Jain Agamik Vyakhya Sahitya me Nari ki Sthiti ka Mulyankan

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Z_Sajjanshreeji_Maharaj_Abhinandan_Granth_012028.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/210572/1

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bhAratIya sAMskRtika paramparAoM meM zramaNa paramparA vivekapradhAna evaM krAntidharmI rahI hai / usane sadaiva hI viSamatAvAdI aura vargavAdI avadhAraNAoM ke sthAna para samatAvAdI jIvana mUlyoM ko sthApita jaina Agamika vyAkhyA karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| jaina dharma bhI zramaNa paramparA kA hI eka aMga hai ataH usameM bhI nara evaM nArI kI samatA para bala diyA gayA aura strI ke puruSa kI dAsI yA bhogyA svarUpa ko nakAra kara nArI ko sAhitya meM nArI kI puruSa ke samakakSa hI mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI yaha satya hai ki jaina dharma aura saMskRti kA vikAsa bhI bhAratIya saMskRti ke puruSapradhAna pari veza meM hI huA hai, phalataH krAntidharmI hote hue bhI vaha apanI sahasthiti kA mUlyAMkana gAmI brAhmaNa paramparA ke vyApaka prabhAva se aprabhAvita nahIM raha saphI aura usameM bhI vibhinna kAloM meM nArI kI sthiti meM parivartana Aye haiN| prastuta nibandha kA viSaya Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra para jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI kI sthiti kA mUlyAMkana karanA hai, kintu isake pUrva hameM isa sAhitya meM upalabdha saMdarbho kI prakRti ko samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| prathama to yaha ki Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya mukhyataH Agama granthoM para prAkRta evaM saMskRta meM likhI gayI TIkAe~ haiM, ataH unameM apane yuga ke sandarbho ke sAtha Agama yuga ke sandarbha bhI mila gaye haiM / isake atirikta ina Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM kucha aise pro. sAgaramala jaina ullekha bhI milate haiM, jinakA mUla srota, na to AgamoM meM aura na [aneka granyoM ke lekhaka prasiddha vidvAnI vyAkhyAkAroM ke samakAlIna samAja meM, khojA jA sakatA hai kinta ve Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI manaHprasUta kalpanA bhI nahIM kahe jA nidezaka: sakate haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM marudevI, brAhmI, sundarI tathA pArzva nAtha kI paramparA kI aneka sAdhviyoM se sambandhita vistRta vivaraNa pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama jo Agamika vyAkhyA granthoM meM upalabdha hai, ve yA to AgamoM meM zodhasaMsthAna, vArANasI anupalabdha haiM yA mAtra saMketa rUpa meM upalabdha haiM, kintu hama yaha mAna sakate haiM ki ye Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI manaHprasUta kalpanA hai / vastutaH ve vilupta pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM se yA anuzra ti se ina vyAkhyAkAroM ko prApta hue haiM / ataH Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke AdhAra ' para nArI kA citraNa karate hue hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki ve kevala Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke yuga ke sandarbha haiM, apitu unameM eka hI sAtha vibhinna kAloM ke sandarbha upalabdha haiN| adhyayana kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se unheM nimna kAla khaNDoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai ( 116 ) _Jain khaNDa/5/1

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120 jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM nArI kI sthiti kA mUlyAMkana : pro0 sAgaramala jaina 1. pUrva yuga-IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI taka / 2. Agama yuga-IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se lekara I0 san kI tIsarI zatAbdI taka / 3. prAkRta Agamika dhyAkhyA yuga-IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI se sAtavIM zatAbdI taka / 4. saMskRta Agamika vyAkhyA evaM paurANika kathA sAhitya yuga-AThavIM se bArahavIM zatAbdI taka / isI sandarbha meM eka kaThinAI yaha bhI hai ki ina paravartI AgamoM ke rUpa meM mAnya granthoM tathA prAkRta eva saMskRta Agamika vyAkhyAoM kA kAla lagabhaga eka sahasrAbdI arthAt IsA kI tIsarI va cauthI zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI bArahavIM zatAbdI taka vyApta hai| punaH isa kAlavizeSa meM bhI sabhI jaina vicArakoM kA nArI ke sandarbha meM samAna dRSTikoNa nahIM hai / prathama to uttara aura dakSiNa bhArata kI sAmAjika paristhiti kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa aura dUsare zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM ke bheda ke kAraNa isa yuga ke jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke sambandha meM bhinna-bhinna rahA hai| jahA~ uttara bhArata ke yApanIya evaM zvetAmbara jaina AcArya nArI ke sambandha meM apekSAkRta udAra dRSTikoNa rakhate haiM, vahI dakSiNa bhArata ke digambara jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa apekSAkRta anudAra pratIta hotA hai| isake lie acelatA kA Agraha aura dezakAla-gata paristhitiyA~ donoM hI uttaradAyI rahI haiM, ataH Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra para nArI kI sthiti kA citraNa karate samaya hameM bahuta hI sAvadhAnIpU ka tathyoM kA vizleSaNa karanA hogaa| punaH Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya aura jaina paurANika kathA sAhitya donoM meM hI nArI ke sambandha meM jo sandarbha upalabdha haiM, ve saba jaina AcAryoM dvArA anuzaMsita the, yaha mAna lenA bhI eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hogii| jaina AcAryoM ne aneka aise tathyoM ko bhI prastuta kiyA hai, jo yadyapi usa yuga meM pracalita rahe haiM, kintu jo jaina dharma kI dhArmika mAnyatAoM ke virodhI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bahu-vivAha prathA, vezyAvRtti, satIprathA, strI ke dvArA gomAMsa bhakSaNa evaM madyapAna Adi ke ullekha hameM AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM upalabdha hote haiM; kintu ve jaina dharmasammata the, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / vastutaH isa sAhitya meM laukika evaM dhArmika donoM hI prakAra ke sandarbha haiM, jinheM alaga-alaga rUpoM meM samajhanA Avazyaka hai| ataH nArI ke sambandha meM jo vivaraNa hameM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM upalabdha hote haiM, unheM vibhinna kAla khaNDoM meM vibhAjita karake aura unake paramparAsammata aura laukika svarUpa kA vizleSaNa karake hI vicAra karanA hogA tathApi unake gambhIra vizleSaNa se hameM jainadharma meM aura bhAratIya samAja meM vibhinna kAloM meM nArI kI kyA sthiti thI, isakA eka aitihAsika paricaya prApta ho jAtA hai / nArI lakSaNa nArI kI sAmAjika, Arthika aura dhArmika sthiti kI carcA ke pUrva hameM yaha bhI vicAra kara lenA hai ki Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI dRSTi meM nArI zabda kA tAtparya kyA rahA hai| sarvaprathama sUtrakRtAMga niyukti aura cUNi meM nArI zabda ke tAtparya ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / strI ko dravyastrI aura bhAvastrI aise do vibhAgoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| dravya-strI se jainAcAryoM kA tAtparya strI kI zArIrika saMracanA (zArIrika cinha) se hai, jabaki bhAva-strI kA tAtparya nArI svabhAva (veda) se hai| Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM donoM meM hI strI-puruSa ke vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra liMga aura veda mAne jAte rahe haiN| jaina paramparA meM strI kI zArIrika saMracanA ko liMga kahA gayA hai| romarahita mukha, stana, yoni, 1. davvAbhilAvacindhe vee bhAve ya itthiNikkhevo / ahilAve jaha siddhI bhAve veyammi uvutto|| --sUtrakRtAMga niyukti 54.

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khaNDa 5 : nArI-tyAga, tapasyA, sevA kI surasari 121 garbhAzaya Adi se yukta zArIrika saMracanA strIliMga hai, yahI dravya-strI hai; jabaki puruSa ke sAtha sahavAsakI kAmanA ko arthAt striyocita kAma-vAsanA ko veda kahA gayA hai| vahI vAsanA kI vRtti bhAva-strI hai|| jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM strI kI kAmavAsanA ke svarUpa ko citrita karate hue use upalaagnivata batAyA gayA hai / jisa prakAra upala-agni ke prajvalita hone meM samaya lagatA hai kintu prajvalita hone para cAlanA karane para bar3hatI jAtI hai, adhika kAla taka sthAyI rahatI hai usI prakAra strI kI kAmavAsanA jAgRta hone meM samaya lagatA hai, kintu jAgRta hone para cAlanA karane se bar3hatI jAtI hai aura adhika sthAyI hotI hai| jainAcAryoM kA yaha kathana eka manovaijJAnika satya liye hue hai| yadyapi liMga aura veda arthAt zArIrika saMracanA aura tatsambandhI kAmavAsanA sahagAmI mAne gaye haiM ; phira bhI sAmAnyatayA jahA~ liMga zarIra paryanta rahatA hai, vahA~ veda (kAmavAsanA) AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI eka vizepa avasthA meM samApta ho jAtA hai| jaina karma siddhAnta meM liMga kA kAraNa nAma karma (zArIrika saMracanA ke kAraka tatva) aura veda kA kAraNa mohanIya karma (manovRttiyA~) mAnA gayA hai / isa prakAra liMga, zArIrika saMracanA kA aura veda manovaijJAnika svabhAva aura vAsanA kA sUcaka hai tathA zArIrika parivartana se liMga meM aura manobhAvoM ke parivartana se veda meM parivartana sambhava hai| nizIthicUNi ke anusAra liMga parivartana se ceda (vAsanA) meM bhI parivartana ho jAtA hai (gAthA 356) / isa sambandha meM sampUrNa kathA draSTavya hai| jisameM zArIrika saMracanA aura svabhAva kI dRSTi se strItva ho, use hI strI kahA jAtA hai / sUtrakRtAMga niyukti meM strItva ke nAma, sthApanA, dravya, kSetra, kAla, prajanana, karma, bhoga, guNa aura bhAva ye dasa nikSepa yA AdhAra mAne gaye haiM, arthAt kisI vastu ke strI kahe jAne ke lie use nimna eka yA ekAdhika lakSaNoM se yukta honA Avazyaka hai, yathA (1) strIvAcaka nAma se yukta honA jaise-ramA, zyAmA Adi / (2) strI rUpa meM sthApita honA jaise zItalA Adi kI strI-AkRti se yukta yA rahita pratimA / (3) dravya-arthAt zArIrika saMracanA kA strI rUpa honaa| (4) kSetra---deza-vizeSa kI paramparAnusAra strI kI vezabhUSA se yukta hone para usa deza meM use strIrUpa meM samajhA jAtA hai| (5) kAla-jisane bhUta, bhaviSya yA vartamAna meM se kisI bhI kAla meM strI-paryAya dhAraNa kI ho, use kAla kI apekSA se strI kahA jAtA hai / 1. abhidhAna rAjendra, bhAga 2, pR0 623 2. yadvazAta striyAH puruSaM pratyabhilASo bhavati, yathA pittava gAn madhuradra vyaM prati sa phuphumAdAhasamaH, yathA yathA cAte tathA tathA jvalati bRhati ca / evam balA'pi yathA yathA saMspRzyate puruSaNa tathA tathA asyA adhikataro'bhilASo jAyate, bhujyamAnAyAM tu channakarISadAhatulyo'bhilASoH, manda ityarthaH iti strIvedodayaH / -vahI, bhAga 6, pRSTha 1430 3. saMmatta timasaMdhayaNa tiyagacche bho bi sattari apuvve / hAsAichakkaaMto chasaTThi aniyaTTiveyatigaM / / 4 dekhe--karmaprakRtiyoM kA vivaraNa / ---karmagrantha, bhAga 2, gAthA 18 khaNDa 5/16

