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________________ zrAdhunika bhASA vijJAna ke sandarbha meM jaina prAkRta rASTrasanta munizrI nagarAja jI DI0 liT0 AgamoM kI bhASA prAkRta hai / tripiTakoM kI bhASA pAli hai / donoM bhASAoM meM adbhuta sA~skRtika aikya hai / donoM bhASAoM kA udgama-bindu bhI eka hai| donoM kA vikAsa krama bhI bahuta kucha samAna rahA hai| donoM ke vikasita svarUpa meM bhI adbhuta sAmaMjasya hai / jo kucha vaiSamya hai, usake bhI nAnA hetu haiM / prAkRta aura pAli ke sAre sambandhoM va visambandhoM ko sarvAMgINa rUpa se samajhane ke lie bhASA mAtra kI utpatti aura pravAha krama kA samIkSAtmaka rUpa meM prastutIkaraNa Avazyaka hogA / bhASAoM ke vikAsa aura prasAra kI eka lambI kahAnI hai| bhASAoM kA vikAsa mAnava ke bauddhika aura bhAvAtmaka vikAsa ke sAtha jur3A hai| mAnava ne saMskRti, darzana aura jJAna-vijJAna ke kSetra meM mahanIya abhiyAna calAye / phalataH vizva meM vibhinna saMskRtiyoM, dArzanika paramparAoM, sAhityika abhiyojanAoM tathA sAmAjika vikAsa kA eka pariniSThita rUpa pratiSThApanna huA bhASAoM meM inave sambandhita Aroha avarohoM kA mahatvapUrNa vivaraNa DhUMDhA jA sakatA hai kyoMki mAnava ke jIvana meM karma aura abhivyakti kA gaharA sambandha hai / karma kI tejasvitA gopita nahIM rahanA caahtii| sUrya kI razmiyoM kI taraha vaha phUTanA cAhatI hai| AkAza kI taraha use apanA kalevara phailAne ke lie sthAna yA mAdhyama caahie| vaha bhASA hai; AvazyakatA hai| ; ataH bhASAoM ke vaijJAnika anuzIlana kI bahuta bar3I vibhinna bhASAoM kI Azcaryajanaka nikaTatA Azcarya hotA hai, sahasroM mIloM kI dUrI para bolI jAne vAlI phaeNca, aMgrejI Adi bhASAoMoM se bhArata meM bolI jAne vAlI hindI, baMgalA, gujarAtI, marAThI, paMjAbI tathA rAjasthAnI Adi bhASAoM kA maharA sambandha hai, jabaki bAhya kalevara meM ve unase atyanta bhinna dRSTigocara hotI haiN| dUsarA Azcarya yaha bhI hogA ki bhArata meM hI bolI jAne vAlI tamila, telagu, kannar3a tathA malayAlama Adi bhASAoM se uttara bhAratIya bhASAoM kA maulika sambandha nahIM jur3atA / sAtha vizeSa sambandha hai| eka dUsarI se vizva kI aneka bhASAoM kA nikaTatA-pUrNa se koI pArasparika sAmya calA A rahA hai| bhASAoM ke svarUpa bhArata kI prAcIna bhASA saMskRta, prAkRta tathA pAli Adi kA pazcima kI grIka, laiTina, jarmana Adi prAcIna bhASAoM ke sahasroM mIloM kI dUrI para pracalita tathA paraspara sarvathA aparicita-sI pratIta hone vAlI sambandha hai| jJAta hotA hai ki vizva ke vibhinna mAnava samudAyoM meM atyanta prAcIna kAla aura vikAsa kA vaijJAnika dRSTi se tulanAtmaka tathA samIkSAtmaka rUpa meM adhyayana karane se ye tathya vizada rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiN| isI vicAra-saraNi ke sandarbha meM bhASAoM kA jo sUkSma aura gambhIra adhyayana krama calA, vahI bhASA vijJAna yA bhASA- zAstra bana gayA hai / bhASA vijJAna kI zAkhAe bhASA vijJAna meM bhASA-tattva kA vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se vizleSaNa aura vivecana kiyA jAtA rahA hai, Aja bhI