa meM lokayata darzana kA nirdeza jaina AgamoM meM 'AcArAMga kA prathama zrataskandha atiprAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| vidvAnoM meM aisI mAnyatA hai ki isa grantha meM svayaM mahAvIra ke vacanoM kA saMkalana huA hai| isakA racanAkAla cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI I0 pU0 mAnA jAtA hai| AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se lokAyata darzana kA ullekha to nahIM hai kintu isa grantha kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| sUtra ke prArambha meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha logoM ko yaha jJAta nahIM hotA ki merI AtmA aupapAtika (purnajanma karane vAlI) hai| maiM kahA~ se AyA hU~ aura yahA~ se apanA jIvana samApta karake kahA~ janma grahaNa karU~gA ? sUtrakAra kahatA hai ki vyakti ko yaha jAnanA cAhie ki merI AtmA aupapAtika (punarjanma grahaNa karane vAlI) hai jo ina dizAoM aura vidizAoM meM saMcaraNa karatI hai aura vahI 'maiM hU~, vastutaH jo yaha jAnatA hai vahI AtmavAdI, lokavAdI, karmavAdI aura kriyAvAdI hai| isa prakAra isa grantha ke prArambha meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM ke viruddha cAra bAtoM kI sthApanA kI gaI hai -- AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda aura kriyaavaad| AtmA kI svatantra aura nitya sattA ko svIkAra karanA AtmavAda hai| saMsAra meM yathArtha AtmA ko loka meM janma-maraNa karane vAlA samajhanA lokavAda hai| zubhAzubha karmoM ko kartA-bhoktA evaM pariNAmI (vikArI) mAnanA kriyAvAda hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga meM lokasaMjJA kA parityAga karake ina siddhAntoM meM vizvAsa karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki 'AcArAMga meM lokAyata yA cArvAka darzana kA nirdeza "loka saMjJA" ke rUpa meM huA hai| yadyapi isameM ina mAnyatAoM kI samAlocanA to kI gaI hai kintu usakI koI tArkika bhUmikA prastuta nahIM kI gaI hai| 'sUtrakRtAMga' meM lokAyata darzana AcArAMga ke pazcAt sUtrakRtAMga kA krama AtA hai| isake prathama zrutaskandha ko bhI

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48 : pro. sAgaramala jaina vidvAnoM ne atiprAcIna (lagabhaga I0 pU0 cauthI zatI) mAnA hai / sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyAya meM hameM cArvAka darzana ke paMcamahAbhUtavAda aura tajjIvataccharIravAda ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| isameM paMcamahAbhUtavAda ko prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki pRthvI, apa, tejas, vAyu aura AkAza aise pA~ca mahAbhUta mAne gaye haiN| una pA~ca mahAbhUtoM se hI prANI kI utpatti hotI hai. aura deha kA vinAza hone para dehI kA bhI vinAza ho jAtA hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki vyakti cAhe mUrkha ho yA paNDita pratyeka kI apanI AtmA hotI hai jo mRtyu ke bAda nahIM rhtii| prANI aupapAtika arthAt purnajanma grahaNa karane vAle nahIM hai / zarIra kA nAza hone para dehI arthAt AtmA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| isa loka se pare na to koI loka hai aura na puNya aura pApa / isa prakAra 'sUtrakRtAMga' ke prathama zrutaskandha meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAe~ parilakSita nahIM hotI haiN| yadyapi 'sUtrakRtAMga' ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM cArvAka darzana kI samIkSA prastuta kI gaI hai, kintu vidvAnoM ne use kiMcit paravartI mAnA hai / ataH usake pUrva hama 'uttarAdhyayana' kA vivaraNa prastuta kreNge| isameM cArvAka darzana ko jana-zraddhA ( jana-saddhi ) kahA gayA hai / 10 sambhavataH loka saMjJA aura jana-zraddhA, ye lokAyata darzana ke hI pUrva nAma hoM / 'uttarAdhyayana' meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki ye sAMsArika viSaya hI hamAre pratyakSa ke viSaya haiM / paraloka ko to hamane dekhA hI nhiiN| vartamAna ke kAma-bhoga hastagata haiM jabaki bhaviSya meM milane vAle (svarga-sukha ) anAgata arthAt saMdigdha haiN| kauna jAnatA hai ki paraloka hai bhI yA nahIM ? isalie maiM to jana-zraddhA ke sAtha hokara rahU~gA / 11 isa prakAra uttarAdhyayana ke paMcama adhyAya meM cArvAkoM kI purnajanma ke niSedha kI avadhAraNA kA ullekha evaM khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra uttarAdhyayana ke caudahaveM adhyAya meM bhI cArvAkoM ke asat se sat kI utpatti ke siddhAnta kA prastutIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki cArvAkoM kA paMcamahAbhUta se cetanA kI utpatti kA siddhAnta vastutaH asat se sat kI utpatti kA siddhAnta hai / yadyapi 'uttarAdhyayana' meM asatkAryavAda kA jo udAharaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha asatkAryavAda ke pakSa meM na jAkara satkAryavAda ke pakSa meM hI jAtA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaise araNi meM agni, dUdha meM ghRta aura tila meM tela asat hokara bhI utpanna hotA hai, usI prakAra zarIra meM jIva bhI asat hokara hI utpanna hotA hai aura usa zarIra kA nAza ho jAne para vaha bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai| 12 sambhavataH 'uttarAdhyayana meM cArvAkoM ke asatkAryavAda kI sthApanA ke pakSa meM ye satkAryavAda kI siddhi karane vAle udAharaNa isIliye diye gaye hoM ki inakI samAlocanA saralatApUrvaka kI jA sake / 'uttarAdhyayana' meM AtmA ko amUrta hone ke kAraNa indriya grAhya nahIM mAnA gayA hai, amUrta hone se nitya kahA gayA hai| 13 uparokta vivaraNa se cArvAkoM ke sandarbha meM nimnalikhita jAnakArI milatI hai- jAtA thA / 1. cArvAka darzana ko "loka-saMjJA" aura "jana-zraddhA" ke nAma se abhihita kiyA --- 2. cArvAka darzana AtmA ko svatantra tattva nahIM mAnatA thaa| vaha paMcamahAbhUtoM se cetanA kI utpatti batAtA thA /

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutikaraNa evaM samIkSA : 49 3. isI kAraNa vaha asatkAryavAda arthAt asat se sat kI utpatti ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatA thaa| 4. zarIra ke nAza ke sAtha AtmA ke vinAza ko svIkAra tathA punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko asvIkAra karatA thaa| punarjanma kI asvIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha vaha paraloka arthAt svarga-naraka kI sattA ko bhI asvIkRta karatA thaa| 5. vaha puNya pApa arthAt zubhAzubha karmoM ke zubhAzubha phaloM ko bhI asvIkAra karatA thA, ataH karma siddhAnta kA virodhI thaa| 6. usa yuga meM dArzanikoM kA eka varga akriyAvAda kA samarthaka thaa| jainoM ke anusAra akriyAvAdI ve dArzanika the, jo AtmA ko akartA aura kUTasthanitya mAnate the| AtmavAdI hokara bhI zubhAzubha karmoM ke zubhAzubha phala (karma siddhAnta) ke niSedhaka hone se ye pracchanna cArvAkI hI the| isa prakAra AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM cArvAka darzana ke jo ullekha hameM upalabdha hote haiM, ve mAtra usakI avadhAraNAoM ko saMkSepa meM prastuta karate haiN| unameM isa darzana kI mAnyatAoM se sAdhaka ko vimukha karane ke lie itanA to avazya kahA gayA hai ki yaha vicAradhArA samIcIna nahIM hai| kintu ina granthoM meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM kA prastutIkaraNa aura nirasana donoM hI na to tArkika hai aura na vistRt| 'RSibhASitaM' meM prastuta cArvAka darzana14 RSibhASita kA bIsavA~ "ukkala" nAmaka sampUrNa adhyayana hI cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM aura tajjIvataccharIravAda kA tArkika prastutIkaraNa isa prakAra karatA hai-- jIva "pAdatala se Upara se mastaka ke kezAgra se nIce tathA sampUrNa zarIra kI tvacAparyanta AtmaparyAya ko prApta ho jIvana jItA hai aura itanA hI mAtra jIvana hai| jisa prakAra bIja ke bhuna jAne para usase punaH aMkura kI utpatti nahIM hotI hai, usI prakAra zarIra ke dagdha ho jAne para usase punaH zarIra kI utpatti nahIM hotii| isIlie jIvana itanA hI hai ( arthAta zarIra kI utpatti se vinAza taka kI kAlAvadhi paryanta hI jIvana hai)| na to paraloka hai na sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM kA phala vipAka hai| jIva kA punarjanma bhI nahIM hotA hai| puNya aura pApa jIva kA saMsparza nahIM karate aura isa taraha kalyANa aura pApa niSphala hai|" 'RSibhASita meM cArvAkoM kI isa mAnyatA kI samIkSA karate hue punaH kahA gayA hai ki "pAdatala se Upara tathA mastaka ke kezAgra se nIce aura zarIra kI sampUrNa tvacA paryanta AtmaparyAya ko prApta yaha jIva hai, yaha maraNa zIla hai, kintu jIvana itanA hI nahIM hai| jisa prakAra bIja ke jala jAne para usase punaH utpatti nahIM hotI usI prakAra zarIra ke dagdha ho jAne para bhI usase punaH utpatti nahIM hotii| isalie puNya-pApa kA agrahaNa hone se sukha-dukha kI sambhAvanA kA abhAva ho jAtA hai aura pApa karma ke abhAva meM zarIra ke dahana se zarIra ke dagdha hone para punaH zarIra kI utpatti nahIM hotI arthAt punarjanma nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra vyakti mukti prApta kara letA hai| yahA~ hama dekhate hai ki granthakAra cArvAkoM ke unake hI tarka kA upayoga karake yaha siddha kara detA hai ki

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50 : pro. sAgaramala jaina puNya-pApa se Upara uThakara vyakti punarjanma ke cakra se mukti pA letA hai| ___ isa grantha meM cArvAka darzana ke sandarbha meM sabase mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki isameM karmasiddhAnta kA utthApana karane vAle cArvAkoM ke pA~ca prakAroM kA ullekha huA hai aura ye prakAra anya dArzanika granthoM meM milane vAle dehAtmavAda indriyAtmavAda, manaH AtmavAda Adi prakAroM se bhinna haiM aura sambhavataH anyatra kahIM upalabdha nahIM hote haiN| isameM nimna pA~ca prakAra ke ukkaloM kA ullekha hai -- daNDokkala, rajjUkkala, stenokkala, dezokkala aura sbbukkl| isa prasaMga meM sabase pahale to yahI vicAraNIya hai ki ukkala zabda kA vAstavika artha kyA hai ? prAkRta ke ukkala zabda ko saMskRta meM nimna cAra zabdoM se niSpanna mAnA jA sakatA hai -- utkaTa, utkala, utkula aura utkuul| saMskRta kozoM meM utkaTa zabda kA artha unmatta diyA gayA hai| cArvAka darzanAnusAra adhyAtmavAdiyoM kI dRSTi se ukkala kA saMskRta rUpa utkaTa mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| usake sthAna para utkala, utkUla yA utkula mAnanA adhika samIcIna hai| utkala kA artha hai jo nikAlA gayA ho, isI prakAra utkula zabda kA tAtparya hai jo kula se nikAlA gayA hai yA jo kula se bahiSkRta hai| cArvAkagaNa AdhyAtmika paramparAoM se bahiSkRta mAne jAte the, isI dRSTi se unheM utkala yA utkula kahA gayA hogaa| yadi hama ise utkUla se niSpanna mAneM to isakA artha hogA kinAre se alaga haTA huaa| "kUla" zabda kinArA artha meM prayukta hotA hai, arthAt jo kinAre se alaga hokara arthAt maryAdAoM ko tor3akara apanA pratipAdana karatA hai vaha ukkala hai cU~ki cArvAka naitika maryAdAoM ko asvIkAra karate the ataH unheM utkUla kahA gayA hogaa| aba hama ina ukkaloM ke pA~ca prakAroM kI carcA kareMge-- (i) daNDokkala ye vicAraka daNDa ke dRSTAMta dvArA yaha pratipAdita karate the ki jisa prakAra daNDa ke Adi, madhya aura antima bhAga pRthak-pRthak hokara daNDa saMjJA ko prApta nahIM hotA hai usI prakAra zarIra se bhinna hokara jIva jIva nahIM hotA hai| ataH zarIra ke nAza ho jAne para bhava arthAt janma-paramparA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| unake anusAra sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hokara jIva jIvana ko prApta hotA hai| vastutaH zarIra aura jIvana kI apRthakatA yA sAmudAyikatA hI ina vicArakoM kI mUlabhUta dArzanika mAnyatA thI / daNDokkala dehAtmavAdI the| (ii) rajjUkkala rajjUkkalavAdI yaha mAnate haiM ki jisa prakAra rajju tantuoM kA samudAya mAtra hai usI prakAra jIva bhI paMcamahAbhUtoM kA skandha mAtra hai| una skandhoM ke vicchinna hone para bhava-santati kA bhI viccheda ho jAtA hai|18 vastutaH ye vicAraka paMcamahAbhUtoM ke samUha kA hI jagat kA mUla tattva mAnate the aura jIva ko svatantra tattva ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate the| rajjUkkala skandhavAdI the|

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+ prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA : 51 (iii) stenokkala 19 'RSibhASita' ke anusAra stenokkala bhautikavAdI anya zAstroM ke dRSTAntoM ko lekara unakI svapakSa meM udbhAvanA karake yaha kahate the ki yaha hamArA kathana hai| 1 9 isa prakAra ye dUsaroM ke siddhAntoM kA uccheda karate haiN| parapakSa ke dRSTAntoM kA svapakSa meM prayoga ke tAtparya sambhavataH vAda-vivAda meM "chala" kA prayoga ho / sambhavataH stenokkala yA to naiyAyikoM ke koI pUrva rUpa rahe hoMge yA saMjayavelaTThIputra ke siddhAnta kA yaha prAcIna koI vidhAyaka rUpa thA, jo sambhavataH Age calakara jainoM ke anekAntavAda kA AdhAra banA ho / jJAtavya hai ki RSibhASita meM dehAtmavAdiyoM ke tarkoM se mukti kI prakriyA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| (iv) dezokkala 'RSibhASita' meM jo AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karake bhI jIva ko akartA mAnate the unheM dezokkala kahA gayA hai|20 AtmA ko akartA mAnane para puNya-pApa, bandhana-mokSa kI vyavasthA nahIM bana pAtI hai| isalie isa prakAra ke vicArakoM ko bhI AMzika rUpa se ucchedavAdI hI kahA gayA hai, kyoMki puNya-pApa, sambhavataH 'RSibhASita' hI eka aisA grantha hai jo Atma akartAvAdiyoM ko ucchedavAdI kahatA hai| vastutaH ye sAMkhya aura aupaniSadika vedAnta ke hI pUrva rUpa the| jaina unheM utkUla yA ucchedavAdI isalie mAnate the ki ina mAnyatAoM se lokavAda (loka kI yathArthatA) karmavAda ( karma siddhAnta) aura Atma kartAvAda ( kriyAvAda ) kA khaNDana hotA thA / (v) savvukkala sarvotkUla sarvadA abhAva se hI sabakI utpatti batAte the| aisA koI bhI tattva nahIM hai jo sarvathA sarva prakAra se sarvakAla se rahatA ho| isa prakAra ye sarvocchedavAda kI saMsthApanA karate the| 21 dUsare zabdoM meM jo loga samasta sRSTi ke pIche kisI nitya tattva ko svIkAra nahIM karate the aura abhAva se hI sRSTi kI utpatti mAnate the ve kahate the ki koI bhI tattva aisA nahIM hai jo sarvathA aura sarvakAloM meM astitva rakhatA ho / saMsAra ke mUla meM kisI bhI sattA ko asvIkAra karane ke kAraNa ye sarvocchedavAdI kahalAte the / sambhavataH yaha bauddha granthoM meM sUcita ucdavAdI dRSTi kA koI prAcInatama rUpa thA jo tArkikatA se yukta hokara bauddhoM ke zUnyavAda ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hogA / isa prakAra 'RSibhASita meM AtmA, punarjanma, dharma-vyavasthA evaM karma - siddhAnta ke apalApaka vicArakoM kA jo citraNa upalabdha hotA hai use saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai -- 1. granthakAra uparokta vicArakoM ko "ukkala" nAma se abhihita karatA hai jisake saMskRta rUpa utkala, utkula athavA utkUla hote haiM, nAma detA hai jinake artha hote haiM bahiSkRta yA maryAdA kA ullaMghana karane vAlA, ina vicArakoM ke sambandha meM isa nAma kA anyatra kahIM prayoga huA hai aisA hameM jJAta nahIM hotA /

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52 : pro. sAgaramala jaina --- 2. isameM ina vicArakoM ke pA~ca varga batAye gaye haiN| daNDotkala, rajjUtkala, stenotkala, dezotkala aura sarvotkala / vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM skandhavAdiyoM (bauddha skandhavAda kA pUrva rUpa) sarvocchedavAdiyoM ( bauddha zUnyavAda kA pUrva rUpa ) aura Atma-akartAvAdiyoM (akriyAvAdiyoM-sAMkhya aura vedAnta kA pUrva rUpa ) ko bhI isI varga meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai kyoMki ye sabhI karma siddhAnta evaM dharma vyavasthA ke apalApaka mAne gaye haiN| yadyapi Atma-akartAvAdiyoM ko dezotkala kahA gayA hai arthAt AMzika rUpa se apalApaka hai / kahA gayA 3. isameM zarIra paryanta Atma-paryAya mAnane kA jo siddhAnta prastuta kiyA gayA hai| vahI jainoM dvArA AtmA ko deha parimANa mAnane ke siddhAnta kA pUrva rUpa pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki isa grantha meM zarIrAtmavAda ke nirAkaraNa ke samaya isa kathana ke svapakSa meM bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra isameM jaina, bauddha aura sAMkhya tathA aupaniSadika vedAnta kI dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke pUrva rUpa yA bIja parilakSita hote haiM / kahIM aisA to nahIM hai ki ina mAnyatAoM ko susaMgata banAne ke prayAsa meM hI ina darzanoM kA udaya huA ho / 4. isameM jo dehAtmavAda kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai vaha Thosa tArkika AdhAroM para sthita nahIM hai / mAtra yaha kaha diyA gayA hai ki jIva kA jIvana zarIra kI utpatti aura vinAza kI kAla sImA taka sImita nahIM hai / 'sUtrakRtAMga' (dvitIya zrutaskandha) meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA 22 cArvAkoM athavA tajjIvataccharIravAdiyoM ke pakSa kA tArkika dRSTi se prastutIkaraNa aura usakI tArkika samIkSA kA prayatna jaina Agama sAhitya meM sarvaprathama 'sUtrakRtAMga' ke dvitIya pauDika nAmaka adhyayana meM aura usake pazcAt 'rAjapraznIyasUtra' meM upalabdha hotA hai| aba hama 'sUtrakRtAMga' dvitIya zrutaskandha ke AdhAra para tajjIvataccharIravAdiyoM ke pakSa kA prastutIkaraNa aura usakI samIkSA prastuta kreNge| tajjIvataccharIravAdI yaha pratipAdita karate haiM ki pAdatala se Upara mastaka ke kezoM ke agrabhAga se nIce tathA samasta tvakparyanta jo zarIra hai vahI jIva hai| isa zarIra ke jIvita rahane taka hI yaha jIva jIvita rahatA hai aura zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne para naSTa ho jAtA hai| isalie zarIra ke astitvaparyanta hI jIvana kA astittva hai| isa siddhAnta ko yuktiyukta samajhanA caahie| kyoMki jo loga yuktipUrvaka yaha pratipAdita karate haiM ki zarIra anya hai aura jIva anya hai, ve jIva aura zarIra ko pRthak-pRthak karake nahIM dikhA sakate / ve yaha bhI nahIM batA sakate ki AtmA dIrgha hai yA hrasva hai / vaha parimaNDalAkAra athavA gola hai / vaha kisa varNa aura kisa gandha se yukta hai athavA vaha bhArI hai, halkA hai, snigdha hai yA rukSa hai| ataH jo loga jIva aura zarIra ko bhinna nahIM mAnate unakA hI mata yuktisaMgata hai kyoMki jIva aura zarIra ko nimnokta padArthoM kI taraha pRthak-pRthak karake nahIM dikhAyA jA sakatA, yathA -- 1. talavAra aura gyAna kI taraha, 2. muMja aura iSikA kI taraha, 3. mAMsa aura

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutikaraNa evaM samIkSA : 53 haDaDI kI taraha. 4. hathelI aura A~vale kI taraha. 5. dahI aura makkhana kI taraha. 6. tila kI khalI aura tela kI taraha, 7. Ikha ke rasa aura usake chilake kI taraha evaM 8. araNi kI lakar3I aura Aga kI trh| isa prakAra jainAgamoM ke prastuta grantha meM hI sarvaprathama dehAtmavAdiyoM ke dRSTikoNa ko tArkika rUpa se prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| punaH unakI dehAtmavAdI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para unakI nIti sambandhI avadhAraNAoM ko nimna zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai-- yadi zarIra mAtra hI jIva hai to paraloka nahIM hai| isI prakAra kriyA, akriyA, sukRta, duSkRta, kalyANa, pApa, bhalA-burA, siddhi-asiddhi, svarga-naraka Adi bhI nahIM hai| ataH prANiyoM ke vadha karane, bhUmi ko khodane, vanaspatiyoM ko kATane, agni ko jalAne, bhojana pakAne Adi kriyAoM meM bhI koI pApa nahIM hai| prastuta grantha meM dehAtmavAda kI yuktiyukta samIkSA na karake mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki aise loga hamArA hI dharma satya hai aisA pratipAdana karate haiM aura zramaNa hokara bhI sAMsArika bhoga vilAsoM meM phaMsa jAte haiN| isI adhyAya meM punaH paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM tathA paMcamahAbhUta aura chaThA~ AtmA mAnane vAle sAMkhyoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| prastuta grantha kI sUcanA ke anusAra paMcamahAbhUtavAdI spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnate the ki isa jagata meM paMcamahAbhUta hI saba kucha hai| jinase hamArI kriyAakriyA, sukRta-duSkRta, kalyANa-pApa, acchA-burA, siddhi-asiddhi, naraka gati yA naraka ke atirikta anyagati, adhika kahA~ taka kaheM tinake ke hilane jaisI kriyA bhI (inhIM paMcamahAbhUtoM se) hotI hai| usa bhUta samavAya (samUha) ko pRthak-pRthak nAma se jAnanA cAhie jaise ki pRthvI eka mahAbhUta hai, jala dUsarA mahAbhUta hai, teja tIsarA mahAbhUta hai, vAyu cauthA mahAbhUta hai aura AkAza pA~cavA mahAbhUta hai| ye pA~ca mahAbhUta kisI kartA ke dvArA nirmita nahIM haiM na hI ye kisI kartA dvArA banavAye hue haiM, ye kiye hue nahIM hai na hI ye kRtrima haiM aura na ye apanI utpatti ke lie kisI kI apekSA rakhate haiN| ye pA~coM mahAbhUta Adi evaM anta rahita hai, tathA avandhya-Avazyaka kArya karane vAle haiN| inheM kArya meM pravRtta karane vAlA koI dUsarA padArtha nahIM hai, ye svatantra evaM zAzvata hai| yaha jJAtavya hai ki jainAgamoM meM aisA koI bhI sandarbha upalabdha nahIM hotA hai jisameM mAtra cAra mahAbhUta (AkAza ko chor3akara) mAnane vAle cArvAkoM kA ullekha huA ho| prastuta grantha meM paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM ke uparokta vicAroM ke sAtha-sAtha paMcamahAbhUta aura chaThA AtmA aise chaH tattvoM ko mAnane vAle vicArakoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| inakI mAnyatA ko prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki sat kA vinAza nahIM hotA aura asata kI utpatti nahIM hotii| itanA hI jIvakAya, itanA hI atikAya aura itanA hI samagra loka hai| paMcamahAbhUta hI loka kA kAraNa hai| saMsAra meM tRNa-kampana se lekara jo kucha hotA hai vaha saba ina pA~ca .. For Private & Personal Use Ong

