Prakrta Grammar

Author(s): Kamalchand Sogani, Shakuntala Jain
Publisher: Apbhramsa Sahitya Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/006935/1

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Prakrta-Grammar [English Translation of the 'Prakrta-Vyakarana'] Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani Smt. Shakuntala Jain a voitat sitat jainavidyA saMsthAna zrI mahAvIrajI Apabhramsa Sahitya Academy Jaina Vidya Samsthana Digambara Jaina Atisaya Ksetra Sri Mahaviraji Rajasthan For Personal & Private Use Only

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Prakrta-Grammar [English Translation of the 'Praksta-Vyakarana'] Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani Director Smt. Shakuntala Jain Assistant Director Apabhraisa Sahitya Academy Jaipur pANu jjIvI jIvI jainavidyA saMsthAna zrI mahAvIrajI Published by Apabhraisa Sahitya Academy Jaina Vidya Samsthana Digambara Jaina Atisaya Ksetra Sri Mahaviraji Rajasthan For Personal & Private Use Only

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Publisher: Apabhramsa Sahitya Academy (Jaina Vidya Samsthana) Digambara Jaina Atisaya Ksetra Sri Mahaviraji Sri Mahaviraji 322 220 (Rajasthan) - Copies From: 1. Sahitya Vikraya Kendra Sri Mahaviraji - 322 220 (Rajasthan) Telephone: 07469-2224323 2. Sahitya Vikraya Kendra Digambara Jaina Nasiyam Bhattarakaji Savai Ramasimha Road, Jaipur - 302 004 Tel. 0141-2385247 All rights reserved First Edition: 2011 Price Rs. 600/ ISBN No. 978-81-921276-1-3 Computer Typesetting: Friends Computers 3939, First Crossing, M.S.B. Ka Rasta, Johari Bazar, Jaipur 302 004 (Rajasthan) Ph. 0141-2562288, Mob. 9828112284 Printed at: Jaipur Printers Pvt. Ltd. M.I. Road, Jaipur 302 001 Telephone: 0141-2373822, 2362468 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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Dedicated 10 Dr. Nemicandra Sastri And Pt. Becaradasa Jivarajaji Dosi And Late Smt. Kamla Devi Tholia/ Sogani (W/ Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Contents Page No. Subject Dedication Prelude Introduction Chapter-1 Combinations Similar Vowel Combination (1-2), Dissimilar Vowel Combination (2), Negation of Vowel Combination (2-3), Rule of Disappearance in Combination (3-4), Rule of Combination in repeated words (4), Rules of Anusvara, (4-7), Indeclinable Combination (8-9), Occurrance of conjunct letter (9), In Praksta Combination is not always necessary (10), Exercise-1 (10-14). Chapter-2 Compounds Danda Samasa (Copulative Compound) (15-16), Tappurisa Samasa (Determinative Compound) (16-20), Kammadharaya Samasa (Adjectival Compound) (20-21), Digu Samasa (Numeral Adjectival Compound) (21), Bahuvvihi Samasa (Indirect Adjectival Compound) (22), Avvaibhava Samasa (Indeclinable Compound) (22-23), Long Vowel in place of short Vowel alternatively (23), Short Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Vowel in place of long Vowel alternatively (23-24), Occurrence of doubling (24), Exercise-2 (25-27). Chapter-3 Cases Nominative Case (28-31), Accusative Case (32-37), Exercise-3 (38), Instrumental Case (39-42), Exercise-4 (42), Dative Case (43-45), Exercise-5 (45) Ablative Case (46-49), Exercise-6 (49), Genitive Case (50-51), Exercise-7 (52), Locative Case (53-55), Exercise-8 (55). Chapter-4 Taddhita (Word-formation) 'kera' suffix (56), 'kka' and 'ikka' suffixes (56), 'eccaya' suffix (57), 'vva' suffix (57-58), 'illa' and 'ulla' suffixes (58-59), 'huttam' suffix (59-60), 'ima', 'ttana', 'tta' and 'ta'suffixes (60), 'ittia' suffix (60), 'alu', 'illa', 'ulla', 'ala', 'vanta', 'manta', 'itta', 'ira' mana suffixes (61-62), 'tto', 'do', 'o' suffixes (62-63), 'hi', 'ha', 'ttha' suffixes (63), "si", "siam', 'iya' suffixes (64), Retainer of innate meaning suffixes (64-65), 'tara' (ara) and 'tama' (ama) suffixes or 'iyasa' and `ittha' suffixes (66-67), "manta' suffix (67). Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Chapter-5 Feminine suffixes Original Feminine Gender words (68), Feminine words formed with the help of suffixes (68-72) Some words deserving study (72). Chapter-6 Indeclinables Prefix (73-74), Adverb (74-88), Conjunction (89-90), Interjection (90-91), Other Indeclinables (91-95), Exercise-9 (96-97). Appendix-1 Glossary . 98 (i) Nouns, Adjectives and Indeclinables (English to Praksta) (ii) Verbs (English to Praksta) Appendix-2 Solutions of Combinations 108 Appendix-3 Solutions of Compounds 110 Appendix-4 Solutions of Cases 112 Appendix-5 Solutions of Indeclinables 116 Reference Books 118 Introductory Note: In the present book we have followed the pattern of Capitalization given by the most popular Grammar book in India written by Wren & Martin (1936, 117 prints). All the parts of speech and their derivatives have been Capitalized. Prakrta-Grammar vii For Personal & Private Use Only

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Diacritical Marks Vowels o au a a A a i i I i u u U u e e ai ai o au Consonants st . Mas 5 . s 31, 4 ny one ou , of a o 5 ,36 cm u . (Anusvara) (Visarga) 1 Praksta-Grammar vili For Personal & Private Use Only

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Prelude We feel great pleasure in placing the book 'PrakstaGrammar'in the hands of the readers. This book is an improved English translation of the first edition of the Hindi work 'Prakrta-Vyakarana' published in 2005 by the Apabhramsa Sahitya Academy, Jaipur. It goes without saying that Praksta language is one of the richest Indo-Aryan languages. It is an ancient and sacred language of India. It is of capital importance to note that Praksta is the language of the masses. Its vast literature in varied literary forms contributes to the dignity and excellence of the cultural heritage of Indian tradition. In consequence, the proper understanding of Praksta language and literature is indispensible for comprehending the development of Indian literature rightly and adequately. Recognising the importance of Praksta language in the cultural history of India, the Managing Committee of Digambara Jaina Atisaya Ksetra, Sri Mahaviraji established Apabhraisa Sahitya Academy in 1988, which runs correspondence courses for teaching Praksta and Apabhraisa languages. The Academy has published books for the implementation of these courses. Such books as the Praksta Grammar and Composition(2006), Praksta Exercise book(2006), Praksta Prose and Verse Part-1 (2008), Advanced Praksta Grammar Part-I (2009) and Advanced Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Prakrta-Apabhramsa Grammar Part-II (2010) have been published for those desirous of learning the Prakrta language through an English medium. For the purpose of teaching Prakrta, our new publication, Prakrta - Grammar will facilitate the learning of Prakrta for students of the English language. The present book deals with Combinations, Compounds, Cases, Taddhitas, Feminine suffixes and Indeclinables. By virtue of this the student will be able to compose sentences from English to Prakrta. It is hoped that the method of presentation will be useful for the students. By virtue of which they will be able to understand Prakrta Grammar even in the absence of a teacher. We offer our thanks to the learned researchers of the Samsthana (Institute) especially to Smt. Shakuntala Jain, who has assisted us enormously in preparing the English translation of this book. We would also like to thank Smt. Ana Bajzelj Bevelacqua from the university of Ljubljana, Slovenia (Europe) for taking the trouble of going through the manuscript and making important suggistions. We also offer our thanks to M/s Jaipur Printers Pvt. Ltd. for organising the publication of this book. Justice Nagendra Kumar Jain Prakash Chandra Jain President Secretary X Managing Committee Digambara Jaina Atisaya Ksetra Sri Mahaviraji Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani Samyojaka Jaina Vidya Samsthana Samiti Jaipur For Personal & Private Use Only 7th September 2011 Prakrta-Grammar

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Relating to Prakrta language, the following should be understood. 31, a, Prakrta-Grammar 3TT, a, F ka, ka, ca, ca, Ta, ta, ta, ta, pa, pa, y, ya, Introduction sa, sa, Alphabets of Prakrta i, Consonants kha, tsh_ ii [ ssh sshtthM tsh bhr 6 bri - sb 4 sb kha, cha, cha, Vowels I, 3, U, u, u, tha, tha, pha, pha, ra, ra, ha JT, ga, JT, ja, 3, da, a, da, 3, ba, , la, gha, gha, jha jha, 7, m dha, dha, dha, bha, bha, To va va e, (Anunasika) For Personal & Private Use Only Ga 225 22 na Ja na Na na na (Anusvara) m, It may be noted here that in Prakrta the use of na and na occurs only in conjunct form. In Hemacandra Prakrta Grammar the use of na and na in conjunct form is traceable. The use of na is seen in conjunct and non-conjunct form. The alternative of na, na, na in conjunct form is m. na 31 ma ma O xi

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Number : In Prakrta language, there are only two Numbers : 1. Singular 2. Plural Gender: In Praksta language, there are three Genders : 1. Masculine Gender 2. Feminine Gender 3. Neuter Gender Person : In Praksta language, there are only three Persons : 1. First Person 2. Second Person 3. Third Person Case: . In Praksta language, there are eight Cases : 1. Nominative Case 2. Accusative Case 3. Instrumental Case 4. Dative Case 5. Ablative Case 6. Genitive Case 7. Locative Case 8. Vocative Case Verb: In Praksta language, there are only two kinds of Verbs : 1. Transitive 2. Intransitive Tense : In Praksta language, there are five type of Tenses : 1. Present Tense 2. Past Tense 3. Future Tense 4. Imperative 5. Conditional Words : In Praksta language, six kinds of Words are in use : 1. a-ending 2. a- ending 3. i-ending 4. i-ending 5. u-ending 6. u-ending xii Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Chapter-1 Combinations Mutual coalescing of two adjacent syllables is known as Combination (Sandhi). When there are two words one after the other and if the end syllable of the first word coalesces with the first syllable of the second word, the change which occurs is called Combination; e.g., nara + isara = naresara jiva + ajiva loga + uttma jivajiva loguttma In Prakrta literature, different types of Combination nara + inda narinda are formed: (1) (A) (B) = = Similar Vowel Combination (Hema. 1/5) a + a = a; e.g., jiva + ajiva = jivajiva a+a a; e.g., hima + alaya = himalaya = (Himalaya mountains) a + a = a; e.g., daya + anusarana = dayanusarana (following kindness) a a a; e.g., vijja + alaya = vijjalaya = Prakrta-Grammar i+i I; e.g., puhavi = = (soul and non-soul) (place of learning) i + i = I; e.g., sami + ibha=samibha (master's elephant) i+ I = I; e.g., giri + isa = girisa (Himalaya mountains) i ii; e.g., gamini + isu = gaminisu + (village headman's arrow) + isa = puhavisa For Personal & Private Use Only (lord of the earth) (1)

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U + U = (2) (A) e.g., guru + uvadesa = guruvadesa (instruction of the Guru) u + u = u; e.g., sahu + uasa = sahuasa (fast of the saint) u + U = u; e.g., camu + udaya = camudaya. (rise of the army) u +u = u; e.g., sayambhu + usaha= sayambhusaha (zeal of a svayambhu) Dissimilar Vowel Combination: 'e' and 'o' typesPischel, para 149, p. 247. : a + i = e; e.g., desa + ila = desela (soil of the country) a + i = e; e.g., guha + isi = guhesi (sage of the cave) a + 1 = e; e.g., dina + isa = dinesa (the sun) a + 1 = e; e.g., sikkha + iha = sikkheha "(thought of education) a + u = 0; e.g., savva + udaya = savvodaya (rise of all) a + u = 0; e.g., ganga + udaya = gangodaya (water of the Ganga) a + u = 0; e.g., paroppara + uhapoha = paropparohapoha (mutual deliberation) a + u = 0; e.g., daya + una = dayona (devoid of kindness) Negation of Vowel Combination (Hema. 1/6, 7, 9) When after "i', '', 'u', 'u' any dissimilar vowel appears, there does not occur Combination (Hema. 1/6); e.g., jai + andha = jaiandha (blind since birth) (B) (3) (A) (2) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(B) (C) (4) (A) pudhavi + au = pudhaviau (age of the earth) bahu + atthiya = bahuatthiya (having multiple bones) tanu + akaya = tanuakaya (not done by the body) When a vowel occurs after 'e' and 'o', no combination takes place (Hema. 1/7); e.g., lacchie + anando = lacchieanando (pleasure of wealth) mahavire + agacchai = mahavireagacchai Mahavira comes) aho + acchariyam = ahoacchariyam (admirable surprise) There is no Combination of a verbal suffix vowel with any other vowel (Hema. 1/9); e.g., hoi + iha = hoi iha (here occurs) Rule of Disappearance in Combination (Hema. 1/10) When there are two vowels one before the other, they may alternatively either coalesce or the preceding vowel disappears and is replaced by the later vowel; e.g., nara + isara = narisara or naresara (lord of man) maha + isi = mahisi or mahesi (great Indra) sasana + udaya = sasanudaya or sasanodaya (rise of government) maha + usava = mahusava or mahosava (great ceremony) mana + abhiramam = manabhiramam or manabhiramai (pleasant for mind) divasa + avasane = divasavasane or divasavasane (end of the day) Prakrta-Grammar (3) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(B) (C) When 'a' or 'a' occurs before 'e' or 'o', 'a' or 'a' disappears. Pischel, para 153, p. 251. jala + oha = jaloha (storage of water) nava + ela = navela (the new tree of cardamom) vana + oli = vanoli (type/category of forest) mala + ohada = malohada (thrown garland) (i) In order to show the disappearence of 'a' after a word, an avagraha sign (5) is also written; e.g., ka + avattha - kasvattha (what condition) (ii) In order to show the disappearence of a' after a word, two avagraha signs (5) are also used; e.g., na + alasena = nasslasena (without indolence) Rule of Combination in repeated words (Hema.3/1) When a word is repeated twice, "m' may alternatively occur in between the two words; e.g., (i) ekka + ekkam = ekka + m + ekkam = ekkamekkam or ekkekkam (everybody) (ii) ekka + ekkena' = ekka + m + ekkena = ekkamekkena or ekkekkena (by everybody) Rules of Anusvara (Hema. 1/23, 24, 25) (i) Final 'm' of a word becomes Anusvara; e.g., jalam-jalam (water) phalam-phalam (fruit) When after final 'm' of a word, there occurs a vowel, it may alternatively become Anusvara; e.g., (5) (6) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(iii) (iv) usabham + ajiam = usabham ajiam or usabhamajiam (Rsabha Ajita) dhanam + eva = dhanam eva or dhanameva (only wealth) When a consonant occurs after 'n', 'n', 's'or 'n', the consonant is changed into Anusvara; e.g., sankha-samkha (Masculine) = (conch shell) kancua-kamcua (Masculine) = (slough of a snake) ukkantha-ukkamtha (Feminine) = (keen desire) antara-amtara (Neuter) = (interior) When an anusvara is followed by a letter belonging to the ka group, ca group, ta group, ta group, or pa group of the Devanagari syllabary, the Anusvara may alternatively become 'n', 'n', 'n', 'n' or 'm' respectively (Hema. 1/23, 24, 25); e.g., Ka group ka: pam + ka = panka, pamka (Masculine) (mud) kha: sam + kha = sankha, samkha (Masculine) (conch shell) ga: am + gana = angana, amgana (Neuter) (courtyard) gha: lam + ghana = langhana, larghana (Neuter) (fasting) Ca group ca: kam + cua = kancua, kamcua (Masculine) (slough of a snake). Praksta-Grammar (5) For Personal & Private Use Only