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122 jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM nArI kI sthiti kA mUlyAMkana : pro0 sAgaramala jaina (6) prajanana kSamatA se yukta honA / (7) striyocitta kArya karanA / (8) strI rUpa meM bhogI jAne meM samartha honaa| (9) striyocitta guNa honA aura (10) strI sambandhI vAsanA kA honA / / jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI caritra kA vikRta pakSa jainAcAryoM ne nArI-caritra kA gambhIra vizleSaNa kiyA / nArI-svabhAva kA citraNa karate hue tandula vaicArika prakaraNa meM nArI kI svabhAvagata nimna 64 vizeSatAyeM varNita haiM nArI svabhAva se viSama, madhura vacana kI vallarI, kapaTa-prama rUpI parvata, sahasroM aparAdhoM kA ghara, zoka kI udgamasthalI, puruSa ke bala ke vinAza kA kAraNa, puruSoM kI vadhasthalI arthAt unakI hatyA kA kAraNa, lajjA-nAzikA, aziSTatA kA punja, kapaTa kA ghara, zatrutA kI khAna, zoka kI Dhera, maryAdA kI nAzikA, kAmarAga kI Azraya sthalI, durAcaraNoM kA AvAsa, sammoha kI jananI, jJAna kA skhalana karane vAlI, zIla ko vicalita karane vAlI, dharmayAga meM bAdhA rUpa, mokSapatha sAdhakoM kI zatra , brahmacaryAdi AcAra mArga kA anusaraNa karane vAloM ke lie dUSaNa rUpa, kAmI kI vATikA, mokSapatha kI argalA, daridratA kA ghara, viSadhara sarpa kI bhA~ti kupita hone vAlI, madamatta hAthI kI bhAMti kAmavihvalA, vyAghrI kI bhAMti duSTa hRdaya vAlI, DhaMke hue kUpa kI bhA~ti aprakAzita hRdaya vAlI, mAyAvI kI bhA~ti madhura vacana bolakara svapAza meM Avaddha karane vAlI, AcArya kI vANI ke samAna aneka puruSoM dvArA eka sAtha grAhya, zuSka kaNDe kI agni kI bhAMti puruSoM ke antaHkaraNa meM jvAlA prajvalita karane vAlI, viSama parvatamArga kI bhAMti asamatala antaHkaraNa vAlI, antardUSita ghAva kI bhA~ti durgandhita hRdaya vAlI, kRSNa sarpa kI taraha avizvasanIya, saMhAra (bhairava) ke samAna mAyAvI, sandhyA kI lAlimA kI bhAMti kSaNika prama vAlI, samudra kI laharoM kI bhAMti caMcala svabhAva vAlI, machaliyoM kI bhAMti duSparivartanIya svabhAva vAlI, bandaroM ke samAna capala svabhAva vAlI, mRtyu kI bhA~ti nirviroSa, kAla ke samAna dayAhIna, varuNa ke samAna pAzayukta arthAt puruSoM ko kAmapAza meM bAMdhane vAlI, jala ke samAna adhogAminI, kRpaNa ke samAna rikta hasta vAlI, naraka ke samAna dAruNatrAsadAyikA, gardabha ke sadRza dRSTAcAra vAlI, kulakSaNayukta ghor3e ke samAna lajjArahita vyavahAra vAlI, bAla svabhAva ke samAna caMcala anurAga vAlI, andhakAravat duSpravizya, viSa-bela kI bhA~ti saMsarga vajita, bhayaMkara makara Adi se yukta vApI ke samAna duSpravezya, sAdhujanoM kI prazaMsA ke ayogya, viSa-vRkSa ke phala kI taraha prArambha meM madhura kintu dAruNa anta vAlI, khAlI muTThI se jisa prakAra bAlakoM ko lubhAyA jAtA hai usI prakAra puruSoM ko lubhAne vAlI, jisa prakAra eka pakSI ke dvArA mAMsa khaNDa grahaNa karane para anya pakSI use vividha kaSTa dete haiM usI prakAra dAruNa kaSTa strI ko grahaNa karane para puruSoM ko hote haiM, pradIpta taNarAzi kI bhA~ti jvalana svabhAva ko na chor3ane vAlI, ghora pApa ke samAna durlaghya, kUTa kArSAMpaNa kI bhA~ti akAlacAriNI, tIvra 1. NAmaM ThavaNAdavie khette kAle ya panjaNaNakamme / bhoge guNe ya bhAve dasa e e itthINikkhevo / / --sUtrakRtAMga niyukti gAthA 54 2. tandulavaicArika sAvacUri sUtra 16. (devacanda lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra, grnthmaalaa)|

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khaNDa 5 : nArI-tyAga, tapasyA, sevA kI surasari 123 krodha kI bhAMti durrakSya, dAruNa dukha dAyikA, ghRNA kI pAtra, duSTopacArA, capalA, avizvasanIyA, eka puruSa se baMdhakara na rahane vAlI, yauvanAvasthA meM kaSTa se rakSaNIya, bAlyAvasthA meM duHkha se pAlya, udvegazIlA, karkazA, dAruNa vaira k| kAraNa, rUpa svabhAva garvitA, bhujaMga ke samAna kuTila gati bAlI, duSTa ghor3e ke padacihna se yukta mahAjaMgala kI bhA~ti durgamya, kula, svajana aura mitroM se vigraha karAne vAlI, paradoSa prakAzikA, kRtaghnA, vIryanAzikA, zUkaravat jisa prakAra zUkara khAdya-padArtha ko ekAnta me le jAkara khAtA hai usI prakAra bhoga hetu puruSa ko ekAnta meM le jAne vAlI, asthira svabhAva vAlI, jisa prakAra agnipAtra kA mukha Arambha meM rakta ho jAtA hai kintu antatogatvA kAlA ho jAtA hai usI prakAra nArI Arambha meM rAga utpanna karatI hai parantu antataH usase virakti hI utpanna hotI hai, puruSoM ke maitrI-vinAzAdi kI jar3a, binA rassI kI pAga, kASTharahita vana kI bhAMti pApa karake pazcAttApa meM jalatI nahIM hai / kutsita kArya meM sadaiva tatpara, adhArmika kRtyoM kI vaitaraNI, asAdhya vyAdhi, viyoga para tIvra duHkhI na hone vAlI, rogarahita upasarga yA pIr3A, ratimAna ke lie manobhrama kAraNa, zarIra-vyApI dAha kA kAraNa, binA bAdala bijalI ke samAna, binA jala ke pravAhamAna aura samudravega kI bhA~ti niyantraNa se pare kahI gaI hai / tandula vaicArika kI vRtti meM inameM se adhikAMza guNoM ke sambandha meM eka-eka kathA bhI dI gii|1 uttarAdhyayanacUNi meM bhI strI ko samudra kI taraMga ke samAna capala svabhAva vAlI, sandhyAkAlIna AbhA ke samAna kSaNika prema vAlI aura apanA svArtha siddha ho jAne para puruSa kA parityAga kara dene vAlo kahA gayA hai| Avazyaka bhASya aura nizIthacUrNI meM bhI nArI ke capala svabhAva aura zithila caritra kA ullekha huA hai| nizIthacUNi meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki striyA~ thor3e se upahAroM se hI vazIbhUta kI jA sakatI haiM aura puruSoM ko vicalita karane meM sakSama hotI haiM / AcArAMgacUNi evaM vRtti meM use zItapariSaha kahA gayA hai arthAt anukUla lagate hue bhI trAsadAyI hotI hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki striyA~ pApakarma nahIM karane kA vacana dekara bhI punaH apakArya meM laga jAtI haiN| isakI TIkA meM TIkAkAra ne kAmazAstra kA udAharaNa dekara kahA hai ki jaise darpaNa para par3I huI chAyA durgrAhya hotI hai vaise hI striyoM ke hRdaya dugrAhya hote haiM / parvata ke durgama mArga ke samAna 1. tandula vaicArika sAvari sUtra 19, (devacanda lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra granthamAlA) 2. samudravIcIcapalasvabhAvA: saMdhyAbhramarekhA va muhUrtarAgAH / __ striyaH kRtArthAH puruSaM nirarthakaM nipIDitAlaktakavad tyajanti / uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, pR0 65, RSabhadevajI, kezarImala saMsthA ratnapura (ratalAma) 1633 I0 3. paga itti sbhaavo| svabhAvena ca itthI alpasatvA bhavati / -nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3, pR0 584, AgarA .. 1657-58 / 4. sA ya appasattattaNao jeNa vAteNa vatthamAdiNA | appeNAvi lobhijjati, dANalobhiyA ya akajja pi karoti / / -vahI, bhAga 3, pR0 584 / 5. AcarAMgacUNi pR0 315 6. evaM pi tA vadittAvi aduvA kammuNA avakareMti / -sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/23 7. dugrahiyaM hRdayaM yathaiva vadanaM yadarpaNAntargatam, bhAvaH parvatamArgadurgaviSamaH strINAM na vijJAyate / -sUtrakRtAMga vivaraNa 1/4/23, pra0 seTha chaganalAla, mUthA baMgalaura 1930

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124 jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM nArI kI sthiti kA mUlyAMkana : pro0 sAgaramala jaina hI unake hRdaya kA bhAva sahasA jJAta nahIM hotaa| sUtrakRtAMga vRtti meM nArI caritra ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai acchI taraha jItI huI, prasanna kI huI aura acchI taraha paricita aTavI aura strI kA vizvAsa nahIM karanA cAhie / kyA isa samasta jIvaloka meM koI aMguli uThAkara kaha sakatA hai, jisane strI kI kAmanA karake duHkha na pAyA ho ? usake svabhAva ke sambandha meM yahI kahA gayA ki striyA~ mana se kucha aura socatI hai, vacana se kucha aura kahatI haiM tathA karma se kucha aura karatI haiN| striyoM kA puruSoM ke prati vyavahAra striyA~ puruSoM ko apane jAla meM phaMsAkara phira kisa prakAra usakI durgati karatI haiM usakA sundara evaM sajIva citraNa sUtrakRtAMga aura usakI vRtti meM upalabdha hotA hai / usa citraNa kA saMkSipta rUpa nimna hai jaba ve puruSa para apanA adhikAra jamA letI haiM to phira usake sAtha Adeza kI bhASA meM bAta karatI hai / ve puruSa se bAjAra jAkara acche-acche phala, chUrI, bhojana banAne hetu IMdhana tathA prakAza karane hetu tela lAne ko kahatI hai / phira pAsa bulAkara mahAvara Adi se paira raMgane aura zarIra meM darda hone para use malane ko kahatI haiN| phira Adeza detI hai ki mere kapar3e jIrNa ho gaye haiM, naye kapar3e lAo, tathA bhojana-peya padArthAdi laao| vaha anurakta puruSa kI durbalatA jAnakara apane lie AbhUSaNa, vizeSa prakAra ke puSpa, bA~surI tathA cirayuvA bane rahane ke lie pauSTika auSadhi kI golI mA~gatI haiM / to kabhI agaru, tagara Adi sugandhita dravya, apanI prasAdhana sAmagrI rakhane hetu peTI, oSTa raMgane hetu cUrNa, chAtA, jUtA Adi mA~gatI hai / vaha apane vastroM ko raMgavAne kA Adeza detI haiM tathA nAka ke kezoM ko ukhAr3ane ke lie cimaTI, kezoM ke lie kaMghI, mukha zuddhi hetu dAtauna Adi lAne ko kahatI hai / punaH vaha apane priyatama se pAna-supArI, suI-dhAgA, mUtravisarjana pAtra, sUpa, Ukhala Adi tathA deva-pUjA hetu tAmrapAtra aura madyapAna hetu madya-pAtra mA~gatI hai / kabhI vaha apane baccoM ke khelane hetu miTTI kI gur3iyA, bAjA, jhunajhanA, geMda Adi maMgavAtI hai aura garbhavatI hone para dohada-pUrti ke lie vibhinna vastue~ lAne kA Adeza detI hai| kabhI vaha use vastra dhone kA Adeza detI hai, kabhI rote hue bAlaka ko cupa karane ke lie kahatI hai| isa prakAra kAminiyA~ dAsa kI taraha vazavartI puruSoM para apanI AjJA calAtI haiN| vaha unase gadhe ke samAna kAma karavAtI haiM aura kAma na karane para jhir3akatI haiM, A~kheM dikhAtI haiM to kabhI jhUThI prazaMsA kara usase apanA kAma nikAlatI haiN| nArI-svabhAva kA yaha citraNa vastutaH usake ghRNita pakSa kA hI citraNa karatA hai kintu isakI Anubhavika satyatA se inkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kintu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki nArI ke prati jainAcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa anudAra hI thA, ucita nahIM hogA / jaina dharma mUlataH eka nivRttiparaka 1. suTThavi jiyAsu suTThavi piyAsu suThThavi laddhaparAsu / aDaIsu mahiliyAsu ya vIsaMbho neva kAyavvo / unbheu aMgulI so puriso sayalaMmi jIvaloyammi / kAmaM taeNa nArI jeNa na pattAi dukkhAI // 2. vahI, 1/4/2 -vahI, vivaraNa 1/4/23