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54 : pro. sAgaramala jaina mahAbhUtoM se hotA hai| AtmA ke asat athavA akartA hone se hiMsA Adi kAryoM meM puruSa doSa kA bhAgI nahIM hotA kyoMki sabhI kArya bhUtoM ke haiN| sambhavataH yaha vicAradhArA sAMkhya darzana kA pUrvavartI rUpa hai| isameM paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM kI dRSTi se AtmA ko asat aura paMcamahAbhUta aura SaSTha AtmavAdiyoM kI dRSTi se AtmA ko akartA kahA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga inake atirikta Izvara kAraNavAdI aura niyativAdI jIvana dRSTiyoM ko bhI karma-siddhAnta kA virodhI hone ke kAraNa mithyAtva kA pratipAdaka hI mAnatA hai| isa prakAra RSibhASita ke dezotkala aura 'sUtrakRtAMga ke paMcamahAbhUta evaM SaSTha AtmavAdiyoM ke uparokta vivaraNa meM paryApta rUpa se nikaTatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| jainoM kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki ve sabhI vicAraka mithyAdRSTi haiM jinakI dArzanika mAnyatAoM meM dharmAdharma vyavasthA yA karma siddhAnta kI avadhAraNA nahIM hotI hai| hama yaha dekhate haiM ki yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga meM zarIra-AtmavAda kI sthApanA karate hue deha aura AtmA bhinna-bhinna haiM, isa mAnyatA kA tArkika rUpa se nirasana kiyA gayA hai kintu yaha mAnyatA kyoM samucita nahIM hai isa sambandha meM spaSTa rUpa se koI bhI tarka nahIM diye gaye haiN| sUtrakRtAMga, dehAtmavAda dRSTikoNa ke samarthana meM to tarka detA hai kintu usake nirasana meM koI tarka nahIM detaa| 'rAjapraznIya sUtra meM cArvAka mata kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA23 cArvAka darzana ke dehAtmavAdI dRSTikoNa ke samarthana meM aura usake khaNDana ke lie tarka prastuta karane vAlA sarvaprathama rAjapraznIya sUtra hai| yahI eka mAtra aisA prAkRta Agama grantha hai jo cArvAka darzana ke ucchedavAda aura tajjIvataccharIravAda ke pakSa aura pratipakSa donoM ke sandarbha meM apane tarka prastuta karatA hai| 'rAjapraznIya sUtra meM cArvAkoM kI ina mAnyatAoM ke pUrva pakSa ko aura unakA khaNDana karane vAle uttara pakSa ko nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai -- 1. rAjA paesI kahatA hai, he ! kezIkumAra zramaNa ! mere dAdA atyanta adhArmika the| Apake kathanAnusAra ve avazya hI naraka meM utpanna hue hoNge| maiM apane pitAmaha kA atyanta priya thA, ataH pitAmaha ko Akara mujhase yaha kahanA cAhie ki he pautra ! maiM tumhArA pitAmaha thA aura isI se yaviyA (zvetAmbikA ) nagarI meM adhArmika yAvat prajAjanoM se rAjakara lekara bhI yathocita rUpa meM unakA pAlana-rakSaNa nahIM karatA thaa| isa kAraNa bahuta evaM atIva kaluSita pApakarmoM kA saMcaya karake maiM naraka meM utpanna huA huuN| kintu he pautra ! tuma adhArmika nahIM honA, prajAjanoM se kara lekara unake pAlana-rakSaNa meM pramAda mata karanA aura na bahuta se malina pApa karmoM kA upArjana-saMcaya hI krnaa| dehAtmavAdiyoM ke isa tarka ke prati-uttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne nimna samAdhAna prastuta kiyA -- he rAjana ! jisa prakAra apane aparAdhI ko tuma isalie nahIM chor3a dete ho ki vaha jAkara apane putra-mitra aura jAti janoM ko yaha batAye ki maiM apane pApa ke kAraNa daNDa bhoga rahA hU~, tuma aisA mata krnaa| isI prakAra naraka meM utpanna tumhAre pitAmaha tumheM pratibodha dene ke lie AnA cAhakara bhI yahA~ Ane meM samartha nahIM haiN| nArakIya jIva cAra kAraNoM se manuSya loka meM nahIM A sakate -- sarvaprathama to unameM naraka se nikala kara manuSya loka meM Ane

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA : 55 kI sAmarthya hI nahIM hotii| dUsare narakapAla unheM naraka se bAhara nikalane kI anumati bhI nahIM dete| tIsare naraka sambandhI asAtAvedanIya karma ke kSaya nahIM hone se ve vahA~ se nahIM nikala paate| cauthe unakA naraka sambandhI AyuSya karma jaba taka kSINa nahIM hotA taba taka ve vahA~ se nahIM A skte| ataH tumhAre pitAmaha ke dvArA tumheM Akara pratibodha na de pAne ke kAraNa yaha mAnyatA mata rakho ki jIva aura zarIra eka hI hai, apitu yaha mAnyatA rakho ki jIva anya hai aura zarIra eka hI hai smaraNa rahe ki dIghanikAya meM bhI naraka se manuSya loka meM na A pAne ke inhIM cAra kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| kezikumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne dUsarA tarka prastuta kiyA-- he zramaNa ! merI dAdI atyanta dhArmika thiiN| Apa logoM ke mata ke anusAra vaha nizcita hI svarga meM utpanna huI hoNgii| maiM apanI dAdI kA atyanta priya thA, ataH use mujhe Akara yaha batAnA cAhie ki he pautra ! maiM apane puNya karmoM ke kAraNa svarga meM utpanna huI huuN| tuma bhI mere samAna dhArmika jIvana bitAvo jisase tuma bhI vipula puNya kA upArjana kara svarga meM utpanna hovo| kyoMki merI dAdI ne svarga se Akara mujhe aisA pratibodha nahIM diyA, ataH maiM yahI mAnatA hU~ ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM haiN| rAjA ke isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne nimna tarka prastuta kiyA -- he rAjan ! yadi tuma snAna, balikarma aura kautukamaMgala karake devakula meM praviSTa ho rahe ho usa samaya koI puruSa zaucAlaya meM khar3A hokara yaha kahe ki he svAmin ! yahA~ Ao ! kucha samaya ke lie yahA~ baiTho, khar3e hovo ! to kyA tuma usa puruSa kI bAta ko svIkAra kroge| nizcaya hI tuma usa apavitra sthAna para jAnA nahIM caahoge| isI prakAra he rAjana ! deva loka meM utpanna deva vahA~ ke divya kAma bhogoM meM itane mUchita, gaddha aura tallIna ho jAte haiM ki ve manuSya loka meM Ane kI icchA hI nahIM krte| dUsare devaloka sambandhI divya bhogoM meM tallIna ho jAne ke kAraNa unakA manuSya sambandhI prema vyucchinna ho jAtA hai ataH ve manuSya loka meM nahIM A paate| tIsare devaloka meM utpanna ve deva vahA~ ke divya kAmabhogoM meM mUrcchita yA tallIna hone ke kAraNa abhI jAtA hU~ -- abhI jAtA hU~ aisA socate rahate haiM, kintu utane samaya meM alpAyuSya vAle manuSya kAladharma ko prApta ho jAte haiM kyoMki devoM kA eka dina-rAta manuSya loka ke sau varSa ke barAbara hotA hai| ataH eka dina kA bhI vilamba hone para yahA~ manuSya kAladharma ko prApta ho jAtA hai| punaH manuSya loka itanA durgandhita aura aniSTakara hai ki usakI durgandha ke kAraNa manuSya loka meM deva AnA nahIM cAhate haiN| ataH tumhArI dAdI ke svarga se nahIM Ane para yaha zraddhA rakhanA ucita nahIM hai ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai| kezikumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne eka anya tarka prastuta kiyaa| rAjA ne kahA ki maiMne eka cora ko jIvita hI eka lohe kI kumbhI meM banda karavA kara acchI taraha se lohe se usakA mukha Dhaka diyA phira usa para garama lohe aura rAMge se lepa karA diyA tathA usakI dekha-rekha ke lie apane vizvAsa pAtra puruSoM ko rakha diyaa| kucha dina pazcAt maine usa kumbhI ko khulavAyA to dekhA ki vaha manuSya mara cukA thA kintu usa kumbhI meM koI bhI chidra, Jain Education Internatonal

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56 : pro. sAgaramala jaina vivara yA darAra nahIM thI jisase usameM banda puruSa kA jIva bAhara nikalA ho, ataH jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai / isake pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne nimna tarka prastuta kiyA jisa prakAra eka aisI kUTAgArazAlA jo acchI taraha se AcchAdita ho aura usakA dvAra gupta ho yahA~ taka ki usameM kucha bhI praveza nahIM kara ske| yadi usa kUTAgArazAlA meM koI vyakti jora se bherI jAye to tuma batAo ki vaha AvAja bAhara sunAyI degI ki nahIM ? nizcaya hI vaha AvAja sunAyI degI / ataH jisa prakAra zabda apratihata gati vAlA hai usI prakAra AtmA bhI apratihata gati vAlA hai, ataH use nikalane ke lie tuma yaha zraddhA karo ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna haiM / jJAtavya hai ki aba yaha tarka vijJAna sammata nahIM raha gayA hai, yadyapi AtmA kI amUrtatA ke AdhAra para bhI rAjA ke uparokta tarka kA prati uttara diyA jA sakatA hai / kezikumAra zramaNa ke isa prati uttara ko sunakara rAjA ne eka anya tarka prastuta kiyA- maiMne eka puruSa ko prANa rahita karake eka lauha kumbhI meM galavA diyA tathA Dhakkana se use banda karake usa para zIze kA lepa karavA diyaa| kucha samaya pazcAt jaba usa kumbhI ko kholA gayA to use kRmikula se vyApta dekhA, kintu usameM koI darAra yA chidra nahIM thA jisase usameM jIva utpanna hue hoN| ataH jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai| rAjA ke isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne agni se tapAye hue gole kA udAharaNa diyA / jisa prakAra lohe ke gole meM cheda nahIM hone para bhI agni usameM praveza kara jAtI hai usI prakAra jIva bhI apratihata gati vAlA hone se kahIM bhI praveza kara jAtA hai| kezikumAra zramaNa kA yaha pratyuttara sunakara rAjA ne punaH eka nayA tarka prastuta kiyaa| usane kahA ki, maiMne eka vyakti ko jIvita rahate hue aura marane ke bAda donoM hI dazAoM meM taulA kintu donoM ke taula meM koI antara nahIM thA / yadi mRtyu ke bAda AtmA usameM se nikalA hotA to usakA vajana kucha kama avazya honA cAhie thA / isake pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne vAyu se bharI huI aura vAyu se rahita mazaka kA udAharaNa diyA aura yaha batAyA ki jisa prakAra vAyu agurulaghu hai usI prakAra jIva bhI agurulaghu hai / ataH tumhArA yaha tarka yukti saMgata nahIM hai ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai| aba yaha tarka bhI vaijJAnika dRSTi se yuktisaMgata nahIM raha gayA hai kyoMki vaijJAnika yaha mAnate haiM ki vAyu meM vajana hotA hai| dUsare yaha bhI prayoga karake dekhA gayA hai ki jIvita aura mRta zarIra ke vajana meM antara pAyA jAtA hai| usa yuga meM sUkSma tulA ke abhAva ke kAraNa yaha antara jJAta nahIM hotA rahA hogA / rAjA ne phira eka anya tarka prastuta kiyA aura kahA ki maiMne eka cora ke zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM ko kATa kara cIra kara dekhA lekina mujhe kahIM bhI jIva nahIM dikhAI diyA / ataH zarIra se pRthak jIva kI sattA siddha nahIM hotii| isake pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne nimna udAharaNa dekara samajhAyA "he rAjan ! tU bar3A mUr3ha mAlUma hotA hai, maiM tujhe eka udAharaNa dekara samajhAtA hU~ /

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA : 5: eka bAra kucha vana jIvI sAtha meM agni lekara eka bar3e jaMgala meM phuNce| unhoMne apane eka sAthI se kahA, he devAnupriya ! hama jaMgala meM lakar3I lene jAte haiM, tU isa agni se Aga jalAkara hamAre lie bhojana banAkara taiyAra rakhanA / yadi agni bujha jAya to lakar3iyoM ko ghisa kara agni jalA lenA / saMyogavaza usake sAthiyoM ke cale jAne para thor3I hI dera bAda Aga bujha gii| apane sAthiyoM ke AdezAnusAra vaha lakar3iyoM ko cAroM ora se ulaTa-pulaTa kara dekhane lagA lekina Aga kahIM najara nahIM aaii| usane apanI kulhAr3I se lakar3iyoM ko cIrA, unake choTe-choTe Tukar3e kiye kintu phira bhI Aga dikhAI nahIM dii| vaha nirAza hokara baiTha gayA aura socane lagA ki dekho, maiM abhI taka bhI bhojana taiyAra nahIM kara sakA / itane meM jaMgala se usake sAthI lauTakara A gaye, usane una logoM se sArI bAteM khiiN| isa para unameM se eka sAthI ne zara banAyA aura zara ko araNi ke sAtha ghisa kara agni jalAkara dikhAyI aura phira sabane bhojana banA kara khAyA / he paesI ! jaise lakar3I ko cIra kara Aga pAne hI icchA rakhane vAlA ukta manuSya mUrkha thA, vaise hI zarIra ko cIra kara jIva dekhane kI icchA vAle tuma bhI kucha kama mUrkha nahIM ho| jisa prakAra araNi ke mAdhyama se agni abhivyakta hotI hai kintu prakriyA usI prakAra mUrkhatApUrNa hai jaise araNi ko cIra-phAr3a karake agni ko dekhane kI prakriyA / ataH he rAjA yaha zraddhA karo ki AtmA anya hai aura zarIra anya hai 1 yahA~ yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye sabhI tarka vaijJAnika yuga meM itane sabala nahIM raha gaye haiM, kintu I0 pU0 sAmAnyatayA cArvAkoM ke pakSa ke samarthana meM aura unakA khaNDana karane ke liye ye hI tarka prastuta kiye jAte the / ataH cArvAka darzana ke aitihAsika vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se inakA apanA mahattva hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM inameM adhikAMza tarka samAna hone se inakI aitihAsika prAmANikatA aura prAcInatA bhI svataH siddha hai / jaina sAhitya meM dArzanika dRSTi se jahA~ taka cArvAka darzana ke tarkapurassara prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA kA prazna hai Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke mahattvapUrNa grantha 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa dvArA IsvI san kI chaThIM zatI meM prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha isa grantha kI lagabhaga 500 gAthAyeM to AtmA, karma, puNya-pApa, svarga-naraka, bandhana - mukti Adi avadhAraNAoM kI tArkika samIkSA se sambandhita hai / isa grantha kA yaha aMza gaNadharavAda ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai aura aba svatantra rUpa se prakAzita bhI ho cukA hai| prastuta nibandha meM isa samagra carcA ko sameTa pAnA sambhava nahIM thA, ataH isa nibandha ko yahIM virAma de rahe haiN| sandarbha jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 1, bhUmikA, pR0 39 dIghanikAya payAsIsutta rAjapraznIyasUtra (madhukara muni), bhUmikA, pR0 18 RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI), adhyAya 20 1. 2. 3. 4.

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58 : pro. sAgaramala jaina 5. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 1549-2024 AcArAMga (madhukaramuni), 1/1/1/1-3 "evamegesiM No NAtaM bhavati-atthi meM AyA uvavAie...... se AyAvAdI logAvAdI kammAvAdI kiriyaavaadii|" 7. AcArAMga, 1/2/6/104- chaNa pariNNAya loga saNNaM savvaso 8. sUtrakRtAMga (madhukaramuni), 1/1/1/7-8 9. vahI, 11-12 10. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 5/7, jaNeNa saddhiM hokkhAmi 11. vahI, 5/5-7 12. jahA ya aggI araNI u santo khIre ghaTAM tella mhaatilesu| emeva jAyA ! saroraMsi sattA saMmucchaI nAsai naavcitthe| ...... uttarAyayanasUtra, 14/18 13. no indiyaggejjha amuttabhAvA amuttabhAvA vi ya hoi nicco| ...... vahI, 14/19 14. RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAiM), adhyAya 20 15. vahI 16. utkala, utkula aura utkUla zabdoM ke artha ke lie dekhie -- saMskRta-iMgaliza DikzanarI (moniyara viliyamsa ), pR0 176 17. RSibhASita (isibhisiyAiM), adhyAya 20 18. vahI 19. vahI 20. vahI 21. vahI 22. sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya bhAga, adhyAya 1, pR0 648-658 23. rAjapraznIyasUtra ( madhukaramuni), pR0 242-260 pro. sAgaramala jaina, nidezaka, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5.

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mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM usameM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya - pro. sAgaramala jaina dharma aura naitikatA AtmA sambandhI dArzanika mAnyatAoM para adhiSThita rahate haiN| kisI bhI dharma evaM usakI naitika vidhAraNA ko usake Atma sambandhI siddhAnta ke abhAva meM samucita rUpa se nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| mahAvIra ke dharma evaM naitika siddhAntoM ke aucitya-sthApana ke pUrva unake AtmavAda kA aucitya-sthApana Avazyaka hai| sAtha hI mahAvIra ke AtmavAda ko samajhane ke liye unake samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana bhI Avazyaka hai| ___ yadyapi bhAratIya AtmavAdoM ke sambandha meM vartamAna yuga meM zrI e0 sI0 mukarjI ne apanI pustaka "The Nature of Self" evaM zrI esa0 ke0 saksenA ne apanI pustaka "Nature of Consciousness in Hindu Philosophy" meM vicAra kiyA hai lekina unhoMne mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AtmavAdoM para samucita rUpa se koI vicAra nahIM kiyA hai| zrI dharmAnanda kauzAmbIjI dvArA apanI pustaka "bhagavAna buddha" meM yadyapi isa prakAra kA eka laghu prayAsa avazya hai, phira bhI isa sambandha meM eka vyavasthita adhyayana Avazyaka hai| pAzcAtya evaM kucha Adhunika bhAratIya vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki mahAvIra evaM buddha ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM AtmavAda-sambandhI koI nizcita darzana nahIM thaa| tatkAlIna sabhI brAhmaNa aura zramaNa matavAda kevala naitika-vicAraNAoM evaM karmakANDI-vyavasthAoM ko prastuta karate the| sambhavataH isa dhAraNA kA AdhAra tatkAlIna aupaniSadika sAhitya hai, jisameM AtmavAda sambandhI vibhinna parikalpanAyeM, kisI eka AtmavAdI siddhAnta ke vikAsa ke nimitta saMkalita kI jA rahI thiiN| upaniSadoM kA AtmavAda vibhinna zramaNa paramparAoM ke AtmavAdI siddhAntoM se spaSTa rUpa se prabhAvita hai| upaniSadoM meM AtmA-sambandhI paraspara viparIta dhAraNAyeM jisa bIja rUpa meM vidyamAna haiM ve isa tathya kI puSTi meM sabala pramANa haiN| hA~, ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ko brahma kI dhAraNA meM saMyojita karane kA prayAsa unakA apanA maulika hai| hai lekina yaha mAna lenA ki mahAvIra athavA buddha ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM AtmA-sambandhI dArzanika siddhAnta the hI nahIM, yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai| merI yaha spaSTa dhAraNA hai ki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna vicArakoM kI AtmavAda sambandhI vibhinna dhAraNAyeM vidyamAna thiiN| koI use sUkSma kahatA thA, to koI use vibhu| kisI ke anusAra AtmA nitya thI, to koI use kSaNika mAnatA thaa| kucha vicAraka use (AtmA ko) kartA mAnate the, to kucha use niSkriya evaM kUTastha mAnate the| inhIM vibhinna

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60 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina AtmavAdoM kI apUrNatA evaM naitika vyavasthA ko prastuta karane kI akSamatAoM ke kAraNa hI tIna naye vicAra sAmane Aye -- eka ora thA upaniSadoM kA sarva-AtmavAda yA brahmavAda, dUsarI ora thA buddha kA anAtmavAda aura tIsarI vicAraNA thI jaina AtmavAda kI, jisane ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ko eka jagaha samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| ___ ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI samAlocanA ke pUrva inake astitva-sambandhI pramANa prastuta kiye jAne Avazyaka haiN| bauddha-pAli-Agama-sAhitya, jaina-Agama evaM upaniSadoM ke vibhinna prasaMga isa saMdarbha meM kucha tathya prastuta karate haiN| bauddha-pAli-Agama ke antargata suttapiTaka meM dIghanikAya ke brahmajAlasutta evaM majjhimanikAya ke cUlasAropamasutta meM ina AtmavAdoM ke sambandha meM kucha jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| yadyapi uparyukta suttoM meM hameM jo jAnakArI prApta hotI hai, vaha bAhyataH naitika AcAra-sambandhI pratIta hotI hai, lekina yaha jisa rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI hai, use dekhakara hameM gahana vivecanA meM utaranA hotA hai, jo antatogatvA hameM kisI AtmavAda-sambandhI dArzanika nirNaya para pahu~cA detI hai| pAli-Agama meM buddha ke samakAlIna ina AcAryoM ko jahA~ eka ora gaNAdhipati, gaNa ke AcArya, prasiddha yazasvI, tIrthaMkara tathA bahujanoM dvArA susammata kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora unake naitika siddhAntoM ko itane garhita evaM nindya rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki sAdhAraNa buddhi vAlA manuSya bhI inakI ora AkRSTa nahIM ho sktaa| ataH yaha svAbhAvika rUpa se zaMkA upasthita hotI hai ki kyA aisI nindha naitikatA kA upadeza dene vAlA vyakti lokasammAnita dharmAcArya ho sakatA hai, lokapUjita ho sakatA hai ? yahI nahIM ki ye AcAryagaNa lokapUjita hI the varan ve AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ke nimitta vibhinna sAdhanAyeM bhI karate the, unake ziSya evaM upAsaka bhI the| uparokta tathya kisI niSpakSa gahana vicAraNA kI apekSA karate haiM, jo isake pIche rahe hue satya kA udghATana kara skeN| merI vinamra sammati meM uparyukta vicArakoM kI naitika vicAraNA ko jisa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai use dekhakara aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vaha una vicArakoM kI naitika vicAraNA nahIM hai, varan unake AtmavAda yA anya dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para nikAlA huA naitika niSkarSa hai, jo virodhI pakSa ke dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jainAgamoM jaise sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatIsUtra), uttarAdhyayana Adi meM bhI kucha aise sthala haiM, jinake AdhAra para tatkAlIna AtmavAdoM ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM prAcInatama upaniSada chAndogya aura brahadAraNyaka hai, unameM bhI tatkAlIna AtmavAda ke sambandha meM kucha jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai| kaThopaniSad evaM gItA meM ina vibhinna AtmavAdI dhAraNAoM kA prabhAva yatra-tatra yatheSTa rUpa se dekhane ko mila sakatA hai| lekha ke vistArabhaya se yahA~ ukta sabhI granthoM ke vibhinna saMketoM ke AdhAra para