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cha: lam + chana = lanchana, lamchana (Neuter) (distinguishing mark) ja: am + jia = anjia, amjia (Neuter) (application of collyrium) jha: sam + jha = sanjha, samjha (Feminine) .... (evening) Ta group ta: kam + taa = kantaa, kastaa (Masculine) (thorn) tha: u + kkamtha = ukkantha, ukkamtha (Feminine) . : . (keen desire) da: kam + da = kanda, kamda (Neuter) (arrow) dha: sam + dha = sandha, samhua (Neuter) (impotent) Ta group ta: am + tara = antara, amtara (Neuter) (interior) tha: pam + tha = pantha, pamtha (Masculine) (way) da: cam + da = canda, camda (Masculine) (moon) dha: bam + dhava = bandhava, bardhava (Masculine) (relative) Pa group pa: kam + pa = kampa, kampa (Masculine) (trembling, vibration) pha: vam + phai = vamphai, vamphai (to want) (present tense) ba: kalam + ba = kalamba, kalamba (Masculine) (kadamba tree) bha: aram + bha = arambha, arambha (Masculine) (beginning) (6) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(6.1) Placement of Anusvara (Hema. 1/26) (i) Placement of Anusvara on the first vowel. asu-amsu (tear) dasana-damsana (cutting by teeth) (ii) Placement of Anusvara on the second vowel. iha--iham (here) manasi--manamsi (man of pleasing mind) manasinimanamsini (woman of pleasing mind) muhumuhum (repeatedly) ajja-ajjam (today) (iii) Placement of Anusvara on the third vowel. uvari -- uvarim (upward) aimuttaya-aimumttaya (a type of vine) (6.2) Disappearance of Anusvara (Hema. 1/29) (i) Disappearance of Anusvara on the first vowel. simha--siha (lion) kim-ki (what) (ii) Disappearance of Anusvara on the second vowel. kaham-kaha (how?) isim--isi (some) evam-eva (in this way) danim-dani (at this time) (iii) Disappearance of Anusvara on the third vowel. iyanim-iyani (at this time) Praksta-Grammar (7) For Personal & Private Use Only

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* (7) Indeclinable Combination (Hema. 3/1). When Combination occurs in Indeclinable words, it is called Indeclinable Combination. Though the Combination is included in vowel Combination explained above, for detailed consideration this Combination is being explained here separately. (i) When 'api?/'avi'occurs after any word, 'a' may alternatively be dropped (Hema: 1/41); e.g., (iii) kena + api/avi = kenapi/ kenavi or kenapi/ kenavi kim + api/avi = kimpi/ kimvi or kimapi/ . kimavi When 'iti' occurs after any word, "i' disappears (Hema. 1/42); e.g., kim + iti = kimti juttam + iti = juttarti When 'iti' occurs after a vowel, "i' is dropped and 'ti' is doubled and becomes 'tti' (Hema. 1/42); e.g., taha + iti = tahatti-tahatti (and this type) e.g., ha-ha. (See Rule - 8-i) puriso + iti = purisotti-purisutti (such a man) e.g.; so-su. (See Rule - 8-ii) When an Indeclinable word begins with a 'vowel and the Indeclinable word follows immediately after a pronoun, the vowel may alternatively be dropped (Hema.1/40); e.g., (iv) (8) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(8) (v) (ii) ammi ettha tujjha + ittha Prakrta-Grammar = ammittha or ammi ettha. = Occurrence of conjunct letter When a long vowel occurs before a conjunct letter, the long vowel becomes short (Hema. 1/84); e.g., (i) viraha+aggi = virahaggi-virahaggi (a-a) (fire of separation) muni + inda = muninda-muninda - (ii) camu + ucchaha camucchaha- camucchaha (u-u) (zeal of the army) desa iddhi deseddhi-desiddhi (e-i) (prosperity of the country) puppha + ujjana -pupphojjana-pupphujjana (o-u) (small garden with flowers) (8.1) When a conjunct letter occurs after a beginning vowel 'i', the 'i' vowel may alternatively be changed into 'e' (Hema. 1/85); e.g., na + icchasi = (you all here) When a pronoun having a vowel in the beginning occurs after an Indeclinable word, the 'begining vowel' may alternatively be dropped (Hema. 1/40); e.g., jai + aham = jaiham or jai aham jai + ima = jaima or jai ima = tujjhattha or tujjha ittha (I here) (excellent among munis) = necchasi nicchasi (e-i) For Personal & Private Use Only (if I) (if this) (9)

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(9) In Praksta Combination is not always necessary. When the Combination rules involving change or disappearance are employed, it must be kept in mind that these modifications are not allowed to lead to any confusion about the meaning and they are consequently not to be employed if this would be the case; e.g., Pupphayanta + airiya = Pupphayantairiya or Pupphayanta airiya Exercise-1 (iv) Combine the following words. (i) bhaviyana + ujjoyayara (who are) the illuminators of the mundane souls (ii) moha + aura possessed by attachment (iii) tassa + udayammi in the rise of that (bound) karma dukkha + oha multitude of sufferings (v) mangalam + ukkittham supreme spiritual beneficence (results) (vi) sa + ahine self-possessed (vii) janam + ajanam consciously or unconsciously (10) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(viii) khippam + appanas immediately (restrain) his own self (ix) atta + uvammena equality with yourself dhammam + ahimsa virtue is Ahimsa (non-violence) (xi) java + indiya as long as the senses (xii) egantasuha + avaha is the begetter of unconditional happiness (xiii) jayam + ase with awareness sit (xiv) magaha + ahivo ruler of Magadha (xv) suha + uiyas suited for wordly pleasures (xvi) na + abhisamema + aham I do not know (xvii) vimhaya + annito (who was) endowed with surprise (xviii) sampaya + aggammi in prosperity abundance (xix) na + uvabhunjai never made use of (xx) evam + ahamsu (I ) told in the following way (xxi) para + avayaras the ill of others Praksta-Grammar (11) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(xxii) para + uvayaram good of others (xxiii) sarana + agae having come for shelter (xxiv) bahira + andhaliya deaf and blind (xxv) ekka + ekkehi by anyone (xxvi) nana + ujjovo the light of knowledge (xxvii) na + atthi (there is) no (xxviii) kadillam + icchadi (who) desires to go to the forest (xxix) kim + ettha what (is the purpose of your coming) here 2. Separate the following Combinations. (i) pancakkhara-pancakkhara the five letters (ii) khettamappam a small area jagamasesam (illumines) the total universe siddhimuvayadi reaches its fullness (v) lobhaittho (a man) dependent on greed (12) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(vi) kajjakajjas duty and non-duty (vii) jovvanamanavattha unsteady youth (viii) samivamanio he was brought near (the king) (ix) jivanamaharu the support for souls ganalankio clusrers of characteristics (xi) sasuraina father-in-law etc. (xii) dhammabhimuha towards (proper) religion (xiii) samsarasara (through observing) insubstantiality in the world (xiv) dhammarahago the worshipper of the religion (xv). bhayakaranamadatthuna because of not having seen any danger (xvi) mamaggao before me (xvii) muhadamsaneccha (my) desire to see the face (of the king) (xviii) vahaesas the order for his killing (xix) sasuraim father-in-law etc. Praksta-Grammar (13) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(xx) tammajjhe because of this (there have grown insects also) in that (xxi) dhammovaesa teaching of religion (xxii) sasumavi mother-in-law also (xxiii) kalantare after some time (xxiv) asaccamuttaram improper reply (xxv) savamanah with disrespect (xxvi) kimevam why (did you say) this, (xxvii) nanna nobody (xxviii) karavalaggam . the point of sword (xxix) hattasamivamagao reached near the shop (14) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Chapter-2 Compounds Compounding means saying things in short. It is a sort of abridgement. If we have to say 'Lord of Justice' we can express this in an uncompounded manner as "Nayassa adhiso' but this becomes in Compounded manner as 'Nayadhiso'. Again, 'That is country in which there are many brave persons (Jammi dese bahavo Vira santi so deso)'. This uncompounded expression will be expressed in Compounded manner as 'Bahuviro deso'. Thus the style by virtue of which required meaning is conveyed in full through limited words is known as Compounding. In Prakrta there are six kinds of Compounds. 1. Danda Samasa (Copulative Compound) Tappurisa Samasa (Determinative Compound) Kammadharaya Samasa (Adjectival Compound) Digu Samasa (Numeral Adjectival Compound) Bahuvvihi Samasa (Indirect Adjectival Compound) Avvaibhava Samasa (Indeclinable Compound) Danda Samasa (Copulative Compound) When two or more Nouns are put together in required declensional form, it is called Danda Samasa; e.g., (a) The number of this Compound is generally Plural and the Gender and declension depend on its final member. si o tvo - Prakrta-Grammar (15) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(b) In the resolution of Danda Samasa (Copulative Compound) into its components, ya (and) or ca (and) is used for separating its components. e.g., (i) (a) Punnapavaim (Neuter Gender Plural) (b) Punnam (merit) ca (and) pavam (demerit) ca (and) Jivajiva (Masculine Gender Plural) Jiva (soul) ca (and) ajiva (non-soul) ca (and) Suhadukkhaim (Neuter Gender Plural) Suham (pleasure) ca' (and) dukkhari (pain) ca (and) Ruvasohaggajovvanani (Neuter Gender Plural) (b) Ruvam (beauty) ya (and) sohaggam (fortune) ya (and) jovvanam (youth) ya (and) Tappurisa Samasa (Determinative Compound) When the prior member of the Compound exists in some case-relation with the later member of the Compound, it is called Determinative Compound. The case of the former member determines the name of the Compound; e.g., Biia/bia Vibhatti Tappurisa (Accusative Determinative Compound). (16) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Taiya Vibhatti Tappurisa (Instrumental Determinative Compound). Cautthi Vibhatti Tappurisa (Dative Determinative Compound). Pancami Vibhatti Tappurisa (Ablative Determinative Compound). Chatthi Vibhatti Tappurisa (Genitive Determinative Compound). Sattami Vibhatti Tappurisa (Locative Determinative Compound). (i) (ii) Biia/bia Vibhatti Tappurisa (Accusative Determinative Compound). When the prior member of the Compound exists in the Accusative Case-relation with the later member, it is called Accusative Determinative Compound; e.g., (i) sivagao means on resolution sivam gao (obtained auspiciousness) (ii) suhapatto means on resolution suham patto (obtained pleasure) palayagao means on resolution palayam gao (faced disaster) divagao means on resolution divam gao (obtained heaven) (iii) (iv) (v) katthavanno means on resolution kattham avanno (got trouble) Taia Vibhatti Tappurisa (Instrumental Determinative Compound). Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only (17)

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(iii) When the preceding member of the Compound exists in Instrumental caserelation with the later member, it is called Instrumental Determinative Compound; e.g., sahuvandio means on resolution sahuhim vandio (praised by saints) dayajutto means on resolution dayae jutto (endowed with kindness) gunasampanno means on resolution gunehin sampanno (endowed with qualities) pankalitto means on resolution pankena litto (sullied by mud) Cautthi Vibhatti Tappurisa (Dative Determinative Compound). When the preceding member of the Compound exists in Dative case - relation with the later member, it is called Dative Determinative Compound; e.g., mokkhananam means on resolution mokkhaya nanam (knowledge for liberation) loyahio means on resolution loyaya hio (beneficial for world) logasuho means on resolution logassa suho (pleasure for people) bahujanahio means on resolution bahujanassa hio (beneficial for the majority of people) Pancami Vibhatti Tappurisa (Ablative Determinative Compound). (iv) (18) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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When the preceding member of the Compound exists in Ablative Case-relation with the later member, it is called Ablative Determinative Compound; e.g., samsarabhio means on resolution samsaro bhio (afraid of the world) damsanabhattho means on resolution damsanao bhattho (fallen from awakening) annanabhayam means on resolution annanao bhayam (afraid of ignorance) rinamutto means on resolution rinao mutto (free from debt) corabhayam means on resolution corao bhayam (afraid of thief) (v) Chatthi Vibhatti Tappurisa (Genitive Determinative Compound). When the preceding member of the Compound exists in Genitive Case-relation with later member, it is called Genitive Determinative Compound; e.g., devamandiram means on resolution devassa mandiram (temple of God) vijjathanam means on resolution Vijjae thanam (place of knowledge) dhammaputto means on resolution dhammassa putto (son of religion) devathui means on resolution devassa thui (praise of God) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only (19)

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hahumuham means on resolution bahue muham Sunulanum mans un svunnon sumur munum (face of bride) samahithanam means on resolution samahino thanam (place of meditation) (vi) Sattami Vibhatti Tappurisa (Locative Determinative Compound). . When the preceding member of the Compound exists in Locative Case - relation with later member, it is called Locative Determinative Compound; e.g., . kalakusalo means on resolution kalasu kusalo (expert in arts) gihajao means on resolution gihe jao (born in the house) narasettho means on resolution naresu settho (excellent in men) sabhapandio means on resolution sabhae pandio (scholar in assembly) Kammadharaya Samasa (Adjectival Compound) When the preceding member of the Compound is Adjective and the later member is a Noun, it is known as Adjectival Compound; e.g., rattaghado means on resolution ratto ghado (red pitcher) virajino means on resolution viro jino (vira jina) piavattham means on resolution piai vattham (yellow 3. cloth) sundarapalima means on resolution sundara padima (beautiful idol) (20) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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4. Many times the preceding member of the Compound indicates comparison candamuhas means on resolution cando iva muham (moon-faced) vajjadeho means on resolution vajjo iva deho (body like thunderbolt) Digu Samasa (Numeral Adjectival Compound) When the preceding member of the Compound is Numeral and the later member is a Noun it is called Numeral Adjectival Compound. (a) This Compound in collective sense is generally Neuter Gender Singular; e.g., navatattam means on resolution nava tattam (nine tattvas) (Neuter Gender Singular) caukkasayam means on resolution cauro kasayah (four passions) (Neuter Gender Singular) tilogas means on resolution tinni logam (three worlds) (Neuter Gender Singular) (b). But sometimes it is Masculine Gender Singular; e.g., tiviyappo means on resolution tinni viyappo (three alternatives) (Masculine Gender Singular) In multiple senses, Number and Gender do not correspond to rule (a) and (b). tiloya means on resolution tinni loya (three worlds) (Masculine Gender Plural) caudisa means on resolution cauro disao (four directions) (Feminine Gender Plural) (c) Prakrta-Grammar (21) For Personal & Private Use Only

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- 5. Bahuvvihi Samasa (Indirect Adjectival Compound) When a Compound becomes Adjective to something which is not a part of the Compound, we have Bahuvvihi Samasa. It is indirectly Adjective, so it is called an Indirect Adjectival Compound. jiaindio refers to muni on resolution jiani indiyani jena (3/1) so (He by whom senses have been conquered) jiakamo refers to Siva on resolution jio kamo jena (3/1) so . (He by whom desires have been conquered) egadanto refers to Ganesa on resolution ego danto jassa (6/1) so i (He who has one tooth) suttasiho refers to cave on resolution sutto siho jae (7/1) sa (That in which lion has slept) cakkapani refers to Visnu on resolution cakkam panimmi jassa (6/1) so (He in whose hand there is a wheel) gandivakaro refers to Arjuna on resolution gandivam kare jassa (7/1) so (He in whose hand there is an arrow) Avvaibhava Samasa (Indeclinable Compound) The preceding member of an Indeclinable Compound is Indeclinable and the later member is a Noun. The preceding member becomes chief. (22) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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The whole Indeclinable Compound is an Adverb. The last word of the Compound is always in the Nominative Neuter Gender Singular. Indeclinable Compound is not inflected; e.g., uvagurum (Nominative Neuter Singular) = (near the Guru) anubhoyanam (Nominative Neuter Singular) = (after food) painayaram (Nominative Neuter Singular) = (every city) paidinam (Nominative Neuter Singular) = (every day) paigharam (Nominative Neuter Singular) = (in every house) jahasattim (Nominative Neuter Singular) = (according to strength) jahavihim (Nominative Neuter Singular) = (according to rule) Mostly in Compounds last Vowel of the first word becomes long if it is short and short vowel becomes long. There is no definite rule for this; e.g., Long Vowel in place of short Vowel alternatively (Hema. 174) anta + vei antavei or antavei (middle part of Ganga and Yamuna) satta + visa sattavisa or sattavisa (twenty seven) pai + haram = paiharam or paiharam . (the house of husband) venu + vanam = venuvanas or venuvanas (forest of bomboo or stick) Short Vowel in place of Long Vowel alternatively (Hema. 1/4) Prakrta-Grammar (23) For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaumna + yadam = jaunnayadam or jaunnayadam . (bank of Yamuna) . nai + sottam naisottam or naisottam (branch of a river) bahu + muham = bahumuham or bahumuham (face of bride) Occurrence of doubling (Hema. 2/97) : The first syllable of the later word of the Compound is alternatively doubled . deva-thui-devatthui or deva-thui (praise of God) kusuma-payaro-kusumappayaro or kusuma-payaro (collection of flowers) baddha-phalo-baddhapphalo or baddha-phalo (the tree of coconut) anala-khambho--analakkhambho or anala-khambho (the pillar of fastening an elephant) (24) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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1. In the following the resolution of Compound is given, Mention the name of the Compound in each Case. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Exercise-2 (x) pancanamokkaro (five-fold obeisance) (xi) = (vii) pavayanasaro kevalipannatto (preached by the omniscient) loguttama world) anuvamasokkha (unique bliss) (viii) indiavisaesu senses) (ix) mohauro attachment) kammavasa karmas) Prakrta-Grammar = = logesu-uttama (excellent in the nitthiyakajjaim = nitthiyaim-kajjaim (he by whom purposes have been accomplished) pancamahavvayo panca-mahavvayo (five-fold great vows) = = = = panca-namokkaro kevalihim-pannatto = (the essence of preaching) anuvamam-sokkham = pavayanassa-saro indiesu-visaesu (in objects of mohena-auro (afflicted by kammassa-vasa (subject to pokkharinipalasam = pokkharinia-palasam (the leaf of the lotusplant) For Personal & Private Use Only (25)