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khaNDa 5 : nArI-tyAga, tapasyA, sevA kI surasari 125 dharma rahA hai, nivRttiparaka hone ke kAraNa usameM saMnyAsa aura vairAgya para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / saMnyAsa aura vairAgya ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki puruSa ke sAmane nArI kA aisA citra prastuta kiyA jAya jisake phalasvarUpa usameM virakti kA bhAva prasphuTita ho / yahI kAraNa thA ki jainAcAryoM ne AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM aura itara sAhitya meM kaThora zabdoM meM nArI-caritra kI nindA kI kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM rahA ki jainAcAryoM ke sAmane nArI-caritra kA ujjvalatama pakSa nahIM rahA hai| sUtrakRtAMga niyukti meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo zIla-pradhvaMsaka caritragata doSa nArI meM pAye jAte haiM ve puruSoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiM isalie vairAgya mArga meM pravartita striyoM ko bhI puruSoM se usI prakAra bacanA cAhie jisa prakAra striyoM se puruSoM kA bacane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne nArI-caritra kA jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai, vaha mAtra puruSoM meM vairAgya bhAvanA jAgRta karane ke lie hI hai / bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai-striyoM meM jo doSa hote haiM ve doSa nIca puruSoM meM bhI hote haiM athavA manuSyoM meM jo bala aura zakti se yukta hote haiM unameM striyoM se bhI adhika doSa hote haiM / jaise apane zIla kI rakSA karane vAle puruSoM ke lie striyA~ nindanIya haiM, vaise hI apane zIla kI rakSA karane vAlI striyoM ke lie puruSa nindanIya haiN| saba jIva moha ke udaya se kuzIla se malina hote haiM aura vaha moha kA udaya strI-puruSoM meM samAna rUpa se hotA hai / ataH Upara jo striyoM ke doSoM kA varNana kiyA hai vaha strI sAmAnya kI dRSTi se kiyA hai / zIlavatI striyoM meM Upara kahe doSa kaise ho sakate haiM ? jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI-caritra kA ujjvala pakSa striyoM kI prazaMsA karate hue kahA gayA hai, jo guNasahita striyA~ haiM, jinakA yaza loka meM phailA huA hai tathA jo manuSya loka meM devatA samAna haiM aura devoM se pUjanIya haiM, unakI jitanI prazaMsA kI jAye kama hai / tIrthaMkara, cakravartI, vAsudeva, baladeva aura zreSTha gaNadharoM ko janma dene vAlI mahilAyeM zreSTha devoM aura uttama puruSoM ke dvArA pUjanIya hotI haiM / kitanI hI mahilAe~ eka-pativrata aura kaumAra brahmacarya vrata dhAraNa karatI haiM, kitanI hI jIvanaparyanta vaidhavya kA tIvra duHkha bhogatI haiM / aisI bhI kitanI zIlavatI striyA~ sunI jAtI haiM jinheM devoM ke dvArA sammAna Adi prApta huA tathA jo zIla ke prabhAva se zApa dene aura anugraha karane meM samartha thiiN| kitanI hI zIlavatI striyA~ mahAnadI ke jala pravAha meM bhI nahIM DUba sakI aura prajvalita ghora Aga meM bhI nahIM jala sakI tathA sarpa, vyAghra Adi bhI unakA kucha nahIM kara sake / kitanI hI striyA~ sarvaguNoM se sampanna sAdhuoM aura puruSoM meM zreSTha caramazarIrI puruSoM ko janma dene vAlI mAtAe~ huI haiN| antakRtdazA aura usakI vRtti meM kRSNa dvArA pratidina apanI mAtAoM ke pAda-vandana hetu jAne kA ullekha hai| AvazyakacUNi aura kalpasUtra TIkA meM ullekha hai ki mahAvIra ne apanI mAtA ko duHkha na ho, isa hetu unake jIvita rahate saMsAra tyAga nahIM karane kA nirNaya 1. ee ceva ya dosA purisasamAye vi itthiyANaM pi / -sUtrakRtAMganiyukti gAthA 61 2. bhagavatI ArAdhanA gAthA 687-88 va 965-66 3. vahI gAthA, 686-64 4. tae NaM se kaNhe dAsudeve NhAe jAva vibhUsie devaIe devIe pAyavaMdAye hvvmaagcchi| -~antakRdazA sUtra 18

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126 jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM nArI kI sthiti kA mUlyAMkana : pro0 sAgaramala jaina apane garbhakAla meM le liyA thaa| isa prakAra nArI vAsudeva aura tIrthaMkara dvArA bhI pUjya mAnI gayI hai / mahAnizItha meM kahA gayA hai ki jo strI bhaya, lokalajjA, kulAMkuza evaM dharmazraddhA ke kAraNa kAmAgni ke vazIbhUta nahIM hotI hai, vaha dhanya hai, puNya hai, vaMdanIya hai, darzanIya hai, vaha lakSaNoM se yukta hai, vaha sarvakalyANakAraka hai, vaha sarvottama maMgala hai, (adhika kyA) vaha (to sAkSAt) zru ta devatA hai, sarasvatI hai, acyutA hai parama pavitra siddhi, mukti, zAzvata zivagati hai / (mahAnizathi 2/ sUtra 23 pR0 36) jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kA pada sarvocca mAnA jAtA hai aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM mallI kumArI ko tIrthakara mAnA gayA hai / isimaNDalatthU (RSimaNDala stavana) meM bAhmI, sundarI, candanA Adi ko vandanIya mAnA gayA hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI adhiSThAyaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM cakra zvarI, ambikA, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA Adi deviyoM ko pUjanIya mAnA gayA hai aura unakI stuti meM paravartI kAla meM aneka stotra race gaye haiM / yadyapi yaha spaSTa hai ki jainadharma meM yaha devI-pUjA kI paddhati lagabhaga gupta kAla meM hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se AI hai / uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavakAlika kI cUNi meM rAjImati dvArA muni rathanemi ko tathA Avazyaka cuNi meM brAhmI aura sundarI dvArA muni bAhubalI ko pratibodhita karane ke ullekha haiM' na kevala bhikSuNiyA~ apitu gRhastha upAsikAe~ bhI puruSa ko sanmArga para lAne hetu pratibodhita karatI thiiN| uttarAdhyayana meM rAnI kamalAvatI rAjA iSukAra ko sanmArga dikhAtI hai, isI prakAra upAsikA jayantI bharI sabhA meM mahAvIra se praznottara karatI hai to kozAvezyA apane AvAsa meM sthita muni ko sanmArga 1. no khalu me kappai ammApitIhi jIvaMtehi muNDe bhavittA agAravAsAo aNagAriyaM pvvie| -kalpasUtra 61 ( evaM ) gambhattho ceva abhiggahe geNhati NAhaM samaNe hokkhAmi jAva etANi ettha jIvaM titti / -AvazyakacUNi prathama bhAga, pR0 242, pra0 RSabhadeva jI kezarImala zvetAmbara saM0 ratalAma 1628 2. tae NaM mallI arahA"kevalanANadaMsaNe samuppanna / - jJAtAdharmakathA 8/186 3. ajjA vi baMbhi-sundari-rAimaI candaNA pmukkhaao| kAlatae vi jAo tAo ya namAmi bhAveNaM / / -RSimaNDalastava 208 4. devIo cakkesarI ajiyA duriyAri kAli mahAkAlI / accaya saMtA jAlA sutArayA asoya sirivcchaa|| pavara vijayaM kusA paNattI nivvANi accuyA dharaNI / vairoTTa'cchutta gadhAri aMba paumAvaI siddhA // -pravacanasAroddhAra, bhAga 1, pR0 375-76, devacanda lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra saMsthA sana 1922 5. tIse so vayaNaM soccA saMjayAe subhAsiyaM / aMkUseNa jahA nAgo dhamme saMpaDivAiyo / -uttarAdhyayana sUtra 22, 48 (tathA) dazavakAlikacUNi, pR0 87-88 maNivijaya sirIja bhAvanagara / 6. bhagavaM baMbhI-sundarIo pattha veti"""imaM va bhaNito / Na kira hatthiM vilaggassa kevalanANaM uppajjai / -Avazyaka cUrNi bhAga 1, pRSTha 211 7. vaMtAsI puriso rAyaM, na so hoi pasaMsio / mAhaNeNaM paricatta dhaNaM AdAumicchasi // .-uttarAdhyayana sUtra 14, 38 evaM uttarAdhyayanacUNi, pR0 230 (RSabhadeva kezarImala saMsthA ratalAma, san 1933) 8. bhagavatI 12/2 /

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khaNDa 5 : nArI tyAga, tapasyA, sevA kI surasari 127 dikhAtI hai, ye tathya isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki jainadharma meM nArI kI avamAnanA nahIM kI gii| caturvidha dharmasaMgha meM bhikSuNIsaMgha aura zrAvikAsaMgha ko sthAna dekara nirgrantha paramparA ne strI aura puruSa kI samakakSatA ko hI pramANita kiyA / pArzva aura mahAvIra ke dvArA binA kisI hicakicAhaTa ke bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA kI gaI jabaki buddha ko isa sambandha meM saMkoca rahA-yaha bhI isI tathya kA dyotaka hai ki jainasaMgha kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke prati apekSAkRta udAra rahA hai| jainasaMgha meM nArI kA kitanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thA isakA sabase bar3A pramANa to yahI hai ki usameM prAgaitihAsika kAla se vartamAna kAla taka sadaiva hI bhikSuoM kI apekSA bhikSuNiyoM kI aura gRhastha upAsakoM ko apekSA upAsikAoM kI saMkhyA adhika rahI hai / samavAyAMga, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, kalpasUtra evaM Avazyakaniyukti Adi meM tIrthaMkara kI bhikSuNiyoM evaM gRhastha upAsikAoM kI saMkhyA upalabdha hotI hai| ina saMkhyAsUcaka AMkar3oM meM aitihAsika satyatA kitanI hai, yaha eka alaga prazna hai, kintu isase itanA to phalita hotA hI hai ki jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI jainadharma saMgha kA mahatvapUrNa ghaTaka thI / bhikSa NiyoM kI saMkhyA sambandhI aitihAsika satyatA ko bhI pUrI taraha nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| Aja bhI jainasaMgha meM lagabhaga nau hajAra do sau bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM meM do hajAra tIna sau bhikSa aura chaha hajAra nau sau bhikSa - NiyAM haiM / bhikSa NiyoM kA yaha anupAta usa anupAta se adhika hI hai jo pArzva aura mahAvIra ke yuga meM mAnA gayA hai| dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM strI aura puruSa kI samakakSatA ke prazna para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra kareM to aneka mahatvapUrNa tathya hamAre samakSa upasthita hote haiN| sarvaprathama uttarAdhyayana, jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRtdazA Adi AgamoM meM spaSTa rUpa se strI aura puruSa donoM kI hI sAdhanA ke sarvocca lakSya mukti prApti ke lie sakSama mAnA gayA hai / uttarAdhyayana meM strIliMga siddha kA ullekha hai| jJAtA, ' anta 1. jai vi paricittasaMgo tahA vi privddi| mahilAsaMsaggIe kosAbhavaNUsiya vva risI // -bhaktaparijJA, gA0 128 ( tathA ) tuma etaM soyasi appANaM Navi, tuma erisao ceva hohisi, uvasAmeti laddhabuddhI, icchAmi vedAvaccaMti gato, puNovi AlovettA viharati / / __--Avazyaka cUNi 2, pR0 187 Na dukkara toDiya aMbapiMDI, Na dukkaraM Naccitu sikkhiyAe / taM dukkaraM taM ca mahANubhAga, ja so muNI pamayavaNaM nivittttho|| -vahI, 1, pR0 555 2. kalpasUtra, kramazaH 197, 167, 157 va 134, prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura, 1977 I0 3. cAturmAsa sUcI, pR0 77 pra. a. bhA. samagra jaina cAturmAsa sUcI prakAzana pariSada bambaI 1987 / 4. itthI purisasiddhA ya, taheva ya napusagA / ___ saliMge annaliMge ya, gihiliMge taheba ya // -uttarAdhyayana sUtra 36, 50 5. jJAtAdharmakathA-malli aura draupadI adhyayana /