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mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda : 61 unase pratiphalita hone vAle AtmavAdoM kI vicAraNA sambhava nahIM hai, ataH hama yahA~ kucha AtmavAdoM kA vargIkRta rUpa meM mAtra saMkSipta adhyayana hI kreNge| inakA vistRta aura pUrNa adhyayana to svatantra gaveSaNA kA viSaya hai| vargIkaraNa kI dRSTi se hamAre adhyayana meM nimna vargIkaraNa sahAyaka ho sakatA hai-- 1. nitya yA zAzvata AtmavAda, 2. anitya AtmavAda, uccheda AtmavAda, dehAtmavAda, 3. kUTastha AtmavAda, akriya AtmavAda, niyativAda, 4. pariNAmI AtmavAda, Atma kartRtvavAda, puruSArthavAda, 5. sUkSma AtmavAda, 6. vibhu AtmavAda, 7. anAtmavAda, 8. sarva AtmavAda yA brhmvaad| prastuta nibandha meM uparyukta sabhI AtmavAdoM kA vivecana sambhava nahIM hai, dUsare anAtmavAda aura sarva AtmavAda ke siddhAnta kramazaH bauddha aura vedAnta paramparA meM vikasita hae haiM, jo kAphI vistRta haiM sAtha hI loka prasiddha haiN| ataH unakA vivecana prastuta nibandha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| pariNAmI AtmavAda kA siddhAnta svatantra rUpa se kisakA thA, yaha jJAta nahIM ho skaa| ataH usakA bhI vivecana isa nibandha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| prastuta prayAsa meM ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ke vargIkaraNa meM mukhyataH eka sthUla dRSTi rakhI gaI hai aura isI hetu kUTastha AtmavAda, niyativAda yA pariNAmI AtmavAda aura puruSArthavAda mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kA mukhya aMga hai phira bhI mahAvIra kA Atma-darzana samanvayAtmaka hai ataH unake Atma-darzana ko ekAnta rUpa se usa varga meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| anitya-AtmavAda ___mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM isa anityAtmavAda kA pratinidhitva ajitakeza kambala karate haiN| isa dhAraNA ke anusAra AtmA yA caitanya isa zarIra ke sAtha utpanna hotA hai aura isake naSTa ho jAne ke sAtha hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| unake darzana evaM naitika siddhAntoM ko bauddha Agama meM isa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dAna, yajJa, havana vyartha haiM, sukRta-duSkRta karmoM kA phala-vipAka nhiiN| yaha loka-paraloka nhiiN| mAtA-pitA nahIM, devatA nahIM... AdamI cAra mahAbhUtoM kA banA hai jaba maratA hai taba (zarIra kI) pRthvI-pRthvI meM, pAnI pAnI meM, Aga Aga meM aura vAyu vAyu meM mila jAtI hai... dAna yaha mUoM kA upadeza hai... mUrkha ho cAhe paNDita zarIra chor3ane para ucchinna ho jAte haiN...| bAhya rUpa se dekhane para ajita kI yaha dhAraNA svArtha sukhavAda kI naitika dhAraNA ke samAna pratIta hotI hai aura usakA darzana tathA AtmavAda bhautikavAdI parilakSita hotA hai| lekina

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62 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina punaH yahA~ yaha zaMkA upasthita hotI hai ki yadi ajitakeza kambala naitika dhAraNA meM samavAdI aura unakA darzana bhautikavAdI thA to phira vaha svayaM sAdhanA mArga aura deha- daNDana ke patha kA anugAmI kyoM thA, usane kisa hetu zramaNoM evaM upAsakoM kA saMgha banAyA thA / yadi usakI naitikatA bhogavAdI thI to use svayaM saMnyAsa - mArga kA pathika nahIM bananA thA, na usake saMgha meM saMnyAsI yA gRhatyAgI ko sthAna honA thA / sambhavataH vastusthiti aisI pratIta hotI hai ki ajita dArzanika dRSTi se anityavAdI thA, jagat kI parivartanazIlatA para hI usakA jora thA / vaha loka paraloka, devatA, AtmA Adi kisI bhI tattva ko nitya nahIM mAnatA thA / usakA yaha kahanA " yaha loka nahIM paraloka nahIM, mAtA-pitA nahIM, devatA nahIM..." kevala isI artha kA dyotaka hai ki sabhI kI zAzvat sattA nahIM hai, sabhI anitya haiM / vaha AtmA ko bhI anitya mAnatA thA aura isI AdhAra para yaha kahA gayA ki usakI naitika dhAraNA meM sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM kA vipAMka nahIM / pazcima meM yUnAnI dArzanika herAvilatu ( 535 I0 pU0 ) bhI isI kA samakAlIna thA aura vaha bhI anityatAvAdI hI thA / sambhavataH ajita nitya AtmavAda ke AdhAra para naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko sthApita karane meM utpanna hone vAlI dArzanika kaThinAiyoM se avagata thA / kyoMki nitya AtmavAda ke AdhAra para hiMsA kI burAI ko nahIM samApta kiyA jA sktaa| yadi AtmA nitya hai to phira hiMsA kisakI ? ataH ajita ne yajJa, yAga evaM yuddha-janita hiMsA se mAnava jAti ko mukta karane ke liye anitya AtmavAda kA upadeza diyA hogA / sAtha hI aisA bhI pratIta hotA hai ki vaha tRSNA aura Asakti se utpanna hone vAle sAMsArika klezoM se bhI mAnavava-jAti ko mukta karanA cAhatA thA aura isI hetu usane gRha-tyAga aura deha-daNDana, jisase Atma-sukha aura bhautika sukha kI vibhinnatA ko samajhA jA sake, ko Avazyaka mAnA thaa| isa prakAra ajita kA darzana Atma- anityavAda kA darzana hai aura usakI naitikatA hai-- Atma-sukha (Subjective Pleasure ) kI upalabdhi / sambhavataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki buddha ne apane anAtmavAdI darzana ke nirmANa meM ajita kA yaha anitya AtmavAda apanA liyA thA aura usakI naitika dhAraNA meM se deha - daNDana kI praNAlI ko samApta kara diyA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki ajita kI yaha dArzanika paramparA buddha kI dArzanika paramparA ke prArambha hone para vilupta ho gaI / buddha ke darzana ne ajita ke anityatAvAdI Atma-siddhAnta ko AtmasAt kara liyA aura usakI naitika dhAraNA ko pariSkRta kara use hI eka naye rUpa meM prastuta kara diyA / anitya AtmavAda ke sambandha meM jainAgama uttarAdhyayana ke 14veM adhyayana kI 18vIM gAthA meM bhI vivecana prApta hotA hai, jahA~ yaha batAyA gayA ki yaha AtmA zarIra meM usI prakAra

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mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda : 63 rahatI hai jaise tila meM tela, araNI meM agni yA dUdha meM ghRta rahatA hai aura isa zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne ke sAtha hI vaha naSTa ho jAtI hai| aupaniSadika sAhitya meM kaThopaniSad kI prathama vallI ke adhyAya 1 ke 20veM zloka meM naciketA bhI yaha rahasya jAnanA cAhatA hai ki AtmanityatAvAda aura Atma-anityatAvAda meM kauna sI dhAraNA satya hai aura kauna sI asty| isa prakAra yaha to nibhrAnta rUpa se satya hai ki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM Atma-anityatAvAda ko mAnane vAle vicAraka the| lekina vaha anitya AtmavAda bhautika AtmavAda nahIM, varan dArzanika anitya AtmavAda thaa| unake mAnane vAle vicAraka Adhunika sukhavAdI vicArakoM ke samAna bhautika sukhavAdI nahIM the, varan ve Atma-zAnti evaM AsaktinAza yA tRSNAkSaya ke hetu prayAsazIla the| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ajita kA darzana aura dharma (naitikatA) bauddha darzana evaM dharma kI pUrva kar3I thaa| bauddhoM ne usake darzana kI jo AlocanA kI thI athavA usake jo naitika niSkarSa prastuta kiye the ki usake anusAra duSkRta evaM sukRta karmoM kA vipAka nahIM, yahI AlocanA pazcAt kAla meM bauddha AtmavAda ko kRtapraNAza evaM akRta karmabhoga kahakara -- hemacandrAcArya ne prastuta kii| anitya-AtmavAda kI dhAraNA naitika dRSTi se ucita nahIM baiThatI kyoMki usake AdhAra para karma-vipAka yA karma-phala ke siddhAnta ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA kyoMki samasta zubhAzubha karmoM kA pratiphala tatkAla prApta nahIM hotaa| ataH karma-phala kI dhAraNA ke liye nitya AtmavAda kI ora AnA hotA hai| dUsare anitya AtmavAda kI dhAraNA meM puNya-saMcaya, paropakAra, dAna Adi ke naitika AdezoM kA bhI koI artha nahIM rhtaa| nitya kUTastha AtmavAda vartamAna dArzanika paramparAoM meM bhI aneka isa siddhAnta ke samarthaka haiM ki AtmA kUTastha (niSkriya ) evaM nitya hai, sAMkhya aura vedAnta bhI isake samarthaka haiN| jina vicArakoM ne AtmA ko kUTastha mAnA hai, unhoMne use nitya bhI mAnA hai| ataH hamane bhI apane vivecana hetu nitya AtmavAda aura kUTastha AtmavAda donoM ko samanvita rUpa se eka hI sAtha rakhA hai| mahAvIra ke samakAlIna kUTastha nitya AtmavAda ke pratinidhi pUrNa kazyapa the| pUrNa kazyapa ke siddhAntoM kA citraNa bauddha-sAhitya meM isa prakAra hai -- agara koI kriyA kare, karAye, kATe, kaTavAye, kaSTa de yA dilAye -- corI kare -- prANiyoM ko mAra DAle -- paradAragamana kare yA asatya bole to bhI use pApa nhiiN| tIkSNa dhAra vAle cakra se yadi koI isa saMsAra ke prANiyoM kA Dhera lagA de to bhI use koI pApa nahIM hai, doSa nahIM hai -- dAna, dharma aura satya-bhASaNa se koI puNya-prApti nahIM hotii|

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64 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina isa dhAraNA ko dekhakara sahaja hI zaMkA hotI hai ki isa prakAra kA upadeza dene vAlA koI yazasvI, lokasammAnita vyakti nahIM ho sakatA, varan koI dhUrta hogaa| lekina pUrNa kazyapa eka lokapUjita zAstA the, ataH yaha nizcita hai ki aisA anaitika dRSTikoNa unakA nahIM ho sktaa| yaha unake AtmavAda kA naitika phalita hogA jo eka virodhI dRSTikoNa vAle logoM dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI isameM itanI satyatA avazya hogI ki pUrNa kazyapa Atmo ko akriya mAnate the, vastutaH unakI Atma- akriyatA kI dhAraNA kA uparyukta niSkarSa nikAlakara unake virodhiyoM ne unake mata ko vikRta rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pUrNa kazyapa ke isa Atma- akriyavAda ko usake pazcAt kapila ke sAMkhya darzana aura bhagavadgItA meM bhI apanA liyA gayA thA / kapila aura bhagavadgItA kA kAla lagabhaga 400 I0 pU0 mAnA jAtA hai aura isa AdhAra para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki ye pUrNa kazyapa ke Atma- akriyavAda se avazya prabhAvita hue hoNge| kapila ke darzana meM Atma-akriyavAda ke sAtha hI Izvara kA abhAva isa bAta kA sabala pramANa hai ki vaha kisI avaidika zramaNa paramparA ke darzana se prabhAvita thA aura vaha darzana pUrNa kazyapa kA Atma akriyavAda kA darzana hI hogA, kyoMki usameM bhI Izvara ke liye koI sthAna nahIM thA / sAMkhya darzana bhI AtmA ko triguNayukta prakRti se bhinna mAnatA hai aura mAranA, maravAnA Adi sabhI ko prakRti kA pariNAma mAnatA hai / AtmA sabase prabhAvita nahIM hotI hai| vaha yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA hai ki AtmA ko naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| AtmA bandhana meM nahIM AtA, varan prakRti hI prakRti ko bA~dhatI hai| ataH zubhAzubha kAryoM kA prabhAva bhI AtmA para nahIM par3atA / isa prakAra pUrNa kazyapa kA darzana kapila ke darzana kA pUrvavartI thA / isI prakAra gItA meM bhI pUrNa kazyapa ke isa Atma-akriyavAda kI pratidhvani yatra-tatra sunAI detI hai, jo sAMkhya darzana ke mAdhyama se usa taka pahu~cI thI / sthAnAbhAva se hama una saba pramANoM ko prastuta karane meM asamartha haiN| pAThakagaNa ullikhita sthAnoM para unheM dekha sakate haiN| 5 uparyukta saMdarbhoM ke AdhAra para bauddha Agama meM prastuta pUrNa kazyapa ke dRSTikoNa ko eka sahI dRSTikoNa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI isa bAta se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki uparyukta Atma- akriyavAda kI dhAraNA naitika siddhAntoM ke sthApana meM tArkika dRSTi se upayukta nahIM ThaharatI hai| yadi AtmA akriya hai, vaha kisI kriyA kA kartA nahIM hai to phira vaha zubhAzubha kAryoM kA uttaradAyI bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| svayaM prakRti bhI cetanA evaM zubhAzubha ke viveka ke abhAva meM uttaradAyI nahIM bntii| isa prakAra Atma-akriyavAda ke siddhAnta meM uttaradAyitva kI dhAraNA ko adhiSThita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura uttaradAyitva ke abhAva meM naitikatA, karttavya, dharma Adi kA mUlya zUnyavat ho jAtA hai| 1 isa prakAra Atma- akriyatAvAda sAmAnya buddhi kI dRSTi se evaM naitika niyamoM ke sthApana kI dRSTi se anupayogI ThaharatA hai, phira bhI dArzanika dRSTi se isakA kucha mUlya hai

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mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda : 65 kyoMki svabhAvatayA AtmA ko akriya mAne binA mokSa evaM nirvANa kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM thii| yahI kAraNa thA ki Atma-akriyatAvAda yA kUTastha-nitya-AtmavAda kA prabhAva dArzanika vicAraNA para banA rhaa| niSkriya AtmavikAsavAda evaM niyativAda Atma-akriyatAvAda yA kUTastha-AtmavAda kI eka dhArA niyativAda thii| yadi AtmA akriya hai evaM kUTastha hai to puruSArthavAda ke dvArA AtmavikAsa evaM nirvANa-prApti kI dhAraNA ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA thaa| ___ makkhalI putra gozAlaka jo AjIvaka sampradAya kA pramukha thA -- pUrNa kazyapa kI Atma-akriyatAvAda kI dhAraNA kA to samarthaka thA lekina akriya-AtmavAda ke bandhana meM Ane ke kAraNa evaM Atma-vikAsa kI paramparA ko vyakta karane meM asamartha thaa| ataH nimna yoni se Atma-vikAsa kI uccatama sthiti nirvANa ko samajhAne ke liye usane niSkriya Atma-vikAsavAda ke siddhAnta ko sthApita kiyaa| sAmAnyatayA usake siddhAnta ko niyativAda yA apuruSArthavAda kiMvA bhAgyavAda kahA gayA hai, lekina merI dRSTi meM usake siddhAnta ko niSkriya Atma-vikAsavAda kahA jAnA adhika samucita hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai gauzAlaka usa yuga kA catura vyakti thaa| usane apane AjIvaka sampradAya meM pUrNa kazyapa ke sampradAya ko bhI zAmila kara liyA thaa| prArambha meM usane bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAtha apanI sAdhanA-paddhati ko prArambha kiyA thA lekina unase vaicArika matabheda hone para usane pUrNa kazyapa ke sampradAya se milakara AjIvaka sampradAya sthApita kara liyA hogA, jisameM darzana evaM siddhAnta pUrNa kazyapa kI dhAraNAoM se prabhAvita the to sAdhanA mArga kA bAla svarUpa mahAvIra kI sAdhanA-paddhati se prabhAvita thaa| bauddha Agama evaM jainAgama donoM meM hI usakI vicAraNA kA kucha svarUpa prApta hotA hai| yadyapi usakA prastutIkaraNa eka virodhI pakSa ke dvArA huA hai, yaha tathya dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| gozAlaka kI vicAraNA kA svarUpa pAli Agama meM nimnAnusAra hai -- hetu ke binA -- prANI apavitra hotA hai, heta ke binA -- prANI zaddha hote haiM -- puruSa kI sAmarthya se kucha nahIM hotA -- sarva satva sarva prANI, sarva bhUta, sarva jIva, avaza, durbala, nivArya haiM, ve niyati (bhAgya), saMgati evaM svabhAva ke kAraNa pariNita hote haiM -- isake Age usakI naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko pUrvokta prakAra se bhraSTa rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai, jo vizvasanIya nahIM mAnI jA sktii| uparyukta AdhAra para usakI dhAraNA kA sAra yahI hai ki AtmA niSkriya hai, avIrya hai, isakA vikAsa svabhAvataH hotA rahatA hai| vibhinna yoniyoM meM hotA huA yaha jIvAtmA apanA vikAsa karatA hai aura nirvANa yA mokSa ko prApta kara letA hai|

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66 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina lekina aisA pratIta hotA hai ki naitika dRSTi se vaha vyakti ko apanI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane kA upadeza detA thA, anyathA vaha svayaM bhI nagna rahanA Adi deha-daNDana ko kyoM svIkAra karatA ? jisa prakAra bAda meM gItA meM apanI-apanI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane kA upadeza diyA gayA thA vartamAna yuga meM zrI breDale ne (Mystation and its duties ) samAja meM apanI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane ke naitika siddhAnta ko pratipAdita kiyA, usI prakAra vaha cha: abhijAtiyoM (vargoM) ko unakI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane kA upadeza detA hogA aura yaha mAnatA hogA ki AtmA apanI abhijAtiyoM ke kartavya kA pAlana karate hue svataH vikAsa kI isa kramika gati meM svabhAvataH Age bar3hatA rahatA hai| pAramArthika dRSTi se yA tArkika dRSTi se niyativAdI vicAraNA kA cAhe kucha mUlya rahA ho, lekina naitika vivecanA meM niyativAda adhika saphala nahIM ho paayaa| naitika vivecanA meM icchA-svAtantrya (Free-will) kI dhAraNA Avazyaka hai, jabaki niyativAda meM usakA koI sthAna nahIM rahatA hai| phira dArzanika dRSTi se bhI niyativAdI tathA svataH vikAsavAdI dhAraNAyeM nirdoSa hoM, aisI bAta bhI nahIM hai| nityakUTastha-sUkSma-AtmavAda buddha kA samakAlIna eka vicAraka pakudhakaccAyana AtmA ko nitya aura kUTastha ( akriya) mAnane ke sAtha hI use sUkSma mAnatA thaa| 'brahmajAlasutta ke anusAra usakA dRSTikoNa isa prakAra kA thA -- sAta padArtha kisI ke -- bane hue nahIM haiM (nitya haiM), ve to bandhya kUTastha -- acala haiN| -- jo koI tIkSNa zastra se kisI kA sira kATa DAlatA hai, vaha usakA prANa nahIM letaa| basa itanA hI samajhanA cAhiye ki sAta padArthoM ke bIca avakAza meM usakA zastra ghusa gayA hai| ___ isa prakAra isa dhAraNA ke anusAra AtmA nitya aura kUTastha to thI hI sAtha hI sUkSma aura acheda bhI thii| pakudhakaccAyana kI isa dhAraNA ke tattva upaniSadoM tathA gItA meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| upaniSadoM meM AtmA ko jo, sarasoM yA cAvala ke dAne se sUkSma mAnA gayA hai tathA gItA meM use achedya, avalehya kahA gayA hai| sUkSma AtmavAda kI dhAraNA bhI dArzanika dRSTi se aneka doSoM se pUrNa hai| ataH bAda meM isa dhAraNA meM kAphI pariSkAra huA hai| mahAvIra kA AtmavAda yadi uparyukta AtmavAdoM kA tArkika vargIkaraNa kiyA jAye to hama usake chaH varga banA sakate hai -- (1) anitya AtmavAda yA uccheda AtmavAda (2) nitya AtmavAda yA zAzvata AtmavAda (3) kUTastha AtmavAda yA niSkriya AtmavAda evaM niyativAda

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mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda : 67 (4) pariNAmI AtmavAda yA kartA AtmavAda yA puruSArthavAda (5) sUkSma AtmavAda (6) vibhu AtmavAda ( yahI bAda meM upaniSadoM kA sarvAtmavAda yA brahmavAda banA hai)| mahAvIra anekAntavAdI the, sAtha hI ve ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI dArzanika evaM naitika kamajoriyoM ko bhI jAnate rahe hoNge| ataH unhoMne apane AtmavAda ko inameM se kisI bhI siddhAnta ke sAtha nahIM baaNdhaa| unakA AtmavAda inameM se kisI bhI eka varga ke antargata nahIM AtA, varan unakA AtmavAda ina sabakA eka sundara saMyojita samanvaya hai| AcArya hemacandra ne apane vItarAga stotra meM ekAMta nitya AtmavAda aura ekAnta anitya AtmavAda ke doSoM kA digdarzana karAte hue batAyA hai ki vItarAga kA darzana ina donoM ke doSoM se mukta hai| vistArabhaya se nitya AtmavAda aura anitya AtmavAda tathA kUTastha AtmavAda aura pariNAmI AtmavAda ke doSoM kI vivecanA meM na par3akara hameM kevala yahI dekhanA hai ki mahAvIra ne ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA kisa rUpa se samanvaya kiyA hai -- (1) nityatA -- AtmA apane astitva kI dRSTi se sadaiva rahatA hai arthAt nitya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM Atma tattva rUpa se nitya hai, zAzvata hai| (2) anityatA -- AtmA paryAya kI dRSTi se anitya hai| AtmA ke eka samaya meM jo paryAya rahate haiM, ve dUsare samaya meM nahIM rahate haiN| AtmA kI anityatA vyAvahArika dRSTi se hai, baddhAtmA meM hI paryAya parivartana ke kAraNa anityatA kA guNa rahatA hai| (3) kUTasthatA -- svabhAva kI dRSTi se AtmA kartA yA bhoktA athavA pariNamanazIla nahIM hai| (4) pariNAmIpana yA kartRtva -- sabhI baddhAtmAe~ karmoM kI kartA aura bhoktA haiN| yaha eka Akasmika guNa hai, jo karma pudgaloM ke saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai| ___(5-6 ) sUkSmatA tathA vibhutA -- AtmA saMkoca evaM vikAsazIla hai| Atma-pradeza ghanIbhUta hokara itane sUkSma ho jAte haiM ki Agamika dRSTi se eka sUcikAgrabhAga para asaMkhya AtmA sazarIra nivAsa karatI haiN| talavAra kI sUkSma tIkSNa dhAra bhI sUkSma ekendrika jIvoM ke zarIra taka ko naSTa nahIM kara sktii| vibhutA kI dRSTi se eka hI AtmA ke pradeza yadi prasArita hoM to samasta loka ko vyApta kara sakate haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra kA AtmavAda tAtkAlIna vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA sundara samanvaya hai| yahI nahIM varan yaha samanvaya isa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki sabhI prakAra kI AtmavAdI dhArAyeM apane-apane doSoM se mukta ho-hokara AkAra mila jAtI haiN| hemacandra isa samanvaya kI aucityatA ko eka sundara udAharaNa dvArA prastuta karate