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(iii) (xii) muttisuham = muttia-suham (bliss of emancipation) (xiii) pabhuyadhanasancao = pabhuyadhanassa sancao (accumulation of abundant wealth) (xiv) acchiveyana = acchisu-veyana (pain in my eyes) (xv) satthakusala = satthesu-kusala (expert in scriptures) In the following Compound are given. Name the Compound after making the resolution. (i) Magahahivo (ruler of Magadha) .: (ii) suyanasahavo (the nature of virtuous persons) pahanareha (the line on stone) (iv) saranagae (having come in shelter) (v) dinayaravasarana (sur and day time) (vi) nanujjovo (the light of knowledge) (vii) hidamadhuramidavayanas (beneficent, sweet and limited words) (viii) paracakkabhaena (on account of the fear of attack by the enemy) (ix) muhapekkhanena (by seeing your face) (x) atthavasa (eight years old) (xi) dhammasavanena (on account of listening to the religion) In the following the meaning of the Compound is given in English. Write the Compound in Praksta in accordance with the meaning expressed. 3. (26) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(ii) (i) (He by whom) attachment has been cast aside attachment = raya (Mas.) cast aside = vavagaya (Adj.) With devotion with = jutta devotion = bhatti Seeing the face seeing = damsanas (N) face = muha By the inspiration of her father father = piu inspiration = peranae False reply False = asacca reply = uttara (vi) . An irreligious man irreligious = dhammahina man = manusa (vii) Five years fiye = panca .: years = vasa (viii) the point of sword point = agga sword = karavala Prakrta-Grammar (27) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Chapter-3 . Cases There are eight Cases in Praksta. In the following we have constructed examples of Singular Number. (1) Nominative Case Student (1/1) saluted the Guru. (2) Accusative Case Student saluted the Guru (2/1). . (3) Instrumental Case Gopal washes his face with water (3/1). Dative Case The son lives for the pleasure (4/1). Ablative Case The leaf falls from the tree (5/1). Genitive Case The government of state (6/1) brings up People. . Locative Case Clouds thunder in the sky (7/1). Vocative Case Oh boy! (8/1) you should read the book. Nominative Case (1) When something is said about a person or thing it is called the Subject of a sentence. This Subject is put in the Nominative Case; e.g., Narindo Paramesaram panamai. (28) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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The king salutes God. In this sentence the doer of the action of salutation is the king and this has been said about the king that he salutes God. So the king is the Subject and it is therefore put in the Nominative Case. Thus when the sentence is expressed in Active Voice, the Subject is put in the Nominative Case. In Passive Voice, the Object (of the Transitive Verb) in the Active Voice is put in the Nominative Case. Mayae/Mayai/ Mayaa kaha sunijjai/suniai/ etc. Story is heard by mother. Here kaha (story) is put in the Nominative Case. The Active Voice of this sentence is: Maya kaham sunai/sunae/sunadi/ etc. Mother hears the story. Agreement of the Verb with the Subject: (2) 1. The Verb will agree with the Subject in Number and Person. (a) If the Subject is of the Third Person Singular/ Plural Number, the Verb will also be of the Third Person Singular/Plural Number; e.g., Ramo jhaai. Rama meditates. In this sentence the Subject (Rama) occurs in the Third Person Singular, so the Verb (Jhaai-meditates) used is of the Third Person Singular Number. Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only (29)

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(c) (b) If the Subject is of the Second Person Singular/Plural Number, the Verb will also be of the Second Person Singular/Plural Number; e.g., Tumam jhaasi. You meditate. In this sentence the Subject (You) occurs in the Second Person Singular Number, so the Verb (Jhaasi-meditate) used is of the Second Person Singular Number. If the Subject is of the First Person Singular/ Plural Number, the Verb will also be of the First Person Singular/Plural Number; e.g., Ahar jhaami. I meditate. In this sentence the Subject (1) occurs in the First Person Singular, so the Verb (Jhaami -meditate) used is of the First Person Singular Number. When in a sentence there are two or more Nouns as Subjects, the Verb will be in the Third Person Plural; e.g., Ramo Hari ya citthanti/citthante/ etc. Rama and Hari sit. When different Numbers are understood separately or different Nouns together express one idea, the Verb will be put in Singular Number; e.g., 3 (30) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Koho Mano Maya Loho santim Nasei/ etc. Anger, pride, deceit and greed destroys peace. When in a sentence Singular (Noun, Subjects) Subject is connected by or, the Verb is of Third Person Singular Number. But when the Subject is of different Numbers the Verb will be according to the nearest Subject; e.g., (i) Raya Manti va viyarai/ etc. The King or Minister thinks. (ii) Sasa va Bhai va Balaa agacchanti/ etc. The sister or the brother or children come. When the Subject belongs to the First Person, Second Person and Third Person the Verb will be of the First Person Plural and when the Subject belongs to the Second Person and Third Person the Verb will be of the Second Person Plural; e.g., (i) So, tumas, aham ca utthamo/ etc. He, you and I get up. (ii). So, tumam ca ut;haha/ etc. He and you get up. When two or more Subjects belonging to different Persons are connected by or the Person and the Number of the Verb will be according to the nearest word; e.g., (i) So, amhe va kajjam karamo/ etc. He or we do work. (ii) Amhe, so va kajjam karai/ etc. We or he does the work. Praksta-Grammar (31) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Accusative Case 1 Accusative Case is concerned with the Transitive Verb. The Transitive Verb is that in which the effect of the action of the Subject goes to the Object e.g.,' Maya Kaham sunai/sunadi/ etc. Mother hears the story. In it the action of the Subject 'Mother' is hearing. Its effect goes to the story, because the story is heard. Therefore, the Object of the Verb 'hear' is 'story.' In other words "A Transitive Verb denotes an action which passes over from the doer or Subject to an Object." This should be understood that the Object is always placed in Accusative Case except in the Passive Voice. In the Passive Voice the Object is placed in the Nominative Case; e.g., Mayae/Mayai/Mayaa Kaha sunijjai/suniai/ etc.' The story is heard by the mother. When there are double Object Verbs the Primary (direct) Object is placed in the Accusative Case and the Secondary (Indirect) Object is also put in the Accusative Case though it may be expressed in the Ablative, Locative, Dative, Genitive Cases etc. (i) So gavim duddham duhai/ etc. He squeezes out milk from the cow. Here 'from the cow' (Indirect object) is expressed in the Ablative Case but it is put in the Accusative Case. (32) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(ii) So rukkham phalaim/phalani/ etc. cunai/ etc. He gathers fruits of the tree. Here 'of the tree (Indirect object) is expressed in the Genitive Case but it is put in the Accusative Case. (iii) Guru sissar dhammas uvadisai/uvadisae/ etc. The Guru preaches religion for the pupil. Here for the pupil' (Indirect object) is expressed in the Dative Case but it is put in the Accusative Case. (iv) So narindam dhanam maggai/maggae/ etc. He demands money from the King. Here 'from the king' is expressed in the Ablative Case but it is put in the Accusative Case.. Tumam aggim bhoyanas pacahi/pacasu/ pacadhi/paca/pacejjasu/paccejjahi/pacejje. You cook the food by fire. Here 'by fire' is expressed in the Instrumental Case but it is put in the Accusative Case. (vi) So puttam gamar vahai/vahae/ etc. or ninai/ninai/ etc. He carries the son in the village. Here "in the village' is expressed in the Locative Case but it is put in the Accusative Case. Double Object Verbs like Puccha (to ask) Rundha (to stop) Maha (to churn) Musa (to thieve) etc. Prakrta-Grammar (33) For Personal & Private Use Only

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can be similarly used. It may be remembered that in the synonyms of above-mentioned Verbs the Primary and Secondry Objects are expressed in the Accusative Case. When Passive Voice is constructed from the above Verbs, Secondary Object is expressed in the Nominative Case and the Primary Object is expressed in Accusative Case but Primary Object of 'vaha' (to carry) Verb is expressed in Nominative Case and the Secondary Object is put in the Accusative Case. (i) So mittam paham pucchai/pucchae/ etc. (Active Voice) He asks the path from the friend. Tena mitto (1/1) paham (2/1) pucchijjai/ pucchiai/ etc. (Passive Voice) The friend is asked the path by him. So gavim duddham duhai/duhae/ etc. (Active Voice) He squeezes out milk from the cow. Tena Gavi (1/1) duddhas (2/1) duhijjai) duhiai/ etc. (Passive Voice) Milk is squeezed out from the cow by him. (iii) So puttam gamam vahai/vahae, etc. (Active Voice) He carries the son to the village. Tena putto (1/1) gamam (2/1) vahijjai/ vahiai/ etc. (Passive Voice) (34) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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The son is carried to the village by him. Here putto is Primary Verb, so in the Passive Voice it is put in the Nominative Case because of the verbs 'vaha' (to carry). It may be understood that with the exception of the Verb "vaha' (to carry) in all other double Object Verbs the Secondary Object is put in the Nominative Case. We are required to know that in order to complete the meaning of a Verb the Noun which is necessarily put in the Accusative Case is named Primary Object and the Noun which may be put in Other Cases but which is put in the Accusative Case according to the desire of the speaker is called Secondary Object. (Samskrta Reader by Apte, P. 29) 3 In connection with Verbs indicating mobility the Accusative Case occurs; e.g., So gharam gacchai/gacchae/ etc. He goes home. Sometimes Accusative Case occurs in place of the Locative Case; e.g., Surapayaso dinam (2/1) pasarai/pasarae/ etc. The light of the sun spreads in the day time. Here 'dinam' (2/1) occurs in place of 'dine' (7/1). 5 Sometimes Accusative Case occurs in place of the Nominative Case; e.g., Cauvisam (2/1) Jinavara (1/2). Twenty four Tirthankaras. This should be Cauvisa (1/1) Jinavara (1/2). Praksta-Grammar (35) For Personal & Private Use Only