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128 jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM nArI kI sthiti kA mUlyAMkana : pro0 sAgaramala jaina kRtadazA evaM Avazyaka cUrNi meM bhI aneka striyoM ke mukta hone kA ullekha hai| isa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA Agamika kAla se lekara vartamAna taka strI mukti kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra kara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM donoM ko samAna sthAna detI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM yApanIya paramparA ke grantha SaTkhaNDAgama aura mUlAcAra meM bhI strI-puruSa donoM meM kramazaH AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pUrNatA aura mukti kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| hameM AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM yathA niyukti, bhASya aura cUNi sAhitya meM kahIM bhI aisA saMketa nahIM milatA hai jisameM strI - mukti kA niSedha kiyA gayA ho athavA kisI aise jaina sampradAya kI sUcanA dI gaI ho jo strImukti ko asvIkAra karatA hai| sarvaprathama dakSiNa bhArata meM kundakanda Adi kucha digambara AcArya lagabhaga pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI meM strI-mukti Adi kA niSedha karate haiM / kundakunda suttapAhuDa meM kahate haiM ki strI acela (nagna) hokara dharmasAdhanA nahIM kara sakatI, aura sacela cAhe tIrthaMkara bhI ho mukta nahIM ho sakatA / isakA tAtparya yaha bhI hai ki kundakunda strI-tIrthaMkara kI yApanIya (uttara bhArata ke digambara saMghoM evaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM pracalita) avadhAraNA se paricita the| yaha spaSTa hai ki pahale strI tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA banI, phira usa virodha meM strImukti kA niSedha kiyA gayA / sambhavataH sabase pahale jainaparamparA meM strImukti-niSedha kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa dakSiNa bhArata meM digambara sampradAya dvArA huaa| kyoMki sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI taka uttara bhArata ke zvetAmbara AcArya jahA~ sacelatA aura acelatA ko lekara vistAra se carcA karate haiM vahA~ strImukti ke pakSa-vipakSa meM koI bhI carcA nahIM karate haiN| isakA tAtparya hai ki uttara bhArata ke jaina sampradAyoM meM lagabhaga sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI taka strImukti sambandhI vivAda utpanna hI nahIM huA thaa| isa sandarbha meM vistRta carcA paM0 becaradAsa smRti grantha meM paM0 dalasukhabhAI, pro0 DhAkI aura maiMne apane lekha 1. (a) tattheva hatthikhaMdhavaragatAe kevalanANaM, siddhAe imAe osappiNIe paDhamasiddho marudevA / evaM ArAhaNaM pratiyogasaMgaho kAyabvo / -A0 cUNi bhAga 2, pR0 212 draSTavya, vahI bhAga 1, pR0 181 va 488 / (ba) antakRddazA ke varga 5 meM 10, varga 7 meM 13, varga 8 meM 10 / isa prakAra kula 33 mukta nAriyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| 2. (a) maNussiNIsu micchAiTThi sAsaNasammAiTTi-TThANe siyA pajjattiyAo siyA apajjattiyAosaMjadAsaMjadasaMjadalANe NiyamA pajjattiyAo / / -SaTkhaNDAgama, 1,1, 62.63 (ba) evaM vidhANacariyaM caritaM je sAdhavo ya ajjAvo / te jaMgapujja kitti suhaM ca labhrUNa sijhaMti / / ---mUlAcAra 4/166 3. liMga itthINaM havadi bhujai piDaM sueyakAlammi / ajjiya vi ekavatthA vatthAvaraNeNa bhujei // Navi sijjhai vatthadharo jiNasAsaNe jaivi hoi titthayaro / Naggo vimokkhamaggo sesA umaggayA savve / / ---sUtraprAbhRta, 22, 23 ( tathA ) suNahANa gadahANa ya gopasumahilANaM dIsade mokkho| je sodhati cautvaM picchijjaMtA jaNehi samvehiM / / -zolamAbhUta 26

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126 khaNDa 5 : nArI-tyAga, tapasyA, sevA kI surasari meM kI hai| yahA~ kevala hamArA pratipAdya itanA hI hai ki strImukti kA niSedha dakSiNa bhArata meM pahale aura uttara bhArata meM bAda meM prArambha huA hai, kyoMki zvetAmbara aura yApanIya sampradAya ke granthoM meM lagabhaga AThavIM-nauvIM zatAbdI se strI-mukti ke prazna ko vivAda ke viSaya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jainaparamparA meM bhI dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM strI samakakSatA kisa prakAra kama hotI gayI / sarvaprathama sarva strI kI mukti kI sambhAvanA ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA hai phira nagnatA ko hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva mAnakara use pAMca mahAvratoM ke pAlana karane ke ayogya mAna liyA gayA aura usameM yathAkhyAta cAritra (saccaritratA kI uccatama avasthA) ko bhI asambhava batA diyA gyaa| sutta pAhuDa meM to spaSTa rUpa se strI ke lie pravrajyA kA niSedha kara diyA gayA / digambara paramparA meM strI ko jina kAraNoM se pravrajyA aura mokSa ke ayogya batAyA gayA hai, ve nimna haiM (1) strI kI zarIra-racanA hI aisI hai ki usase raktasrAva hotA hai, usa para balAtkAra sambhava hai ataH vaha acela yA nagna nahIM raha sktii| cU~ki strI acela yA nagna nahIM ho sakatI, dUsare zabdoM meM vaha pUrNa parigraha kA tyAga nahIM kara sakatI aura pUrNa parigraha kA tyAga kiye binA usake dvArA mahAvratoM kA grahaNa evaM mukti prApti sambhava nahIM ho sktii| (2) strI karuNA pradhAna hai usameM tIvra yA krUra adhyavasAyoM kA abhAva hotA hai ataH nimnatama gati sAtavIM naraka meM jAne ke ayogya hotI hai| jainAcAryoM kI isa udAra aura manovaijJAnika mAnyatA ke AdhAra para digambara paramparA ne yaha mAna liyA ki tIvra puruSArtha ke abhAva meM jo nimnatama gati meM nahIM jA sakatI vaha uccatama gati meM bhI nahIM jA sktii| ataH strI kI mukti sambhava nhiiN| (3) yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki caMcala svabhAva ke kAraNa striyoM meM dhyAna kI sthiratA nahIM hotI hai ataH ve AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pUrNatA ko prApta nahIM kara sktii| (4) eka anya tarka yaha bhI diyA gayA hai ki strI meM vAda sAmarthya evaM tIvra buddhi ke abhAva ke kAraNa ye dRSTivAda ke adhyayana meM ayogya hotI haiM ataH ve mukti prApta nahIM kara sakatIM / yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ne unheM bauddhika kSamatA ke abhAva ke kAraNa dRSTivAda, aruNopapAta, nizItha Adi ke adhyayana ke ayogya avazya mAnA phira bhI unameM 'mokSaprApti' kI kSamatA ko svIkAra kiyA gyaa| cAhe zArIrika saMracanA ke kAraNa isake lie saMyama-sAdhanA ke upakaraNa ke rUpa meM vastra Avazyaka hoM kintu Asakti ke abhAva ke kAraNa vaha parigraha nahIM haiM, ataH isameM pravajita hone evaM mukta hone kI sAmarthya hai / 1. Aspects of Jainclogy Vol. 2; Pt. Bechardas Doshi Commeinoration Vol. page 105 110. 2. isa sambandha meM zvetAmbara dRSTikoNa ke lie dekhie-abhidhAna rAjendra bhAga 2, pR0 618-621 ( tathA ) itthIsu Na pAvayA bhaNiyA / -sUtra-prAbhUta, pR0 24-26 evaM Navi sijjhai vatthadharo jiNasAsaNe jaivi hoi titthyro|| -vahI, 23 3. isa sambandha meM digambara pakSa ke vistRta vivecana ke lie dekheM---jainendra siddhAnta koSa, bhAga 3, pR0 566 568 evaM zvetAmbara pakSa ke lie dekheM-abhidhAna rAjendra, bhAga 2, pR0 618-621 / khaNDa 5/17

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130 jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM nArI kI sthiti kA mUlyAMkana : pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke yaha nizcita hI satya hai ki Agamika kAla ke jainAcAryoM ne malli ko strI tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM svIkAra karake yaha udghoSita kiyA ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke sarvocca pada kI adhikArI nArI bhI ho sakatI hai / strI tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA jainadharma kI apanI eka viziSTa avadhAraNA hai, jo nArI kI garimA ko mahimAmaNDita karatI hai| yadyapi hindU dharma meM zakti ke rUpa meM strI ko mahatva diyA gayA hai; kintu jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kI jo avadhAraNA hai, usakI apanI eka vizeSatA hai| vaha yaha sUcita karatI hai ki vizva kA sarvocca garimAmaya pada puruSa aura strI donoM hI samAna rUpa se prApta kara sakate haiN| yadyapi paravartI AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM ise eka Azcaryajanaka ghaTanA prAdhAnya ko sthApita karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gayA (sthAnAMga 10/160) / yadyapi Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke kAla meM puruSa kI mahattA bar3hI aura vrata jyeSTha kalpa ko puruSa jyeSThakalpa ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA gayA / aMga AgamoM meM mujhe eka bhI aisA udAharaNa nahIM milA jisameM sAdhvI apanI pratinI, AcArya yA tIrthaMkara ke atirikta dIkSA meM kaniSTha bhikSa ko vandana yA namaskAra karatI ho, kintu paravartI Agama evaM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki sau varSa kI dIkSita sAdhvI ke lie bhI sahAH dIkSita muni vandanIya hai (bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 6 gAthA 6396 evaM kalpasUtra kalpalatA ttiikaa)| phira bhI jainadharma saMgha meM nArI kI mahattA ko yathAsambhava surakSita rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| mathurA meM upalabdha abhilekhoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki dharmakAryoM meM puruSoM ke samAna nAriyA~ bhI samAna rUpa se bhAga letI thiiN| ve na kevala puruSoM ne samAna pUjA, upAsanA kara sakatI thIM, apitu ve svecchAnusAra dAna bhI karatI thIM aura mandira Adi banavAne meM samAna rUpa se bhAgIdAra hotI thiiN| jaina paramparA meM mUrtiyoM para jo prAcIna abhilekha upalabdha hote haiM unameM sAmAnya rUpa se puruSoM ke sAtha-sAtha striyoM ke nAma bhI upalabdha hote haiM jo isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa haiM / yadyapi digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM paramparAoM meM kucha loga Aja bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki strI ko jina-pratimA ke pUjana evaM abhiSeka kA adhikAra nahIM hai| Agamika vyAkhyAkAla meM hama dekhate haiM ki yadyapi saMgha ke pramukha ke rUpa meM AcArya kA pada puruSoM ke adhikAra meM thA, kisI strI AcArya kA koI ullekha nahIM hai, kintu gaNinI, pravartinI, gaNAvacchedinI, abhiSekA Adi pada striyoM ko pradAna kiye jAte the| aura ve apane bhikSuNI saMgha kI svatantra rUpa se Antarika vyavasthA dekhatI thiiN| yadyapi taruNI bhikSa NiyoM kI surakSA kA dAyitva bhikSa saMgha ko saupA gayA thA kintu sAmAnyatayA bhikSa NiyA~ apanI surakSA kI vyavasthA svayaM rakhatI thIM, kyoMki rAtri meM evaM padayAtrA meM bhikSu aura bhikSa NiyoM kA eka hI sthAna para rahanA vajita thaa| isa surakSA ke lie bhikSa NI saMgha meM pratihArI Adi ke pada bhI nirmita kiye gaye the| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sAdhanA ke kSetra meM strI kI garimA ko yathAsambhava surakSita rakhA gayA-phira bhI tathyoM ke avalokana se yaha nizcita hai Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke yuga meM strI kI apekSA puruSa ko mahattA dI jAne lagI thii| nArI kI svatantratA nArI kI svatantratA ko lekara prArambha meM jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa udAra thA / yaugalika kAla meM 1. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2 / 2. (ka) bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, 2411, 2407; (kha) bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4, 4336 / (ga) vyavahArasUtra 5/1-16 /