kiyA jAtA hai| dhvani-vijJAna, rUpa-vijJAna, artha-vijJAna, vAkya-vijJAna, vyutpatti-vijJAna Adi usakI mukhya zAkhAe' yA vibhAga hote haiN| svani-vijJAna ( Phonology ) ; bhASA kA mUla AdhAra dhvani hai| dhvani kA hI vyavasthita rUpa zabda hai / zabdoM kA sAkAMkSya yA paraspara-sambaddha samavAya vAkya hai / vAkyoM se bhASA niSpanna hotI hai; ataeva dhvani-vijJAna bhASA - zAstra meM atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / usake antargata dhvani yantra, jaina tattva cintana : Adhunika sandarbha 126
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________________ svara-tantrI tathA dhvani ko vyakta rUpa meM prasphuTita karane vAle vAiindraya ke mukha-vivara, nAsikA-vivara, tAlu, kaNTha, oSTha, danta, mUrdA, jihvA Adi avayava, unase dhvani utpanna hone kI prakriyA, dhvani-taraMga, zrotrendriya se saMsparzana yA saMgharSaNa, zrotA dvArA spaSTa zabda ke rUpa meM grahaNa yA zravaNa Adi ke sAtha-sAtha dhvani-parivartana, dhvani-vikAsa, usake kAraNa tathA dizAeM Adi viSayoM kA samAveza hai| rUpa-vijJAna (Morphology) | ___zabda kA vaha AkAra, jo vAkya meM prayukta kiye jAne yogya hotA hai, rUpa kahA jAtA hai| 'pada' kA bhI usI ke lie prayoga hotA hai| suprasiddha vaiyAkaraNa pANini ne 'suptiGantaM padam' kahA hai / arthAt zabdoM ke anta meM su, au, jasa Adi tathA ti, as, anti Adi vibhaktiyoM ke lagane para jo vizeSya, vizeSaNa, sarvanAma tathA kriyAoM ke rUpa niSpanna hote haiM, ve pada haiN| nyAyasUtra ke racayitA gautama ne 'te vibhaktyantAH padam' kahA hai / vibhakti-zUnya zabda (prAtipAdika) aura dhAtuoM kA yathAvasthita rUpa meM prayoga nahIM hotA / vibhinna sambandhoM ko vyakta karane ke lie unake sAtha bhinna-bhinna vibhaktiyA~ jor3I jAtI haiN| vibhakti-yukta prAtipAdika yA dhAtu prayoga-yogya hote haiM / saMskRta ke suprasiddha kAvya-tattva-vettA kavirAja vizvanAtha ne pada kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai : ' ve varNa yA varNa-samucaya, jo prayoga ke yogya haiM tathA ananvita rUpa meM kisI eka artha ke bodhaka hai, pada kahe jAte haiN|" rUpa-vijJAna meM isa prakAra ke nAma va AkhyAta (kriyA) padoM (rUpoM) ke vizleSaNa, vikAsa tathA avyaya, upasarga, pratyaya Adi kA tulanAtmaka vivecana hotA hai| artha-vijJAna (semantics) zabda aura artha kA avicchinna sambandha hai / artha-zUnya zabda kA bhASA ke lie koI mahattva nahIM hotA / zabda bAhya kalevara hai, artha usakI AtmA hai / kevala kalevara kI carcA se sAdhya nahIM sdhtaa| usake sAtha-sAtha usakI AtmA kA vivecana bhI atyanta Avazyaka hotA hai| zabdoM ke sAtha saMzliSTa artha kA eka lambA itihAsa hai| kina-kina sthitiyoM ora hetu oM se kina-kina zabdoM kA kina-kina arthoM se kaba, kaise sambandha jur3a jAtA hai ; isakA anveSaNa evaM vizleSaNa karate haiM, to bar3A Azcarya hotA hai / vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA pratipAdita 'zabdAH kAmadudhAH' isI tathya para prakAza DAlatA hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha thA ki zabda kAmadhenu kI taraha