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.6 When there occurs any one of the following Prefixes before the Verb 'vasa', the Verb is placed in the Accusative Case. (uva, anu, ahi, a) Hari saggam (2/1) uvavasai/anuvasai/ahivasai/ avasai/ etc. Hari resides in heaven. When simply the Verb 'vasa' is used, the sentence will be 'Hari sagge vasai' (Hari resides in the heaven). Here Accusative Case will not occur. (In English the sentence remains the same). When there occurs ubhao (on both sides), savvao (on all sides), dhi (insult), samaya (near) in a sentence, Accusative Case occurs in the concerned word; e.g., Parijano rayam (2/1) ubhao/savvao citthai/ etc. On both sides/on all sides of the king, relations sit. Dhi dujjanam (2/1) (shame to the villain) Gamai (2/1) samaya ekko tadago atthi. There exists a pond near the village. In connection with 'antarena' (without) and 'antara' (in the middle or in between) there occurs Accusative Case in the concerned word. (i) Nanam (2/1) antarena na suhas. There is no happiness without knowledge. Gangam jaunam (2/1) ya antara payago atthi. There is Prayaga in between the Ganga and Jamuna. (36) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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9 10 11 In connection with "pali' (towards) there occurs Accusative Case; e.g., Mayam (2/1) padi tumam saneham karasi/karase/ etc. You feel affection towards the mother. In connection with words indicating 'samaya' (time) and 'marga' (path) there occurs Accusative Case; e.g., (i) So panca dinani/dinaim/ etc. (2/2) khettas sincia/sincinsu/ etc. He irrigated the field for five days. (ii) So kosam (2/1) calai/ etc. He walks two miles. In connection with 'dura' (Neuter) (far) and 'antiya' (Neuter) (near) and their synonyms there occurs Accusative Case; e.g., (i) Gamatto/gamao etc. duram (2/1) nas atthi. The river is far from the village. (ii) Sariaa/sariai/sariae etc. antiyam (2/1) jai vasai/vasae/vasadi etc. The saint lives near the river. In connection with 'vina' (without) there occurs Accusative Case; e.g., Mayam (2/1) vina sikkha na hoi/hodi/ etc. . There is no education without mother. Sometimes a Noun in Accusative Case Singular is understood like an Adverb. So suhar (2/1) viharai/viharadi/ etc. He pleasantly strolls. 12. 13 Praksta-Grammar (37) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Exercise - 3 Translate the following sentences into Praksta: . (1) The book is read by him. (2) He asks the way from the child. (3) He squeezes milk from the cow. (4) He gathers flowers of the tree. (5) Saint preaches religion for the child.... (6) He demands money from him. ;' (7) You cook food by fire. (8) The king carries the minister into the city. (9) I go to the temple. (10) He remembers his friend at night. (11) The gentleman has unstable anger like lightning. (12) The Gods live in heaven. (13) There are children on all sides of Krishan. (14) The river is near the city. (15) I go without him.. (16) There is a forest between river and city. (17) You have love towards the child. (18) He lives for twelve years. (19) I walk two miles. (20) The river is far away from the city. (21) Lanka is nearby the see. (22) He lives painfully. (38) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Instrumental Case That which is helpful in the performance of an action is put in Instrumental Case. (i) Ramo banena Ravanas marai/marae/ etc. Rama kills Ravana by means of an arrow. Putto jalena vattham pacchalai etc. The son washes cloth by means of water. In Passive Voice and Impersonal form the Subject is placed in the Instrumental Case. (i) Narindo kaham sunai/ etc. (Active Voice). The king hears the story. Narindena/Narindenam kaha sunijjai/ suniai/etc. (Passive Voice). The story is heard by the king. (ii) Narindo hasai/ etc. (Active Voice). The king laughs. Narindena/Narindenam hasijjai/ etc. The king laughs. (Impersonal form) There is no Impersonal form in English. 3 Words indicating cause/reason are expressed in Instrumental Case; e.g., (i). So avarahena lukkai/ etc. He hides himself because of crime. (ii) Tumam ujjamena dhanas labhasi/ etc. You earn wealth because of effort. (iii) Vijjaa/vijjai/vijjae paittha hoi/ etc. Fame is due to knowledge. Prakrta-Grammar (39) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(ii) 5 (iii) So aijhayanena vasai/vasae/ etc. He lives to study. On the performance of an action or receiving the fruit of an action, words indicating time' and 'path' are placed in the Instrumental Case; e.g., (i) So dahahim/dasahi disehim/disehi gantham padhia/ etc. . He read the book in ten days. Mitto tihim/tihi etc. disehim/disehi nirogo - hohia/ etc. The friend became healthy in three days. (iii) Ekena kosena kajjam hohia/ etc. The work was completed at two miles. In connection with the words indicating 'saha', 'saddhim', 'samam'(with)" there occurs Instrumental Case; e.g., (i) So mittena saha gacchai/gacchae/ etc. He goes with the friend. (ii) Lakkhano Ramena samam gacchinsu/ etc. Laxman went with Rama. (iii) Hanuvanto Ramena saddhim sohai/ etc. Hanumana shines with Rama. In connection with the words 'vina', (without) there occur Accusative Case, Instrumental Case or Ablative Case; e.g., Jalam (2/1) Jalena (3/1) and jalatto (5/1) vina naro na jivai/jivae/ etc. Man does not live without water. (40) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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8 In connection with the words indicating the meaning 'tulya' (equal) there occurs Instrumental Case or Genitive Case; e.g., (i) So devena (3/1) devassa (6/1) tullo atthi. He is equal to deva. (ii) Dhammena (3/1) dhammassa (6/1) samano mitto na atthi. There is no friend equal to religion. For informing about 'deformed organ of the body' (viksta anga) there is used Instrumental Case; e.g., (i) So paena khanjo atthi. He is cripple by leg. (ii) So kannena bahiro atthi. He is deaf by ear. (iii) So nettena kano atthi. . He is one-eyed by eyes. The Instrumental Case is used to signify the meaning of 'Adverbs'; e.g., Narindo suhena jivai/jivae/ etc. The king lives pleasantly. Sometimes the Instrumental Case is used in place of Locative. Case; e.g., Tenas Kalenam, Tena samaenam. In that period, At that time. In connection with the words such as 'kim' (what), 'kajjam' (work) 'attho' (purpose) Instrumental Case is used in important things; e.g., 10 Praksta-Grammar (41) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(i) Mudhena mittena kim? . What is the purpose of foolish friend? Isaranam kajjam tinena vi sampunnam havai. The work of wealthy persons is completed even by small things. Ko attho tena puttena jo na viuso na. dhammio? What is the purpose of that son who is neither learned nor religious ? (iii) Exercise - 4 Translate the following sentences into Praksta: (1) He washes hands with water. (2) The sun is looked by him. (3) The girl feels ashamed. (Impersonal form) (4) Hari was seen by virtue of merit. (5) Hari went two miles in five days. (6) He reads grammar in twelve years. (7) Father goes with the son. (8) Father plays with the son. (9) The lotus does not bloom without water. (10) He is like the king. (11) He is deaf by ear. (12) He comes to the house affectionately. (13) If morality vanishes what is the use of high family? (14) The work of wealthy persons is completed even by small things. (42) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Dative Case Receiver of things from the agent is placed in the Dative Case; e.g., Raya niddhanaya/niddhanassa dhanam dei/ dai/ etc. The king gives wealth to the poor person. The purpose of any performance is put in the Dative Case; e.g., (i) So muttie/muttia/ etc. Harim bhajai/ etc. He worships Hari for emancipation. (ii) Tumam dhanassa/dhanaya/ cetthasi/ etc. You endeavour for wealth. 3 In connection with the Verb 'roa' (to like) and the synonyms of 'roa' the enjoyer is inflected in the Dative Case; e.g., Balassa/balaya pupphaim/ etc. roanti/ etc. Flowers interest the child. In connection with the Verb 'kujjha' (to anger), doha' (to act in a hostile way), "isa' (to be envious), 'asua' (to hate) and their synonyms the victim of anger etc. is inflected in the Dative Case; e.g., (i) Lakkhano Ravanaya/Ravanassa kujjhai/etc. : Laxmana angers Ravana. (ii) Duttho manuso sajjanaya/sajjanassa dohai/ dohael etc. The wicked person acts in a hostile way with the good-natured man. Prakrta-Grammar (43) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(iii) Ravano Ramaya/Ramassa isai/isae/ etc. Ravana is envious of Rama. (iv) Mahila himsaa/himsai/himsae asuai/asuae/etc. The woman hates violence. In connection with the Indeclinable 'namo' (namo) (salutation) there is the Dative Case; e.g., . Mahaviraya/Mahavirassa namo. Salutation to Mahavira. But in connection with the Verb 'namo' (namo) (salutation) there is both Accusative and Dative Case; e.g., . So narindam panamai/ etc. He salutes king. In connection with the Indeclinable 'alam' (enough) there is Dative Case; e.g., Jhano mokkhaya/mokkhassa alam atthi. Meditation is enough for emencipation. In connection with the Verb 'siha' (to desire) there is Dative Case; e.g., So jasaya/ jasassa sihai/sihae/ etc. He desires fame. In connection with the Verb 'kaha' (to tell), 'samsa' (to say) and 'cakkha' (to tell) and their synonyms, the Dative Case occurs in the person to whom something is said; e.g., (44) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Aham tujjha saccam kahami/kahami etc. samsami/ samsami/ etc. cakkhami/cakkhami/ etc. I tell the truth for you. To express Dative Case; the Indeclinable 'attham' is also used; e.g., So nanattham cetthai/ etc. He endeavours for knowledge. Exercise - 5 Translate the following sentences into Praksta: (1) He gives wealth for the daughter. (2) He endeavours for wealth. (3) The devotion interests Hari. (4) The king angers the minister. (5) The minister salutes the king. (6) The rice is enough for food. (7) He desires emancipation. (8) The mother tells the story for the daughter. (9). The king sits for food. (10) He envies the king. (11) Rama hates untruth. Prakrta-Grammar (45) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Ablative Case When something is separated from something else, the source from which things are separated is put in the Ablative Case; e.g., (i) Rukkhatto/rukkhao/etc. puppham padai/etc. The flower is separated from the tree. (ii) Gamatto/gamao/ etc. mitto agacchai/ etc. The friend is separated from the village. So rukkha and gama are placed in the Ablative Case. Quality signifying Non-Feminine Nouns (Masculine and Neuter Noun) which show the cause of any event or action, is placed in either Instrumental or Ablative Case; e.g., (i) So mukkhatto/mukkhao/ etc. na sohai/ etc. He does not shine because of foolishness... (ii) So mukkhena nasohai/ etc. He does not shine because of foolishness. (a) When the Non-Feminine Nouns are not qualifires they are placed only in the Instrumental Case; e.g., So dhanena ullasai/ etc. He is pleased because of wealth. (b) Feminine Nouns are placed only in the Instrumental Case; e.g., So buddhie chaddio/ etc. He was released because of intelligence. (46) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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3 In connection with the Verb signifying 'bhaya' (fear), the cause of bhaya is placed in the Ablative Case; e.g., Balao sappatto/sappao/ etc. bihai/bibae/ etc. The child is afraid of serpent. When anybody hides himself, the person from whom one hides oneself is placed in the Ablative Case; e.g., So guruno/gurutto/guruo/ etc. lukkai/lukkae/ etc. He hides himself from the Guru. In connection with the Verbs signifying 'stopping' (rokana), there is Ablative Case; e.g., Guru sissam pavatto/pavao/etc.rokkai/rokkae/ etc. The Guru restrains the pupil from sin. From whom knowledge is obtained, there occurs Ablative Case; e.g., So Gurutto/Guruo/ etc. gayanakalam sikkhai/ sikkhae/ etc. He learns singing from the Guru. In connection with the words or Verbs signifying 'duguccha' (hatred), 'virama' (withdrawal) and 'pamaya' (carelessness) and their synonyms, there occurs Ablative Case; e.g., (i) Sajjano pavatto/pavao/ etc. dugucchai/ etc. The gentleman feels hatred from sin. (ii) Mukkho ajjhayanatto/ajjhayanao/ etc. viramai/viramae/ etc. The foolish man withdraws himself from study. Prakrta-Grammar (47) For Personal & Private Use Only

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8 (iii) Tumam sajjhayatto/sajjhayao/etc. pamayasi/ pamayase/ etc. You are negligent of self-study. In connection with the Verbs 'upajja' (to grow), 'pabhava' (to rise) there is Ablative Case; e.g., (i) Khettato/Khettao/ etc. dhannam uppajjai/ uppajjae/ etc. The rice grows from the field. . (ii) Lobhatto/Lobhao/ etc. koho pabhavai/ pabhavae/ etc. Anger rises from greed. When the comparison is made from the person or thing, that is placed in the Ablative Case; e.g., (i) Dhanatto/dhanao/ etc. nanam guruttaram atthi. Knowledge is superior to wealth. (i) Raino/Ranno manti kusalataro atthi. The minister is more intelligent than the king. Sometimes the Instrumental or Locative Case is found in place of the Ablative Case; e.g., (i) So corena bihai. He is afraid of the thief. (Instrumental in place of Ablative.) (ii) Tumam sajjhaye pamayasi/pamayase/ etc. You are careless in self-study. (Locative in place of Ablative). 10 (48) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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11 In connection with 'vina' (without) there is Ablative Case in additional to the Accusative and Instrumental Case; e.g., (i) Ramatto (5/1) vina Siya na sohai/ etc. Sita does not shine without Rama. (ii) Ramena (3/1) Ramam (2/1) vina Siya na sohai/ etc. Sita does not shine without Rama. Exercise - 6 Translate the following sentences into Prakrta: (1) The river flows from the mountain. (2) Drops fall from the leaf. (3) He is famous because of seriousness. (4) The thief is afraid of the king. (5) He hides himself from father. (6) He saves himself from sin. (7) You read the book from the teacher. The king hates untruth. (9). The foolish man goes away from gentleman. (10) He is negligent of self-study. (11) Attachment arises from anger. (12) Non-violence is better than violence. (13) He is devoid of the quality of knowledge. (14) He is detached emotionally. (15) Life is useless without religion. (8) Prakrta-Grammar (49) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Genitive Case Genitive Case expresses relation. 1. The word 'heu' in the sense of purpose or cause is expressed in the Genitive Case. The word 'heu' and 'purpose' or 'cause' signifying words, both are placed in the Genitive Case; e.g., . . (i) So annassa heussa gamo vasai. He lives in the village with the purpose of food. (ii) Ajjhayanassa heussa sisso nayare agacchai. The pupil comes in the city with the purpose of study. 2 When "Pronoun' is used alongwith 'heu', both word 'heu' and 'Pronoun' are alternatively used in Instrumental, Ablative or Genitive Cases; e.g., So kena heuna/katto heutto/kassa heussa attha vasai. With what purpose he lives here. When one thing is selected from a group of things there is placed Genitive or Locative Case in the group from which the thing is selected; e.g., Pupphesu, pupphanam va kamalam aiva sohai. Among the flowers, the lotus flower shines very much. When there is a desire to bless, the use of Dative or Genitive Case takes place on the occurance of the words ausa, bhadda, kusala, sukkha, hita and their synonyms; e.g., Ramaya, Ramassa va ausam, bhaddam, kusalam, sukkham, hitam. (50) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Long life to Rama, welfare to Rama, well-being to Rama, happiness to Rama, benevolence to Rama. Genitive Case occurs in place of Accusative, Instrumental etc. (i) Aham Simandharassa vandami. I salute Simandhara. (Genitive in place of Accusative) Dhanassa so laddho. He is obtained by wealth. (Genitive in place of Instrumental). (iii) So corassa bihai. He is afraid of the thief. (Genitive in place of Ablative). (iv) Tasa pitthie kesa-bharo. There is hatr load on his back. (Genitive in place of Locative). In connection with the Verbs 'smarana karana' (to remember in grief), "daya karana' (to be kind in sorrow) there is Genitive Case in the Object of the Verb; e.g., (i) So mayae/ etc. sumarai/ etc. He remembers mother. (ii) So balaassa/ etc. dayai/ etc. He is kind to the child. In ordinary meanings there is Accusative Case in the Verb (to remember). Praksta-Grammar (51) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Exercise - 7 Translate the following sentences into Praksta: (1) Rama reads the book with the purpose of study. (2) What is the reason of his coming?. (3) Meru is the highest among mountains. (4) There should be welfare of daughter. (5) I salute Mahavira. (6) He became wealthy because of wealth. (7) He is afraid of lion. (8) There are stones at his house. (52) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Locative Case The base of the action of the Subject and the base of the Object is expressed in Locative Case. In other words, when there is somebody in a certain place, that is called the base and that is put in the Locative Case; e.g., (i) So asane citthai/citthae/ etc. He sits on the mat of cloth. (ii) So thalie/thaliya odanam pacai/ pacae/ etc. He cooks rice in the plate (pot). When one action is completed and the other action begins, the finished action is put in the Locative Case. In the sentence signifying finished action, when there is Transitive Verb, the sentence will be in the Passive Voice and when there is Intransitive Verb, the sentence will be in the Active * Voice; e.g., (i) Use of Transitive Verb: (a) Tumae (3/1) bhoyane (7/1) khae (Past Participle 7/1) so harisai. (Passive voice) He is happy after the food is eatien by you. (b) Tena (3/1) ganthe (7/1) padhie (Past Participle 7/1) tumam gaasi. (Passive voice) You sing after the book is read by him. Here the Subject is in the Instrumental Case and there is used Locative Case in the Object along with the Past Participle. Prakrta-Grammar (53) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(u) Use of Intransitive Verb: (a) Sure (7/1) uggie (7/1) kamalas viasai. The lotus blossoms on the rise of the sun. In the Active Voice the Subject and the Participle are put in the Locative Case. (iii) The Verb 'to go' can be used both in the Active and Passive Voice. . (a) Rame (7/1) vanam (2/1). gae (7/1) Dasaraho pana cuai/cayai/etc. (Active Voice) Dasaratha is dead on the going of Rama to the forest. (b) Ramena (3/1) vane (7/1) gae (7/1) Dasaraho pana cuai/cayai/ etc. (Passive Voice) Dasaratha is dead on the going of Rama to the forest. Sometimes there is Locative Case in place of Accusative and Instrumental Case; e.g., (i) Ahas nayare na jami. I do not go to/in the city. (Locative in place of Accusative) (ii) Tesu tisu puhai alankia. The earth is embellished by those three. (Locative in place of Instrumental) Sometimes there is Locative Case in place of Ablative Case; e.g., 4 (54) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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5 (i) Anteure ramium raya agao. The king came after visiting women quarter. (Locative in place of Ablative.) In connection with the Verbs signifying 'throwingness' there is Locative Case. (i) So balam jale/jalammi khivai/ etc. He throws the child in water. Exercise - 8 Translate the following sentences into Praksta: (1) The king sat on the throne. (2) He lives in the house. (3) On the annihilation of anger there is compassion. On the destruction of immorality there appears morality. (5) Having known the scriptures, he has told the truth for you. (6) Having conversed with the followers, he went. (7) He who is detached from the sensual enjoyments is a yogi. Praksta-Grammar (55) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Chapter-4 Taddhita (Word-formation) The suffixes which are added to Nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives are called Taddhita suffixes. Taddhita suffixes cannot be added to Verbs. Taddhita suffixes are 'kera', 'eccaya', 'illa', 'ulla' etc., and the words formed by these suffixes are called Taddhitas... (1) 'kera' suffix: (Hema. 2/147) The 'kera' suffix is added to "amha', 'tumha', 'para', and 'raya' indicating the relationship; e.g, amha + kera = amhakera (Adj.) . amhakero putto (my son), . amhakeram vattham (my cloth), amhakeri putti (my daughter), amhakera putta (our sons). tumha + kera = tumhakera (Adj.) tumhakero putto (your son), tumhakeram vattham(your cloth), tumhakeri putti (your daughter), tumhakera putta (your sons). para + kera = parakera or parakera (Adj.) parakero putto (son of others) raya + kera = rayakera (Adj.) rayakero putto (son of the king) 'kka' and 'ikka'suffixes: (Hema. 2/148,1/144) para + kka = parakka or parakka (Adj.) (of the others) raa + ikka = raikka (Adj.) (of the king) (2) (56) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(3) 'eccaya' suffix: (Hema. 2/149) tumha + eccaya = tumheccaya (Adj.) (your) amha + eccaya = amheccaya (Adj.) (my) There are two ways in Praksta to describe the relationship. (1) (a) Mama (6/1) putto (1/1) sokkham icchai/ etc. (b) Amhakero/amheccayo(1/1) putto(1/1) sokkham icchai/ etc. My son desires pleasure. (2) (a) Tuha (6/1) potto (1/1) gharam gacchai/ etc. (b) Tumhakero/tumheccayo (1/1) potto (1/1) gharam gacchai/ etc. Your grandson goes to the house. (3) (a) Raino (6/1) putto (1/1) Ramam (2/1) panamai/ etc. (b) Raikko (1/1) putto (1/1) Ramam(2/1) panamai etc. The son of the king salutes Rama. (4) (a) Parassa (6/1) suham mama (6/1) suham atthi/ etc. (b) . parakeram/parakerar/parakka/ parakkam (1/1) suham mama (6/1) suham atthi/ etc. Pleasure of others is my pleasure. (4) 'wa' suffix: (Hema. 2/150) To express 'similarity' 'va', (indeclinable) suffix is used; e.g., Praksta-Grammar (57) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Mahuravva--Mahuravva padaliputte pasaya santi. There are palaces in Pataliputra similar to/like Mathura. 'illa' and 'ulla' suffixes: (Hema. 2/163) 'illa' and 'ulla' suffixes are added to the Nouns of Prakrta in order to express the sense of 'existing in something'. (a) gama + illa = gamilla (Adj.) gamillo (Mas.) gamillam (Neu.) gamilli (Fem.) (existing in village) pura + illa = purilla (Adj.) purillo (Mas.) purillam (Neu.) purilli (Fem.) (existing in city) hettha + illa = hethilla (Adj.) hetthillo (Mas.) hetthillam (Neu.) hetthilli (Fem.) (existing downwards) uvari + illa = . uvarilla (Adj.) uvarillo (Mas.) uvarillam (Neu.) uvarilli (Fem.) (existing upwards) appulla (Adj.) appullo (Mas.) appullam (Neu.) appulli (Fem.) (existing in soul) taru + ulla = tarulla (Adj.) tarullo (Mas.) tarullam (Neu.) tarulli (Fem.) (existing in tree) appa + ulla = (58) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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nayara + ulla = nayarulla (Adj.) nayarullo (Mas.) nayarullam (Neu.) nayarulli (Fem.) (existing in city) (5.1) 'illa' and 'ulla' suffixes: (Hema. 2/159) 'illa' and 'ulla' suffixes are also used for describing the sense of Adjective. (a) soha + illa = sohilla (Adj.) (splendid) chaya-chaa + illa = chailla (Adj.) (shadowy) (b) viyara + ulla = . viyarulla (Adj.) (thoughtful) dappa + ulla = dappulla (Adj.) (boastful) (5.2) "illa'and 'ulla' suffixes: (Hema. 2/164) 'illa' and 'ulla' suffixes are also used in the sense of retaining the innate meaning. (a) pallava + illa = pallavilla (Mas.) or pallava (leaf) pura + illa = purilla (Neu.) or pura (city) (b) muha + ulla = muhulla (Neu.) or muha (face) hattha + ulla = hatthulla (Mas., Neu) or hattha (hand) "huttam' suffix: (Hema. 2/158) 'huttam' (Indeclinable) suffix is used for the counting of any action; e.g., tihuttam = three times, sayahuttam = hundred times In Ardhamagadhi 'khutto' (kkhutto) (Indeclinable) suffix is used. Prakrta-Grammar (59) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(7) tikhutto/tikkhutto = three times sahasakhutto/ sahasakkhutto = thousand times "ima', 'ttana', 'tta' and 'ta' suffixes: (Hema. 2/154) For making Abstract Noun 'ima' and 'ttana'suffixes are used. Alternatively 'tta' and 'ta' suffixes are also used. pina + ima = pinima (Fem.) (plumpness) pina + ttana = pinattana (Neu.) pina + tta = pinatta (Neu.) pina + ta - pinata -- pinaya (Fem.) (8) puppha + ima = pupphima (Fem:) (floweriness). puppha + ttana = pupphattana (Neu.) puppha + tta = pupphatta (Neu.) puppha + ta = pupphata - pupphaya (Fem.) 'ittia' suffix: (Hema. 2/156) To express the meaning of quantity 'ittia' suffix is added to 'ja', 'ta' and 'eta'. ja + ittia = jittia (Adj.) (as much as) ta + ittia = tittia (Adj.) (as much as that) eta + ittia = ittia (Adj.) (as much as this) (here 'eta' disappears) (8.1) 'ettia', 'ettila', 'eddaha' suffixes: (Hema. 2/157, 1/ 84) To express the meaning of quantity 'ettia', 'ettila', and 'eddaha' suffixes are added to 'ka', 'ja', 'ta' and 'eta'. (60) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(a) ka + ettia = kettia (Adj.) (how many) kettia - kittia ka + ettila = kettila (Adj.) (how many) kettila - kittila ka + eddaha = keddaha (Adj.) (how many) keddaha - kiddaha ja + ettia = jettia (Adj.) (as much as) jettia - jittia ja + ettila jettila (Adj.) (as much as) jettila -- jittila eddaha jeddaha(Adj.) (as much as) jeddaha - jiddaha (c) ta + ettia = tettia(Adj.) (as much as that) tettia - tittia ta + ettila tettila (Adj.) (as much as that) tettila - tittila ta + eddaha = teddaha (Adj.) (as much as that) teddaha-- tiddaha (d) eta + ettia = ettia (Adj.) (as much as this) eta + ettila = ettila(Adj.) (as much as this) eta + eddaha = teddaha (Adj.) (as much as this) (here 'eta' disappears) 'alu', 'illa', 'ulla', 'ala', 'vanta', 'manta', 'itta', 'ira', 'mana', suffixes: (Hema. 2/159) To describe/explain the meaning of Adjectives, above mentioned suffixes are used. (9) Praksta-Grammar (61) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(e) (a) daya + alu dayalu (Adj.) (merciful/ compassionate) neha + alu nehalu (Adj.) (affectionate) (b) soha + illa = sohilla (Adj.) (beautiful) chaa + illa = chailla (Adj.) (shadowy) (c) viyara + ulla = viyarulla (Adj.) (thoughtful) dappa + ulla = dappulla (Adj.) (haughty) (d) rasa + ala = rasala (Adj.) (elegant) sadda + ala = saddala (Adj.) (sounding or producing sound) dhana + vanta = dhanavanta (Adj:)(wealthy) bhatti + vanta = bhattivanta (Adj.) (devout) (f) siri + manta siri + manta = sirimanta (Adj.) (prosperous) punya + manta = punyamanta (Adj.) (virtuous) kavva + itta = kavvaitta (Adj.) (poetic) mana + itta = . manaitta (Adj.) (honourable) (h) gavva + ira - gavvira (Adj.) (conceited) reha + ira - rehira (Adj.) (linear) (i) dhana + mana 3 dhanamana (Adj.) (wealthy) soha + mana = sohamana (Adj.) (beautiful) (10) Otto', 'do', 'o' suffixes: (Hema. 2/160) To 'Nouns', 'Pronouns', and 'Adjectives' 'tto', 'do', and 'o' suffixes signifying Ablative sense are added and the constructed words are Indeclinable; e.g., (i) nana + tto + do + 0 = nanatto, nanado, nanao (knowingly) (62) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(ii) phala + tto + do +0 = phalatto, phalado, phalao (as a result or resultingly) savva + tto + do +0 = savvatto, savvado, savvao (from all sides) (iv) eka + tto + do +0 = ekatto, ekado, ekao (from one side) (v) anna + tto + do +0 = annatto, annado, annao (from the other side) (vi) ka + tto + do + 0=katto, kado,kao (from where) (vii) ja + tto + do + 0 = jatto, jado, jao (from where) (viii) ta + tto + do + 0 = tatto,tado, tao (from there) (ix) i + tto + do +0 = itto, ido, io (from here) (11) 'hi', 'ha', 'ttha' suffixes: (Hema. 2/161) To 'Pronouns', and 'Adjectives' 'hi', 'ha', and 'ttha' suffixes signifying Locative sense, indicating spatial meaning are added and the constructed words are Indeclinable ; e. g., (i) ja + hi + ha + ttha = jahi, jaha, jattha (in which place) (ii) ta + hi + ha + ttha = tahi, taha, tattha (in that place) (iii) ka t. hi + ha + ttha = kahi, kaha, katthai (in which place) (iv) anna + hi + ha + ttha = annahi, annaha, anattha (in another place) (v) savva + hi + ha + ttha = savvahi, savvaha, savvattha (in all places) Prakrta-Grammar (63) For Personal & Private Use Only