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68 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina guDo hi kapha hetuH syAt nAgaraM pittakAraNam / vdayAtmani na doSo'sti guddnaagrbhessje|| jisa prakAra gur3a kapha janaka aura sauMTha pitta janaka hai lekina donoM ke samanvaya meM yaha doSa nahIM rhte| ___isI prakAra vibhinna AtmavAda pRthak-pRthak rUpa se naitika athavA dArzanika doSoM se grasta hai, lekina mahAvIra dvArA kiye gaye isa samanvaya meM ve sabhI apane-apane doSoM se mukta ho jAte haiM yahI mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kI aucityatA hai| yahI unakA vaiziSTya hai| sandarbha 1. majjhimanikAya, 2/3/7 2. saMyuktanikAya, 3/1/1 4. ye prAcInatama mAne jAne vAle upaniSad mahAvIra ke samakAlIna hI haiM, kyoMki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna "ajAtazatru" kA nAma nirdeza inameM upalabdha haiN| bRhadA0 2/15-17 5. gItA adhyAya 3, zloka 27 adhyAya 2, zloka 21 adhyAya 8, zloka 17 6. aMguttaranikAya kA chakka nipAta sutta tathA bhagavAn buddha, pR0 185 (dharmAnandajI kauzambI) 7. gozAlaka kI chaH abhijAtiyA~ AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmikAe~ haiM -- 1. kRSNa, 2. nIla, 3. lohita, 4. harita, 5. zukla, 6. paramazukla, tulanIya, 7. jainoM kA lezyA-siddhAnta -- (1) kRSNa, (2) nIla, (3) kapota, (4) tejo, (5) padama, (6) zukla (vicAraNIya tathya yaha hai ki gozAlaka ke anusAra nirgantha sAdhu tIsare lohita nAmaka varga meM haiM jabaki jaina dhAraNA bhI use tejolezyA (lohita) varga kA sAdhaka mAnatI hai) 8. chAndogya upaniSada, 3/14/3 brahadAraNyaka upaniSad, 5/6/1 kaThopaniSada, 2/4/12 9. gItA, adhyAya 2 nidezaka, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5

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sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA - pro. sAgaramala jaina haiM / ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA bIja rUpa meM sabhI dharmoM meM pAyI jAtI hai| yahA~ taka ki yajJa-yAga evaM pazu bali ke samarthaka vaidika aura yahUdI dharma-granthoM meM bhI ahiMsA ke svara mukharita hue cAhe Rgveda meM 'pumAna pumAMsa paripAtu vizvataH' (Rgveda, 6/75/14 ) ke rUpa meM eka- dUsare ke saMrakSaNa kI bAta kahI gayI ho athavA yajurveda meM isase bhI eka kadama Age bar3hakara 'mitrasyAha cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni samIkSe (yajurveda, 36.19 ) ke rUpa meM sabhI prANiyoM ke prati mitrabhAva kI kAmanA kI gaI ho, phira bhI vaidika dharma meM pazubali na kevala pracalita hI rahI, apitu 'vaidikI hiMsA na bhavati kahakara usakA samarthana bhI kiyA gyaa| isI prakAra yahUdI dharmagrantha Old-Testament meM bhI 10 AjJAoM ke rUpa meM Thou shalt not Kill 'tuma kisI kI hatyA mata karoM kA Adeza hai| phira bhI unake isa Adeza kA artha vahI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai, jo jaina paramparA meM 'savve sattA na haMtavvA' kA hai / yahA~ hameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki ahiMsaka cetanA kA vikAsa yA ahiMsA zabda ke artha kA vistAra eka krama meM huA hai / zAbdika dRSTi se "Thou shalt not Kill" aura " savve sattA Na haMtavvA"-- donoM AdezoM kA artha yahI hai ki 'tuma hiMsA mata kro|' kintu ina AdezoM kI jo vyAkhyA yahUdI dharma aura jaina dharma meM kI gaI, vaha bhinna hI rahI hai| eka yahUdI ke lie isa Adeza kA artha svajAtIya yA svadharmI bandhu kI hiMsA nahIM karane taka sImita hai| jabaki eka jaina ke lie usa Adeza kA artha hai na kevala kisI prANI kI, apitu pRthvI, jala, vAyu Adi kI bhI hiMsA na karane taka vyApaka hai| isa prakAra jaina aura yahUdI paramparAoM meM ina AdezoM kA jo artha vikAsa huA hai vaha bhinna-bhinna hai / yahA~ hameM yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki ahiMsA ke artha vikAsa kI yaha yAtrA kisI eka kAlakrama na hokara mAnavajAti ke vibhinna vargoM meM sAmAjika cetanA evaM jIvana ke vividha rUpoM ke prati saMvedanazIlatA ke vikAsa ke pariNAmasvarUpa huI hai / jo varga yA samAja jIvana ke vividha rUpoM ke prati jitanA adhika saMvedanazIla banA, usane ahiMsA ke artha ko utanA hI vyApaka artha diyA / ahiMsA kA yaha artha vikAsa bhI eka AyAmI na hokara tri-AyAmI hai / eka ora svajAti aura svadharmI manuSya ke hatyA ke niSedha se prArambha hokara SaTjIvanikAya, jisameM jala, vAyu, vanaspati Adi bhI sammilita haiM, kI hiMsA ke niSedha taka isane apanA artha vistAra pAyA to dUsarI ora prANa- viyojana, aMga-chedana, tADana-tarjana, bandhana Adi ke bAhya rUpa se lekara dveSa, durbhAvanA aura asajagatA ke Antarika rUpoM taka isane gaharAI meM praveza kiyA aura yaha mAnA gayA ki dveSa, durbhAvanA evaM asajagatA bhI hiMsA hai, cAhe unase bAhya rUpa meM prANa-1 ga-viyojana kI kriyA ghaTita huI ho yA nhiiN| tIsarI ora hiMsA mata karo ke niSedhAtmaka rUpa se lekara karuNA, jIvana-rakSaNa aura sahayoga ke vidhAyaka artha taka isane apanI yAtrA kI / prastuta paricarcA meM hamArA mukhya pratipAdya dayA, karuNA, dAna, sevA aura sahayoga ke rUpa meM

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70 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA ahiMsA kA vaha sakArAtmaka pakSa hai jo dUsaro ke jIvana-rakSaNa ke evaM unake jIvana ko kaSTa aura pIr3AoM se bacAne ke prayatnoM ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtA hai| yaha satya hai ki ahiMsA (Non-violence) zabda apane Apa meM niSedhAtmaka hai| vyutpatti kI dRSTi se usakA artha hiMsA mata karo taka hI sImita hotA pratIta hotA hai, kintu praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM ahiMsA ke jo sATha paryAyavAcI nAma diye gaye haiM, una sATha nAmoM sambhavataH do-tIna ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI usake sakArAtmaka yA vidhAyaka pakSa ko prastuta karate haiN| usameM ahiMsA ke paryAyavAcI sATha nimna nAma varNita haiM-- 1. nirvANa, 2. nivRtti, 3. samAdhi, 4. zAnti, 5. kIrti, 6. kAnti, 7. prema, 8. vairAgya, 9. zrutAMga, 10. tRpti, 11. dayA, 12. vimukti, 13. kSAnti, 14. samyakArAdhanA, 15. mahatI, 16. bodhi, 17. buddhi, 18. dhRti, 19. samRddhi, 20. Rddhi, 21. vRddhi, 22. sthiti (dhAraka), 23. puSTi ( poSaka), 24. nanda (Ananda), 25. bhadrA, 26. vizuddhi, 27. labdhi, 28. vizeSa dRSTi, 29, kalyANa, 30. maMgala, 31. pramoda, 32. vibhUti, 33. rakSA, 34. zIla, 40. saMyama, 41. zIlaparigraha, 42. saMvara, 43. gupti, 44. vyavasAya, 45. utsava, 46. yajJa, 47. Ayatana, 48. yatana, 49. apramAda, 50. AzvAsana, 51. vizvAsa, 52. abhaya, 53, sarva amAghAta (kisI ko na mAranA), 54. cokSa (svaccha), 55. pavitra, 56. zuci, 57. pUtA yA pUjA, 58. vimala, 59. prabhAta aura 60. nirmalatara [praznavyAkaraNa, sUtra 2/1/21] isa prakAra jaina AcAra-darzana meM ahiMsA zabda eka vyApaka dRSTi ko lekara upasthita hotA hai| usake anusAra sabhI sadguNa ahiMsA meM nihita hai aura ahiMsA eka mAtra nahIM sadguNa hai, apitu sadguNa-samUha kI sUcaka hai| hiMsA kA pratipakSa ahiMsA hai| yaha ahiMsA kI eka niSedhAtmaka paribhASA hai| lekina hiMsA kA tyAga mAtra ahiMsA nahIM hai| niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA jIvana ke samagra pakSoM ko sparza nahIM krtii| vaha AdhyAtmika upalabdhi nahIM kahI jA sktii| niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA mAtra bAhya hiMsA nahIM karanA hai, yaha ahiMsA ke sambandha meM mAtra sthUla dRSTi hai| lekina yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki jainadharma ahiMsA kI isa sthUla evaM bahirmukhI dRSTi taba sImita rahI hai| jaina-darzana kA yaha kendrIya siddhAnta zAbdika dRSTi se cAhe nakArAtmaka hai, lekina usakI anubhUti nakArAtmaka nahIM hai| usakI anubhUti sadaiva hI vidhAyaka rahI hai| ahiMsA sakArAtmaka hai isakA eka pramANa yaha hai ki jainadharma meM ahiMsA ke paryAyavAcI zabda ke rUpa meM "anukampA" kA prayoga huA hai| anukampA zabda jaina darzana kA eka mahattvapUrNa zabda hai| usameM samyakatva ke eka aMga ke rUpa meM bhI anukampA kA ullekha huA hai| anukampA zabda mUlataH do zabdoM se milakara banA hai -- anu+kmpn| "anu" zabda ke vividha arthoM meM eka artha hai -- sAtha-sAtha athavA sahagAmI rUpa se aura kampana zabda anubhUti evaM ceSTA kA sUcaka hai| "abhidhAna rAjendrAkeza" meM anukampA zabda kI vyAkhyA meM kahA gayA hai -- "anurupaM kampatai caiSTataH iti anukampataH" / vastutaH anukampA para-pIDA kA sva-saMvedana hai, dUsaroM kI pIr3A yA duHkha kI samAnAnubhUti hai| usI meM anukampA ko spaSTa karate hue yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki pakSapAta arthAt rAgabhAva se rahita hokara duHkhI-prANiyoM kI pIr3A ko, unake duHkha ko samApta karane kI icchA hI anukampA hai| yadi

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 71 ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha anukampA jur3I huI hai to phira use mAtra niSedha paraka mAnanA eka bhrAnti hai| anukampA eka vidhAyaka zabda hai| jo loga anukampA ko mAtra niSedhaparaka mAnate haiM ve bhrAnti meM haiN| anukampA meM ne kevala dUsaroM kI pIr3A kA sva-saMvedana hotA hai apitu usake nirAkaraNa kA sahasa niHsvArtha prayatna bhI hote haiN| jaba dUsaroM kI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A bana jAya to yaha asambhava hai ki usake nirAkaraNa kA koI prayatna na ho| vastutaH jIvana meM jaba taka anukampA kA hRdaya nahIM hotA taba taka samyak-darzana bhI sambhava nahIM hai| dUsaroM kI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A ke samatulya tabhI ho sakatI hai jaba hama usakA sva-saMvedana kreN| vasatutaH dUsaroM kI pIr3A kA sva-saMvedana hI vaha sota hai jahA~ se samyak-darzana kA prakaTana hotA hai aura sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt para-pIr3A ke nirAkaraNArtha sevA kI pAvanA gaMgA pravAhita hotI hai| sarvatra AtmabhAva mUlaka karuNA aura maitrI kI vidhAyaka anubhUtiyoM se ahiMsA kI dhArA pravAhita huI hai| vastutaH "Atmavat sarvabhUteSu" kI viveka-dRSTi evaM jIvana ke vividha rUpoM ke prati saMvedanazIlatA kI bhAvanA ko jaba hama ahiMsA kA tArkika kA AdhAra mAnate haiM to usakA artha eka dUsarA rUpa letA hai| "Atmavat sarvabhUteSu" kI viveka-dRSTi evaM sahAnubhUti ke saMyoga meM ahiMsA kA eka sakArAtmaka pakSa sAmane AtA hai| ahiMsA kA artha mAtra kisI ko pIr3A yA duHkha denA hI nahIM hai, apitu usakA artha, "dUsaroM ke duHkhoM ko dUra karane kA prayatna" bhI hai| yadi maiM apanI karuNA ko itanA sImita banA lU~ ki maiM kisI ko pIr3A nahIM pahucAU~gA to vaha sahI artha meM karuNA nahIM hogii| karuNA kA artha hai dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko apanI pIr3A ke rUpa meM dekhanA / jaba dUsaroM kI pIr3A merI apanI pIr3A bana jAtI hai to phira usa pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna bhI prasphuTita hote haiN| yadi koI vyakti yaha pratijJA kara le ki maiM kisI kI hiMsA nahIM karU~gA, kisI ko kaSTa nahIM dUMgA aura cAhe vaha yathArtha meM isakA pAlana bhI karatA ho, lekina yadi vaha dUsaroM kI pIr3A se dravIbhUta hokara unakI pIr3A ko dUra karane kA prayatna nahIM karatA hai, to vaha niSThura hI khlaayegaa| vastutaH jaba "Atmavat sarvabhUteSu" kI viveka-dRSTi saMvedanazIlatA kI manobhUmikA para sthita hotI hai to dUsaroM kI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A bana jAtI hai| vastutaH ahiMsA kA AdhAra mAtra tArkika-viveka nahIM hai, apitu bhAvanAtmaka-viveka hai| bhAvanAtmaka viveka meM dUsaroM kI pIr3A apanI pIr3A hotI hai aura jisa prakAra apanI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna sahajarUpa se hote haiM, usI prakAra dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna bhI sahaja rUpa meM abhivyakta hote haiN| dUsaroM kI pIr3AoM ko dUra karane ke isI sahaja prayatna meM ahiMsA kA sakArAtmaka pakSa sannihita hai| yadi ahiMsA meM se usakA yaha sakArAtmaka pakSa alaga kara diyA jAtA hai to ahiMsA kA hRdaya hI zUnya ho jAtA hai| misesa sTIvenzana ne jaina ahiMsA ko jo hRdaya zUnya batAyA hai usake pIche unakI yahI dRSTi rahI hai| ( The Heart of Jainism, p.296 ) yadyapi yaha unakI bhrAnti hI thI, kyoMki unhoMne jainadharma meM nihita ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa ko, jo na kevala siddhAnta meM apitu vyavahAra meM bhI Aja taka jIvita hai, dekhane kA prayatna hI nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne mAtra apane kAla ke sampradAya-vizeSa ke kucha jaina muniyoM ke AcAra, vyavahAra aura upadeza ke AdhAra para aisA niSkarSa nikAla liyA thaa|

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72 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA ahiMsA ke niSedhAtmaka pakSa kI pramukhatA ke Agamika AdhAra yaha satya hai ki zramaNa paramparA ne aura vizeSa rUpa se jainadharma ne ahiMsA ke artha-vistAra ko eka vyApakatA pradAna kI hai| kintu isake sAtha yaha bhI satya hai ki isa ahiMsA ke artha-vistAra ke sAtha aneka dArzanika samasyAyeM bhI utpanna huI / ahiMsA ke kSetra kA vistAra karate hue jaba eka ora yaha mAna liyA gayA ki jIvana ke kisI bhI rUpa ko duHkha yA pIr3A denA athavA usake ahita aura akalyANa kA cintana karanA hiMsA hai, sAtha hI dUsarI ora yaha bhI svIkAra kara liyA gayA ki na kevala manuSya - jagata, pazu-jagata aura vanaspati- jagata meM jIvana hai, apitu pathvI, jala, vAyu Adi bhI jIvana - yukta hai, to yaha samasyA utpanna huI ki jaba jIvana ke eka rUpa ke astitva ke lie usake dUsare rUpoM kA vinAza yA hiMsA aparihArya ho to aisI sthiti meM cunAva hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke bIca na karake do hiMsAoM ke bIca hI karanA par3egA? jina cintakoM ne jIvana ke sabhI rUpoM ko samAna mUlya aura mahattva kA samajhA, unheM ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI upekSA karanI pdd'ii| kyoMki sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt sevA, dAna, paropakAra Adi kI sabhI kriyAe~ pravRttyAtmaka haiM aura pravRtti jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM yoga cAhe kisI bhI rUpa meM kyoM na ho usameM kahIM na kahIM hiMsA / Asrava kA tattva to hotA hI hai / yadi hama pravRtti ke pUrNa niSedha ko hI sAdhanA kA lakSya mAneM, to aisI sthiti meM svAbhAvika rUpa se ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA niSedhamUlaka hogii| jJAtavya hai ki una sabhI dharmoM ke lie jinhoMne pRthvI, jala, vAyu, vanaspati Adi meM jIvana hI nahIM mAnA athavA yaha mAna liyA ki jIvana ke ye vividharUpa samAna mUlya yA mahattva ke nahIM haiM athavA yaha ki paramAtmA ne jIvana ke ina dUsare rUpoM ko manuSya ke upayoga ke lie hI banAyA hai, unheM ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa ko svIkAra karane meM koI bAdhA nahIM AI / samasyA kevala unake lie thI, jo jIvana ke ina vividha rUpoM ko samAna mUlya yA mahattva kA mAna rahe the / yaha satya hai ki jaina paramparA meM nivRtti aura jIvana ke vividha rUpoM kI samAnatA para para adhika bala diyA gayA aura pariNAmasvarUpa jainadharma meM ahiMsA kA niSedhAtmaka pakSa adhika pramukha bnaa| vizeSa rUpa se una jaina zramaNoM ke lie jo nivRttyAtmaka sAdhanA ko hI jIvana kA eka mAtra uccAdarza mAna rahe the| unake jIvana-vyavahAra evaM AcAra-niyamoM ko isa rUpa meM DhAlA gayA ki ve mukhya rUpa se ahiMsA ke niSedhAtmaka pakSa ke samarthaka bana kara raha gye| jainadharma ke prAcInatama Agama granthoM meM aise kucha sandarbha avazya haiM jo ahiMsA ke isa nakArAtmaka pahalU ko hI pramukhatA dete haiM / sUtrakRtAMga ( 1/11/18-20) meM eka ullekha hai ki jaba muni se koI gRhastha yaha pUche ki maiM dAnazAlA Adi banavAnA cAhatA hU~, isameM ApakI kyA sammati hai ? to muni usa samaya mauna raheM / sUtrakAra ne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki yadi muni usakI usa pravRtti kA sarmathana karatA hai to usameM hone vAlI pRthvI, jala, vanaspati Adi kI pratyakSa hiMsA evaM dvIndriya Adi jIvoM kI parokSa hiMsA kA bhAgIdAra banatA hai| isake viparIta yadi vaha usa dAnAdi kI pravRtti kA niSedha karatA hai to vaha usake dvArA se jina prANiyoM kA kalyANa, hita evaM sukha hone vAlA hai usameM bAdhaka banatA hai| ataH donoM hI sthitiyoM meM kahIM na kahIM hiMsA I

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 73 kA koI tattva avazya hI rahatA hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki aisI sthiti meM use mauna rahane kI sammati dI gyii| jainAgamoM kA yaha prasaMga eka aisA prasaMga hai jise sAmAnya rUpa se ahiMsA ke nakArAtmaka pakSa kI puSTi hetu prastuta kiyA jAtA rahA hai| kintu isa AdhAra para jainadharma meM ahiMsA kI nakArAtmaka vyAkhyA ko svIkAra karanA bhI eka bhrAnti hI hogii| kyoMki hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva ke vicAra ke sAtha-sAtha jaina AgamoM meM aise bhI ullekha haiM jo anivArya banI do hiMsA meM alpa hiMsA ko vareNya mAnate haiN| yaha satya hai ki sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt jIvana-rakSaNa sevA, dAna, paropakAra Adi ke prayatnoM meM kahIM na kahIM hiMsA kA tattva avazya upasthita rahatA hai, kyoMki ye saba pravRttyAtmaka hai| jahA~ pravRtti hai vahA~ kriyA (yoga) hogI, jahA~ kriyA hogI vahA~ Asrava hogA aura jahA~ Asava hogA vahA~ bandha bhI hogaa| jahA~ bandha hogA vahA~ hiMsA hogI, cAhe vaha sva-svarUpa kI hiMsA hI kyoM na ho ? basa isa tarka zailI ne ahiMsA kI niSedhamUlaka vyAkhyA ko bala diyaa| prathama prazna to yaha hai ki kyA jainadharma ekAnta rUpa se nivRttyAtmaka hI hai ? dUsare kyA samAdhimaraNa ke antima kSaNoM ko chor3akara jIvana meM pravRtti kA pUrNa niSedha sambhava hai ? kyA mahAvIra kA upadeza ekAnta rUpa se nivRtti yA zramaNa jIvana ke lie hI hai ? kyA jainadharma meM jIvana ke sabhI rUpa samAna mUlya evaM mahattva ke haiM ? jaina darzana kI anekAntika dRSTi | Aye ina praznoM para thor3I gambhIratA se carcA kreN| jainadharma aura darzana mUlataH anekAnta dRSTi para adhiSThita hai aura anekAnta dRSTi kabhI bhI ekapakSIya nahIM hotii| dUsare jaba taka jIvana hai taba taka pUrNa rUpa se nivRtti sambhava nahIM hai| pravRtti prANIya jIvana yA hamAre jAtIya astitva kA lakSaNa hai| gItA (3/5 ) meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jIvana meM koI bhI kSaNa aisA nahIM hotA jisameM prANI karma yA kriyA se pUrNataH nivRtta hote haiN| pravRtti prANI jIvana kI anivAryatA hai| jaba taka hamArA sAMsArika astittva rahatA hai kahIM na kahIM pravRtti hotI hI rahatI hai| pUrNa nivRtti kA Adarza cAhe kitanA hI ucca kyoM na ho ? vaha eka Adarza hI hai, yarthAtha nhiiN| jainadarzana ke anusAra nirvANa prApti ke kucha kSaNa pUrva ke sAMsArika astitva ko chor3akara pUrNa nivRtti kA Adarza kabhI bhI yarthAtha nahIM banatA hai| cAhe hama muni jIvana hI kyoM nahIM jiye-- pUrNa ahiMsA kA pAlana to vahA~ bhI sambhava nahIM hai| zArIrika gatividhiyA~, zvasana, AhAra-vihAra aura zArIrika maloM kA visarjana sabhI meM kahIM na kahIM hiMsA hotI to avazya hai| yarthAtha jIvana meM pravRtti se yA kriyA se pUrNa rUpa se nivRtta ho pAnA sambhava hI nahIM hai aura yadi yaha sambhava nahIM hai, to aisI sthiti meM hameM pravRtti ke una rUpoM ko hI cunanA hogA, jinameM hiMsA alpatama ho| jaba pravRtti yA hiMsA jIvana kI eka aparihAryatA hai, to hameM yaha vicAranA hogA ki hamArI pravRtti kI dazA aisI ho jisameM hiMsA kama se kama ho| vaha hiMsA karma Asava yA karmabandha kA hetu na bne| yahIM se sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ko eka AdhAra milatA hai| sakArAtmaka ahiMsA viSa mizrita dUdha nahIM hai