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khaNDa 5 : nArI-tyAga, tapasyA, sevA kI surasari 131 strI-puruSa sahabhAgI hokara jIvana jIte the / Agama grantha jJAtAdharmakathA meM rAjA drupada draupadI se kahate haiM ki mere dvArA vivAha kiye jAne para tujhe sukha-duHkha ho sakatA hai ataH acchA ho apanA vara svayaM hI cuna / yahA~ granthakAra ke ye vicAra vaivAhika jIvana ke liye nArI - svAtantrya ke samarthaka haiN| isI prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upAsakadazAMga meM mahAzataka apanI patnI revatI ke dhArmika vizvAsa, khAna-pAna aura AcAra-vyavahAra para koI jabaradastI nahIM karatA hai / jahA~ revatI apanI mAyake se ma~gAkara madya-mAMsa kA sevana karatI hai vahA~ mahAzataka pUrNa sAdhanAtmaka jIvana vyatIta karatA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki Agama yuga taka nArI ko adhika svAtantrya thA kintu Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM hama pAte haiM ki pati yA patnI apane dhArmika vizvAsoM ko eka dUsare para lAdane kA prayAsa karate haiN| cUNi sAhitya meM aisI aneka kathAe~ haiM jinameM puruSa strI ko apane dhArmika vizvAsoM kI svatantratA nahIM detA hai| ___ isI prakAra dharmasaMgha meM bhI Agama yuga meM bhikSuNI saMgha kI vyavasthA ko bhikSusaMgha se adhika niyantrita nahIM pAte haiM / bhikSuNI saMgha apane Antarika mAmaloM meM pUrNatayA Atmanirbhara thA, gaNadhara athavA AcArya kA usa para bahuta adhika aMkuza nahIM thA kintu chedasUtra evaM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke kAla meM yaha niyantraNa kramazaH bar3hatA jAtA hai / ina granthoM meM cAturmAsa, prAyazcitta, zikSA, surakSA Adi sabhI kSetroM meM AcArya kA prabhutva bar3hatA huA pratIta hotA hai / phira bhI bauddha bhikSa NI saMgha kI apekSA jaina bhikSaNI saMgha meM svAyatattA adhika thii| kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM ko chor3akara ve dIkSA, prAyazcitta, zikSA aura surakSA kI apanI vyavasthA karatI thIM aura bhikSa saMgha se svatantra vicaraNa karate hue dharmopadeza detI haiM jabaki bauddhadharmasaMgha meM bhikSuNI ko uposatha, varSAvAsa Adi bhikSusaMgha ke adhIna karane hote the| ___ yadyapi jahA~ taka vyAvahArika jIvana kA prazna thA jainAcArya hindU paramparA ke cintana se prabhAvita ho rahe the / manusmRti ke samAna vyavahArabhASya meM bhI kahA gayA hai jAyA pitivvasA nArI dattA nArI ptivvsaa| vihavA puttavasA nArI natthi nArI sayaMvasA // arthAt janma ke pazcAt strI pitA ke adhIna, vivAhita hone para pati ke adhIna aura vidhavA hone para putra ke adhIna hotI hai ataH vaha kabhI svAdhIna nahIM hai / isa prakAra Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM strI kI svAdhInatA sImita kI gayI hai| putra-putrI kI samAnatA kA prazna cAhe prArambhika vaidika dharma meM putra aura putrI kI samakakSatA svIkAra kI gaI ho kintu paravartI hindU dharma meM arthopArjana aura dhArmika karmakANDa donoM hI kSetroM meM puruSa kI pradhAnatA ke pariNAmasvarUpa 3/233 1. jassa NaM ahaM puttA! rAyassa vA juvarAyarasa vA bhAriyattAe sayameva dalaissAmi, tattha NaM tumaM suhiyA vA dukkhiyA vA bhavijjAsi / jJAtAdharmakathA 16/85 2. tae NaM sA revaI gAhAvaiNI tehiM goNamaMsehiM sollehiM ya 4 suraM ca AsAemANI 4 vihri| -uvAsagadasAo 244 tae NaM tassa mahAsayagassa samaNovAsagassa bahUhiM sIla jAva bhAvemANassa coisa saMvaccharA vaikkaMtA / evaM taheva jeThaM putta Thavei jAva posahasAlAe dhammapaNNatti uvasaMpajjittA NaM viharai / ' -uvAsagadasAo, 245

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132 jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM nArI kI sthiti kA mUlyAMkana : pro0 sAgaramala jaina putra kA sthAna mahattvapUrNa ho gayA aura yaha udghoSa kiyA gayA ki putra ke binA pUrvajoM kI sugati/mukti sambhava nahIM / / phalataH Age calakara hindU paramparA meM kanyA kI utpatti ko atyanta hInadRSTi se dekhA jAne lgaa| isa prakAra vaidika hindU paramparA meM putra-putrI kI samakakSatA ko asvIkAra kara putra ko adhika mahanIyatA pradAna kI gaI kintu isake viparIta jaina AgamoM meM hama dekhate haiM ki upAsaka aura upAsikAe~ putra-putrI hetu samAna rUpa se kAmanA karate haiN| cAhe arthopArjana aura pArivArika vyavasthA kI dRSTi se jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM meM bhI putra kI pradhAnatA rahI ho kintu jahA~ taka dhArmika jIvana aura sAdhanA kA prazna thA, jaina dharma meM putra kI mahattA kA koI sthAna nahIM thaa| jaina karma siddhAnta ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha udghoSita kiyA ki vyakti apane karmoM ke anusAra hI sugati yA durgati meM jAkara sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai / santAna ke dvArA sampanna kie gaye karmakANDa pUrvajoM ko kisI bhI prakAra prabhAvita nahIM karate isa prakAra usameM dhArmika AdhAra para putra kI mahattA ko asvIkAra kara diyA / phalataH Agamika yuga meM putra-putrI ke prati samAnatA kI bhAvanA pradarzita kI gaI kintu arthopArjana aura pArivArika vyavasthA meM puruSa kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa putrotpatti ko hI adhika sukhada mAnA jAne lagA / yadyapi jJAtAdharmakathA meM malli Adi ke janmotsava ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, kintu ina ullekhoM ke AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki jaina saMgha meM putra aura putrI kI sthiti sadaiva hI samakakSatA kI rahI, ucita nahIM hogaa| Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya evaM paurANika sAhitya meM uparyukta Agamika apavAdoM ko chor3akara jainasaMgha meM bhI putrI kI apekSA putra ko jo adhika sammAna milA usakA AdhAra dhArmika mAnyatAyeM na hokara sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ thIM / yadyapi bhikSuNI saMgha kI vyavasthA ke kAraNa putrI pitA ko utanI adhika bhArasvarUpa kabhI nahIM mAnI gayI jitanI use hindU paramparA meM mAnA gayA thaa| isa prakAra jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya se jo sUcanAe~ upalabdha haiM unake AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaugalika kAla arthAt pUrva yuga meM aura Agama yuga meM putra aura putrI donoM kI hI utpatti sukhada thI kintu Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke yuga meM bAhya sAmAjika evaM Arthika prabhAvoM ke kAraNa sthiti meM parivartana AyA aura putrI kI apekSA putra ko adhika mahatva diyA jAne lgaa| vivAha saMsthA aura nara-nArI kI samakakSatA kA prazna vivAha-vyavasthA prAcIna kAla se lekara Aja taka mAnavIya samAja vyavasthA kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga rahI hai / yaha satya hai ki jainadharma ke anuyAyiyoM meM bhI prAcInakAla se vivAha vyavasthA pracalita rahI hai kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki nivRttipradhAna hone ke kAraNa jainadharma meM vivAha-vyavasthA ko koI vizeSa mahatva nahIM diyA gayA / dhArmika dRSTi se ve svapatnI sA svapati santoSavrata kI vyavasthA karate haiM jisakA tAtparya hai vyakti ko apanI kAma-vAsanA ko svapati yA svapatnI taka hI sImita rakhanA 1. aputrasya gatinAsti / 2. jai NaM ahaM dAragaM vA dArigaM vA payAyAmi to NaM ahaM jAyaM ya jAva aNuvuDa Dhemitti / jJAtAdharmakathA, 1, 2, 16 3. na tassa dukkhaM vibhayaMti nAio, na mittavaggA na suyA na baMdhavA / ___ ekko sayaM paccaNu hoi dukkhaM, kattAramevaM aNujAi kammaM // -uttarAdhyayana 13, 23 4. jJAtAdharmakathA adhyayana 8, sUtra 30, 31 /

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khaNDa 5 : nArI-tyAga, tapasyA, sevA kI surasari cAhie / tAtparya yaha hai ki yadi brahmacarya kA pAlana sambhava na ho to vivAha kara lenA cAhie / vivAhavidhi ke sambandha meM jainAcAryoM kI spaSTa dhAraNA kyA thI, isakI sUcanA hameM AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM nahIM prApta hotI hai / jaina-vivAha-vidhi kA pracalana paryApta rUpa se paravartI hai aura dakSiNa ke digambara AcAryoM kI hI dena hai jo hindU-vivAha-vidhi kA jainIkaraNa mAtra hai| uttara bhArata ke zvetAmbara jainoM meM to vivAha vidhi ko hindU dharma ke anusAra hI sampAdita kiyA jAtA hai| Aja bhI zvetAmbara jainoM meM apanI koI vivAha paddhati nahIM hai| jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM se jo sUcanA hameM milatI hai usake anusAra yaugalika kAla meM yugala rUpa meM utpanna hone vAle bhAI-bahana hI yuvAvasthA meM pati-patnI kA rUpa le lete the| jaina purANoM ke anusAra sarvaprathama RSabhadeva se hI vivAha prathA kA Arambha huaa| unhoMne bhAI-bahanoM ke bIca hone vAlI vivAha-praNAlI ko asvIkAra kara diyaa| unakI donoM putriyoM brAhmI aura sundarI ne AjIvana brahmacAriNI rahane kA nirNaya kiyA / phalataH bharata aura bahubali kA vivAha anya vaMzoM kI kanyAoM se kiyA gayA / jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki Agamika kAla taka strI vivAha sambandhI nirNayoM ko lene meM svatantra thIM aura adhikAMza vivAha usakI sammati se hI kiye jAte the jaisAki jJAtA meM malli aura draupadI ke kathAnakoM se jJAta hotA hai| Agama granthoM se jo sUcanA milatI hai usake AdhAra para hama itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki prAgaitihAsika yuga aura Agama yuga meM sAmAnyatayA strI ko apane pati kA cayana karane meM svatantratA thii| yaha bhI usakI icchA para nirbhara thA ki vaha vivAha kare yA na kre| pUrvayUga meM brAhmI, sandarI, malli, a mika yaga meM candanabAlA, jayantI Adi aisI aneka striyoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM jinhoMne AjIvana brahmacaryapAlana svIkAra kiyA aura vivAha asvIkAra kara diyaa| Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hameM vivAha ke aneka rUpa upalabdha hote haiN| DaoN0 jagadIzacanda jaina ne jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM upalabdha vivAha ke vividha rUpoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai yathA-svayaMvara, mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita vivAha, gandharva vivAha (premavivAha), kanyA ko balapUrvaka grahaNa karake vivAha karanA, pArasparika AkarSaNa yA prema ke AdhAra para vivAha, vara yA kanyA kI yogyatA dekhakara vivAha, kanyApakSa ko zulka dekara vivAha aura bhaviSyavANI ke AdhAra para vivAha / kintu hameM Agama evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM kahIM bhI aisA ullekha nahIM mila sakA jahA~ jainAcAryoM ne guNa-doSoM ke AdhAra para inameM se kisI kA samarthana yA niSedha kiyA ho yA yaha kahA ho ki yaha vivAha-paddhati ucita hai yA anucita hai| yadyapi vivAha ke sambandha meM jainoM kA apanA koI svatantra dRSTikoNa nahIM thA para itanA avazya mAnA jAtA thA ki yadi koI brahmacarya pAlana karane meM asaphala ho to use vivAha bandhana mAna lenA cAhie / jahA~ taka svayaMvara vidhi kA prazna hai nizcita hI nArI-svAtantrya kI dRSTi se yaha vidhi mahatvapUrNa thii| kintu janasAmAnya meM jisa vidhi kA pracalana thA vaha mAtA-pitA ke dvArA Ayojita vidhi hI thii| yadyapi isa vidhi meM strI aura puruSa donoM kI svatantratA khaNDita hotI thii| jainakathA sAhitya meM aise aneka ullekha upalabdha haiM jahA~ balapUrvaka apaharaNa karake vivAha sampanna huaa| isa vidhi meM nArI kI svatantratA pUrNatayA khaNDita ho jAtI thI; 1. AvazyakacUNi, bhAga 1, pRSTha 152 / 2. AvazyakacUNi bhAga 1, pR0 142-43 / 3. jainAgama meM bhAratIya samAja, -DA. jagadIzacandra jaina, pR0 253-266 /