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. (12) 'si', "siam', 'iya' suffixes: (Hema. 2/162) To Pronouns', and 'Adjectives' 'si", "siam', and 'iya suffixes for signifying the sense of 'once upon a time' are added and the constructed words are Indeclinable; e.g., (i) ekka + si = ekkasi (once upon a time) * (ii) ekka + siam = ekkasiam (once upon a time) (iii) ekka + iya = ekkaiya (once upon a time) (iv) egagya (once upon a time) (13) "Retainer of innate meaning suffixes' svarthika suffixes: (i) aliasuffix: (Hema. 2/170) misa + alia = misalia (Adj.) (mixed) or misa (Adj.) (ii) "ra' suffix: (Hema. 2/171) diha + ra = dihara (Adj.) (long) or diha (Adj.) (iii) 'la' suffix: (Hema. 2/173) This suffix is alternatively added to vijju (Fem.),patta (Neu.), pia (Mas.) and andha (Adj.) words. (a) vijju + la = vijjula > vijjula (Fem.) or vijju (Fem.) (lightning) (b) patta + la = pattala (Neu.) or patta (Neu.), (leaf) (c) pia + la = piala (Mas.) or pia (Mas.) (yellow colour) (d) piala (Adj.) or pia (adj.) (yellow coloured) (e) andha + la = andhala (Adj.) or andha (Adj.) (blind) (64) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(iv) "lla' suffix: (Hema. 2/165) This suffix is alternatively added to nava (Adj.) and eka (Adj.) words. nava + lla = navalla or nava (Adj.) (new/recent) eka + lla = ekalla or eka (Adj.) (alone) (v) 'a', 'illa' and 'ulla' suffixes: To 'Nouns', and 'Adjectives' are alternatively added 'a', 'illa' and 'ulla' suffixes. (a) canda + a = candaa (Mas.)or canda (Mas.) (moon) hiaya + a = hiayaa (Neu.) or hiaya (Neu.) (heart) gayana + a = gayanaa (Neu.) or gayana (Neu.) (sky) bahua + a = bahuaa (Adj.) or bahua (Adj.) (much) (b) pallava + illa = pallavilla (Mas.) or pallava (Mas.) (leaf) pura + illa = purilla (Neu.) or pura (Neu.) (city) (c) muha + ulla = muhulla (Neu.) or muha (Neu.) (face) hattha + ulla = hatthulla (Mas., Neu.) or hattha (Mas., Neu.) (hand) (vi) 'tta', or 'ya' suffix: In 'Ardhamagadhi 'tta', or ya' suffix is alternatively added. gavesana + tta/ya = gavesanatta/ gavesanaya (Fem.) or gavesana (Mas., Neu.) (investigation) anukampana + tta/ya = anukampanatta/ anukampanaya (Fem.)or anukampana (Mas., Neu.) (sympathy) Prakrta-Grammar (65) For Personal & Private Use Only

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. (14) 'tara' (ara) and 'tama' (ama) suffixes or "iyasa' and 'ittha' suffixes: When two things are compared 'ara' or 'iyasa' suffix is added to the comparative signifying Adjective. There occurs Ablative Case in that from whom comparative degree of significance is shown; e.g., Manti narindatto/narindao etc. paduaro/padiyaso atthi. The minister is wiser than the king. When one is shown superior to many 'ama' or'ittha' . is added to the superlative signifying Adjective. There occurs Genitive or Locative Case in that from whom superlative degree of significance is shown; e.g., Chattanam/Chattesu Ramo paluamo/padityho atthi. Rama is the wisest among students. Note: 'ara' or 'ama' suffixes can be added in all Adjectives, but 'iyasa' or 'ittha' suffixes should be added on the basis of usage. (i) tikkha tikkhaara tikkhaama (sharp) (sharper) (sharpest) piya piyaara piyaama (dear) (dearer) (dearest) ahia ahiaara ahiaama (much) (more) (most) gariyasa garittha (longer) (longest) guru (long) (66) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(rich) (richest) dhani dhaniyasa dhanittha/dhanittha (richer) (vi) dhammi dhammiasa dhammittha (righteous) (more righteous) (most righteous) (vii) pavi paviyasa : pavittha (sinful) (more sinful) (most sinful) (viii) ujjala ujjalaara ujjalaama (bright) (brighter) (brightest) (ix) appa appaara appaama (few) (fewer) (fewest) (15) 'manta' suffix: For expressing vana or vala meaning 'manta' suffix is used in Ardhamagadhi. While using manta suffix 'va' occurs alternatively in place of 'ma'; e.g., vanna + manta = vannamanta/vannavanta (Mas.) (colourful) bhaga + manta = bhagamanta/bhagavanta (Mas.) (majestic) In Ardhamagadhi 'bhagavam' occurs alongwith 'bhagavanto' and similarly 'vannavam' occurs alongwith 'vannavanto'. Prakrta-Grammar (67) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Chapter - 5 . Feminine suffixes In Praksta language Feminine words are of two kinds: : 1 Original Feminine words 2 Feminine words formed with the help of suffixes. (1) Original Feminine Gender words The meaning of words indicating Feminine Gender which are not inflected in Masculine and Neuter Genders are known as Original Feminine Gender words; e.g., Lata, Mala, Lacchi, Kaha, Ganga etc. (2) Feminine words formed with the help of suffixes These are words which do not signify Feminine Gender character, but they are formed so by adding Feminine suffixes. Such words are inflected both in Masculine and Feminine Genders. "So Feminine suffixes are those suffixes by which Masculine Gender words are converted into Feminine Gender." In Praksta chiefly 'a' and 'i' are used in the form of Feminine suffixes; e.g., (a) (i) bala (Mas.) (boy), bala + a = bala (Fem.) (girl) (ii) koila (Mas.) (the black cuckoo), koila + a = koila (Fem.)- (the black cuckoo) (iii) tanaya (Mas.) (son), tanaya + a = tanaya (Fem.) (daughter) (68) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(iv) musiya (Mas.) (a mouse), musiya + a = musiya (Fem.)-(a mouse) (v) aya (Mas.) (billy-goat), aya + a = aya (Fem.) (nanny-goat) (vi) vaccha (Mas.) (calf), vaccha + a = vaccha (Fem.)- (female calf) (vii) dhavala (Mas.) (ox), dhavala + a = dhavala (Fem.)-gaya (cow) (viii) nattia (Mas.) (grandson), nattia + a = nattia (Fem.) - (grand daughter) (ix) ayariya (Mas.) (spiritual guide), ayariya + a = ayariya (Fem.)- (spiritual guide) (ix) uvajjhaya (Mas.) (teacher), uvajjhaya + a = uvajjhaya (Fem.)- (teacher) (x) sissa (Mas.). (pupil), sissa + a = sissa (Fem.) (pupil) kusala (Adj.) (Mas., Neu.) (expert), kusala + a = kusala (Adj.) (Fem.)- (expert) (xii) niuna (Adj.) (Mas., Neu.) (skilled), niuna + a = niuna (Adj.) (Fem.)- (skilled) (xii) caura (Adj.) (Mas., Neu.) (clever), caura + a = caura (Adj.) (Fem.)- (clever) (i) hamsa (Mas.) (swan), hassa + i = hamsi (Fem.) - (goose) (ii) harina (Mas.) (deer), harina + i = harini (Fem.) - (doe) (iii) kumbhaara (Mas.) (potter), kumbhaara + 1 = kumbhaari (Fem.)- (pottery) (xi) (b) Praksta-Grammar (69) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(x) (iv) kisora (Mas.) (young man), kisora + 1 = kisori (Fem.) (young woman) (v) kumara (Mas.) (young unmarried man), kumara + 1 = kumari (Fem.) (young unmarried woman) naga (Mas.) (snake), naga + 1 = nagi (Fem.) (she snake) (vii) siha (Mas.) (lion), siha + 1 = sihi (Fem.) (lioness) (viii) taruna (Mas.) (young boy), taruna + 1. = taruni (Fem.) (young girl) (ix) dhivara (Mas.) (fisherman), dhivara + 1 = dhivari (Fem.) (fisherman's wife) maula (Mas.) (maternal uncle), maula + 7 = mauli (Fem.) (maternal aunt) (xi) piamaha (Mas.) (grandfather), piamaha + 1 = piamahi (Fem.) (grandmother) (xii) tittira (Mas.) (partridge), tittira + 1 = tittiri (Fem.) (hen partridge) (xiii) maura (Mas.) (peacock), maura + i = mauri (Fem.) (peahen) (xiv) siyala (Mas.) (jackal), siyala + 1 = siyali (Fem.) (female jackal) (xv) nala (Mas.) (dancer), nada + i = nadi (Fem.) (dancer) (xvi) viusa (Adj.) (Mas., Neu.) (learned man), viusa + 1 = viusi (Fem.) (learned woman) (xvii) sattama (Adj.) (Mas., Neu.) (seventh), sattama + i = sattami (Fem.) (seventh) (70) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(xviii) dasama (Adj.) (Mas., Neu.) (tenth), dasama + 1 = dasami (Fem.) (tenth) (c) In some words before adding 'i' suffixes 'ana' is added. (i) inda (Mas.) (Indra), inda + ana + 1 = indani (Fem.) (the wife of the god Indra) (ii) maula (Mas.) (maternal uncle), maula + ana + i = maulani (Fem.) (wife of a maternal uncle) (iii) bhava (Mas.) (Siva), bhava + ana + 1 = bhavani (Fem.) - (Siva's wife) (iv) rudda (Mas.) (Siva), rudda + ana + 1 = ruddani (Fem.) - (Durga) (v) ayariya (Mas.) (spiritual guide), ayariya + ana . : + 1 = ayariyani (Fem.) - (spiritual guide) (vi) uvajjhaya (Mas.) (teacher), uvajjhaya + ana + i = uvajjhayani (Fem.) - (teacher) (d) In some words 'a' and 'i' suffixes are added. (i) nila + a = nila , nila + i = nili (blue) (ii) kala + a - kala , kala + 1 = kali (black) (iii) hasa + mana + a = hasamana, hasa + mana + i = hasamani (laughing) (iv) hasa + nta + a = hasanta, hasa + nta + 1 = hasanti (laughing) (e) At the time of adding 'a' suffix, when there is 'ka' (a/ga) in the end and 'a' before it there occurs 'i' in place of 'a'. (i) balaa (Mas.) (boy), balaa + a = balia (Fem.) - (girl) Prakrta-Grammar (71) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(ii) gayaa (Mas.) (singer), gayaa + a = gayia (Fem.) - (singer) nayaa (Mas.) (leading character), nayaa + 7 = nayia (Fem.) - (leading female character) (iv) nadaga (Mas.) (drama), nadaga + a = nadiga (Fem.) - (drama) (v) govalaya (Mas.) (milkman/cowherd), govalaya + a = govaliya (Fem.) - (milkmaid/cowgirl) palaya (Mas.) (guardian), palaya + a - paliya. (Fem.) - (guardian) (vii) nattaa/nattaga (Mas.) (dancing boy), nattaa/ nattaga + a = nattia/nattiga (Fem.) - (dancing (vi) girl) Some words deserving study: . Masculine Feminine (i) juva (young man) juvai (young woman) (ii) juvana (young man) juvani (young woman) (iii) hatthi (elephant) hatthini (female elephant) (iv) sami (master) samini (mistress) setthi (affluent man) setthini (affluent woman) (vi) pai (husband) bhajja (wife) (vii) piu (father) maya (mother) (viii) purisa (man) itthi (woman) (ix) bhau (brother) bahini (sister) (72) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Chapter-6 Indeclinables Such words in the form of which no change occurs and they always remain the same, are called Indeclinables. In other words, in all Cases, in all Numbers and in all Genders when the words remain without any change, they are called Indeclinables. There are five kinds of Indeclinables: 1. Prefix 2. Adverb 3. Conjunction 4. Interjection 5. Other Indeclinables. Prefix Prefixes are added to Verbs, Nouns and Adjectives. By adding the prefixes the meaning of words becomes distinguishing In Praksta the following prefixes are enumerated. S.N Prefix Verb Noun Adjective 1. pa pabhasei pasiddhi pasiddha (to enlighten) (fame) (famous) 2. para paramarisai parahava parajiya (to think) (defeat) (having defeated) ava : avaharai avaharana avasariya (to snatch away) (kidnapping) (moved backward) 4. ava avabhasai avaboha avainna (to shine) (knowledge) (descended) sam sangahai sangama sangahiya (to collect) (confluence) (collected) Praksta-Grammar (73) For Personal & Private Use Only