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74 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA sakArAtmaka ahiMsA meM nizcita rUpa se aMzataH hiMsA kA koI na koI rUpa samAviSTa hotA hai kintu use viSa mizrita dUdha kahakara tyAjya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| usameM cAhe hiMsA rUpI viSa ke koI kaNa upasthita ho, kintu ye viSa-kaNa viSauSadhI ke samAna mAraka nahIM tAraka hote haiN| jisaprakAra viSa kI mAraka zakti ko samApta karake use auSadhI rUpI amRta meM badala diyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra sakArAtmaka ahiMsA meM jo hiMsA yA rAgAtmakatA ke rUpa parilakSita hote haiM, unheM vivekapUrNa kartavya bhAva ke dvArA bandhana ke sthAna para mukti ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM badalA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra viSa se nirmita auSadhI asvAsthakara na hokara Arogyaprada hI hotI hai, usI prakAra sakArAtmaka ahiMsA bhI sAmAjika svAsthya ke lie Arogyakara hI hotI hai| jaba hama apane astitva ke lie, apane jIvana ke rakSaNa ke lie pravRtti aura tadajanya AMzika hiMsA ko svIkAra kara lete haiM to phira hamAre isa tarka kA koI AdhAra nahIM raha jAtA, ki hama sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ko isalie asvIkAra karate haiM ki usameM hiMsA kA tattva hotA hai aura vaha viSa mizrita dUdha hai| apane astittva ke lie kI gaI hiMsA kSamya hai to dUsaroM ke astittva yA rakSaNa hetu kI gaI hiMsA kSamya kyoM nahIM hogI ? punaH dUsaroM ke astitva ke lie kI jAne vAlI pravRttiyoM meM hameM rAgAtmakatA lage to kyA apane hetu kI gayI vRtti meM rAgAtmakatA nahIM hogii| jaba pravRtti yA kriyA se pUrNa nivRtti sambhava hI nahIM hai to aisI sthiti meM kriyA ko vaha rUpa denA hogA jo bandhana aura hiMsA ke sthAna para vimukti aura ahiMsA se judd'e| mAtra kartavya buddhi se kI gaI paropakAra kI pravRtti hI aisI hai jo hamArI pravRtti ko bandhaka se abandhaka banA sakatI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina paramparA meM IryApathika kriyA aura IryApathika bandha kI avadhAraNA astittva meM aayiiN| ye bAhya rUpa se cAhe kriyA aura bandha kahe jAte hoM, kintu ve vastutaH bandhana ke nahIM, vimukti ke hI sUcaka haiM, tIrthaMkara kI lokakalyANa kI samasta pravRttiyA~ bhI IryApathika kriyA aura IryApathika bandha mAnI gayI hai| unakA prathama samaya meM bandha hotA hai aura dvitIya samaya meM nirjarA ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra vItarAga puruSa kI pravRtti spa kriyA ke dvArA jo Asava aura bandha hotA hai usakA sthAyitva eka kSaNa bhI nahIM hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra (25/42 ) meM kahA hai ki jaise gIlI miTTI kA golA dIvAla para pheMkane se cipaka jAtA hai kintu sUkhI miTTI kA golA nahIM cipakatA, apitu tatkSaNa gira jAtA hai| yahI sthiti vItarAga bhAva yA niSkAma bhAva se kI gayI kriyAoM kI hotI hai| unase jo Asrava hotA hai vaha AtmapradezoM se mAtra sparzita hotA hai vastutaH bandhaka nahIM hotaa| bandhana kA mUla kAraNa to rAga-dveSa yA kaSAyajanya pravRtti hai| ataH niSkAma bhAva se jo loka-maMgala ke lie, dUsaroM ke duHkhaharaNa ke hetu sevA, paropakAra Adi jo pravRtti kI jAtI hai vaha kriyA rUpa hokara ke bhI bandhaka nahIM hai aura isa prakAra jo loga "sakArAtmaka ahiMsA" meM bandhana kI sambhAvanAoM ko dekhate hai unakA cintana samyak nahIM hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvana zailI aura sakArAtmaka ahiMsA

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 75 jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara kA pada sarvocca mAnA jAtA hai| usakI zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM tIrthaMkara nAmakarma upArjana ke jina kAraNoM kI carcA huI unameM hama dekhate haiM ki sevA aura vAtsalya mUlaka pravRttiyoM ko sabase pramukha sthAna milA hai| usameM vRddha, glAna-rUgNa, bAlaka Adi kI sevA kA spaSTa nirdeza hai| yahI nahIM paramparAgata rUpa meM tIrthaMkara jIvana kI jina vizeSatAoM kI jo carcA kI jAtI hai unameM hama pAte haiM ki pratyeka tIrthaMkara dIkSita hone ke pUrva eka varSa taka pratidina karor3oM svarNa mudrAoM kA dAna karate haiN| yaha avadhAraNA svataH hI isa tathya kI sUcaka hai ki dAna aura sevA kI pravRtti tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA Acarita evaM anumodita hai| jaina kathA sAhitya meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki bhagavAna zAntinAtha ne apane pUrvabhava meM eka kabUtara kI rakSA karate hue apane zarIra kA mAMsa taka de diyA thaa| isa prakAra anya tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRtto meM bhI prANiyoM ke jIvanarakSaNa ke sAtha-sAtha unakI sevA, dAna Adi kI pravRtti ke udAharaNa dekhe jA sakate haiN| svayaM mahAvIra ne dIkSita hone ke pazcAta na kevala nirdhana brAhmaNa ko apanA vastra dAna kara diyA, apitu mithyAdRSTi gozAlaka kI zItalezyA pheMka kara jIvana-rakSA bhI kii| ___ mAtra yahI nahIM kevalajJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt bhI tIrthaMkara mAtra loka kalyANa hetu hI padayAtrA karate hue apanA pravacana dete haiN| kevalajJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt tIrthaMkara ke jIvana meM aisA kucha zeSa nahIM rahatA jo unake lie prAptavya ho| praznavyAkaraNa meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki-- "savva jaggajjIvarakSaNa dayaTThayAe pAvayanaM bhagavayA sukahiya" (2/9) arthAt bhagavAna ne samasta jAgatika jIvoM ke rakSaNa aura dayA ke hetu hI apanA upadeza diyaa| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki vItarAga paramAtmA meM bhI lokamaMgala va lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA upasthita rahatI hai| yadi yaha lokamaMgala kI vRtti rAgAtmaka hotI to phira vItarAga meM vaha kaise upasthita raha sakatI thii| isakA eka tAtparya yaha hai ki saMyamI jIvana meM bhI apanI maryAdAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue vyakti lokamaMgala kI pravRttiyoM se jur3A raha sakatA hai| kyA puNyakarma bandhana ke hetu hai ? sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt jIvoM kI rakSA aura sevA tathA usa hetu kI jAne vAlI dAna-paropakAra Adi kI pravRttiyoM ke mahattva evaM aura mUlya ko svIkArane meM sabase adhika bAdhaka avadhAraNA yaha hai ki paropakAra, sevA aura prANIkalyANa kI anya sabhI pravRttiyA~ puNya-bandha kA hetu hai, nirjarA kA hetu nahIM aura bandhana cAhe puNya kA ho yA pApa kA vaha bandhana hI hai aura isalie adhyAtmasAdhanA kA virodhI hai| puNya ko bhI bandhana kA hetu mAnakara ina vicArakoM ne ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI upekSA kii| AcArya kunda-kunda ne puNya aura pApa kA antara spaSTa karate hue puNya ko sone kI aura pApa ko lohe kI ber3I kahA aura anta meM puNya aura pApa donoM se upara uThane kI bAta kahI hai (samayasAra 146) / yaha satya hai ki puNya aura pApa kI adhikAMza paribhASAe~ isa avadhAraNA para khar3I haiM ki jo dayA aura jIvana-rakSaNa ke jo kArya haiM, ve puNya haiM aura jo dUsaroM ke ahita aura duHkha ke kArya haiM, ve pApa haiN| sAmAnya rUpa se yaha kahA jAtA hai ki "paropakAraM puNyAya pApAya prpiiddnN|" gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ne bhI

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76 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA kahA hai "parahita sarisa dharma nahIM bhaaii| parapIDA sama nahIM adhmaaii||" yaha satya hai ki paropakAra puNya hai aura tattvArthasUtra (6/2-4) meM umAsvAti ne puNya aura pApa donoM ko Asava kA eka bheda bhI mAnA hai aura Asrava ko bandha kA hetu mAnane ke kAraNa bAda meM yaha avadhAraNA dRDhIbhUta ho gayI ki puNyabandhana kA hI hetu hai| kintu yaha dRSTikoNa jainasiddhAnta kI dRSTi se bhI bhrAmaka hI hai| prathama to sabhI Asava vastutaH bandhana ke kAraNa nahIM hote haiM dUsare yaha mAnanA bhI bhrAnti hai ki puNya mAtra Asrava hai| prAcIna AgamoM meM vaha svatantra tattva hai| vaha Asava aura bandha hai to sAtha hI sa~vara aura nirjarA bhI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne zubhayoga ko sa~vara mAnA hai| vaha nirjarA bhI hai aura nirjarA kA hetu bhI hai| puNya to usa sAbuna ke samAna hai jo pApa rUpI mala ko nikAlane ke sAtha svataH bhI binA prayAsa ke nirjarita ho jAtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki pApa bandha kI nirjarA karanA hotI hai| puNya to svataH nirjarita ho jAtA hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA hai|jain AcArya kriyA yA Asava ke do bheda karate haiM-- 1. sAmparAyika aura 2. iiryaapthik| IryApathika kriyA ke mAdhyama se jo Asrava hotA hai vaha dUsare samaya meM hI nirjarita ho jAtA hai| jisa Asava janita bandha kI sthiti eka samaya bhI sattA rUpa nahIM rahatI ho use bandha kahanA mAtra aupacArikatA hai, yarthAtha meM vaha bandha nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki yadi sevA, paropakAra aura jIvoM ke rakSaNa ke pIche rAgAtmakatA kA bhAva hai to ve bandhana ke kAraNa haiM kintu sevA, paropakAra aura jIvoM ke rakSaNa kI sabhI pravRttiyA~ rAgAtmakatA se hI prerita hokara nahIM hotI hai apitu vaha parapIr3A ke svasaMvedana ke kAraNa bhI hotI hai| jaba dUsaroM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi kA vikAsa ho jAtA hai to unakI pIr3A hamArI pIDA bana jAtI hai aura aisI sthiti meM jisa prakAra apanI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna hote haiN| usI prakAra dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke bhI prayatna hote haiN| jJAnAtmaka dRSTi se AtmatulyatA kA vicAra aura bhAvAtmaka dRSTi se parapIDA kA sva-saMvedana svAbhAvika rUpa se loka-kalyANa kI pravRttiyoM ko arthAt rakSaNa, sevA, dAna, paropakAra Adi ko janma dete haiN| ataH yaha mAnanA bhrAnta hai ki loka-kalyANa kI sabhI pravRttiyoM ke pIche rAga-bhAva hotA hai| vyAvahArika jIvana meM bhI aise aneka avasara hote haiM jaba dUsare prANI kI pIr3A se hamArI antarAtmA karuNAdra ho jAtI hai aura hama usakI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna karate haiN| vahA~ rAgAtmakatA nahIM hotI hai| vahA~ kevala viveka-buddhi aura parapIr3A ke sva-saMvedana se utpanna kartavyatA kA bhAva hI hotA hai, jo usa sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kA preraka hotA hai| dUsaroM ke prati rAgAtmakatA meM aura kartavya bodha meM bar3A antara hotA hai| rAga ke sAtha deSa avazya rahatA hai| jabaki kartavya bodha meM usakA abhAva hotA hai| kisI rAhagIra kI pIr3A se jo hRdaya dravita hotA hai, vaha rAga ke kAraNa nahIM apitu parapIr3A ke sva-saMvedana yA AtmatulyatA ke bhAva ke kAraNa hotA hai| pAlatU kutte kI pIr3A ko dUra karane meM aura kisI sar3aka para par3e hue kutte kI pIr3A ko dUra karane meM antara hai| pahale meM rAgabhAva hai, dUsare meM mAtra parapIr3A kA aatmsNvedn| jaba dUsaroM ke rakSaNa, poSaNa, sevA aura paropakAra ke kArya mAtra kartavya buddhi athavA parapIr3A ke AtmasaMvedana se hote haiM, to unameM rAgAtmakatA kA tattva nahIM hotA aura yaha suspaSTa hai ki

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 77 rAgAtmakatA ke abhAva meM cAhe koI kriyA kAsava kA kAraNa bhI bane to bhI vaha bandhana kAraka nahIM ho sktii| kyoMki uttarAdhyayana (32/7 ) Adi jaina granthoM meM bandhana kA mukhya kAraNa rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hI mAnI gayI haiN| dUsaroM ke rakSaNa aura sampoSaNa ke prayatnoM meM cAhe kisI sImA taka hiMsA kI bAhya pravRtti bhI ho sakatI hai kintu vaha yarthAtha rUpa meM bandhana kA hetu nahIM hai| yadi hama aisI pravRttiyoM ko bandhana rUpa mAneMge to phira tIrthaMkara kI loka-kalyANakArI pravRttiyoM arthAt lokamaMgala ke lie vihAra aura upadeza ke kArya ko bhI bandhana ko hetu mAnanA hogA, kintu Agama ke anusAra unakA upadeza saMsAra ke jIvoM ke rakSaNa ke lie hotA hai, vaha bandhana kA nimitta nahIM hotA hai| niSkAma karma bandhaka nahI hai ? isa samagra carcA se yaha phalita hotA hai ki puNya karma yadi mAtra kartavya buddhi se athavA rAga-dveSa se upara uThakara kiye jAte haiM to ve bandhaka nahIM haiN| puNyabandha kA kAraNa kevala tabhI banatA hai jaba vaha rAgabhAva se yukta hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki apane kisI parijana ke rakSaNa ke prayatnoM kI aura mArga meM calate hue pIr3A se tar3aphar3Ate kisI prANI ke rakSaNa ke prayatnoM kI manobhUmikA kabhI bhI eka hI stara ke nahIM hotI hai| prathama sthiti meM rakSaNa ke samasta prayatna rAgabhAva se yA mamatvabuddhi se pratiphalita hote haiM, jabaki dUsarI sthiti meM AtmatulyatA ke AdhAra para parapIr3A kA sva-saMvedana hotA hai aura yaha parapIr3A kA sva-saMvedana athavA kartavya buddhi hI vyakti ko paropakAra yA puNya karma hetu prerita karatI hai| jaina paramparA meM yahA~ samyakdRSTi jIva ke AcAraNa ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai-- samyak dRSTi jIvaDA kare kuTumba prtipaal| antara sU nyAroM rahe jyU dhAya khilAve bAla / / yaha anAsakta dRSTi atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| vastutaH aliptatA aura niSkAmatA hI eka aisA tattva hai, jo kisI karma kI bandhaka zakti ko samApta kara detA hai| jahA~ aliptatA hai, niSkAmatA hai, vItarAgatA hai, vahA~ bandhana nhiiN| jisa puNya ko bandhana kahA jAtA hai vaha puNya rAgAtmakatA se nizrita puNya hai| hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki vizva meM samasta pravRttiyA~ rAga se hI prerita hotI haiN| aneka pravRttiyA~ aisI haiM jo mAtra kartavya buddhi se phalita hotI haiN| dUsare kI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A isalie nahIM banatI haiM ki usake prati hamArA rAgabhAva hotA hai, apitu AtmatulyatA kA bodha hI hamAre dvArA usakI pIr3A ke sva-saMvedana kA kAraNa hotA hai| jaba kisI dUsare zahara meM hote haiM aura vahA~ pIr3A se tar3aphar3Ate kisI mAnava ko sar3aka para par3A huA dekhate haiM to hama karuNAdra ho uThate haiM--- yahA~ kauna sA rAgabhAva hotA hai| jo loga dUra-darAja ke gA~voM meM jAkara cikitsA zivira lagavAte haiM-- unameM jo bhI rogI Ate haiM, kyA unake prati zivira lagavAne vAle vyakti kA koI rAga-bhAva hotA hai ? vaha to yaha bhI nahIM jAnatA hai usameM kauna loga AyeMge, phira una ajJAta logoM ke prati usameM rAga bhAva kaise ho sakatA hai ? ataH yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai rakSA, sevA, paropakAra Adi pravRttiyoM ke pIche sadaiva rAgabhAva hotA

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78 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA hai / jaba rAga nahIM hotA hai to dveSa bhI nahIM hotA hai aura jahA~ rAga-dveSa kA abhAva hotA hai vahA~ bandhana sambhava hI nahIM hai| isI prakAra eka DAkTara jaba kisI rogI ke sar3e hue aMga kA Aparezana karake use nikAlatA hai to usameM usa sar3e hue aMga meM nihita kITANuoM ke prati dveSa aura rogI ke prati rAga nahIM hotA hai| mAtra bacAne kA bhAva hotA hai| kisI pyAse ko pAnI pilAte samaya hameM na to jala ke jIvoM ke prati dveSa hotA hai aura na pyAse ke prati rAga / aMtaH sevA, paropakAra Adi kI pravRttiyA~ rAga-dveSa se prerita nahIM hotI hai ataH ve bandhaka bhI nahIM hotI hai / vastutaH sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt jIvana-rakSaNa, sevA, paropakAra Adi kI pravRttiyA~ rAgAtmakatA para AdhArita na hokara "Atmavat sarvabhUteSu" kI bhAvanA para AdhArita hotI haiM / "Atmavat sarvabhUteSu" kI yaha anubhUti taba taka yarthAtha nahIM banatI jaba taka kI vyakti ke lie dUsaroM ke pIr3A aura duHkha apane nahIM bana jAte / yadyapi jaina darzana pratyeka AtmA kI svatantra sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai kintu sAtha hI sAtha vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki saMsAra ke sabhI prANI mere hI samAna haiN| AcArAMgasUtra (1/5/5) meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki "jise tU duHkha denA cAhatA hai vaha tU hI hai|" yahA~ viveka aura saMvedanazIlatA ke AdhAra para hI "Atmavat sarvabhUteSu" kI bhAvanA ko khar3A kiyA gayA hai| vaha mAtra tArkika nahIM hai| jaba taka saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat bhAva utpanna nahIM hotA hai taba taka ahiMsA kA aMkura prakaTa hI nahIM ho sakatA / ahiMsA ke lie rAgAtmakatA nahIM Atmavat dRSTi Avazyaka hai| kyoMki yadi rAgAtmakatA sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kA AdhAra hogI to vyakti kevala apanoM kI sevA meM pravRtta hogA, dUsaroM kI sevA meM nhiiN| sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt rakSA, sevA Adi kA AdhAra na to pratyupakAra kI bhAvanA yA svArtha hotA hai aura na rAga / vaha khar3I hotI hai-vivekajanya kartavya bodha ke AdhAra para / " kyA jIvana ke sabhI rUpa samAna mahattva haiM ? ahiMsA kI nakArAtmaka vyAkhyA ke lie sabase adhika jimmedAra yaha avadhAraNA rahI ki jIvana ke vividha rUpa samAna mUlya aura mahattva ke haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa jIvana ke eka rUpa bacAne meM dUsarI rUpoM kI hiMsA aparihArya hone para jIvana-rakSaNa ke prayatna ko hI pApa yA hiMsA meM parigaNita kara liyA gyaa| yaha satya hai ki eka ke jIvana ke rakSaNa evaM poSaNa ke liye dUsare jIvanoM kI kurbAnI karanI hI par3atI hai| yadi hama eka vRkSa yA paudhe ko jIvita rakhanA cAhate haiN| to use pAnI to denA hI hogA / vanaspatikAya ke saMrakSaNa aura vardhana ke lie pRthvIkAya, apakAya aura vAyukAya kI hiMsA aparihArya rUpa se hogii| yadi hama kisI trasa prANI ke jIvana-rakSaNa kA koI prayatna karate haiM, to hameM na kevala vanaspatikAya kI apitu pRthvIkAya, apakAya Adi kI hiMsA se jur3anA hogaa| isa saMsAra meM jIvana jIne kI vyavasthA hI aisI hai ki jIvana kA eka rUpa dUsare rUpa ke Azrita haiM aura usa dUsare rUpa ke hiMsA ke binA hama prathama rUpa ko jIvita nahIM rakha skte| yaha samasyA prAcIna jainAcAryoM ke samakSa bhI AyI thii| isa samasyA kA samAdhAna unhoMne apane hiMsA ke alpa- bahutva ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para kiyA /