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134 jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM nArI kI sthiti kA mUlyAMkana : pro0 sAgaramala jaina kyoMki apaharaNa karake vivAha karane kA artha mAtra strI ko cayana kI svatantratA kA abhAva hI nahIM hai yaha to lUTa kI sampatti hai| jahA~ taka Agamika vyAkhyAoM kA prazna hai unameM adhikAMza vivAha mAtA-pitA ke dvArA Ayojita vivAha hI haiM kevala kucha prasaMgoM meM hI svayaMvara evaM gandharva vivAha ke ullekha milate haiM jo Agama yuga evaM pUrva kAla ke haiN| mAtA-pitA ke dvArA Ayojita isa vivAha-vidhi meM strI-puruSoM kI samakakSatA para koI prabhAva nahIM par3atA hai| yadyapi jainAcAryoM ne vivAha-vidhi ke sambandha meM gambhIratA se cintana nahIM kiyA kintu yaha satya hai ki unhoMne strI ko garimAhIna banAne kA prayAsa bhI nahIM kiyaa| jahA~ hindUparamparA meM vivAha strI ke lie bAdhyatA thii| vahIM jaina-paramparA meM aisA nahIM mAnA gyaa| prAcInakAla se lekara adyAvadhi vivAha karane na karane ke prazna ko strI-viveka para chor3a diyA gyaa| jo striyA~ yaha samajhatI thIM ki ve avivAhita rahakara apanI sAdhanA kara sakeMgI unheM binA vivAha kiye hI dIkSita hone kA adhikAra thaa| vivAha-saMsthA jainoM ke liye brahmacarya kI sAdhanA meM sahAyaka hone ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kI gii| jainoM ke lie vivAha kA artha thA apanI vAsanA ko saMyamita krnaa| kevala unhIM logoM ke lie vivAha saMsthA meM praveza Avazyaka mAnA gayA thA jo pUrNa rUpa se brahmacarya kA pAlana karane meM asamartha pAte hoM, athavA vivAha ke pUrva pUrNa brahmacarya pAlana kA vrata nahIM le cuke haiN| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki jainoM ne brahmacarya kI AMzika sAdhanA ke aMga ke rUpa meM vivAha saMsthA ko svIkAra karake bhI nArI kI svatantra nirNaya zakti ko mAnya karake usakI garimA ko khaNDita nahIM hone diyaa| bahupati aura bahupatnI prathA vivAha saMsthA ke sandarbha meM eka mahatvapUrNa prazna bahuvivAha kA bhI hai| isake do rUpa haiM bahupatnI prathA aura bahapati prthaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki draupadI ke eka apavAda ko chor3akara hindU aura jaina donoM hI paramparAoM ne nArI ke sambandha meM eka-pati prathA kI avadhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA aura bahupati prathA ko dhArmika dRSTi se anucita mAnA gyaa| jainAcAryoM ne draupadI ke bahupati hone kI avadhAraNA ko isa AdhAra para aucityapUrNa batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki sukamAlikA AryA ke bhava meM usane apane tapa ke pratApa se pA~ca pati prApta karane kA nidAna (nizcaya kara liyA thA / ataH ise pUrvakarma kA phala mAnakara santoSa kiyA gyaa| kintu dUsarI ora puruSa ke sambandha meM bahupatnI prathA kI spaSTa avadhAraNA AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM milatI hai| inameM aise aneka sandarbha haiM jahA~ puruSoM ko bahuvivAha karate dikhAyA gayA hai| duHkha to yaha hai ki unakI isa pravRtti kI samAlocanA bhI nahIM kI gaI hai| ataH usa yuga meM jainAcArya isa sambandha meM taTastha bhAva rakhate the yahI kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki kisI jainAcArya ne bahuvivAha ko acchA kahA ho, aisA bhI koI sandarbha nahIM milatA hai| bahupatnI prathA ke AvirbhAva para vicAra kareM to hama pAte haiM ki yaugalika kAla taka bahupatnI prathA pracalita nahIM thii| AvazyakacUNi ke anusAra sarvaprathama RSabhadeva ne do vivAha kiye the| unake liye dUsarA vivAha isaliye Avazyaka ho gayA thA ki eka yugala meM puruSa kI akAla mRtyu ho jAne ke kAraNa usa strI ko surakSA pradAna karane kI dRSTi se yaha Avazyaka thaa| kintu jaba Age calakara strI ko eka sampatti ke rUpa meM dekhA jAne lagA to svAbhAvika rUpa se strI ke prati anugraha kI bhAvanA ke 1. jJAtAdharmakathA adhyAya 16, sUtra 72-74 /

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khaNDa 5 : nArI - tyAga, tapasyA sevA kI surasari 135 AdhAra para nahIM apitu apanI kAmavAsanA aura pratiSThA ke lie bahuvivAha kI prathA Arambha ho gayI / yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yadyapi samAja meM bahuvivAha kI prathA pracalita thI kintu ise jainadharmasammata eka AcAra mAnanA anucita hogaa| kyoMki jaba jainoM meM vivAha ko hI eka anivArya dhArmika kartavya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA to bahuvivAha ko dhArmika kartavya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM yadyapi puruSa ke dvArA bahuvivAha ke aneka sandarbha upalabdha hote haiM kintu hameM eka bhI aisA sandarbha nahIM milatA jahA~ koI vyakti gRhasthopAsaka ke vratoM ko svIkAra karane ke pazcAt bahuvivAha karatA hai / yadyapi aise sandarbha to haiM ki munivrata yA zrAvakavrata svIkAra karane ke pUrva aneka gRhasthopAsakoM kI eka se adhika patniyA~ thIM / kintu vrata svIkAra karane ke pazcAt kisI ne apanI patniyoM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi kI ho, aisA eka bhI sandarbha mujhe nahIM milA / Adarza sthiti to eka patnI prathA ko hI mAnA jAtA thA / upAsakadazA meM 10 pramukha upAsakoM meM kevala eka kI hI adhika patniyA~ thIM / sAtha hI usa meM zrAvakoM ke vratoM ke jo aticAra batAye gaye haiM unameM svapatnI santoSa vrata kA eka aticAra para vivAhakaraNa hai / 1 yadyapi kucha jainAcAryoM ne para vivAhakaraNa kA artha sva-santAna ke atirikta anyoM kI santAnoM kA vivAha sambandha karavAnA mAnA hai| kintu upAsakadazAMga kI TIkA meM AcArya abhayadeva ne isakA artha eka se adhika vivAha karanA mAnA hai / ataH hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dhArmika AdhAra para jainadharma bahupatnI prathA kA samarthaka nahIM hai / bahupatnI prathA kA uddezya to vAsanA meM AkaNTha DUbanA hai aura nivRttipradhAna jainadharma kI mUla bhAvanA ke anukUla nahIM hai / jaina granthoM meM jo bahupatnI prathA kI upasthiti ke saMketa milate haiM ve usa yuga kI sAmAjika sthiti ke sUcaka haiM | Agama sAhitya meM pArzva, mahAvIra, evaM mahAvIra ke nau pramukha upAsakoM kI eka patnI mAnI gaI hai / vidhavA vivAha evaM niyoga yadyapi Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM niyoga aura vidhavA-vivAha ke kucha sandarbha upalabdha ho jAte haiM kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ye bhI jainAcAryoM dvArA samarthita nahIM hai / nizIthacUrNi meM eka rAjA ko apanI patnI se niyoga ke dvArA santAna utpanna karavAne ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra kheta meM bIja kisI ne bhI DAlA ho phasala kA adhikArI bhUsvAmI hI hotA hai / usI prakAra svastrI se utpanna santAna kA adhikArI usakA pati hI hotA hai / yaha satya hai ki eka yuga meM bhArata meM niyoga kI paramparA pracalita rahI kintu nivRttipradhAna jainadharma ne na to niyoga kA samarthana kiyA na hI vidhavA vivAha kA / kyoMki usakI mUlabhUta preraNA yahI rahI ki jaba bhI kisI strI yA puruSa ko kAmavAsanA se mukta hone kA avasara prApta ho vaha usase mukta ho / jaina Agama evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hajAroM sandarbha prApta haiM jahA~ pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt vidhavAyeM bhikSuNI banakara saMgha kI zaraNa meM calI jAtI thIM / jaina saMgha meM bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA ke adhika hone kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki bhikSuNI saMgha vidhavAoM ke sammAnapUrNa evaM surakSita jIvana jIne kA Azrayasthala thA / yadyapi kucha logoM dvArA yaha kahA jAtA hai ki RSabhadeva ne mRta yugala kI patnI se vivAha karake vidhavA-vivAha kI paramparA ko sthApita 2. uvAsakadasA, abhayadevakRtavRtti pR0 43 1. uvAsakadasA 1, 48 / 3. nizIthacU Ni, bhAga 2, 381

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136 jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM nArI kI sthiti kA mUlyAMkana : pro0 sAgaramala jaina kiyA thA / kintu Avazyaka cUrNi se spaSTa hotA hai ki vaha strI mRta yugala kI bahana thI, patnI nahIM / kyoMki usa yugala meM puruSa kI mRtyu bAladazA meM ho cukI thI / ataH isa AdhAra para vidhavA vivAha kA samarthana nahIM hotA hai / jainadharma jaise nivRttipradhAna dharma meM vidhavA-vivAha ko mAnyatA prApta nahIM thI / vidhura - vivAha 1 jaba samAja meM bahu-vivAha ko samarthana ho to vidhura - vivAha ko mAnya karane meM koI Apatti nahIM hogI / kintu ise bhI jainadharma meM dhArmika dRSTi se samarthana prApta thA, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / patnI kI mRtyu ke pazcAt Adarza sthiti to yahI mAnI gaI thI ki vyakti vairAgya le le / mAtra yahI nahIM aneka sthitiyoM meM pati, patnI ke bhikSuNI banane para svayaM bhI bhikSu bana jAtA hai / yadyapi sAmAjika jIvana meM vidhura - vivAha ke aneka prasaMga upalabdha hote haiM / vivAhetara yauna sambandha jainadharma meM pati-patnI ke atirikta anyatra yauna sambandha sthApita karanA dhArmika dRSTi se anucita mAnA gayA / vezyAgamana aura parastrIgamana donoM ko hI anaitika karma mAnA gyaa| phira bhI na kevala gRhastha strI-puruSa apitu bhikSa u bhikSa uNiyA~ bhI anaitika yauna sambandha sthApita kara lete the / Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM aise saikar3oM prasaMga ullikhita haiM jinameM aise sambandha ho jAte the / jaina AgamoM aura unakI TIkAoM Adi meM aisI aneka striyoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo apane sAdhanA mArga se patita hokara svecchAcArI bana gayI thIM / jJAtAdharmakathA usakI TIkA, AvazyakacUrNa Adi meM pArzvapattha paramparA kI aneka zithilAcArI sAdhviyoM ke ullekha milate haiM / jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI kA pUrva jIvana bhI isI rUpa meM varNita hai / sAdhanA kAla meM vaha vezyA ko pAMca puruSoM se sevita dekhakara svayaM pA~ca patiyoM kI patnI banane kA nidAna kara letI hai / nizIthacUrNi meM putriyoM aura putravadhU ke jAra athavA dhUrta vyaktiyoM ke sAtha bhAgane ke ullekha haiM / Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM mukhyataH nizItha cUrNi, bRhatkalpabhASya, vyavahArabhASya Adi meM aise bhI ullekha milate haiM jahA~ striyA~ avaidha santAnoM ko bhikSa uoM ke nivAsa sthAnoM para chor3a jAtI thIM / Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAyeM isa bAta kI sAkSI haiM ki striyA~ sambhoga ke lie bhikSa uoM ko uttejita karatI thIM unheM isa hetu vivaza karatI thIM aura unake dvArA inkAra kiye jAne para unheM badanAma kiye jAne kA bhaya dikhAtI thIM / Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM ina uparisthitiyoM meM bhikSa ko kyA karanA cAhie isa sambandha meM aneka ApavAdika niyamoM kA ullekha milatA hai / yadyapi zIlabhaMga sambandhI aparAdhoM ke vividha rUpoM evaM sambhAvanAoM ke ullekha jaina paramparA meM vistAra se milate haiN| kintu isa carcA kA uddezya sAdhaka ko vAsanA sambandhI aparAdhoM se vimukha banAnA hI rahA hai / yaha jIvana kA yathArtha to thA kintu jainAcArya use vikRtapakSa mAnate the aura usa Adarza samAja kI kalpanA karate haiM, jahA~ inakA abhAva ho / 1. jJAtAdharmakathA, dvitIyazra uta skandha, prathama varga, adhyAya 2-5 dvitIya varga, adhyAya, 5 tRtIya varga, adhyAya 1-54 2. jJAtAdharmakathA, prathamazra taskandha, adhyAya 16, sUtra 72-74 / 3. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3 pR0 267 / 4. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, pR0 173 /