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.6. anu anugamai (to follow) vianai (to know) surahai viana anuraga anugami (affection) (follower) vipphulla (science) (developed) suguru suanu (good teacher). (having a beautiful body) ucchavauggama (ceremony) (arisen) aikkama aisaya (violation) (very much) pariosa parikampira (satisfaction) (tremulous) uvaara uvahasia 10. ai 11. pari 12. uva (beneficence) (ridiculed) 13. a a (to make fragrance) uggahai (to adopt) aigamai (to walk) paribhavai (to elevate) uvagai (to eulogise) aruhai (to climb) ahigamai (to know) ahisincai (to worship) dugacchai (to hate) niacchai (to control) palihai (to seem) 14. ahi (adhi) ahi (abhi) du ana arahiya . (order) (served) ahitthana ahitthiya (shelter) (subservient) ahimana ahitapta (pride) (mortified) dukkama duggama (sin) (difficult to grasp) nigguna Nikkheviya (without qualities) (estabilshed) padipaha paaibuddha (opposite way) (awakened) 16. 17. ni 18. padi (74) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Adverb The following are the kinds of Adverbs. 1. Adverbs of Place (i) ettha/ettham = here tattha = there kattha = where savvattha = everywhere/at all places annatta = elsewhere iha = here kao = from where = from here kahim = where jattha = where katthai = somewhere savvao = from all sides (ii) uvari/uvarim avari/avaris = upwards = downwards paccha = rearwards/behind aggao/purao = in front bahiya/bahitta = outside/outward bahi/ bahim durai = far away anto = inside samaya = nearby uppim = upwards, up abhito/abhido = from all sides Praksta-Grammar (75) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Usage (1) (i) (ii) (iii) Aham ettha/etthai vasami. I live here. Tumam tattha vasahi. You live there. Paramesaro savvattha atthi. God is everywhere. So annatta gao. He went elsewhere. Iha narena koho na kariavvo. Here (in this world) anger should not be done by (iv) (v) man. (vi) Tumam kao majjha phalani lahihisi. From where will you get fruits for me. (vii) Vimanam io uddihii.. The aircraft will fly from here. (viii) So kahim/kattha vasai. Where does he live? (ix) Ammi jattha vasami tattha so vi vasai. He also lives there, where I live. (x) Katthai meha gajjanti. Clouds are thundering somewhere. (xi) Sattuhis so savvao padiruddho. He was stopped from all sides by the enemies. (i) Eso/esa pakkhi uvarim/uvari/avarim/avari uddei. This bird flies upwards. (2) (76) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(ii) Patthara aha/ahe/ahatta dekkhia. Stones were seen downwards. (iii) Tumam rahassa paccha gacchahi. You go behind the chariot. (iv) So rahassa aggao/purao 'calihii. He will walk infront of the chariot. (v) Balao dhavanto gharao bahiya/bahitta/ bahi/bahim gao. Running, the child went outside the house. (vi) So dhavanto mamam samaya avai. Running, he comes nearby me. (vii) Tassa gharo gamao duram atthi. His house is far away from the village. (viii) Tumam anto kim gao? Why did you go inside ? (ix) Balao uppim kakkhae gacchai. The child goes up in the class. (x) Nayarajanehim kukkura abhito/abhido bandhia. Dogs we Dogs were tied from all sides by people. Adverbs of Time (i) iyani/iyanim tayani/tayanim jaiya kaiya taiya kahe = this time = that time = when = when = then = when Praksta-Grammar (77) For Personal & Private Use Only

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jam = when ta = then = again puno ekkasiam/ekkasi egaiya/egaya (ii) kallim suve page ajja/ajjam payam sayam paidinam . nattam = at a time/once upon a time = tomorrow/yesterday = tomorrow = morning = today = morning = evening = every day = at night = in the night = in the day = now/just/that time = before = quickly = quickly/atonce = soon = for a long time = quickly - before dosa diva ahuna puram lahum ekkasariyam jhatti/jhadatti ciram sajja/sajjam puvvi/puvvis (78) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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paccha = afterwards kayavi na = never anantaram = after sometime niccam = always/for ever Usage (1) (i) lyanim/Iyani tumam gihe eva cittha. This time you should stay at home. (ii) Jaiya so vijjalayam gacchau, taiya tumas tassa tani potthaani dehi. When he goes to the school, you give these books to him. (iii) Java tumam gharam patto tayani/ tayanim aham ghare na asi. When you reached home at that time, I was not there. (iv) Tumam kahe gharam gacchihisi? When will you go to the house? (v) . Jam meha gajjanti ta mora naccanti. When clouds are thundering, then pecocks are dancing. (vi) Ekkasiam/ Ekkasi/ Egaiya/ Egaya kammavasao puno cauro vi vara milia. At a time all the four bridegrooms met again because of karmas. Prakrta-Grammar (79) For Personal & Private Use Only

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. (2) (vi) (i) Tumam kallim kattha gacchia? Where did you go yesterday? (ii) Tumam suve kammi thane vasihisi? In which place will you live tomorrow. (ii) Aham page saya ujjane bhamami. I always walk in the garden in morning. Tumam ajja tam uvayarahi, kallim aham tumam uvayarissam. Today you do beneficence to him tomorrow I shall do beneficence to you. (v) Aham payam paramesarassa bhattim karami. I do prayer of God in the morning. Sayam daram ma ugghadahi, kidaga antara agamissanti. Don't open the gate in the evening, insects will creep in. (vii) Paidinan tai phaloin khaavvoin. Fruits should be eaten by you every day. (viii) Nattam so pahum sumarai. He remembers God at night. (ix) Balao dosa lahum sayanaya gao. The child went to sleep at night quickly. Diva surapayaso tivvo bhavai. The sun light is bright in the day. Tena jhatti/jhadatti/ekkasariyam lukkiam. He hid himself quickly. (80) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(xii) Cora ciram dukkhani pavissanti. Thieves will undergo suffering for a long time. (xiii) Tumam sajja/sajjam gharam gaccha. You go to the house quickly. (xiv) Puvvi/puvvim tumam bhoyanam karahi, paccha gayanam gahi. First you take food afterwards you sing a song. (xv) Kayavi na himsavas bhava. Never be violent. (xvi) Tumam puvvim agacchahi, anantaram aham agamissami. At first you come, later on I will come. (xvii) Niccam saccam vadahi.. Always speak the truth. Adverbs of Manner (i) sammam = well ittham = in this way evas = in this way jaha/jaha = the way in which taha/taha = likewise taheva = likewise jaheva = the way in which sanias = slowly annaha = otherwise jaha-taha = somehow kaham/kaha = how bahuso = in many ways bahuha = generally,very often 3. Prakrta-Grammar (81) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Usage (1) (i) Kajjakaranena puvvim tumam sammam cintahi. You think well before you work. (ii) Balaena kaha ittham janijjai. The story is understood in this way by the child. (iii) Evam mantina vivayo bhaggo. The controversy was finished in this way by the Minister. (iv) Jaha/jaha so suham icchai taha/taha aham vi suham icchami. The way in which he desires pleasure, likewise I also desire pleasure. (v) Jaheva maya puttam palai taheva narindo rajjam palai. The way in which the mother brings up the son, likewise the king protects the state. (vi) He putta! saniyam cala annaha panihisi. O son! walk slowly, otherwise you will fall down. (vii) So jaha-taha gharam gao. He somehow went to the house. (viii) Muni kaham/kaha jhaai. How does the saint meditate. (ix) Tumam bahuso appapiyajanam vaddhavasi. You give congratulations to your relative in many ways. Bahuha balao mayam padi saneham karai. Very often the child loves his mother. (x) (82) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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4. (i) Miscellaneous Adverbs uttarao puha/piham isim/isim/isi manayam kimci avasam ahava alam sayam ao saha/saddhim/. samam samayas/samam samaya muha = from north =separately/individually = a little = a little = just a little = certainly = or = enough/sufficent = myself = so = with vina = alongwith = nearby = uselessly/senselessly/ in vain = without = only = afterwards = suddenly = certainly navaram/navara navari sahasa/sahasatti eva.. jai nuna/nunas jao nana tam jaha = if = certainly = because/since = many = for example Praksta-Grammar (83) For Personal & Private Use Only