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 79 hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva kI yaha avadhAraNA mukhyataH do dRSTi se vicArita kI gayI hai-- prathamataH usa hiMsA, ahiMsA ke pIche rahI huI manovRtti yA preraka tattva ke AdhAra para jo do prakAra kA ho sakatA hai-- 1. viveka para AdhArita aura 2. bhAvanA para AdhArita aura dUsare prANa-vadha ke svarUpa ke AdhAra pr| viveka para AdhArita karma ke preraka tattva yA manobhUmikA meM mUlataH yaha bAta dekhI jAtI hai ki vaha karma kyoM kiyA jA rahA hai| vaha kartavya buddhi se kiyA jA rahA hai yA svArtha buddhi se| mAtra kartavya buddhi se rAgAtmakatA ke abhAva meM jo karma kiye jAte haiM ve IryApathika hote haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM unake dvArA hone vAlA bandhana yarthAtha meM bandhana nahIM hotA hai| isake viparIta jo karma svArtha pUrti ke lie hote haiM ve karma bandhaka hote haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki vyakti ko apane kartavya kA pAlana karate samaya hiMsA ho yA use hiMsA karanI par3e, kintu rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uThakara mAtra kartavya ke paripAlana meM hone vAlI hiMsA baMdhaka yA anucita nahIM hotii| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaina muni Avazyaka kriyA karate samaya, pratilekhana karate samaya yA pada yAtrA karate samaya jo zArIrika kriyAyeM karatA hai usameM hiMsA to hotI hai| cAhe kitanI hI sAvadhAnI kyoM na rakhI jAya ye sabhI kriyAyeM hiMsA se rahita nahIM hai phira bhI inheM mukti kA hI sAdhana mAnA jAtA hai bandhana kA kAraNa nhiiN| vyAvahArika kSetra meM nyAyAdhIza samAja vyavasthA aura apane deza ke kAnUna ke anrtagata kartavya buddhi se aparAdhI ko daNDa detA hai yahA~ taka kI mRtyu daNDa bhI detA hai| kyA hama nyAyAdhIza ko manuSya kI hatyA kA doSI mAneMgeM ? vaha to apane niyama aura kartavya se ba~dhA hone ke kAraNa hI aisA karatA hai| ataH usake Adeza se hiMsA kI ghaTanA hone para bhI vaha hiMsaka nahIM mAnA jaataa| ataH manobhUmikA kI dRSTi se jaba taka antara meM kaSAya bhAva yA deva-buddhi na ho taba taka bAhya rUpa meM ghaTita hiMsA kI kriyA na to bandhaka hotI hai aura na anucit| AcArya kundakunda ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki bAhara meM hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita ho yA na ho pramatta yA kaSAya yukta vyakti niyamataH hiMsaka hI hotA hai| isake viparIta bAhya rUpa se hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hone para bhI kaSAya rahita apramAdI muni niyamataH ahiMsaka hI hotA hai| isalie yaha mAnanA ki sakArAtmaka ahiMsA meM bAhya rUpa se hiMsA kI ghaTanA hotI hai, ataH vaha anucita hai -- eka bhrAnta dRSTikoNa hai| hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hone para bhI yadi kartA ne vaha karma mAtra kartavya buddhi se kiyA hai, usake mana meM dUsare ko pIr3A pahu~cAne kA bhAva nahIM hai, to vaha hiMsaka nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jo karma vivekapUrvaka aura niSkAma bhAva se kiye jAte haiM unameM hiMsA alpa yA atyalpa hotI hai| bhAvanA yA rAgAtmakatA kI sthiti meM bhI jo prazasta rAga-bhAva hai usameM hiMsA alpa mAnI gaI hai| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke alpa-bahutva ke vicAra ke sandarbha meM dasarA dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki yadi do hiMsAoM ke vikalpa meM eka kA cunAva karanA ho to hameM alpa hiMsA ko cunanA hogA aura usa alpa hiMsA kA AdhAra jaina AcAryoM ne prANiyoM kI saMkhyA na mAna kara unake aindrika vikAsa ko mAnA hai| yadi hajAro ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA aura eka paMcendriya jIva kI hiMsA meM hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva kA nirNaya karanA ho to jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM hajAroM ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kI apekSA eka paMcendriya prANI kI hiMsA adhika bhayaMkara mAnI gayI hai|

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80 svayaM mahAvIra ke yuga meM bhI yaha prazna upasthita huA thA ki aneka ekendriya jIvoM kI apekSA kA eka paMcendriya jIva kI hiMsA meM kauna sI hiMsA alpa hai ? unake yuga meM hasta-tApasoM kA eka varga thA jo yaha kahatA thA ki hama to varSa meM kevala eka hAthI ko mArate haiM aura usake mA~sa se pUrA varSa apanI AjIvikA kI pUrti karate haiN| isa prakAra hama sabase kama hiMsA karate haiM (sUtrakRtAMga 2/6/53-54) / isa vicAradhArA kA svayaM mahAvIra ne khaMDana kiyA aura batAyA ki yaha avadhAraNA bhrAMta hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM isa prazna para aura bhI adhika gambhIratA se vicAra huA hai / usameM batAyA gayA hai ki aneka ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kI apekSA paMcendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA aura unameM bhI eka RSi kI hiMsA adhika nikRSTa hotI hai| (bhagavatIsUtra 9/34/106 107) / ataH jaina dRSTikoNa se hiMsA kA alpa - bahutva prANiyoM kI saMkhyA para nahIM unake aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa para nirbhara karatA hai / jaba cunAva do hiMsAoM ke bIca karanA ho to hameM cunAva alpa hiMsA kA hI karanA hogA aura isameM hiMsA kA alpa - bahutva prANiyoM kA saMkhyA para nahIM unake aindrika vikAsa para hI nirbhara karegA ! sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA yadi hama eka ora yaha mAneM ki apane jIvana rakSaNa hetu hama ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kara sakate haiM aura usakA hameM adhikAra hai aura dUsarI ora yaha kaheM ki cU~ki dUsare prANiyoM ke rakSaNa, poSaNa, sevA Adi kI pravRttiyoM meM ekendriya Adi jIvoM kI hiMsA jur3I huI hai ataH tyAjya hai, to yaha Atma pravaMcanA hI hogii| gRhastha jIvana to kyA muni jIvana meM bhI koI vyakti ekendriya jIvoM ke prati pUrNa ahiMsaka nahIM ho pAtA hai| ataH ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA se bacane ke nAma para ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI avahelanA na to ucita hai aura na naitika hI / sakArAtmaka ahiMsA isalie bhI Avazyaka hai ki hamAre sAmAjika jIvana kA AdhAra hai| "manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai|" sAmAjika jIvana se alaga hokara usake astitva kI kalpanA hI duSkara hai| sakArAtmaka ahiMsaka cetanA arthAt saMvedanazIlatA ke abhAva meM hama samAja kI koI kalpanA bhI nahIM kara sakate haiN| samAja jaba bhI khar3A hotA hai taba AtmiyatA, prema, pArasparika sahayoga aura dUsare ke lie apane hita -tyAga ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne kahA hai ki eka dUsare kA hita karanA yaha prANiya-jagata kA niyama hai| (parasparopagraho jIvAnAma tattvArtha 5 ) pAzcAtya cintakoM kI yaha bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai ki saMgharSa prANiya jagata ko niyama hai| jIvana kA niyama saMgharSa nahIM, sahakAra hai / jIvana sahayoga aura sahakAra kI sthiti meM hI astittva meM AtA hai aura vikasita hai| yaha sahayoga aura apane hitoM kA dUsare ke hetu utsarga samAja - jIvana kA bhI AdhAra hai| dUsare zabdoM meM samAja sadaiva hI sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai / niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA co vaiyaktika sAdhanA kA AdhAra ho kintu vaha sAmAjika jIvana kA AdhAra nahIM ho sakatI / Aja jisa ahiMsaka samAja ke racanA kI bAta kahI jAtI hai / vaha samAja jaba bhI khar3A hogA sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke AdhAra para hI khar3A hogaa| jaba taka samAja ke sadasyoM meM eka-dUsare kI pIr3A ko samajhane aura use dUra karane ke prayatna nahIM hoMge taba taka samAja astittva meM hI nahIM A pAyegA / sAmAjika jIvana ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki hameM dUsaroM kI pIr3A kA sva-saMvedana ho aura ----

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 811 unake prati AtmIyatA kA bhAva ho| sAmAnya rUpa se isa AtmIyatA ko rAgAtmakatA samajhane kI bhUla kI jAtI hai| kintu AtmIyatA evaM rAgAtmakatA meM antara hai| rAgAtmakatA sakAma hotI hai usake mUla meM svArtha kA tattva vidyamAna hotA hai, vaha pratyupakAra kI apekSA rakhatI hai, jabaki AtmIyatA niSkAma hotI hai, usameM mAtra parArtha kI vRtti hotI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM ahiMsA ke jo vividha nAma diye gaye usameM rati ko bhI sthAna diyA gyaa| yahA~ rati kA artha vAsanAtmaka prema yA dveSamUlaka rAga-bhAva nahIM hai yaha niSkAma prema hai| vastutaH jaba AtmIyatA kA bhAva pratyupakAra kI apekSA na rakhatA ho aura vaha sArvabhauma ho, to AtmIyatA kahalAtA hai| vastutaH jaba taka anya jIvoM ke sAtha samAnatA kI anubhUti, unake jIvana jIne ke adhikAra ke prati sammAna-vRtti aura unakI pIr3AoM kA sva-saMvedana nahIM hotA taba taka ahiMsaka cetanA kA udbhava bhI nahIM hotaa| ahiMsaka cetanA kA mUla AdhAra AtmIyatA kI anubhUti hai| vaha sArvabhaumika prema hai| vaha aisA rAga-bhAva jisameM dveSa kA koI aMza hI nahIM hotA hai| jisameM saMsAra ke samasta prANI "sva" hI hote haiM, "para" koI bhI nahIM hotA hai| vastutaH aisA rAga, rAga hI nahIM hotA hai| rAga sadaiva dveSa ke sahAre jIvita rahatA hai| dveSa, svArtha aura pratyupakAra kI AkAMkSA se rahita jo rAga-bhAva hai vaha sArvabhaumika prema hotA hai, vahI AtmIyatA hai aura yaha AtmIyatA hI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai| ghRNA, vidveSa aura AkrAmakatA kI vRttiyA~ sadaiva hI sAmAjikatA kI virodhI hai| ve hiMsA kA hI dUsarA rUpa hai| ye vRttiyA~ jaba bhI balavatI hogI, sAmAjikatA kI bhAvanA hI samApta hogI, samAja Dhaha jaavegaa| samAja jaba bhI khar3A hogA taba vaha na to hiMsA ke AdhAra para khar3A hogA aura na mAtra niSedhamUlaka nirapekSa ahiMsA ke AdhAra pr| vaha hamezA sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke AdhAra para hI khar3A hogaa| yadyapi hameM yahA~ smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki jisa prakAra sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke sampAdana meM nirapekSa-ahiMsA yA pUrNa-ahiMsA kA paripAlana sambhava nahIM hai, usI prakAra sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI nirapekSa ahiMsA yA pUrNa ahiMsA paripAlana sambhava nahIM hai| samAja jIvana kA AdhAra jo sakArAtmaka ahiMsA hai, vaha sApekSa ahiMsA yA sApavAdika ahiMsA hai| samAja-jIvana ke lie samAja ke sadasyoM ke hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna mukhya hai aura jahA~ astittva kI surakSA aura hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna hotA hai vahA~ nirapekSa ahiMsA saMbhava nahIM hotii| samAja-jIvana meM hitoM meM TakarAhaTa svAbhAvika hai| aneka bAra eka kA hita, dUsare ke ahita para hI nirbhara karatA hai| aisI sthiti meM samAja jIvana meM yA saMghIya jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza sAkAra nahIM ho pAtA hai, usameM apavAda ko mAnya karanA hI hotaa| jaba vaiyaktika hitoM aura sAmAjika hitoM meM saMgharSa kI sthiti ho to hama pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI duhAI dekara taTastha dRSTA nahIM bane raha sakate haiN| jaba vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika hito meM saMgharSa ho to hameM samAja hita meM vaiyaktika hitoM kA balidAna karanA hI hogaa| phira cAhe ve hita hamAre svayaM ke ho yA kisI anya ke| sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kA siddhAnta hameM yahI sIkhAtA hai ki hama kisI mahAna hita ke lie kSudra hitoM ko balidAna karanA siikheN| samAja-jIvana meM aise aksara

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82 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA Ate haiM, jaba vyakti apane kSudra hitoM kA balidAna svataH nahIM karatA hai to usase balAt bhI karavAnA par3atA hai| jaba koI samAja, rASTra yA usakA koI sadasya yA varga apane kSudra hitoM kI pUrti ke lie hiMsA athavA anyAya para utArU ho jAya, to nizcaya pUrNa ahiMsA kI duhAI dekara taTastha dRSTA bane rahane se koI kAma nahIM clegaa| jaba taka jainAcAryoM dvArA udghoSita sampUrNa mAnava samAja kI ekatA kI kalpanA pUrNa sAkAra nahIM hotI hai, jaba taka sampUrNa samAja ahiMsA pAlana ke lie pratibaddha nahIM hotA, taba taka mAnava samAja meM pUrNa ahiMsA yA nirapekSa ahiMsA ke paripAlana kA dAvA karanA sambhava nahIM hai| jainadharma jisa pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko prastuta karatA hai usameM bhI jaba saMgha kI athavA saMgha ke eka sadasya kI surakSA kA prazna AyA to jaina AcAryoM ne sApekSika yA sApavAdika ahiMsA ko hI svIkAra kiyaa| jaina sAhitya meM AcArya kAlaka aura gaNAdhipati ceTaka ke udAharaNa isake spaSTa pramANa haiN| nizIthacUrNi ( gAthA 289 ) meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki jaba saMgha kI surakSA athavA kisI satI strI ke satItva ke rakSaNa kA prazna ho to gRhastha hI nahIM, muni bhI hiMsA kA sahArA le sakatA hai| aisI sthiti meM bAhya rUpa se hiMsA kI jo ghaTanA ghaTita hotI hai, use cAhe dravya hiMsA kI dRSTi se hiMsA kahA jAya, kintu yadi usameM kartA kI vRtti meM nijI svArtha aura aparAdhI ke prati dveSa bhAva nahIM hai, to aisI hiMsA vastutaH ahiMsA hI hai| jaba taka mAnava samAja kA eka bhI sadasya pAzavika vRttiyoM meM AsthA rakhatA ho, yaha socanA vyartha hai ki sAmudAyika jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza vyavahArya bana skegaa| jo loga sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt rakSaNa, sevA sahakAra Adi jIvana mUlyoM ko kevala isa AdhAra para amAnya karate haiM ki unase nirapekSa yA pUrNa ahiMsA kA pAlana sambhava nahIM hai| unakI yaha avadhAraNA ucita nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai| nizIthacarNi meM ahiMsA ke jina apavAdoM kI carcA hai unheM cAhe kucha loga sAdhvAcAra ke rUpa meM sIdhe mAnya na karanA cAhate hoM kintu kyA yaha napusaMkatA nahIM hogI ki jaba kisI munisaMgha ke sAmane kisI taruNI sAdhvI kA apaharaNa ho rahA ho yA usa para balAtkAra ho rahA ho aura ve pUrNa ahiMsA ke paripAlana kI duhAI dekara taTastha dRSTA bane rahe? kyA unakA koI sAmAjika dAyitva nahIM hai ? hiMsA-ahiMsA kA prazna nirA-vaiyaktika nahIM hai| jaba taka sampUrNa mAnava samAja eka sAtha ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie tatpara nahIM hotA hai, kisI eka samAja yA rASTra dvArA pUrNa ahiMsA kA udaghoSa koI artha nahIM rkhtaa| adhika kyA kaheM, yadi sampUrNa samAja SaDajIva-nikAya kI navakoTipUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ke paripAlana kI bAta karane lage to kyA jainamuni saMgha kA bhI koI astitva rhegaa| ataH pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI duhAI dekara ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI avahelanA kathaMpi ucita nahIM mAnI jaatii| saMrakSaNAtmaka va surakSAtmaka prayAsoM meM jo hiMsA kI bAhya ghaTanAyeM hotI haiM ve sAmAjika jIvana ke lie aparihArya hai| ahiMsA meM apavAda mAnane vAloM ko sakArAtmaka ahiMsA niSedha kA adhikAra nahIM punaH hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA prazna mukhya rUpa se to AMtarika hai| bAhyarUpa meM hiMsA ke

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 83 hone para bhI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uThA apramatta manuSya ahiMsaka hai| jabaki bAhya rUpa meM hiMsA na hone para bhI pramatta manuSya hiMsaka hI hai| eka aura sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ko kevala isalie asvIkAra karanA ki usameM kahIM na kahIM hiMsA kA tattva hotA hai kintu dUsarI ora apane athavA apane saMgha aura samAja ke astittva ke lie apavAdoM kI sRjanA karanA nyAyika dRSTi se saMgata nahIM hai / yadi hama yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki kisI muni ke vaiyaktika jIvana athavA muni saMgha ke astittva ke lie ahiMsA ke kSetra meM kucha apavAda mAnya kiye jA sakate haiN| to hameM yaha bhI svIkAra karanA hogA ki lokakalyANa yA prANIkalyANa ke lie jo pravRttiyA~ saMcAlita kI jAtI haiM, unameM bhI ahiMsA ke kucha apavAda mAnya kiye jA sakate haiN| punaH jo gRhastha SaTjIva - nikAya kI navakoTipUrNa ahiMsA kA vrata grahaNa nahIM karatA hai aura jo na kevala apane lie, apitu apane parijanoM ke lie ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA se pUrNataH virata nahIM hai athavA jo trasa prANI kI saMkalpajA hiMsA ko chor3akara ArambhajA, udyogajA aura virodhajA hiMsA kA pUrNa tyAgI nahIM hai, use dUsare jIvoM ke rakSaNa - poSaNa aura unakI pIr3A ke nivAraNa ke prayatnoM ko kevala yaha kahakara nakArane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai ki unameM hiMsA hotI hai / hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke sImA kSetra ko samyak rUpa se samajhane ke lie hameM hiMsA ke tIna rUpoM ko samajha lenA hogA - 1. hiMsA kI jAtI hai, 2. hiMsA karanI par3atI hai aura 3. hiMsA ho jAtI hai| hiMsA kA vaha rUpa jisameM hiMsA kI nahIM jAtI varana ho jAtI hai| hiMsA kI koTi meM nahIM AtA hai, kyoMki isameM hiMsA kA saMkalpa pUrI taraha anupasthita rahatA hai, mAtra yahI nahIM, hiMsA se bacane kI pUrI sAvadhAnI bhI rakhI jAtI hai| hiMsA ke saMkalpa ke abhAva meM evaM sampUrNa sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda bhI yadi anya pravRttiyoM ke karate hue koI hiMsA ho jAtI hai to vaha hiMsA ke sImAkSetra meM nahIM AtI hai| hameM yaha bhI samajha lenA hogA ki kisI eka saMkalpa kI pUrti ke lie kI jAne vAlI kriyA ke daurAna sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda anya koI hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita ho jAtI hai to vyakti aisI hiMsA kA uttaradAyI nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| jaise-- yadi gRhastha upAsaka dvArA bhUmi jotate hue kisI trasa - prANI kI hiMsA ho jAya athavA kisI muni ke dvArA padayAtrA karate hue trasaprANI kI hiMsA ho jAya to unheM usa hiMsA ke prati uttaradAyI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki unake mana meM usa hiMsA kA koI saMkalpa hI nahIM hai / ataH aisI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai| jaina paramparA meM hiMsA ke nimna cAra stara mAne gaye haiN| 1. saMkalpajA, 2. virodhajA, 3. udyogajA, 4. ArambhajA / inameM " saMkalpajA" hiMsA vaha hai jo kI jAtI hai| jabakiM virodhajA, udyogajA aura ArambhajA hiMsA, hiMsA kI ve sthitiyA~ haiM jinameM hiMsA karanI par3atI hai / phira bhI cAhe hiMsA kI jAtI ho yA hiMsA karanI par3atI ho, donoM hI avasthAoM meM hiMsA kA saMkalpa yA irAdA avazya hotA hai, yaha bAta alaga hai ki eka avasthA meM hama binA kisI paristhitigata dabAva ke svatantrarUpa meM hiMsA kA saMkalpa karate haiM aura dUsare meM hameM vivazatA meM saMkalpa karanA hotA hai| phira bhI pahalI adhika nikRSTa koTi kI hai kyoMki AkramaNAtmaka hai| yaha anartha daNDa hai, arthAt anAvazyaka hai, vaha yA to manoraMjana ke lie kI --