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khaNDa 5 : nArI-tyAga, tapasyA, sevA kI surasari 137 Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM una ghaTanAoM kA bhI ullekha hai jinake kAraNa striyoM ko puruSoM kI vAsanA kA zikAra honA par3A thaa| puruSoM kI vAsanA kA zikAra hone se bacane ke lie bhikSuNiyoM ko apanI zIla-surakSA meM kauna-kauna-sI satarkatA baratanI hotI thI yaha bhI ullekha nizItha aura bahatkalpa donoM meM hI vistAra se milatA hai / rUpavatI bhikSuNiyoM ko manacale yuvakoM aura rAjapuruSoM kI kudRSTi se bacane ke lie isa prakAra kA veza dhAraNa karanA par3atA thA tAki ve kurUpa pratIta hoN| bhikSaNiyoM ko sote samaya kyA vyavasthA karanI cAhie isakA bhI bRhatkalpabhASya meM vistAra se varNana hai| bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza karane vAloM kI pUrI jA~ca kI jAtI thii| pratihArI bhikSuNI upAzraya ke bAhara daNDa lekara baiThatI thii| zIla surakSA ke jo vistRta vivaraNa hameM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM milate haiM usase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki puruSa varga striyoM evaM bhikSuNiyoM ko apanI vAsanA kA zikAra banAne meM koI kamI nahIM rakhatA thA / puruSa dvArA balAtkAra kiye jAne para aura aisI sthiti meM garbha raha jAne para saMgha usa bhikSuNI ke prati sadbhAvanApUrvaka vyavahAra karatA thA tathA usake garbha kI surakSA ke prayatna bhI kiye jAte the| prasUta bAlaka ko jaba vaha usa sthiti meM ho jAtA thA ki vaha mAtA ke binA raha sake to use upAsaka ko sauMpakara athavA bhikSu saMgha ko sauMpakara aisI bhikSaNI pUnaH bhikSa NI saMgha meM praveza pA letI thii|| ye tathya isa bAta ke sucaka haiM ki sadAcArI nAriyoM ke saMrakSaNa meM janasaMgha sadeva sajaga thaa| nArI-rakSA balAtkAra kiye jAne para kisI bhikSaNI kI AlocanA kA adhikAra nahIM thaa| isake viparIta jo vyakti aisI bhikSaNI kI AlocanA karatA use hI daNDa kA pAtra mAnA jAtA thaa| nArI kI maryAdA kI rakSA ke lie jainasaMgha sadaiva hI tatpara rahatA thaa| nizIthacUNi meM ullekhita kAlakAcArya kI kathA isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki ahiMsA kA prANapaNa se pAlana karane vAlA bhikSu saMgha bhI nArI kI garimA ko khaNDita hone kI sthiti meM durAcAriyoM ko daNDa dene ke lie zastra pakar3akara sAmane A jAtA thaa| nizIthacUrNi meM kAlakAcArya kI kathA isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki AcArya ne bhikSuNI' evaM bahana sarasvatI kI zIla-surakSA ke liye gardabhilla ke viruddha zakoM kI sahAyatA lekara pUrA saMgharSa kiyA thA / nizItha, bRhatkalpa, bhASya Adi meM spaSTa rUpa se aise ullaMkha haiM ki yadi saMghastha bhikSaNiyoM kI zIla-surakSA kA prazna hai aura usake lie durAcArI kI hatyA karane kA bhI prazna upasthita ho jAye to aisI hatyA kA bhI samarthana kiyA gayA thA aura aise bhikSa ko saMgha meM sammAnita hI kiyA jAtA thaa| bRhatkalpa bhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki jala, agni, cora aura duSkAla kI sthiti meM sarvaprathama strI kI rakSA karanI cAhie / isI prakAra DUbate hue zramaNa aura bhikSuNI meM pahale bhikSuNI ko aura kSullaka aura kSullikA meM se kSullikA kI rakSA karanI caahie| satI prathA aura jainadharma uttaramadhya yuga meM nArI utpIr3ana kA sabase bIbhatsa rUpa satI prathA bana gayA thA, yadi hama satI prathA ke sandarbha meM jaina Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya ko dekheM to spaSTa rUpa se hameM eka bhI aisI ghaTanA kA ullekha nahIM milatA jahA~ patnI pati ke zava ke sAtha jalI ho yA jalA dI gayI ho| yadyapi nizIthacUrNi meM eka aisA ullekha milatA hai jisake anusAra saupAraka ke pA~ca sau vyApAriyoM ko kara na dene ke kAraNa rAjA ne jalA dene kA Adeza de diyA thA, aura ukta ullekha ke anusAra una vyApAriyoM kI patniyA~ bhI 1. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 1, pR0 126 / 2. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3, pR0 234 / khaNDa 5/18

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138 jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM nArI kI sthiti kA mUlyAMkana : pro0 sAgaramala jaina unakI citAoM meM jala gayI thIM / 1 lekina jainAcArya isakA samarthana nahIM karate haiN| punaH isa ApavAdika ullekha ke atirikta hameM jaina sAhitya meM isa prakAra ke ullekha upalabdha nahIM hote haiM, mahAnizItha meM isase bhinna yaha ullekha bhI milatA hai ki kisI rAjA kI vidhavA kanyA satI honA cAhatI thI kintu usake pitRkula meM yaha rivAja nahIM thA ataH usane apanA vicAra tyAga diyaa| isase lagatA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne pati kI mRtyUparAnta svecchA se bhI apane deha-tyAga ko anucita hI mAnA hai aura isa prakAra ke maraNa ko bAla-maraNa yA mUrkhatA hI kahA hai| satI prathA kA dhArmika samarthana jaina Agama sAhitya aura usakI vyAkhyAoM meM hameM kahIM nahIM miltaa| yadyapi Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM dadhivAhana kI patnI evaM candanA kI mAtA dhAriNI Adi ke kucha aise ullekha avazya haiM jinameM brahmacarya kI rakSA ke nimitta deha-tyAga kiyA gayA hai kintu yaha avadhAraNA satI prathA kI avadhAraNA se bhinna hai / jaina dharma aura darzana yaha nahIM mAnatA hai ki mRtyu ke bAda pati kA anugamana karane se arthAt jIvita citA meM jala marane se punaH svargaloka meM usI pati kI prApti hotI hai| isake viparIta jainadharma apanI karma siddhAnta ke prati AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnatA hai ki pati-patnI apaneapane karmoM aura manobhAvoM ke anusAra hI vibhinna yoniyoM meM janma lete haiN| yadyapi paravartI jaina kathA sAhitya meM hameM aise ullekha milate haiM jahA~ eka bhava ke pati-patnI AgAmI aneka bhavoM meM jIvanasAthI bane, kintu isake viruddha bhI udAharaNoM kI jaina kathA sAhitya meM kamI nahIM hai| ___ ataH yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki dhArmika AdhAra para jaina dharma satIprathA kA samarthana nahIM krtaa| yadyapi jaina dharma ke satI prathA ke samarthaka na hone ke kucha sAmAjika kAraNa bhI haiN| vyAkhyA sAhitya meM aisI aneka kathAe~ varNita haiM jinake anusAra pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt patnI na kevala pArivArika dAyitva kA nirvAha karatI thI apitu pati ke vyavasAya kA saMcAlana karatI thiiN| zAlibhadra kI mAtA bhadrA ko rAjagRha kI eka mahatvapUrNa zreSThI aura vyApArI nirUpita kiyA gayA hai jisake vaibhava ko dekhane ke liye zreNika bhI usake ghara AyA thaa| AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM aise aneka ullekha haiM jahA~ ki strI pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt virakta hokara bhikSuNI bana jAtI thii| yaha satya hai ki jaina bhikSuNI saMgha vidhavAoM, kumAriyoM aura parityaktAoM kA Azraya-sthala thaa| yadyapi jaina Agama sAhitya evaM vyAkhyA sAhitya donoM meM hameM aise ullekha milate haiM jahA~ pati aura putroM ke jIvita rahate hue bhI patnI yA mAtA bhikSuNI bana jAtI thii| jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI pati aura putroM kI sammati se dIkSita haI thI kintu inake alAvA aise udAharaNoM kI bhI vipulatA dekhI jAtI hai jahA~ patniyA~ pati ke sAtha athavA pati evaM putroM kI mRtyu ke uparAnta virakta hokara saMnyAsa grahaNa kara letI thiiN| kucha aise ullekha bhI nile haiM jahA~ strI AjIvana brahmacarya ko dhAraNa karake yA to pitRgRha meM hI raha jAtI thI athavA dIkSita ho jAtI thii| jaina paramparA meM bhikSuNI saMsthA eka aisA AdhAra rahI hai jisane hamezA nArI ko saMkaTa se ubArakara Azraya diyA hai| jaina bhikSuNI saMgha, una sabhI striyoM ke liye jo vidhavA, parityaktA athavA AzrayahIna hotI thIM, zaraNadAtA hotA thA / ataH jaina dharma meM satI prathA ko koI prazraya nahIM milA / jaba-jaba bhI nArI para 1. (a) nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 2, pR0 56-60 / (ba) tesiM paMca mahilasatAI, gaNi vi aggiM pAvaTThANi / -nizItha cUNi, bhAga 4, pR0 14 / 2. mahAnizItha pR0 26 / dekheM, jainAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 271 / 3. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 318 /

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khaNDa 5 : nArI-tyAga, tapasyA, sevA kI surasari 136 koI atyAcAra kiye gaye, jaina bhikSuNI saMgha usake lie rakSAkavaca banA kyoMki bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza karane ke bAda na kevala vaha pArivArika utpIr3ana se baca sakatI thI apitu eka sammAnapUrNa jIvana bhI jI sakatI thii| Aja bhI vidhavAoM, parityaktAoM, pitA ke pAsa daheja ke abhAva ke kAraNa athavA kurUpatA Adi kinhIM kAraNoM se avivAhita rahane ke liye vivaza kumAriyoM ke liye jaina bhikSuNI saMgha Azrayasthala hai| jaina bhikSaNI saMgha ne nArI kI garimA aura usake satItva donoM kI rakSA kii| yahI kAraNa thA ki satI-prathA jaisI kutsita prathA jaina dharma meM kabhI bhI nahIM rhii| mahAnizItha meM eka strI ko satI hone kA mAnasa banAne para bhI apanI kala-paramparA meM satI prathA kA pracalana nahIM hone ke kAraNa apane nirNaya ko badalatA huA dekhate haiN| yaha isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi satIprathA virodhI thii| jaina paramparA meM brAhmI, sundarI aura candanA Adi ko satI kahA gayA hai aura tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma-smaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha Aja bhI 16 satiyoM kA nAma smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, kintu inheM satI isaliye kahA gayA ki ye apane zIla kI rakSA hetu yA to avivAhita rahIM yA pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt inhoMne apane caritra evaM zIla ko surakSita rkhaa| Aja jaina sAdhviyoM ke liye eka bahupracalita nAma mahAsatI hai usakA AdhAra zIla kA pAlana hI hai| jaina paramparA meM Agamika vyAkhyAoM aura paurANika racanAoM ke pazcAt jo prabandha sAhitya likhA gayA, usameM sarvaprathama satI prathA kA hI jainIkaraNa kiyA huA eka rUpa hameM dekhane ko milatA hai| tejapAla-vastupAla prabandha meM batAyA gayA hai ki tejapAla aura vastUpAla kI mRtya ke pazcAt unakI patniyoM ne anazana karake apane prANa tyAga diye / yahA~ pati kI mRtya ke pazcAt zarIra tyAgane kA upakrama to hai kintu usakA svarUpa saumya banA diyA gayA hai / vastutaH yaha usa yuga meM pracalita satI prathA kI jainadharma meM kyA pratikriyA huI thI, usakA sUcaka hai| gaNikAoM kI sthiti gaNikAyeM aura vezyAyeM bhAratIya samAja kA Avazyaka ghaTaka rahI haiN| unheM aparigRhItA mAnA jAye yA parigRhItA, ise lekara jaina AcAryoM meM vivAda rahA hai / kyoMki Agamika kAla se upAsaka ke liye hama aparigRhItA gamana kA niSedha dekhate haiM / bha0 mahAvIra ke pUrva pApitya paramparA ke zithilAcArI zramaNa yahA~ taka kahane lage the ki binA vivAha kiye arthAt parigRhIta kiye yadi koI strI kAmavAsanA kI AkAMkSA karatI hai to usake sAtha sambhoga karane meM koI pApa nahIM hai / jJAtavya hai ki pArzva kI paramparA meM brahmacarya vrata aparigraha ke adhIna mAnA gayA thA kyoMki usa yuga meM nArI ko bhI sampatti mAnA jAtA thA, cUMki aisI sthiti meM aparigraha ke vrata kA bhaMga nahIM thA isaliye zithilAcArI zramaNa usakA virodha kara rahe the| yahI kAraNa thA ki bha0 mahAvIra ne brahmacarya ko joDA thaa| cU~ ki vezyA yA gaNikA parastrI nahIM thI, ataH parastrI niSedha ke sAtha svapatnI santoSavrata ko jor3A gayA aura usake aticAroM meM aparigRhItagamana ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA aura kahA gayA ki gRhastha upAsaka ko aparigRhIta (apane se avivAhita) strI se sambhoga nahIM karanA cAhiye / punaH jaba 1. mantriNyau lalitAdevI saukhvau anazanena mamratuH / -prabandhakoza, pRSTha 126 2. evamege u pAsatthA, pannavaMti aNAriyA / itthIvasaMgayA bAlA, jinnsaasnnprmmuhaa|| jahA gaMDa pilAgaM vA, paripIlejja muhttNg| evaM vinnavaNitthIsu, doso tattha kao siyA // --sUtrakRtAMga, 1/3/4/8-10