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khalu = definitely jam = because no/na/navi = no tao/tato/tatto = after this : tae = afterwards tiam = past param = but paropparam/ = with one another parupparam punaravi = again jena = so that ativa = very much kinnam = why kino = why sai once saya = always puna = again asai/asais/asai = again and again puna-puna = repeatedly muhu/muhum : = repeatedly eyahuttam = once suham (2/1) = pleasurefully duham (2/1) = painfully nehena (3/1) = affectionately savvayarena (3/1) = respectfully (iii) Usage (1) (i) So uttarao agao. He came from north. (84) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(ii) Imani phalani tam puha/piham dehi. Give separately these fruits (to him). (iii) Isim/isim/isi dhammam kuneha, jao parabhavo saphalo bhavissai . You perform religion a little, so that the next world becomes fruitful. (iv) Tumam manayam kajjam karahi, aham sesam kajjam karissami. You do a little work, I shall do the rest of the work. Mai tassa kimci phalaim dinnaim. Just a few fruits were given to him by me. (vi) Avasam aham paramesarasaranam gamissami. I shall certainly go to the shelter of God. (vii) Tumam imam pottham padhahi ahava aham tam padhissam. You read this book or I shall read that book. (viii) Jhano mokkhaya alam atthi. Meditation is enough for emancipation. (ix) Aham sayam duhiyajananam sevam karissam. I shall myself serve the suffering persons. (x) Tumharisi buddhi majjha natthi, ao aham imassa kajjakaranattham na samattho. I have no intelligence like you so I can not do this work. (xi) So mittena saha/saddhim/samam gacchai. : He goes with the friend. Praksta-Grammar (85) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(xii) Siya Ramena samaya/samayam vanas gacchai. Sita goes to the forest alongwith Rama. (xiii) Gamas samaya ekko talago atthi. There is a pond nearby the village. (xiv) Jalam vina naro na jivai. . . Man does not live without water. . (xv) Siyalajalena eva navaram/oavara tisa nasai. Thirst vanishes certainly only by cold water. (xvi) Navari tumam ekkam sandesas giahahi. You take the massage afterwards. . (xvii) So sahasa/sahasatti gacchius utthio. He suddenly got up to go . (xviii) So tattheva thio. He certainly stayed there. (xix) Jai tumam kahihisi ta aham bhoyanam khahimi. If you say then I shall eat food. (xx) Tumam ujjamena Nuna/nunam dhanam labhihisi. Certainly you will get money because of endeavour. (xxi) Tumam vijjam genhahi jao vijjae paittha hoi. You obtain knowledge because there is reputation by knowledge. (xxii) Tena nana gantha padhia. Many books were read by him. (xxiii) Vivahamahusave cauro jamayara khalu agacchissanti. (86) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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A All the four sons-in-law will definitely come to the marrige cermony. (xxiv) Balao pupphani todai jam balaassa pupphaim roanti. The child plucks the flower because the child likes the flower (xxv) Sajjhaye pamayo no/na/navi kayavvo. Negligence should not be done in studies. (xxvi) Tao/tato/tatto so mittam kahei- He mitta! amham suhasajja ka. After this he says to his friend- Oh friend! what is the pleasure for us. (xxvii) Paccha pavasiyala kumme pasanti. Afterwards wicked jackals look to tortoises. (xxviii)Sampai thira na hoi, param dhammo saya thiro hoi. Wealth does not become permanent but religion is always permanent. (xxix)Te Paropparam/parupparam jujjhanti. They quarrel with one another. (xxx) Punaravi so bhajjam kahei. He tells his wife again. (xxxi). Tumas samittassa pasam gacchahi, jena tassa duhiyamano ullasau. You should go to his friend so that his unpleasant mind may become happy. (xxxii). Amhanam bappassa guru vanas kinnam/ kino uvavasai. Prakrta-Grammar (87) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Why does my father's guru live in the forest? (xxxiii) Tena tiam jivanam sumariam. Past life was memorised by him. (2) (i) Aho parauvayara paramesara sai tubbhe mamam khamaha. Oh benovolent God! you forgive me once. * (ii) Balao mayam dekkhiunas asai/asais/asai kuddai. The child jumps on seeing his mother again and again. (iv) Tena puna tie janayadi-samakkham ciamajjhe amayaraso mukko. Before the parents in the middle of the pyre nectar was again released by him. Tumam eyahuttam masjha eam vatthum dehi, aham puna-puna tan na maggissam. You give me this thing once, I shall not demand it repeatedly. Muhu/muhum musam na vadahi. Do not tell a lie repeatedly. (ii) (iii) He strolls pleasantly. So duham (2/1) jivai. He lives painfully. So nehena (3/1) mittam kokkai. He calls his friend affectionately. Sissena savvayarena (3/1) guru panamio. Guru was saluted respectfully by people. (iv) (88) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Conjunction A conjunction is a word which joins two words, clauses or sentences. ya va or : kintu but and jai tahavi tena jena kim kinna java tava yet so because/so that/since what how as long as so long ama yes amam yes Usage (i) (ii) Gu Rama Hari ya citthanti. Rama and Hari sit. Raya manti va viyarai. King or ministers think. Mai so kokkio, kintu so na agao. He was called by me but he did not come. Jai tumam kahasi ta aham gamas gacchihimi. If you say, I shall go to the village. Java tumas padhihisi tava aham tumam palihimi. (iv) (v) Praksta-Grammar (89) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #103
x As long as you read so long. I shall nurture you. (vi) Tena laviyam- amam/ama imo sagadatittiro vikkayai. It was told by him, yes this portridge which is in the cart will be sold. (vii) Tehi imo pucchio- kim labbhai. This was asked by them, what is obtained (by you)? (viii) Tumae gantha kinna laddha. How were the scriptures obtained by you? (ix) Jena attha bhamararuam sunijjai tena attha kamalavanam janijjai . Since the sound of the black bee is heard here, so the lotus forest is known here. Jai kao pankayavanammi vasai tahavi kao kao cciya varao. . If a crow lives in a group of lotuses, even a poor crow is known as a crow. Amhanam sasu viusi atthi, tena sa bhoyane telam dei, na ghayam. Our mother-in-law is an expert, so she puts oil in the food not butter. (xii) Tumam gharam agacchahi, jena maya ullasau. You come home, so that the mother may be happy. Interjection An Interjection is a word which shows some sudden feeling or emotion of the heart such as surprise, joy, sorrow, etc. (90) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #104
ha ah!, alas!, oh! haha ah!, alas!, oh! are aha!, indeed!, what! dhi shame!, fie! ah!, alas!, oh!, ammo aha!, indeed!, what! khu aha!, indeed!, what! handi ah!, alas!, oh Usage (i) Dhi dujjanam. Shame! to evil minded. Ha Ravano Ramassa isai. Alas! Ravana envies Rama. (iii) Are duttho manuso sajjanassa vi dohai. Oh! vicious ian does enimity with meritorious man. Ha ha maya puttaviyoge aiva kandia. Oh! oh! mother wept very much during the separation from her son. (v). A tassa ayaro pasusariso atthi. Ah! his behaviour is like an animal. (vi) Ammo/khu so vijjalayas na gacchai. Aha! he does not go to the school. (vii) Handi so narindassa mitto atthi. Alas! he is the friend of king. Other Indeclinables In Participles Absolutive and Infinitive are Indeclinables; e.g., Prakrta-Grammar (91) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Absolutive una/unam duna/dunam a/ya um tta Infinitive um dum nacciuna/nacciunam nacciduna/naccidunas naccia/nacciya naccius naccitta naccium naccidum The words constructed by huttam suffix and khutto suffix are Indeclinable; e.g., tihuttam and tikkhutto (three times) 'tto', 'do' and 'o' suffixes signify Ablative sense, and the words constructed by adding these suffixes are Indeclinable; e.g., savvatto/savvado/savvao = (from all sides) ekatto/ekado/ekao = (from one side) annatto/annado/annao = (from others) katto/kado/kao = (from where) jatto/jado/jao (from where) tatto/tado/tao = (from there) itto/ido/io = (from here) 'hi', "ha' and 'ttha' suffixes signify Locative sense, and the words constructed by adding these suffixes are Indeclinable; e.g., jahi/jaha/jattha = (where) tahi/taha/tattha = (there) (92) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(iv) kahi/kahak/kattha = (in which place) annahi/annaha/annattha = (at other place) savvahi/savvaha/savvattha= (at all places) 'si', 'sias' and 'iya' suffixes are added in the sense of once, and the words constructed by adding these suffixes are Indeclinable; e.g., ekkasi/ekkasias/ekkaiya/egaya = (once) Indeclinable Compounds are Indeclinable; e.g., (i) uvagurum (near the Guru) (ii) anubhoyanas (afterwards) (iii) painayaram (in every city) paidinas (every day) (v) paigharam (in every house) (vi) jahasattim (according to strength) (vii) jahavihim '(according to rule) Usage (i). Sa nacciuna/naccitta etc. thakkia. Having danced, she tired. (ii) So naccium/naccidum utthio. He got up to dance. (iii) Aham tihuttam/tikkhutto paramesaras vandami. I salute god three times. (iv) Sattuhim narindo savvatto/savvado/savvao padiruddho. The king was stopped by the enemies from all sides. (v) Tumam ekatto/ekado/ekao potthani anehi. You bring the books from one side. 104 Praksta-Grammar (93) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(ix) (vi) Jo annatto/annado/annao suham icchai, so santi na lahai. He who wants pleasure from others, does not get peace. (vii) Vimanam katto/kado/kao uddiai.. From where the aircraft flew. (viii) Tumam jatto/jado/jao agao, tattha jhatti gacchahi. From where you have come, you should reach there quickly. Aham itto/ido/iao phalaim kiniuna gamissam. Having bought fruits from here, I shall go. Tumam jahi/jaha/jattha vasasi, tahi/taha/ tattha gacchahi. Where you live, there you should go. ... (xi) Tumam kahi/kaha/kattha vasasi. Where do you live? (xii) Mama sasa annahi/annaha/annattha uvavasai. My sister lives in another place. (xiii) Paramesaro savvahi/savvaha/savvattha nivasai. God lives in all places. (xiv) Ekkasi/Ekkasiam/Ekkaiya/Egaya Hatthinaure nayare suranama rayaputto nanagunarayanasamjutto vasia. (x) (94) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Once upon a time there was a prince named Sura who was associated with many jewels of qualities. (xv) Sisso uvagurum citthai. The pupil sits near the guru. (xvi) So anubhoyanam gharam gao. He went to the house after meals. (xvii) Ahas paidinam harim sumarami. I remember God everyday. (xviii) Sahu paigharam bhikkhattham gacchai. The saint goes to every house for begging food. (xix) Tumas jahasattim parovayaram karahi. You should do benevolence according to strength. (xx) Tumae jahavihim kajjam karaniyah. The work should be done by you according to rule. Prakrta-Grammar (95) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Exercises - 9 . (2) (1) Once upon a time his father went to another country in relation to work. Then he Indradatta also came there with his son. (3) But he Somadatta after this was not capable of doing the most beautiful architecture of that type. (4) Then earth was dug by all people. (5) Where you go, there you will get pleasure. (6) Here are many types of joy and sorrow. (7) His house is infront of my house." (8) In this way he spends time pleasantly. (9) At that time there was a city Rajagsha. (10) There was a beautiful garden outside Rajaglha city. (11) Where her house was, she goes there. (12) Both slowly went out of the city. (13) Sita went to the forest with Rama. (14) Oh son! if you also go far away (then) how will I live without you. (15) These sons-in-law who are absorbed in tasty food are without respect like an ass, so they should be turned out systematically. (16) These sons-in-law are dear to mother-in law, so they want to stay for five or six days, after this they will go. (96) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(17) Once having read a good saying written on the wall the sons-in-law thought (this). (18) Where in the world are meals without payment? (19) How has the story of Rama been told in the law of Jina, tell. (20) (i) If your mind is vacilating, it should be controlled by you. (ii) If your mind is vacilating, then you control (21) You should obtain knowledge from the Guru. (22) I meditate daily. (23) You should work-hard according to your strength. (24) Indra circumambulated three times. (25) The child weeps for sleeping. (26) Both brothers quarrel with each other. (27) Having gone with the mother, my sister buys books. (28) Without knowledge the man is like an animal. (29). I will come definitely to your house. (30) Always be happy. Prakrta-Grammar (97) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Appendix - 1 (i) Praksta Word-Index Words used in Praksta Grammar English to Praksta S.No. English Word 1. Absorbed * 2. Affection After this Also Always 6. Anger Praksta Nature of Prakrta Page No. Word Word Raya Adjective Neha Masculine : Tao/Paccha Indeclinable Indeclinable 96 Niccam/Saya Indeclinable 97 Koha Masculine 38,45, Vi ... 49, 55. 97 Masculine Adjective 55 10. 11. 12. 13. Animal Pasu (On)Anni Uvasamia hilation of Another country Viesa Architecture Sippakala Ass Ass Khara Attachment Moha At that time Tayani Beautiful Sundara Between Antara Better Guruttara Book Gantha 14. 5. 16. 17. Masculine Feminine * Masculine/Feminine 96 Masculine Indeclinable Adjective Indeclinable Adjective Masculine 38, 49, 55,97 Masculine Indeclinable Adjective Masculine 38, 97 Neuter 38, 96 Bhai 97 18. 19. Param 96 20. Brother But Capable Child City Samattha 96 21. 22. Balaa Nayara (98) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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23. 24. 25. 3X 26. 45, 52 28 29. 30. 31. 96 97 32. 55 33. 34. Compassion Karuna Feminine Complete Sampunna Adjective Cow Gavi Feminine Daily Paidinam Indeclinable Daughter Putti Feminine Day Dina Masculine/Neuter 42, 96 Deaf Bahira Adjective Dear Piya Masculine Definitely Khalu Indeclinable (On) Destru- Vinattha Adjective ction of Detached Viratta Adjective 49, 55 Devoid of Vihina Adjective Devotion Bhatti : Feminine Drop Bindu Masculine/Neuter Ear kanna Masculine/Neuter Each other Paropparam Indeclinable Earth Puhavi/Pudhavi Feminine 96 Emancipation mutti Feminine Emotion . Bhava Masculine Enough Alam Indeclinable Family Kula Masculine/Neuter Famous Pasiddha Adjective Far away. Duram Indeclinable Father : Bappa/Janera Masculine 42, 49, 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41: 42. ********** ******************** 97 45 49 44. 8, 96 46. 96 47. Father 96 38 48. 49. 50. Father-in-law Fire Five Flower Follower Food . Sasura Aggi Panca Puppha Anucara Bhoyana Masculine Feminine Adjective Neuter Adjective Neuter 42, 96 38 51. 55 52. 38, 45, 96 Prakrta-Grammar (99) For Personal & Private Use Only

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* 53. 45 38, 96 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. For Attham Forest Vana Foolishman Mukkha Friend Mitta From the Guru Uvagurum Garden Ujjana Gentleman Suyana Girl Kanna God Deva Good saying Sutti Grammar Vagarana Hand Kara Here Ettha/Iha Heaven Sagga High Ucca His Nia House Ghara Indeclinable Neuter Adjective Masculine Indeclinable Neuter Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Indeclinable Masculine Adjective Adjective Masculine 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 42,55, 96,97 97 42, 96, 97 70. 71. 72. 73. How If Immorality Indra In front of In this way Joy King 97 Kaham Jai Dussila Inda Aggao Evam Suha Narinda Indeclinable * Indeclinable Adjective Masculine Indeclinable Indeclinable Neuter 96 96 75. 76. 96 Masculine 49, 55 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. Knowledge Knowledge Krishan Law of jina Leaf Nana Sikkha Kanha Jinasasana Patta Neuter Feminine Masculine Neuter Neuter (100) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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38 52 42 91. 92. 42 94. 96. M 97. 38 83. Life Jivana Neuter 84. Lightning Vijju Masculine 85. Like Samana/Sarisa Adjective 38, 42, 96 86. Lion Simha Masculine 87. Lotus Kamala Neuter 88. Love Neha Masculine 38, 52 89. Man Nara Masculine 90. Many Nana Indeclinable 96 Meal Bhoyana Neuter 96 Meditate Jhana Masculine/Neuter Merit Punna : Neuter Milk Duddha Neuter 95. Mind Mana/Citta Masculine/Neuter Minister Manti Masculine 38, 45 Money Dhana Neuter 98. Morality Sila Neuter 42,55 99. Most Beautiful Sundaramam Adjective 96 100. Mother Maya Feminine 45, 97 101. Mother-in-law Sasu Feminine 96 102. Mountain Giri Masculine 49, 52 103. Nearby Antiya Neuter 104. Night Ratti Feminine 105. Non-violence Ahimsa Feminine 106. Not * Na Indeclinable 42, 96 107. Once upon Egaya Indeclinable 96, 97 a time 108. Outside Bahiya Indeclinable 96 Painfully Duham Indeclinable 110. Payment Mulla Masculine/Neuter 97 111. People Nara Masculine 96 112. Pleasantly Suham Indeclinable 113. Pleasure Sokkha Neuter 109. 38 Praksta-Grammar (101) For Personal & Private Use Only

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55 114. Purpose Heu Masculine 115. Quality of Nana-Guna Masculine/Neuter 49 Knowledge 116. Rajgrha Rayagiha Neuter 96 117. Rama Rahunandana/ Masculine 45, 52, 96, 97 Rama 118. Reason Heu Masculine 119. Relation Pasanga Masculine/Neuter 96 * 120. Religion Dhamma Masculine/Neuter, 38, 49 121. Rice : Dhanna Neuter 45 122. River Nai/Saria Feminine 38, 49 123. Saint Muni Masculine 124. Scripture Agama Masculine 125. Sea Sayara Masculine 126. Self-study Sajjhaya Masculine 127. Sensual Visaya Masculine enjoyment 128. Seriousness Gambhira Neuter 129. Sin Pava Masculine/Neuter 130. Sister Sasa Feminine 131. Sita Siya Feminine 132. Six Cha Adjective 133. Slowly Saniyam Indeclinable 134. Small thing Tina Neuter 135. So Tena Indeclinable 136. Son Putta Masculine 42, 96 137. Son-in-law Jamayara Masculine 138. Sorrow Duha Masculine 96 139. Stone Pahana Masculine Story Kaha Feminine 45, 96 141. Jahasattim Indeclinable (According to) 96 96 140. 97 (102) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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38 SS 142. Study Ajjhayana Masculine/Neuter 49, 52 143. Sun Divayara Masculine 144. Systematically Juttie Indeclinable 96 145. Tasty Sau Adjective 96 Teacher Guru Masculine 49, 97 147. Temple Deula/Devaula Neuter 148. Then Taiya/Ta Indeclinable 149. There Tattha Indeclinable 150. Thief Cora Masculine 151. Three times Tihuttam/ Indeclinable Tikkhutto 152. Throne Simhasana Masculine 153. Time Kala/Samaya Masculine 154. Towards Padi Indeclinable 38, 96 155. Tree Taru Masculine - 38 156. * Truth Sacca Neuter 157. Twelve Baraba Adjective 38, 42 158. Two miles Kosa Masculine 38, 42 159. Type . Payara Masculine 160.Unstable Phuria Adjective 38 161. Untruth Asacca Neuter 45, 49 162. Useless Asara Adjective 163. Vacilating Cancala Adjective 164.. Vanish Nattha Adjective 165. Violence Himsa Feminine 166. Wall Bhitti Feminine 167. Water Jala Neuter 168. Way Paha Masculine 169. Wealth Dhana Neuter 42, 45, 52 170. Wealthy Dhanavanta Adjective 171. Wealthy Isara Masculine 42 person 96 97 42 40 42 Prakrta-Grammar (103) For Personal & Private Use Only