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84 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA jAtI hai yA zAsana karane ke lie, yA svAda ke lie| hiMsA kA yahI rUpa aisA hai jo sabake dvArA chor3A jA sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha hamAre jIvana jIne ke lie jarUrI nahIM hai| hiMsA kA dUsarA rUpa jisameM hiMsA karanI par3atI hai, hiMsA to hai kintu ise chor3A nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki yaha Avazyaka hai, arthadaNDa hai| ve sabhI gRhastha upAsaka jo apane svatvoM kA rakSaNa karanA cAhate haiM, jo jIvana jIne ke lie udyoga aura vyavasAya meM lage hue haiM, jo samAja, saMskRti aura rASTra kI surakSA evaM vikAsa kA dAyitva liye hue haiM isase nahIM baca skte| na kevala gRhastha upAsaka apitu munijana bhI, jo kisI dharma, samAja evaM saMskRti ke rakSaNa, vikAsa evaM prasAra kA dAyitva apane Upara liye hue haiM, isa prakAra kI aparihArya hiMsA se nahIM baca sakate haiN| yaha satya hai ki sAmAjika jIvana meM dUsare prANiyoM ke jIvana-rakSaNa, poSaNa, sevA Adi meM bhI pendriyAdi kucha jIvoM kI hiMsA sambhAvita hai, kintu isa hiMsA ke bhaya se sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI avahelanA karanA yogya nahIM hai| vaha gRhastha ke liye eka kartavya hai aura use niSkAma bhAva se use karanA hai| sakArAtmaka ahiMsA meM ghaTita hiMsA, hiMsA hai phira bhI yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama aisI hiMsA ko hiMsA ke rUpa meM samajhate raheM, anyathA hamArA karuNA kA srota sUkha jaayegaa| vivazatA meM cAhe hameM hiMsA karanI par3e, kintu usake prati AtmaglAni aura hiMsita ke prati karuNA kI dhArA sUkhane nahIM pAve anyathA vaha hiMsA hamAre svabhAva kA aMga bana jAvegI jaise kasAI bAlaka meN| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka kA mukhya AdhAra mAtra yahI nahIM hai ki hamArA hRdaya kaSAya se mukta ho, kintu yaha bhI hai ki hamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgRta rahe, hRdaya meM dayA aura karuNA kI dhArA pravAhita hotI rhe| hameM ahiMsA ko hRdaya-zUnya nahIM banAnA hai| kyoMki yadi hamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgRta banI rahI to nizcaya hI hama jIvana meM hiMsA kI mAtrA ko alpatama karate hue pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha kara sakegeM, sAtha hI hamArI ahiMsA vidhAyaka bana kara mAnava samAja meM sevA aura sahayoga kI gaMgA bhI bahA skegii| sAtha hI jaba aparihArya bana gaI do hiMsAoM meM kisI eka ko cunanA anivArya ho to hameM alpa-hiMsA ko cunanA hogaa| kintu kauna-sI hiMsA alpa-hiMsA hogI yaha nirNaya deza, kAla paristhiti Adi aneka bAtoM para nirbhara kregaa| yahA~ hameM jIvana kI mUlyavattA ko bhI AMkanA hogaa| jIvana kI yaha mUlyavattA do bAtoM para nirbhara karatI hai-- 1. prANI kA aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa aura 2. usakI sAmAjika upyogitaa| sAmAnyatA manuSya kA jIvana adhika mUlyavAna hai aura manuSyoM meM bhI eka santa kA, kintu kisI paristhiti meM kisI manuSya kI apekSA kisI pazu kA jIvana bhI adhika mUlyavAna ho sakatA hai| sambhavataH hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka meM jIvana kI mUlyavattA kA yaha vicAra hamArI dRSTi meM upekSita hI rahA, yahI kAraNa thA ki hama cITiyoM ke prati to saMvedanazIla bana sake kintu manuSya ke prati nirmama hI bane rhe| Aja hameM apanI saMvedanazIlatA ko mor3anA hai aura mAnavatA ke prati hiMsA ko sakArAtmaka banAnA hai| jainadharma meM ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kA mahattva evaM sthAna prAcInakAla se hI rahA hai|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 85 prAcInakAla se lekara varttamAna kAla taka kucheka apavAdoM ko chor3akara sabhI jainAcAryoM ne sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke mUlya aura mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA | ve sadaiva hI gRhastha ke lie use AcaraNIya mAnate raheM haiN| Aja cAhe bhArata meM jainoM kI saMkhyA mAtra 1% ho kintu unake dvArA saMcAlita cikitsAlayoM, pazu-pakSI cikitsAlayoM, gozAlAoM, pAMjarApoloM, vidyAlayoM aura mahAvidyAlayoM kI saMkhyA kahIM adhika hai| Aja deza meM isa prakAra kI lokamaMgalakArI pravRttiyoM meM jur3I hui jo saMsthAe~ athavA TrasTa haiM, unameM lagabhaga 30% jainoM ke dvArA saMcAlita hai / akAlAdi ke avasaroM para prANiyoM ke rakSArtha jaina samAja kA jo yogadAna hotA hai / use koI bhI nahIM bhulA pAtA / jaba bhI mAnava samAja hI nahIM apitu pazu-pakSiyoM ke bhI jIvanarakSaNa kA prazna AyA hai, jaina samAja ne sadaiva hI usameM Age bar3hakara hissA liyA hai| jaina samAja meM Aja bhI aneka aise mUka kAryakarttA haiM jo tana-mana-dhana se lokakalyANakArI pravRttiyoM meM apanA yogadAna dete haiN| isake pIche sadaiva hI jaina AcAryoM-munijanoM kI preraNA nihita rahI / jainadharma meM ahiMsA ke isa sakArAtmaka pakSa kA kitanA mUlya aura mahattva hai isake lie hama apanI ora se kucha na kaha kara prazna- vyAkaraNasUtra ke hI nimna vacana uddhRta karanA cAheMgeM / esA sA bhagavaI ahiMsA jA sA bhIyANa viva saraNaM, pakkhINaM viva gamaNaM, tisiyANaM viva salilaM, khuhiyANaM viva asaNaM, samuddamajjhe va poyavahaNaM, cauppayANaM va AsamapayaM, duhaTThiyANaM va osahibalaM, aDavImajjhe va satthagamaNa, etto visiTThatariyA ahiMsA jA sA puDhavI- jala-agaNi- mAruyavaNassai-bIya- hariya - jalayara - thalayara - khahayara - tasa - thAvara - savvabhUyakhemakarI / yaha ahiMsA bhagavatI jo hai, so (saMsAra ke samasta ) bhayabhIta prANiyoM ke lie zaraNabhUta hai, pakSiyoM ke lie AkAza meM gamana karane - ur3ane ke samAna hai, yaha ahiMsA pyAsa se pIDita prANiyoM ke lie jala ke samAna hai, bhUkhoM ke lie bhojana ke samAna hai, samudra ke madhya meM DUbate hue jIvoM ke lie jahAja ke samAna hai, catuSpada-- pazuoM ke lie Azrama sthAna ke samAna hai, duHkhoM se pIDita -- rogIjanoM ke lie auSadha-bala ke samAna hai, bhayAnaka jaMgala meM sAtha -- sahayogiyoM ke sAtha gamana karane ke samAna hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, bhagavatI ahiMsA to inase bhI atyanta viziSTa hai, yaha trasa aura sthAvara

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86 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA sabhI jIvoM kA kSema / kuzala-maMgala karane vAlI hai| yaha loka-maMgalakArI ahiMsA jana-jana ke kalyANa meM tabhI sArthaka siddha hogI, jaba isake sakArAtmaka pakSa ko ubhAra kara jana-sAdhAraNa ke samakSa prastuta kiyA jAyegA aura karuNA evaM sevA kI antazcetanA ko jAgRta kiyA jaavegaa| mAnava samAja meM se hiMsA, saMgharSa aura svArthaparatA ke viSa ko tabhI samApta kiyA jA sakegA, jaba hama dUsaroM kI pIr3A kA sva-saMvahana kareMge, unakI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A bnegii| isase ahiMsA kI jo dhArA pravAhita hogI, vaha sakArAtmaka hogI aura karuNA, maitrI sahayoga evaM sevA kI jIvana mUlyoM ko vizva meM sthApita kregii| prastuta kRti meM zrI kanhaiyAlAla jI lor3hA ne ahiMsA ke isa sakArAtmaka pakSa ko adhika spaSTatA aura Agamika pramANoM ke sAtha prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| zrI kanhaiyA lAla jI lor3hA jaina-darzana ke gambhIra, adhyetA haiN| unakI lekhanI se prasUta yaha grantha ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa ko jana-sAdhAraNa ke samakSa prastuta karane meM saphala hogaa| kRti ke prArambha meM zrI devendrarAja mehatA kA saMkSipta prAkthana bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| ve rogiyoM aura samAja ke upekSita evaM pratADita varga kI sevA ke kArya meM prArambha se hI jur3e hue haiM, ve sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI jIvanta pratimUrti hai| prastuta kRti kA praNayana bhI unhIM kI preraNA se huA hai| kRti ke uttarArddha meM vibhinna vicArakoM ke vicAroM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| isase bhI ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI puSTi meM sahayoga milegaa| prastuta kRti ke mAdhyama se jana-jana meM niSkAma prema, karuNA aura sevA kI bhAvanA jAgRta hA eka isI AzA ke sAtha... / * pro. sAgaramala jaina, nidezaka, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vaaraannsii|

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tIrthakara aura Izvara ke sampratyayoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana - pro. sAgaramala jaina dharma zraddhA para AdhArita hai aura zraddhA kA koI kendra-bindu honA caahie| isI kendra-bindu ke rUpa meM dharma ke antargata Izvara kI avadhAraNA nirmita huI hai| vizva ke sabhI dharmoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM zraddhA ke kendra-bindu ke rUpa meM Izvara kA pratyaya svIkRta rahA hai tathApi usake svarUpa evaM nAma ke sambandha meM vibhinna dharmoM ke alaga-alaga dRSTikoNa haiN| bauddha dharma meM use arhata, buddha, dharmakAya aura jainadharma meM paramAtmA, tIrthakara, vItarAga, arahanta Adi nAmoM se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| sabhI dharmoM meM usa paramAtmA yA Izvara ko sarvazaktimAna, sarvajJa, samasta doSoM se rahita aura samasta guNoM kA puMja mAnA gayA hai| ina avadhAraNAoM ke sandarbha meM sAmAnya rUpa se vibhinna dharmoM meM kisI prakAra kA matabheda nahIM hai kintu kucha anya aisI avadhAraNAe~ haiM jinheM kucha dharma svIkAra nahIM krte| jaise -- Izvara advitIya hai, vaha ekameva hai, vaha vizva kA saSTA aura niyantA hai, vaha apanI asIma karuNA ke dvArA apane bhaktoM kA kalyANa aura duSToM kA saMhAra bhI karatA hai| jahA~ taka jainadharma kA prazna hai usameM bhI paramAtmA ko sarvajJa, sarvadarzI, sarvazaktimAn aura AnandapuMja ke rUpa meM ananta-catuSTaya se yukta mAnA gayA hai, kintu vaha na to Izvara yA paramAtmA ko vizva kA sraSTA aura niyantA mAnatA hai aura na use saMsAra ke prANiyoM ke apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala-pradAtA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai| isI prakAra usameM eka mAtra advitIya Izvara kI avadhAraNA ke sthAna para aneka paramAtmAoM. arahantoM (tIrthakaroM) evaM siddhoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| yadyapi upaniSadoM meM "ahaM brahmAsmi" ke udghoSa ke dvArA AtmA aura paramAtmA meM yA jIva aura Izvara meM tAdAtmya mAnA gayA thA tathApi Age calakara hindU-paramparA meM Izvara ko aMzI aura jIva ko aMza mAnakara isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA kI gyii| vastutaH jaba Izvara ko advitIya aura ekameva mAna liyA jAtA hai to jIva aura jagat kI usase svatantra yA pRthak sattA nahIM svIkAra kI jA sakatI thii| yahI kAraNa rahA ki pUrva aura pazcima ke adhikAMza dharmoM meM jIva aura jagat ko IzvarIya saMkalpa se abhivyakta evaM saMcAlita mAnA gayA aura vizva-vyavasthA ko IzvarIya-icchA ke adhIna mAnA gyaa| - jaina-dArzanikoM ko vizva-saSTA aura vizva-niyantA Izvara kI yaha avadhAraNA mAnya nahIM rahI hai| unakA kathana hai ki AptakAma pUrNa Izvara yA vItarAga paramAtmA vizva ke nirmANa, vinAza aura saMcAlana kI prakriyA meM kyoM ulajhegA ? jo AptakAma hai, pUrNa hai usameM koI icchA yA kAmanA zeSa hI nahIM rahatI hai aura binA icchA yA kAmanA ke koI bhI pravRtti sambhava nahIM hai| ataH Izvara ke dvArA vizva kA sarjana, vinAza yA saMcAlana sambhava nahIM hai| punaH yadi Izvara meM koI sRjana, saMhAra yA pAlana kI icchA zeSa rahatI hai to vaha pUrNa aura AptakAma to nahIM

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88 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina kahA jA sakegA, kyoMki icchA kI upasthiti apUrNatA kI sUcaka hai aura jo apUrNa hai, jisakI koI icchA zeSa rahI hai, vaha Izvara to nahIM ho sakatA hai| ataH AptakAma pUrNa Izvara yA paramAtmA ke dvArA svecchA se lIlA ke lie vizva ke sRjana, saMhAra Adi kI kriyAyeM sambhava hI nahIM haiN| punaH yadi kahA jAya ki Izvara to jIvoM ke karmAnusAra hI sRSTi kI racanA kara unake sukha-duHkha kI vyavasthA karatA hai to isake uttara meM jaina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki aisI sthiti meM hameM vizva-vyavasthA meM karma ke niyama ko Izvara ke Upara svIkAra karanA hogaa| yadi hama yaha mAne ki Izvara bhI karma-niyama kI vyavasthA ke anusAra hI prANiyoM ko unake zubhAzubha phala dene ko bAdhya hai aura apanI icchA se usameM kucha bhI parivartana nahIM kara sakatA hai to phira yaha sarvazakti-sampanna Izvara kA upahAsa hI hogaa| eka ora use sarvazaktimAn mAnanA aura dUsarI ora use svecchA se kiMcit parivartana kA bhI adhikAra na denA nizcaya hI sarvazaktimAna Izvara ke sAtha khilavAr3a hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra to Izvara vizva-vyavasthA meM eka aisA vyavasthApaka hai, jise pada to diyA gayA hai kintu adhikAra nhiiN| eka ora IzvarIya vyavasthA ko karma-niyama ke adhIna mAnanA aura dUsarI ora karmaphala kI vyAkhyA ke lie Izvara kI AvazyakatA batAnA karma-niyama aura Izvara donoM kA hI. upahAsa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina paramparA meM na to Izvara ko vizva kA sraSTA aura saMcAlaka mAnA gayA aura na hI use karmaphala kA pradAtA hI batalAyA gayA hai| jaina-vicArakoM kA kahanA hai ki jisa prakAra viSapAna karane vAlA usake prabhAva se nahIM baca sakatA, usI prakAra karmoM kA kartA bhI usake prabhAva se nahIM bctaa| jisa prakAra bhA~ga, zarAba Adi nazIlI vastue~ unake upabhoga ke eka nizcita samaya ke pazcAt unake khAne vAle kI icchA kI apekSA kiye binA svataH hI apanA prabhAva dikhalAtI haiM usI prakAra karma bhI svataH apanA phala pradAna karate haiM, usameM vyavasthApaka (Izvara) kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| zrImad rAmacandra likhate haiM-- jhera sudhAsamaje nahIM, jIva khAya phala dhaay| ema zubhAzubha karma no, bhoktApaNuM jnnaay|| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM AtmA hI apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA kartA va unake phaloM kA bhoktA hai| karmoM ke kartA cetana-AtmA ke dvArA hI svayaM usakI vAsanA aura kaSAyoM ke AdhAra para karma ke phala-vipAka kA prakAra usakI kAlAvadhi aura tIvratA Adi kA nizcaya ho jAtA hai| ataH karmaphalapradAtA ke rUpa meM Izvara kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI hai| phira bhI jaina dArzanika haribhadra ne sRSTikartA aura phalapradAtA Izvara sambandhI ina avadhAraNAoM ko jaina-paramparA se sammata batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki "jIva mAtra tAttvika dRSTi se paramAtmA hI hai aura vaha apane saMsAra (bhava-bhramaNa) kA sRSTikartA hai, sAtha hI svayaM apane karmoM kA kartA aura unake phala-vipAka kA nirdhAraka hai|" isa tAtvika dRSTi se vicAra karane para vizva evaM karma-niyantA ke rUpa meM IzvaravAda kI avadhAraNA bhI jaina paramparA se sammata, nirdoSa evaM vyavasthita siddha ho jAtI hai|

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tIrthaMkara aura Izvara ke sampratyayoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana : 89 bhAratIya evaM itara dharmoM meM Izvara ke sambandha meM dUsarI mahattvapUrNa avadhAraNA yaha hai ki Izvara parama kAruNika hai| jaina-paramparA meM tIrthaMkara ko aura bauddha-paramparA meM buddha ko bhI parama kAruNika kahA gayA hai phira bhI tIrthaMkara yA buddha kI kAruNikatA meM aura Izvara kI kAruNikatA meM antara hai| Izvara kI kAruNikatA ko karma-niyama ke Upara svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| parama-kAruNika Izvara apane bhaktoM ke samasta aparAdhoM ko apanI kRpA yA karuNA se samApta kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra ina dharmoM meM Izvara kI kAruNikatA ko karma-niyama kI vyavasthA se bhI Upara mAnA gayA hai| gItA (18/65-66) meM bhagavAna kRSNa kahate haiM ki "tU mere meM mana lagA, mere meM jI aura mujhe namaskAra kara maiM tujhe sarva pApoM se mukta kara duuNgaa|" kintu jaina tIrthaMkara apane bhakta ko isa prakAra kA koI AzvAsana nahIM de sakatA kyoMki usakI karuNA karma-niyama se pare nahIM hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra yadi parama kAruNika Izvara kI karuNA karma ke niyama kA atikramaNa kara jAtI hai to karma-niyama kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA aura karma-niyama ke abhAva meM dharma, naitikatA Adi svecchAcArI vyakti se adhika kucha nahIM rhtaa| svecchAcAra niyama-vyavasthA kA virodhI hai aura jo niyama yA vyavasthA kA virodhI ho use Izvara kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? punaH yadi Izvara kI karuNA ko karma-niyama ke adhIna kArya karane vAlI mAnA jAya to vaha karuNA vastutaH karuNA nahIM hotii| niyamAnusAra daNDa dene vAlA nyAyAdhIza karuNAzIla nahIM kahA jaayegaa| yadi kAruNika Izvara kA kArya karma-niyama se anuzAsita hai to phira aise Izvara ke Izvaratva kA na to koI mahattva rahatA hai aura na usakI karuNA kA koI artha / ataH IzvarIya kRpA kA yaha artha ki Izvara svecchA se cAhe jisakA kalyANa yA akalyANa kara sakatA hai athavA yaha ki vaha apanI svatantra icchA se apane bhaktoM kA kalyANa aura duSToM kA saMhAra karatA hai to yaha bAta Izvara ke Izvaratva kI dRSTi se yuktisaMgata pratIta nahIM hotI hai| yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki Izvara apane bhaktoM ke bhakti se usake pApoM ko bhI kSamA kara detA hai to aisA Izvara cApalUsI pasanda vyakti se bhinna nahIM hogaa| vaha na to vItarAga ho sakatA hai aura na hI vivaant-vair| jaina-dArzanika jisa tIrthakara paramAtmA kI kalpanA karate haiM vaha to vItarAga aura vivAntavaira hai| vastutaH vaha na to kisI kA kalyANa karatA hai aura na hI aklyaann| vaha vyakti ke Atma-vikAsa ke liye mAtra preraNA-srota hotA hai, nimitta hotA hai| jaina-darzana meM bhI paramAtmA yA tIrthakara ko parama kAruNika mAnA gayA hai| tIrthakara kI kAruNikatA kI carcA aneka jaina-kaviyoM ne kI hai| jayAcArya likhate haiM-- sukhadAyaka saha jagabhaNI tUM hI diindyaal| zaraNa Ayo tujhA sAhibA tUM hI prmkRpaal|| guNagAtAM mana gahagahe sukha sampatti jaann| vighana miTe samaraNa kiyA, pAme parama klyaann|| - padmaprabhu jinastavana kintu usakI yaha karuNA svayaM usakI apanI bhAva-bhUmi taka hI sImita hai| usakI

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90 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina kAruNikatA kA artha itanA hI hai ki vaha sabake kalyANa kI bhAvanA rakhatA hai kisI kA ahita nahIM socatA hai aura na kisI kA ahita karatA hI hai| vaha ahiMsA ke upadeza ke mAdhyama se bhavya AtmAoM ko dUsaroM ke ahita aura hiMsA se dUra rahane kA nirdeza detA hai| isa prakAra paramAtmA yA tIrthaMkara kI karuNA IzvaravAdiyoM ke dvArA kalpita IzvarIya karuNA se bhinna hotI hai| tIrthaMkara yA buddha jana-jana ke kalyANa mArga ke patha-pradarzaka aura samasta prANiyoM ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA se yukta aura kisI bhI prANI ke akalyANa/ahita kI bhAvanA se virata hote haiN| jabaki IzvaravAdiyoM kA Izvara bhaktoM ke kalyANa evaM duSToM ke saMhAra ina donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyoM se yukta hai| tIrthaMkara, arhanta yA buddha kI prakRti eka santa kI prakRti hai| jabaki Izvara kI prakRti eka zAsaka kI prakRti hai| tIrthaMkara aura buddha kI karuNA eka saMta-hRdaya kI karuNA hai jabaki IzvarIya karuNA eka zAsaka kI karuNA hai| ataH donoM meM bhinnatA hai| Izvara ke saMsAra meM avataraNa ke prayojana ke sandarbha meM gItA meM bhagavAna zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki maiM dharma kI sthApanA, sAdhuoM kI rakSA aura duSToM ke vinAza ke liye saMsAra meM yuga-yuga meM utpanna hotA huuN| jaina-cintana meM tIrthaMkara ke janma kA prayojana bhI dharma kI sthApanA hI hotA hai| vaha bhI saMsAra ke prANiyoM kA duHkha aura pIr3Ae~ kama hoM isI uddezya se dharma-tIrtha kI sthApanA karatA hai| isa prakAra Izvara ke avataraNa aura tIrthaMkara ke janma ke prayojana meM AMzika rUpa se samAnatA hai| kintu jahA~ tIrthaMkara dharma kI sthApanA ke dvArA prANiyoM kI duHkha-vimukti ke liye jo prayatna karatA hai ve mAtra dizA-nirdezana taka sImita hai| vaha prANiyoM ko duHkha-vimukti kA mArga batalAtA hai kintu kisI ko duHkha se mukta nahIM krtaa| isase mukti to svayaM prANI apanI sAdhanA yA puruSArtha se pAtA hai| tIrthaMkara to mAtra patha-pradarzaka hotA hai| isa prakAra tIrthaMkara kI karuNA aura usake prANiyoM kI duHkha-vimukti ke prayatnoM kI prakRti nivRtti-mArgIya paramparA ke anurUpa niSedhAtmaka hI hotI hai| usake viparIta Izvara eka sakriya vyaktitva hotA hai| vaha na kevala dharma kI sthApanA karatA hai apitu sAdhujanoM kA trANa aura duSToM kA vinAza bhI karatA hai| Izvara ke avataraNa ke prayojana meM duSToM ke vinAza dvArA hI sAdhujanoM ke paritrANa aura dharma-sthApanA kI bAta kahI gayI hai| isa prakAra jahA~ tIrthaMkara kA prayojana prANiyoM kI duHkha-vimukti hetu dharma-mArga kI sthApanA karanA hai vahA~ avatAra kA prayojana duSToM ke vinAza evaM sAdhujanoM kI rakSA ke dvArA hI dharma kI sthApanA karanA hai| isa prakAra donoM meM prayojana kI dRSTi se bhinnatA hai| Izvara ke avatAra aura tIrthaMkara ke janmagrahaNa meM eka mahattvapUrNa antara yaha bhI hai ki avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA meM eka hI Izvara bAra-bAra saMsAra meM janma letA hai, jabaki tIrthaMkara yA buddha kI avadhAraNA meM pratyeka tIrthaMkara yA buddha bhinna-bhinna vyakti hote haiN| jahA~ sabhI avatAra bhinna-bhinna hote hue bhI usI eka Izvara ke avatAra hote haiN| vahA~ pratyeka tIrthaMkara eka bhinna vyakti hotA hai jo apanI sAdhanA ke dvArA AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI isa avasthA ko prApta karane hetu kAla aura kSetra vizeSa meM janma grahaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra Izvara eka hai jabaki tIrthaMkara yA buddha anek| punaH Izvara kA vizva meM avataraNa hotA hai, vaha vimukta dazA se saMsAra-dazA meM AtA hai jabaki tIrthaMkara saMsAra-dazA se vimukta avasthA ko prApta hotA