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140 jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM nArI kI sthiti kA mUlyAMkana : pro0 sAgaramala jaina yaha mAnA gayA ki parigrahaNa ke binA sambhoga sambhava nahIM, sAtha hI dravya dekara kucha samaya ke liye grahIta ataH vezyA bhI parigrahIta kI koTi meM A jAtI hai, pariNAmasvarUpa dhanAdi dekara alpakAla ke lie grahIta strI (itvarikA)1 ke sAtha bhI sambhoga kA niSedha kiyA gayA aura gRhastha upAsaka ke lie AjIvana hetu gRhIta arthAt vivAhita strI ke atirikta sabhI prakAra ke yauna sambandha niSiddha mAne gye| yadyapi AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM se prApta sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki anya sabhI logoM ke sAtha jainadharma ke prati zraddhAvAna sAmAnyajana bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM gaNikAoM se sambaddha rahA / kRSNa vAsudeva kI dvArikA nagarI meM anaMgasenA pramukha aneka gaNikAe~ bhI thii| svayaM RSabhadeva ke nIlAMjanA kA nRtya dekhate samaya usakI mRtyu se pratibodhita hone kI kathA digambara paramparA meM suvitha ta hai / kucha vidvAn mathurA meM isake aMkana ko bhI svIkAra karate haiN| jJAtA Adi meM devadattA Adi gaNikAoM kI samAja meM sammAnapUrNa sthiti kI sUcanA milatI hai| samAja ke sampanna parivAroM ke logoM ke vezyAoM se sambandha the, isakI sUcanA Agama, Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya aura jaina paurANika sAhitya meM vipula mAtrA meM upalabdha hai / kAnhaDa kaThiArA aura sthUlabhadra ke AkhyAna sUvidha ta haiM, kintu ina saba ullekhoM se yaha mAna lenA ki vezyAvRtti jainadharmasammata thI yA jainAcArya isake prati udAsIna bhAva rakhate the, sabase bar3I bhrAnti hogii| hama pUrva meM saMketa kara hI cuke haiM ki jainAcArya isa sambandha meM sajaga aura kisI bhI sthiti meM ise aucityapUrNa nahIM mAnate the| sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI meM to jainadharma kA anuyAyI banane kI prathama zarta yahI thI ki vyakti sapta durvyasana kA tyAga kre| isameM parastrIgamana aura vezyAgamana donoM niSiddha mAne gaye the| upAsakadazA meM "asatIjana poSaNa" zrAvaka ke liye niSiddha thA / ___ Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM prApta ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki aneka vezyAoM aura gaNikAoM kI apanI naitika maryAdAe~ thIM, ve unakA kabhI ullaMghana nahIM karatI thiiN| kAnhaDakaThiAra aura sthUlibhadra ke AkhyAna isake pramANa haiN| aisI vezyAoM aura gaNikAoM ke prati jainAcArya anudAra nahIM the, unake liye dharmasaMgha meM praveza ke dvAra khule the, ve zrAvikAe~ bana jAtI thIM / kozA aisI vezyA thI, jisakI zAlA meM jaina muniyoM ko niHsaMkoca bhAva se cAturmAsa vyatIta karane kI anujJA AcArya de dete the| mathurA ke abhilekha isa bAta ke sAkSI haiM ki gaNikAe~ jinamandira aura AyAgapaTTa (pUjApaTTa) banavAtI thiiN| yaha jainAcAryoM kA udAra dRSTikoNa thA, jo isa patita varga kA uddhAra kara use pratiSThA pradAna karatA thaa| nArI-zikSA nArI-zikSA ke sambandha meM jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM se hameM jo sUcanA milatI hai, 1. upAsakadazA 1, 48 / 2. aNaMgaseNA pAmokkhANaM aNegANaM gnniyaasaahssiinnN""""| -AvazyakacUNi bhAga 1, pR0 356 3. AdipurANa, pR0 125, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, 1916 / 4. aDDhA jAva"..."sAmitta bhaTTitta mahattaragataM ANA Isara seNAvaccaM kAremANI....." / 5. dekheM, jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA AcAra darzana, bhAga 2, DA0 sAgaramala jaina, pR0 268 / 6. ......"asaIjaNaposaNayA / -upAsakadazA 1/51 7. sAvikA jAyA abaMbhassa paccakkhAi NaNNattha raayaabhiyogennN| -AvazyakacUNi, bhAga 1, pR0 554-55 8. jainazilAlekha sNgrh|

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khanDa 5 : nArI-tyAga, tapasyA, sevA kI surasari usake AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAgaitihAsika kAla meM nArI ko samucita zikSA pradAna kI jAtI thii| apekSAkRta paravartI Agama jambUdvIpaprajJapti, AvazyakacUrNi va AdipurANa Adi meM ullekha hai ki RSabhadeva ne apanI putriyoM brAhmI aura sundarI ko gaNita aura lipi vijJAna kI zikSA dI thii| mAtra yahI nahIM jJAtAdharmakathA aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM strI kI cauMsaTha kalAoM kA ullekha milatA hai yadyapi yahA~ inake nAma nahIM diye gaye haiN| sarvaprathama jambUdvIpaprajJapti kI TIkA meM inakA vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| Azcaryajanaka yaha hai ki jahA~ jJAtAdharmakathA meM puruSa kI 72 kalAoM kA varNana hai vahA~ nArI kI cauMsaTha kalA hone kA nirdezamAtra hai| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki bhAratIya samAja meM yaha avadhAraNA bana cukI thI / jJAtAdharmakathA meM devadattA gaNikA ko cauMsaTha kalAoM meM paNDita, cauMsaTha gaNikA guNa (kAmakalA) se upapeta, unatIsa prakAra se ramaNa karane meM pravINa, ikkIsa ratiguNoM meM pradhAna, battIsa puruSopacAra meM kuzala, navAMgasUtra pratibodhita aura aThAraha dezI bhASAoM meM vizArada kahA hai| ina sUciyoM ko dekhakara spaSTa rUpa se aisA lagatA hai ki striyoM ko unakI prakRti aura dAyitva ke anusAra bhASA, gaNita, lekhanakalA Adi ke sAtha-sAtha striyocita nRtya, saMgIta aura lalitakalAoM tathA pAka-zAstra Adi meM zikSita kiyA jAtA thaa| yadyapi Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAe~ isa sambandha meM spaSTa nahIM haiM ki ye zikSA unheM ghara para hI dI jAtI thI athavA ve gurukula meM jAkara inakA adhyayana karatI thIM / strI-gurukula ke sandarbha ke abhAva se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki unakI zikSA kI vyavasthA ghara para hI kI jAtI thii| sambhavataH parivAra kI praur3ha mahilAe~ hI unakI zikSA kI vyavasthA karatI thIM kintu sampanna parivAroM meM isa hetu vibhinna dezoM kI dAsiyoM evaM gaNikAoM kI bhI niyukti kI jAtI thI, jo inheM ina kalAoM meM pAraMgata banAtI thiiN| Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hameM koI bhI aisA sandarbha upalabdha nahIM huA jo sahazikSA kA nirdeza karatA ho| nArI kI gRhastha-jIvana sambandhI ina zikSAoM ke prApta karane ke adhikAra meM prAgaitihAsika kAla se lekara Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke kAla taka koI vizeSa parivartana huA ho aisA bhI hameM jJAta nahIM hotA mAtra viSayavastu meM kramika vikAsa huA hogaa| yadyapi laukika zikSA meM strI aura puruSa kI prakRti evaM kArya * . AdhAra para antara kiyA gayA thA kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki strI aura puruSa meM koI bheda-bhAva kiyA jAtA thaa| jahA~ taka dhArmika AdhyAtmika zikSA kA prazna hai vaha unheM bhikSa NiyoM ke dvArA pradAna kI jAtI thii| sUtrakRtAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina-paramparA meM bhikSa ko striyoM ko zikSA dene kA adhikAra nahIM thaa| vaha kevala striyoM aura puruSoM kI saMyukta sabhA meM upadeza de sakatA thaa| sAmAnyatayA bhikSaNiyoM aura gRhastha upAsikAoM donoM ko hI sthavirA bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA hI zikSA dI jAtI thii| yadyapi AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hameM kucha sUcanAyeM upalabdha hotI haiM jinake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki AcArya aura upAdhyAya bhI kabhI-kabhI unheM zikSA pradAna karate the| vyavahArasUtra meM ullekha hai ki tIna varSa kI paryAya vAlA nirgrantha, tIsa varSa kI paryAya vAlI bhikSuNI kA upAdhyAya tathA pA~ca varSa kA paryAya vAlA nirgrantha sATha varSa kI paryAya vAlI zramaNI kA AcArya ho sakatA thA / jahA~ 1. jambUdvIpa prajJapti zAntisUrIya vRtti adhikAra 2, 30 / 2. jJAtAdharmakathA 4/6 / tamhA u vajjae itthI ......"AghAte Na sevi NiggaMthe / -sUtrakRtAMga 1, 4, 1, 11 4. kappai niggaMthINaM viikiTThae kAle sajjhAyaM karettae niggaMtha nissaae| (tathA) paMcavAsapariyAe samaNe niggaMthe, saTThivAsa pariyAe samaNIe niggaMthIe kappai Ayariya uvajjhAyattAe uddisittae / -vyavahArasUtra 7, 15 va 20

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142 jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM nArI kI sthiti kA mUlyAMkana : pro0 sAgaramala jaina taka striyoM ke dvArA dharmagranthoM ke adhyayana kA prazna hai prAgaitihAsikakAla meM isa prakAra kA koI bandhana rahA ho hameM jJAta nahIM hotaa| antakRddazA Adi Agama granthoM meM aise aneka ullekha milate haiM jahA~ bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA sAmAyika Adi 11 aMgoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAtA thaa| yadyapi AgamoM meM na kahIM aisA koI spaSTa ullekha hai ki strI dRSTivAda kA adhyayana nahIM kara sakatI thI aura na hI aisA koI vidhAyaka sandarbha upalabdha hotA hai jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sake ki strI dRSTivAda kA adhyayana karatI thii| kintu Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTivAda kA adhyayana striyoM ke lie niSiddha mAna liyA gayA / bhikSuNiyoM ke lie dRSTivAda kA niSedha karate hue kahA gayA ki svabhAva kI caMcalatA, buddhi prakarSa meM kamI ke kAraNa usake lie dRSTivAda kA adhyayana niSiddha batAyA gyaa| jaba eka ora yaha mAna liyA gayA ki strI ko sarvocca kevalajJAna kI prApti ho sakatI hai to yaha kahanA galata hogA ki unameM buddhi prakarSa kI kamI hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai jaba hindU paramparA meM usa nArI ko, jo vaidika RcAoM kI nirmAtrI thI vedoM ke adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA gayA to usI ke prabhAva meM Akara nArI ko jo tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM aMga aura mUla sAhitya kA mUlasrota thI, dRSTivAda ke adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA gyaa| isakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki dRSTivAda kA mukhya viSaya mUlataH dArzanika aura tArkika thA aura aise jaTila viSaya ke adhyayana ko unake lie upayukta na samajhakara unakA adhyayana-niSedha kara diyA gayA ho / bRhatkalpabhASya aura vyavahArabhASya kI pIThikA meM unake lie mahAparijJA, aruNopapAta aura dRSTivAda ke adhyayana kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| kintu Age calakara nizItha Adi aparAdha aura prAyazcitta sambandhI granthoM ke adhyayana se bhI use vaMcita kara diyA gayA / yadyapi nizItha Adi ke adhyayana ke niSedha karane kA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki aparAdhoM kI jAnakArI se yA to vaha aparAdhoM kI ora pravRtta ho sakatI thI yA to daNDa dene kA adhikAra puruSa apane pAsa surakSita rakhanA cAhatA thaa| kintu niSedha kA yaha krama Age bar3hatA hI gyaa| bArahavIM-terahavIM zatI ke pazcAt eka yuga aisA bhI AyA jaba usase AgamoM ke adhyayana kA mAtra adhikAra hI nahIM chInA gayA apitu upadeza dene kA adhikAra bhI samApta kara diyA gyaa| Aja bhI zvetAmbara mUrti-pUjaka paramparA ke tapAgaccha meM bhikSa NiyoM ko isa adhikAra se vaMcita hI rakhA gayA hai| yadyapi punarjAgRti ke prabhAva se Aja adhikAMza jaina sampradAyoM meM sAdhviyA~ AgamoM ke adhyayana aura pravacana kA kArya kara rahI haiN| niSkarSa ke rUpa meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki prAgaitihAsika kAla aura Agama yuga kI apekSA Agamika vyAkhyA yuga meM kisI sImA taka nArI ke zikSA ke adhikAra ko sImita kiyA gayA thaa| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se yahA~ yaha bhI dRSTavya hai ki nArI-zikSA ke prazna para vaidika aura jaina paramparA meM kisa prakAra samAnAntara parivartana hotA gayA / Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke yuga meM na kevala zikSA ke kSetra meM apitu dharmasaMgha meM aura sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI strI kI garimA aura adhikAra sImita hote gye| isakA mukhya kAraNa to apanI sahagAmI hindU paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA kintu isake sAtha hI acelatA ke ati Agraha ne bhI eka mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA adA kI / yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA apekSAkRta udAra rahI, kintu samaya ke prabhAva se vaha bhI nahIM baca sakI aura usameM bhI zikSA, samAja aura dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM Agama yuga kI apekSA vyAkhyA yaga meM nArI ke adhikAra sImita kiye gye|