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172. Welfare 173. What 174. Where 175. With Kusala Neuter Kim Pronoun Jattha/kattha Indeclinable Saha/ Indeclinable Samayam Indeclinable 52 42, 96, 97 96, 97 96, 97 176. Without Vina 38, 42, 49,96, 97 : 96 Manahina Adjective 177. Without respect 178. Work 179. World 180. Year 181. Yogi Kajja Samsara Varisa Jogi Neuter . 42, 96 Masculine 97 Masculine/Neuter 38, 42 Masculine 55 (104) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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Appendix - 1 (ii) Praksta Verb-Index Words used in Praksta Grammar English to Praksta Page No. 45 55 49 38, 42, 52 49, 52 97 49 42 97 S.No. Verb Praksta Transitive) Verb Intransitive 1. To anger Kujjha Transitive To appear Phura Intransitive To arise Uppajja Intransitive To ask Puccha : Transitive To be Atthi/Hava/ Intransitive (is, are, was) Hu/Asi To be afraidof Dara/Biba Intransitive To be happy Harisa Intransitive To be negligentPamaya Intransitive To bloom Viasa Intransitive 10. To buy Kina Transitive 11. To carry Vaha/Nina Transitive To circum Padakkhina Transitive ambulate To come Ava/Agaccha Transitive To controll Rokka Transitive To converse Sambhasa Transitive To cook .. Paca Transitive 17. To demand Magga Transitive 18. To desire. Siha Transitive To dig Khana Transitive 20. To do Kara Transitive To endeavour Cettha/Ujjama Intransitive 22. To envy Transitive 23. To fall. Pada Intransitive 38 zicimavi orico di ossiamo conecement 97 42, 97 15. 55 16 8 45 O6 96 45 Isa 45 Prakrta-Grammar (105) For Personal & Private Use Only

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31. 42. To feel Lajja Intransitive ashamed To flow Nisara Intransitive To gather Cuna Transitive To get Pava/Labha Transitive To give Da/De Transitive To go Gaccha Transitive 38, To go away Virama Transitive To hate Asua/Dugaccha Transitive :: 45 To hide Lukka Intransitive To interest Roa Transitive To know Jana Transitive : 55 To live Jiva/Vasa Intransitive 38, 55, 96 To look Dekkha Transitive To obtain Ginha Transitive : 97 To play Khela Intransitive To preach Uvadisa Transitive To quarrel Jujjha Intransitive 97. To read Padha Transitive38, 42, 49, 52,97 To remember Sumara * Transitive To salute Nama/Vanda Transitive 45, 52 To save Virama Transitive To see Dekkha : Transitive 42 To sit Accha/Cittha Intransitive 45, 55 To sleep Saya Intransitive To spend Gama Transitive To squeeze Duha Transitive To stay Tha Intransitive To tell Kaha/Samsa Transitive To think Viara Transitive To turn out Nikkala Transitive To vanish Nattha Intransitive 43. 52. 53. 54. (106) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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57. To walk Cala Transitive To wash Pacchala/Dhoa Transitive To weep Rova Intransitive To wor khard Parissamma Intransitive To write Liha Transitive Praksta-Grammar (107) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Appendix - 2 Exercise - 1 Solutions (i) bhaviyanojjoyayara-bhaviyanujjoyayara mohaura (iii) tassodayammi/tassudayammi (iv) dukkhoha (v) mangalamukkitham (vi) sahine (vii) janamajanam (viii) khippamappanas (ix) attovammena/attuvammena (x) dhammamahimsa (xi) javendiya javindiya (xii) egantasuhavaha (xiii) jayamase (xiv) magahahivo (xv) suhoiyas/suhuiyam (xvi) nabhisamemaham (xvii) vimhayannitovimhayannito (xviii) sampayaggammi-sampayaggammi (xix) novabhunjai/nuvabhunjai (xx) evamahassu (xxi) paravayaram (xxii) parovayaras/paruvayaram (xxiii) saranagae (xxiv) bahirandhaliya bahirandhaliya (xxv) ekkamekkehi (xxvi) nanojjovo-nanujjovo (xxvii) natthi natthi (xxviii) kadillamicchadi (xxix) kimettha (108) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(x) Solutions (i) panca + akkhara (ii) khettam + appan (iii) jagam + asesam (iv) siddhim + uvayadi (v) lobha + aittho (vi) kajja + akajjai (vii) jovvanam + anavattha (viii) samivam + anio (ix) jivanam + aharu gana + alankio (xi) sasura + aina (xii) dhamma + abhimuha (xiii) samsara + asara (xiv) dhamma + arahago (xv) bhayakaranam + adatthuna. (xvi) mam + aggao (xvii) muhadamsana + iccha (xviii) vaha + aesam (xix) sasura + aim (xx) tam + majjhe (xxi) dhamma + uvaesa (xxii) sasus + avi (xxiii) kala + antare = kalantare-kalantare (xxiv) asaccam. + uttaram (xxv) sa + avamanam (xxvi) kim + evam (xxvii) na +. anna = nanna-nanna (xxviii) karavala + aggam (xxix) hattasamivam + agao Praksta-Grammar (109) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Appendix -3 Exercise - 2 Solutions (i) Digu (Numeral Adjectival Compound) (ii) Taia tappurisa (Instrumental Determinative Compound) (iii) Sattami tappurisa (Locative Determinative Compound) (iv) Kammadharaya (Adjectival Compound) (v) Bahuvvihi (Indirect Adjectival Compound) (vi) Digu (Numeral Adjectival Compound) (vii) Chatthi tappurisa (Genitive Determinative Compound) (viii) Sattami tappurisa (Locative Determinative Compound) (ix) Taia tappurisa (Instrumental Determinative Compound) Chatthi tappurisa (Genitive Determinative Compound) (xi) Chatthi tappurisa (Genitive Determinative Compound) (xii) Chatthi tappurisa (Genitive Determinative Compound) (xiii) Chatthi tappurisa (Genitive Determinative Compound) (xiv) Sattami tappurisa (Locative Determinative Compound) (xv) Sattami tappurisa (Locative Determinative Compound) (x) Solutions (i) Magahassa - ahivo = Chatthi tappurisa (Genitive Determinative Compound) (ii) suyanassa - sahavo = Chatthi tappurisa (Genitive Determinative Compound) (iii) pahanassa - reha = Chatthi tappurisa (Genitive Determinative Compound) (iv) sarane - agae = Sattami tappurisa (Locative Determinative Compound) (v) dinayaram - vasaranam = Danda (Copulative Compound) (vi) nanassa - ujjovo = Chatthi tappurisa (Genitive Determinative Compound) (vii) hidam-madhuras-midas-vayanam - Kammadharaya (Adjectival Compound) (110) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(viii) paracakkaena- bhaena = Taia tappurisa (Instrumental Determinative Compound) (ix) muhassa - pekkhanena = Chatthi tappurisa (Genitive Determinative Compound) (x) atha - vasa = Digu (Numeral Adjectival Compound) (xi) dhammassa - savanena - Chatthi tappurisa (Genitive Determinative Compound) Solutions of the resolution Compounds (i) vavagayarayo = vavagaya - rayo (Bahuvvihi) Indirect Adjectival Compound (ii) bhattijutto = bhattie - jutto (Taia tappurisa) Instrumental Determinative Compound (iii) muhadamsanam = muhassa - damsanam (Chatehi tappurisa) Genitive Determinative Compound (iv) piuperanae = piussa - peranae (Chatthi tappurisa) Genitive Determinative Compound (v) asaccamuttaram = asaccam - uttaram (Kammadharaya) Adjectival Compound (vi) dhammahinamanuso = dhammahino -manuso (Kammadharaya) Adjectival Compound (vii) pancavasa - panca - vasa (Digu) Numeral Adjectival Compound (viii) karavalaggam= karavalassa - aggam (Chatthi tappurisa) Genitive Determinative Compound Prakrta-Grammar (111) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(6) Appendix -4 , S Exercise - 3 Accusative case (1) Tena gantho padhijjai/padhiai. (2) So balaam paham pucchai. So gavim duddham duhai. So tarum pupphaim cunai. Muni balaam dhammam uvadisai. So tam dhanam maggai. (7) Tumam aggim bhoyanam pacahi/pacasu/pacadhi/ paca/pacejjasu/paccejjahi/pacejje. (8) Narindo mantin nayaram vahai. (9) Aham devaulam gacchami. (10) So rattim mittam sumarai. (11) Suyanassa vijjuphuriyam sarisam koho hoi. (12) Deva saggam uvavasanti. (13) Bala. Kanham savvao atthi. (14) Nayarassa antiyam nai atthi (15) Tam vina aham gacchami. (16) Naim nayaram ya antara vanas atthi. (17) Balaam padi tuman nehas karasi. So Baraha varisa vasai. (19) Ahas kosam calami. (20) Nai nayaratto duram atthi. (21) Sayarassa antiyam Lanka atthi. (22) So duham jivai. Exercise - 4 Instrumental case (1) So jalena kara pacchalai. (2) Tena divayaro dekkhijjai. (112) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(4) (6) Kannaa lajjiijai. (Impersnal form) Punnena Hari dekkhio. (5) Hari pancahim disehim ekena kosena gacchia. So barahahim varisahim vagaranam padhai. (7) Puttena saha jaaero gacchai. (8) Janero puttena saha khelai. (9) Jalena vina kamalam na viasai. (10) So narindena samano atthi. (11) So kannena bahiro atthi. (12) So nehena gharam avai. (13) Sile natthe uccena kulena kim. (14) Isaranam kajjam tinena vi sampunnam havai. Exercise - 5 Dative case (1) So puttia dhanam dei. (2) So dhanassa/dhanaya ujjamai. Harissa/harino bhattis roai/roae etc. (4) Narindo mantino/mantissa kujjhai/kujjhae etc. * Manti narindaya/narindassa namai. Manti narindam namai. (6) Dhannam bhoyanaya alam atthi. So muttia/muttia/muttii/muttie sihai. Maya puttia/puttia/puttii/puttie kaham kahai/ samsai/cakkhai. (9): Narindo bhoyanattham acchai. (10) So narindaya/narindassa isai/isae. (11) Rahunandano asaccaya/asaccassa asuai/ e/asuadi. (3) Prakrta-Grammar (113) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Exercise - 6 . Ablative case (1) Giritto/Girino/Girio/Giriu/Girihinto/saria nisarai. (2) Pattatto/Pattao/Pattau/Pattahinto/binduim/ binduim/binduni padanti. So gambhiratto/ gambhirao pasiddho atthi. (4) Coro narindatto/narindao/narindau/narindahi/ narindahinto/narinda darai. So bappatto/bappao/bappau/bappahi/bappa bappahinto/ lukkai. So pavatto/pavao viramai. (7) Tumam gurutto/guruo/guruno gantham padhasi. Narindo asaccatto/asaccao dugacchai. (9) Mukkho suyanatto/suyanao viramai. (10) So sajjhayatto/sajjhayao pamayai. (11) Kohatto/Kohao moho uppajjai. (12) Himska/Himsai/Himsae ahimsa guruttara atthi. (13) So nana-gunena vihino atthi. (14) So bhavena viratto havai. (15) Dhammatto vina jivanam asaram atthi. (2) Exercise - 7 Genitive case (1) Rahunandano ajjhayanassa heussa gantham padhai. So kassa heussa agacchia. (3) Girina meru uccatamo atthi. Puttia kusalam hou. (5) Aham mahavirassa vandami. (6) So dhanassa dhanavanto hosi/hohi/hohia. (114) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(7) (8) So simhassa bihai. Tassa gharassa pahana atthi. Exercise - 8 Locative case (1) Narindo simhasane acchia/citthia. (2) So ghare vasai. (3) Kohe uvasamie karuna hoi. Dussile vinitthe silam phurai. Agamesu janiuna tuha saccam kahiam. Aoucare saha sambhasiuna so gacchia/gacchio. Visae virattacitto joi havai. Prakrta-Grammar (115) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(1) ' (2) (6) (7) (8) (9) Appendix - 5 . Exercise - 9 Egaya tassa/taho bappo kajja-pasangena viesas gao. Taiya/ta so Indradatto vi nia puttena saha tattha agayo. Param so Somadatto tao tam payarassa sundaramas sippikalam kaum samattho na, huo. Taiya narehim puhavi/pudhavi khania. ' Tumam jattha gacchihisi, tattha sokkham eva pavihisi/labhihisi. Tha/ettha/ettham nana payarassa suham duham ca atthi. Tassa gharo mama gharassa aggao atthi. So evam suhena samayam gamai. Tayani/Tayanim Rayagiham nayaram asi. Rayagihassa nayarassa bahiya sundaram ujjanam asi. Jattha tao gharo asi tattha sa gacchai.. Te saniyam nayarao bahiya gacchia. Siya Ramena saha vanam gacchia. He putto! tumam vi duran gacchihisi ta aham tumam vina kaham vasihimi. Saubhoyanaraya ete jamayara kharasamana manahina atthi tena ete juttie sikkaliiavva. Sasue ee jamayara piya atthi, tena ee panca cha dinaim thanti paccha gacchihinti. Egaya Jamayarehim bhittie lihiyam suttim padhiuna viariam. Samsare mullam vina bhoyanam kattha atthi. Jinasasane Rahunandanassa kaha kaham kahia, kahahi. (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (116) Praksta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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(20) (i) Jai tujjha manas cancalas atthi, ta tumae eto rokkiavvo/rokkijjahi. (ii) Jai tujjha manam cancalam atthi, ta tumam etam rokkahi. (21) Tumam uvagurum sikkham ginhahi. (22) Aham paidinam jhanam karami. (23) Tumam jahasattim parissammahi. (24) Indo tihuttam/tikkhutto padakkhinio. (25) Balao sayium/sayidum rovai. (26) Bhas paropparam jujjhanti. (27) Mama sasa mayae samayam gacchiuna gantha kinai. (28) Nanena vina naro pasu sariso hoi. (29) Aham khalu tumha gharam agacchihimi. (30) Niccar/saya harisahi. Prakrta-Grammar (117) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Reference Books 1. Hemacandra Praksta Vyakarana Bhaga 1-2 : Vyakhyata Sri Pyara Candaji Maharaja (Sri Jaina Divakara Divya Jyoti Karyalaya, Mevali Bajara, Byavara) 2. Praklta Bhasaom Ka Vyakarana : Dr. R. Pischel . (Bihara Rastrabhasa Parisad, Patana) 3. Abhinava Praksta Vyakarana : Dr. Nemicandra Sastri (Tara Pablikesana, Varanasi) 4. Prakrta Margopadesika : Pan. Becaradas Jivaraja Dosi (Motilala Banarasidasa, Delhi) 5. Praudha Racananuvada Kaumudi : Dr. Kapiladeva Dvivedi (Visvavidyalaya, Prakasana, Varanasi) 6. Paia-Sadda-Mahannavo : Pan. Haragovindadasa Trikamacanda Setha (Praksta Grantha Parisad, Varanasi) 7. Apabhramsa-Hindi Kosa, Bhaga 1-2 : Dr. Naresa Kumara (Indo-Vijana Pra. Lt.) II A, 220, Nehru Nagar, Gajiyabada) (118) Prakrta-Grammar For Personal & Private Use Only

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8. Apabhramsa of Hemacandra : Dr. Kantilala Baladevarama Vyasa (Praksta Text Society, Ahmedabad) : 9. Introduction of Ardha Magadhi A. M. Ghataga (School and College Book Stall, Kolhapur) 10.Katantra Vyakaraha : Ganini Aryika Jnanamati (Digambara Jaina Triloka Sodha Samsathana, Hastinapur, Meerut) 11.Praksta-Prabodha : Dr. Nemichandra Sastri (Caukhambha Vidyabhavan, Varanasi -1) 12. Vrhad Anuvada-Candrika : Cakradhara Nautiyala 'Hassa' (Motilala Pheja-1, Delhi) Prakrta-Grammar (119) For Personal & Private Use Only

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