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tIrthaMkara aura Izvara ke sampratyayoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana : 91 hai aura usakA saMsAra meM punarAgamana nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra donoM avadhAraNAoM meM eka maulika antara hai| Izvara Upara se nIce AtA hai usakA avataraNa hotA hai jabaki tIrthaMkara nIce se Upara jAtA hai, usakA uttaraNa hotA hai| IzvaravAda aura tIrthaMkaravAda kI avadhAraNAoM meM anya eka mahattvapUrNa antara yaha bhI hai ki tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA meM mAnava kI svatantratA sthApita hotI hai, kyoMki jainadarzana ke anusAra pratyeka vyakti meM sva puruSArtha se paramAtmA banane kI kSamatA hai| jabaki IzvaravAda meM manuSya ko aisI koI svatantratA nahIM hotI, vaha mAtra Izvara ke hAtha kI kaThaputalI hotA hai| isa prakAra IzvaravAda manuSya ko dAsa banAtA hai| usameM bhakta yA upAsaka kI sthiti sadaiva hI sevaka kI banI rahatI hai| manuSya kI isa dayanIya sthiti ko spaSTa karate hue eka urdU zAyara ne kahA "iMsA kI badabakhtI andAja se bAhara hai| kamabakhta khudA hokara bandA najara AtA hai||" jainadharma manuSya ko paramAtmA banane kI preraNA detA hai| usameM bhakta, bhakta nahIM rahatA bhagavAna bana jAtA hai| upAdhyAya devacandra jI likhate haiM -- ajakulagata kezarI lahere nija pada tima prabhubhakti bhavi lahere Atama shkti| santa AnandaghanajI pUrNa AtmavizvAsa ke sAtha likhate haiM -- "tujha mujha antara bhAMja se bAja se mNgltr"| he prabhu ! eka dina Apake aura mere bIca kA yaha antara samApta hogA aura maMgala vAdya bjegeN| yaha satya hai ki upAsya ke rUpa meM Izvara yA paramAtmA kI avadhAraNA ko sabhI dArzanikoM ne mAnya kiyA hai ve saba yaha mAnate haiM ki sAdhanA ke kSetra meM upAsya kA honA Avazyaka hai| jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara arhanta ko bhI usI taraha se upAsya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jisa prakAra anya dharmoM meM Izvara ko| phira bhI donoM paramparAoM meM antara hai| jaina paramparA meM sAdhanA kI pUrNatA para upAsya yA upAsaka kA yaha antara samApta ho jAtA hai| jabaki IzvaravAdI paramparAoM meM mAtra advaita-vedAnta ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI meM yaha antara banA rahatA hai kyoMki AtmA kabhI bhI paramAtmA yA jIva kabhI bhI Izvara nahIM bana sktaa| IzvaravAdI paramparAoM meM AtmA aura paramAtmA ke bIca kI khAI kabhI bhI paTatI nahIM hai, jabaki jaina paramparA meM vaha khAI yA dUrI samApta ho jAtI hai| punaH IzvaravAdI paramparAoM meM Izvara apane bhakta kI pIr3A ko dUra karane meM samartha mAnA gayA hai| jabaki tIrthaMkara apane bhakta ke kaSToM ko dUra karane meM asamartha hai| IzvaravAda meM Izvara ko sakriya aura bhakta ko niSkriya hone kA saMdeza hai| Izvara kahatA hai "basa tu to merI zaraNa meM A jA, maiM tujhe saba pApoM se mukta kara duuNgaa|" isake viparIta tIrthaMkara puruSArtha kI preraNA dete hue kahatA hai "terA utthAna aura patana mere hAtha meM nahIM hai tere hI hAtha meM nihita hai"| isa prakAra Izvara aura tIrthaMkara donoM hI upAsya haiN| phira bhI una donoM kI bhakta yA upAsaka

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92 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina kI kalyANa-sAmarthya meM bhinnatA hai| hama yaha pUrva meM hI sUcita kara cuke haiM ki IzvaravAdI paramparAoM meM bhakta aura bhagavAn meM eka antara banA rahatA hai| upAsya sadaiva upAsya rahatA hai aura upAsaka sadaiva upaask| bhakta bhagavAna ke ati nikaTa to ho sakatA hai lekina kabhI bhI bhagavAna nahIM bana sakatA hai| jabaki jaina paramparA meM upAsya aura upAsaka kA bheda eka sImA taka hI rahatA hai| eka dina aisA hotA hai jaba upAsaka svayaM upAsya bana jAtA hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki Izvara yA paramAtmA kI kalpanA sAdhanA ke Adarza yA sAdhya ke rUpa meM bhI kI jAtI hai| Izvara yA paramAtmA kA vyaktittva samasta doSoM se rahita aura samasta guNoM se yukta mAnA gayA aura usa jaise vyaktittva ko prApta karanA hI sAdhakoM kA sAdhya mAnA jAtA hai| bhaktimArgI paramparA meM ise sArUpya-mukti kahA gayA hai| IzvaravAdI paramparAoM meM yahI bhakta yA upAsaka kI carama upalabdhi hai| punaH IzvaravAda meM Izvara sAdhanA kA Adarza hote hue bhI sadaiva Adarzana hI rahatA hai kyoMki bhakta aura bhagavAna ke madhya eka dUrI sadaiva banI rahatI hai| jabaki jaina paramparA meM paramAtmA aisA koI bAhya-sAdhya nahIM hai jo vyakti se bhinna ho, usakI sAdhanA kA sAdhya, sAdhaka AtmA vyakti se bhinna nahIM hai| vaha usI meM hai| use vahI pAnA hai, jo usakI sattA kA sAra hai| IzvaravAda meM sAdhya yA Adarza aisA Izvara hotA hai, jisakI sattA vyakti se pRthaka hai| jIva aura Izvara meM aMza-aMzI bhAva mAnane para bhI aMzI Izvara ko aMza jIva se adhika vyApaka to mAnanA hI hogaa| adhika vyApaka hone para bhI bhinnatA to rhegii| jaise ba~da samudra meM hote hue bhI samudra to nahIM ho jAtI hai| bUMda cAhe samudra meM ho yA samudra se bAhara vaha sadaiva bUMda hI rahegI jabaki jaina-paramparA meM pratyeka vyakti kA sAdhya usakI apanI hI AtmA kA vaha zuddha svarUpa hai, jise paramAtmA kahA jAtA hai| usameM sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhana tInoM meM antara nahIM hai| sAdhya bhI AtmA hai, sAdhana bhI AtmA kI hI avasthAe~ haiM aura sAdhaka bhI AtmA hI hai| sAdhanA kA artha hai AtmA ke dvArA AtmA kI uplbdhi| azuddha AtmA sAdhaka hai| AtmA ke zuddhIkaraNa kA prayAsa sAdhanA hai aura apane hI zuddha Atmatattva kI upalabdhi sAdhya hai| isI dRSTi se santa Anandaghana ne kahA hai -- jina sarUpa thai jina ArAdhe, te sahi jinavara hove re| bhRGgI ilikAne ghaTakAve, te bhRgI jaga jote re|| isa prakAra jaina-sAdhanA meM sAdhya yA paramAtmA sAdhaka se abhinna hai| usameM Adarza mAtra Adarza nahIM rahatA, apitu yathArtha bana jAtA hai aura yahI usakI vizeSatA hai| * * *

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jainadharma meM bhakti kA sthAna DA0 sAgaramala jaina jainadharma ke anusAra pratyeka sAdhaka kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti kre| jaina sAdhanA meM stuti kA svarUpa bahuta kucha bhakti mArga kI japa sAdhanA yA nAmasmaraNa se milatA julatA hai| stuti athavA bhakti ke mAdhyama se sAdhaka apane ahaMkAra kA nAza aura sadguNoM ke prati anurAga kI vRddhi karatA hai| lekina phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jainadharma ke anusAra sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM jisakI stuti kI jAtI hai una Adarza puruSoM se kisI prakAra kI upalabdhi kI apekSA nahIM hotii| jainadharma kA yaha dRr3ha vizvAsa hai ki tIrthakara evaM siddha paramAtmA kisI ko kucha nahIM de sakate, ve mAtra sAdhanA ke Adarza haiN| tIrthaMkara use na to saMsAra se pAra kara sakate haiM aura na kisI anya prakAra kI bhautika upalabdhi meM sahAyaka hote haiN| phira bhI stuti ke mAdhyama se sAdhaka unake guNoM ke prati apanI zraddhA ko sajIba banA letA hai / sAdhaka ke sAmane unakA mahAn Adarza jIvanta rUpa meM upasthita ho jAtA hai| sAdhaka bhI apane antara hRdaya meM tIrthaMkaroM ke Adarza kA smaraNa karatA huA apanI AtmA meM eka AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI bhAvanA paidA karatA hai| vaha svayaM mana meM yaha vicAra karatA hai ki Atmatattva ke rUpa meM merI AtmA aura tIrthakaroM kI AtmA samAna hI hai, yadi maiM svayaM prayatna karU to unake samAna hI bana sakatA huuN| mujhe bhI apane puruSArtha se unake samAna banane kA prayatna karanA caahie| jaina tIrthaMkara gItA ke kRSNa ke samAna yaha udghoSaNA nahIM karate ki tuma merI bhakti karo, maiM tumheM saba pApoM se mukta kara dUMgA (gItA 18166 ) / yadyapi mahAvIra ne yaha avazya kahA hai ki maiM bhaya se rakSA karane vAlA hU~ ( sUtrakRtAMga 111116 ), phira bhI jainadharma kI mAnyatA to yaha rahI hai ki vyakti kevala apane hI prayatnoM se apanA

Page #96
9+ jainadharma meM bhakti kA sthAna AdhyAtmika vikAsa yA patana karatA hai| svayaM pApa se mukta hone kA prayatna na karake kevala bhagavAn se mukti kI prArthanA karanA, jainadharma ke anusAra sarvathA nirarthaka hai| isa prakAra kI vivekazUnya prArthanAoM ne mAnava jAti ko saba prakAra se hIna, dIna evaM parApekSI banAyA hai / jaba vyakti kisI aise uddhAraka meM vizvAsa karane lagatA hai, jo usakI stuti se prasanna hokara use pApa se ubAra legA to isa prakAra kI niSThA se sadAcAra ko mAnyatAoM ko eka gaharA dhakkA lagatA hai| jaina vicArakoM ko yaha spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki kevala tIrthaMkaroM ko stuti karane mAtra se mokSa kI prApti nahIM hotI jaba taka ki vyakti svayaM usake lie sAdhanA na kare ( AvazyakacUNi ) / tIrthakara to sAdhanA mArga ke prakAza-stambha haiM / jisa prakAra gati karanA jahAja kA kArya hai usI prakAra sAdhanA kI dizA meM Age bar3hanA sAdhaka kA kArya hai| jaise prakAza-stambha kI upasthiti meM bhI jahAja samudra meM binA gati kiye usa pAra nahIM pahu~catA hai vaise hI kevala nAmasmaraNa yA bhakti sAdhaka ko nirvANa kI prApti nahIM karA sakatI, jaba taka ki vaha svayaM usake lie samyak prayatna na kre| viSNupurANa meM kahA gayA hai svadharma karma vimukhaH kRSNakRSNetivAdinaH / te haride'SiNo mUDhAH dharmArtha janma yaddhareH // jo loga apane kartavya ko chor3a baiThate haiM aura kevala kRSNa-kRSNa kahakara bhagavAn kA nAma japate haiM, ve vastutaH bhagavAn ke zatru haiM aura pApI haiM, kyoMki dharma kI rakSA ke lie to svayaM bhagavAn ne bhI janma liyA thaa| bAibila meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki hara koI, jo IsA-IsA pukAratA hai, svarga ke rAjya meM praveza nahIM pAyegA; apitu vaha pAyegA jo parama pitA kI icchA ke anusAra kAma karatA hai ( bAibala, jona 2.9-11) / mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki eka merA nAmasmaraNa karatA hai aura dUsarA merI AjJAoM kA pAlana karatA hai, unameM jo merI AjJAoM ke anusAra AcaraNa karatA hai vahI sacce rUpa meM merI upAsanA karatA hai| phira bhI hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina paramparA meM bhakti kA lakSya AtmasvarUpa kA bodha hai, apane meM nihita paramAtmA ko pahacAnanA hai / AcArya kundakunda niyamasAra meM likhate haiM ki samyak

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zramaNa jJAna aura AcaraNa se yukta honA, nirvANa abhimukha honA ise hI gRhastha aura zramaNa kI vAstavika bhakti kahA gayA hai / mukti ko prApta puruSoM ke guNoM kA kIrtana karanA vyAvahArika bhakti hai, vAstavika bhakti to AtmA ko mokSapatha meM yojita karanA hai / rAga-dveSa evaM sarva vikalpoM kA parihAra karake vizuddha Atmatattva se yojita honA yahI vAstavika bhakti hai / RSabha Adi sabhI tIrthaMkara isI bhakti ke dvArA parama pada ko prApta hue haiM ( niyamasAra 134-40 ) / isa prakAra bhakti yA stavana mUlataH Atmabodha hai / jaina darzana meM bhakti ke sacce svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue upAdhyAya devacandrajI likhate haiM aja-kula-gata kezarI lahe re nija pada siMha nihAla / tima prabhu bhakti bhavI lahe re Atama zakti saMbhAla | 95 jisa prakAra bher3a-bakariyoM ke sAtha palA huA siMha kA baccA vAstavika siMha ke darzana se apane prasupta siMhatva ko prakaTa kara letA hai, usI prakAra sAdhaka tIrthaMkaroM ke gugakIrtana yA stavana ke dvArA nija meM jinatva kA zodha kara letA hai, svayaM meM nihita paramAtmazakti ko prakaTa kara letA hai / lekina isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jaina sAdhanA meM bhagavAn kI stuti nirarthaka hai / jaina sAdhanA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhagavAn kI stuti hamArI prasupta antazcetanA ko jAgRta karatI hai aura hamAre sAmane sAdhanA ke Adarza kA eka jIvanta citra upasthita karatI hai / mAtra yahI nahIM, vaha hameM usa Adarza kI prApti ke lie preraNA bhI detI hai / jaina vicArakoM ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki bhagavAn kI stuti ke mAdhyama se vyakti apanI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kara sakatA hai / yadyapi isameM prayatna vyakti kA hI hotA hai lekina sAdhanA ke Adarza una mahApuruSoM kA jIvana usakI preraNA kA nimitta Avazya hotA hai / uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki stavana se vyakti kI darzana vizuddhi hotI hai / usakA dRSTikoNa samyava banatA hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa vaha AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dizA meM Age bar3ha sakatA hai / yadyapi bhagavadbhakti ke phalasvarUpa pUrva saMcita karmoM kA kSaya hotA hai, tathApi isakA kAraNa paramAtmA kI kRpA nahIM varan vyakti ke dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhi hI hai / jainAcArya bhadrabAhu isa bAta ko bar3e hI spaSTa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai ki bhagavAn ke

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jainadharma meM bhakti kA sthAna 96 nAmasmaraNa se pApoM ke puMja kA nAza ho jAtA hai ( Avazyakaniyukti 1076 ) / AcArya vinayacaMdra bhagavAn ko stuti karate hue kahate haiM pApa-parAla ko puMja banyo ati, mAno merU aakaaro| te tuma nAma hutAzana setI, sahaja hI prajalata saaro|| he prabhu ApakI nAma rUpI agni meM itanI zakti hai ki usase meru samAna pApa samUha bhI zIghra hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| kiMtu yaha prabhAva prabhu ke nAma kA nahIM apitu sAdhaka ko Atmika zakti kA hai| jaise mAlika ke jAgane para cora bhAga jAte haiM, usI prakAra prabhu ke svarUpa ke dhyAna se Atma-cetanA yA svazakti kA bhAna hotA hai aura pApa rUpI cora bhAga jAte haiN|

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jaina jagat kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura ko zodha saMsthAna kI mAnyatA 21-22 pharavarI 1665 ko, kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura evaM devI ahilyA vizvavidyAlaya, indaura ke saMyukta tatvAvadhAna meM Ayojita jainavidyA saMgoSThI evaM arhatvacana puraskAra samarpaNa samAroha meM vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati pro0 e0 e0 abbAsI ne kundakunda jJAnapITha ko zodha-saMsthAna kI mAnyatA pradAna kii| isa avasara para deza ke vividha aMcaloM se padhAre aneka mUrdhanya vidvAna upasthita the jinameM mukhya haiM - paM0 nAthUlAla zAstrI, pro0 udaya jaina, DaoN0 TI0 vhI0 jI0 zAstrI, DaoN0 lAlabahAdura jaina, pro0 ela0 sI jaina, DaoN0 nIlama jaina, DaoN. abhayaprakAza jaina, pro0 je0 ena0 kapUra, pro0 gaNeza kAvar3iyA, DaoN0 Ara0 sI0 nAgara evaM DaoN0 Ara0 sI0 jain| jina vidvAnoM ko isa avasara para kundakunda jJAnapITha puraskAra se sammAnita kiyA gayA, ve haiM - pro0 lakSmI candra jaina, jabalapura; DaoN0 rAjArAma jaina, kundakunda bhAratI, naI dillI evaM pro0 je0 ena0 kapUra, naI dillii| samAroha kA samApana karate hue kAryakrama saMyojaka/saciva DaoN0 anupama jaina ne sabhI sabhAgata vidvAnoM ko AbhAra jJApita kiyaa| prAcIna saMskRti dharohara - pAvAgar3ha tIrtha _samudra ke dharAtala se 2800 phITa kI U~cAI para basA pAvAgar3ha jaina tIrtha ati prAcIna tIrtha rahA hai| itihAsa kI gaharAiyoM meM jAne se patA calatA hai ki yaha gyArahavIM zatAbdI se bhI prAcIna jaina tIrtha rahA hai| gyArahavIM zatAbdI se unnIsavIM zatAbdI taka isa tIrtha para khUba utAra car3hAva aaye| mugala zAsana kAla ke mohammada zAha begar3A va AtmAnI sulatAna ke krUra AkramaNa se isa tIrtha ke jaina mandiroM ko kAphI kSati huI, kintu samaya kI gati ke sAtha punaH tIrtha kA jIrNoddhAra hotA rahA aura tIrtha ko usakI khoI pratiSThA prApta ho gyii| jaina divAkara pUjya AcArya zrImad vijaya indra dinna sUrIzvara jI ma0 sA0 kI preraNA se Apake ziSya zrI vijaya jagacandra sUri jI ke tattvAvadhAna meM 2 maI ko punaH isa tIrtha kA punaruddhAra kiyA gayA aura tabase Aja taka zvetAmbara jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kA yaha pavitra pAvana tIrtha dinoMdina dhArmika pragati ke zikhara para agrasara ho rahA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki yaha sthala bhaviSya meM jana cetanA, mAnavIya sevA aura vizvazAnti kA udbodha sthala bhI bana jaayegaa|

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/ zrI a0 bhA0 sAdhumArgIya jaina mahilA samiti kI pUrva rASTrIya * zramaNa adhyakSA zrImatI rasakuMvara devI sUryA ( ujjaina ) kA nidhn| zrImatI sUryA ne sevA, samarpaNa aura tyAga ke Adarza se kuTumba, jAti, samAja, saMgha Adi ke utkarSa meM jo ullekhanIya yogadAna pradAna kiyA hai, use kabhI bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| unake jIvana kA Adarza pratyeka kSetra meM anukaraNIya evaM preraNAspada hai| saryA parivAra ne vibhinna kSetroM meM jo ullekhanIya pragati evaM gauravamayI sthAna ko prApta kiyA hai, usakI pRSThabhUmi ke nirmANa meM zrImatI rasakuMvara bAI sUryA kI bhUmikA bar3e mahatva kI rahI hai| apanI udAravRtti, nispRha dhArmika jIvana zailI, saumya AkRti, ADambaravihIna nirabhimAnI vyaktitva aura paropakArI caritra se jana-jana ke hRdaya ko jIta liyA aura apane Adarza kartavya kI bhAvanA se prerita hokara mAtRbhUmi, samAja evaM dharma ke hita sAdhana meM apanI sampUrNa zakti lagA dii| zrI a0bhA0 sAdhamArgIya jaina mahilA samiti kI rASTrIya adhyakSA pada para pratiSThita hokara unhoMne saMgha ke niyamopaniyama ko vyavahAra meM lAkara saMgha ke utkarSa ke lie prANa praNa se ughota kiyA evaM sevA aura tyAga-bhAvanA ke sAtha sakala saMgha kA saMcAlana kara saMgaThana ko majabUta bnaayaa| ve saMgha kI vinamra sevikA banakara sadaiva isa bAta kI sAvadhAnI rakhatI thIM ki saMgha meM kisI prakAra asantoSa, vigraha yA manomAlinya utpanna na ho, saMgha kI suvyavasthA meM athavA usakI pragati meM kisI prakAra kI koI ar3acana paidA na ho isa hetu ve svayaM kaSTa uThAkara apanI zAlIna upasthiti evaM unnata vyavahAra se sadaiva prayatnazIla rhiiN| ___ zrImatI sUryA apane pIche do bhAI DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina - nidezaka pArzvanAtha jaina zodha saMsthAna, banArasa evaM zrI kailAza candra jaina, do devara zrI prakAzacaMdajI sUryA, zrI manasukhalAlajI sUryA cAra putra zrI zAMtilAla sUryA, gajendra sUryA, premacandra sUryA, jinendra sUryA evaM eka jAmatR zrI rAjendra pAnagaDiyA evaM putrI zrImatI nirmalA pAnagaDiyA Adi bharA-pUrA parivAra chor3a gaI haiN| divaMgata AtmA ko zraddhAMjali arpita kara cirazAnti kI kAmanA karate hue zoka saMtapta parivAra ko duHkha sahana karane kI hama zAsana rakSaka deva se maMgala kAmanA karate haiN| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha parivAra prabuddha cintaka gaNezajI lAlavAnI jainadharma aura darzana ke labdhapratiSTha, bahuzruta vidvAna, prabuddha cintaka, variSTha patrakAra zrI gaNezajI lAlavAnI ko unakI prathama puNyatithi ( 4 janavarI 1995 ) para pArzvanAtha vidyApITha parivAra azrupUrita zraddhAMjali arpita karatA hai| prajJApuruSa gaNeza jI kA gata varSa 4 janavarI ko mastiSka rudhira srAva janya pakSAghAta ke kAraNa dehAvasAna ho gayA thaa| apakA janma 12 disambara 1923 ko rAjazAhI ( bAMglAdeza ) meM huA thaa| Apake pUrvaja rAjasthAna meM bIkAnera ke nivAsI the| ApakI prArambhika zikSA rAjazAhI meM hI bholAnAtha vizvezvara hindU akAdamI meM huii| presIDeMsI kaoNleja kalakattA se itihAsa ( oNnarsa ) lekara snAtaka evaM kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya se baMgalA meM Apane snAtakottara parIkSA uttIrNa kii| Apa 1963 meM jaina bhavana se jur3e

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zramaNa: evaM taba se mRtyuparyanta vyavasthApaka pada para niyukta rhe| ApakA pAradarzI vyaktitva krodhamAnamAyAdi kaSAyoM se kosoM dUra thaa| Apa tIna patroM - Jain Journal ( English ), 'zramaNa' ( baMgalA ) evaM 'tithyayara' (hindI) ke saphala sampAdaka the| sAhitya kI pratyeka vidhAoM para Apane kalama uThAI, phira bhI ApakA kathAzilpa bejor3a thaa| adbhuta thA Apake prAkRtika saundarya kA sUkSmabodha evaM vilakSaNa thA ApakA raMga smnvy| sAmpradAyikatA, ke Agraha se mukta yathArtha cintanaparaka ApakA sAhitya sRjana sadA avismaraNIya rhegaa| satya ko anAvRta karane kI sAdhanA meM hI Apane samasta jIvana vyatIta kara usa patha ko prazasta kiyA jisa para calakara jainatva ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina vidhA kA hara adhyetA apane purodhA ke rUpa meM sadaiva ApakA smaraNa karatA rhegaa| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha parivAra

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