haiM / anekAneka artha dekara bhoktA yA prayoktA ko parituSTa karane vAle haiN| kahane kA prakAra yA krama bhinna ho sakatA hai, para, mUla rUpa meM tathya vahI hai, jo Upara kahA gayA hai| udAharaNArtha, jugupsa zabda ko leN| vartamAna meM isakA artha ghRNA mAnA jAtA hai| yadi isa zabda ke itihAsa kI prAcIna parte ughAr3eM, to jJAta hogA ki kisI samaya isa zabda kA artha 'rakSA karane kI icchA' (goptumicchA jugupsA) thaa| samaya biitaa| isa artha meM kucha parivartana AyA / prayoktAoM ne socA hogA, jisakI hama rakSA karanA cAhate haiM, vaha to chipA kara rakhane yogya hotA hai| ata: 'jagupsA' kA artha gopana (chipAnA) ho gyaa| manuSya satata mananazIla prANI hai / usake cintana evaM manana ke sAtha naye-naye mor3a Ate rahate haiM / ukta artha meM phira eka nayA mor3a aayaa| sambhavataH socA gayA ho, hama chipAte to jaghanya vastu ko haiM, acchI vastaeM to chipAne kI hotI nhiiN| isa cintana ke niSkarSa ke rUpa meM jagapsA kA artha 'gopana' se parivartita hokara 'ghRNA' ho gyaa| vAstava meM zabda sraSTA evaM usakA prayoktA mAnava hai / prayoga kI bhinna-bhinna koTiyoM kA mAnava kI mana: sthitiyoM se sambandha hai| zabda aura artha ke sambandha Adi para vicAra, vivecana aura vizleSaNa isa vibhAga ke antargata AtA hai| vartamAna ke kacha bhASA-vaijJAnika isako bhASA-vijJAna kA viSaya nahIM maante| ve ise darzana-zAstra se jor3ane kA prayatna karate haiM / prAcIna kAla ke kucha bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne bhI prasaMgavaza zabda aura artha ke sambandha kI carcA kI hai| para, jahAM svataMtra rUpa se bhASA zAstra ke sAMgopAMga vizleSaNa kA prasaMga ho, vahAM ise anivAryataH usI ko lenA hogaa| usake binA kisI bhI bhASA kA vaijJAnika dRSTi se parizIlana apUrNa rahegA / artha-vijJAna ke antargata varNanAtmaka, samIkSAtmaka, tulanAtka tathA itihAsAtmaka ; sabhI dRSTiyoM se artha kA adhyayana karanA apekSita hotA hai| artha-parivartana, artha-vikAsa, artha-hAsa tathA artha-utkarSa Adi aneka pahalU isameM sahaja hI A jAte haiN| vAkya-vijJAna (syntax) bhASA kA prayojana apane bhAvoM kI abhivyaMjanA tathA dUsare ke bhAvoM kA yathAvat rUpa meM grahaNa karanA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM ise (bhASA ko) vicAra-viniyama kA mAdhyama kahA jA sakatA hai| dhvani, zabda, pada ; ye sabhI bhASA ke AdhAra haiN| para, bhASA jaba vAkya kI bhUmikA ke yogya hotI hai, taba usakA kalevara vAkyoM se niSpanna hotA hai| pada vAkya meM prayukta hokara hI abhIpsita artha 1. varNAH padaM pryogaahaanvitekaarthbodhkaaH| -sAhityadarpaNa; 2.2 130 AcAryaratna zrI vezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ prakaTa karane meM sakSama hote haiM / vAkya meM padoM yA zabdoM kA sthAnika mahatva bhI hotA hai; ataH artha-yojana meM sthAna nirdhAraNa bhI apekSita rahatA hai / udAharaNArtha, I go to school aMgrejI ke isa vAkya meM 'Go' kriyA dUsare sthAna para hai| Go to school isa vAkya meM bhI 'Go' kriyA kA prayoga hai / yahAM Go pahale sthAna para hai / para sthAna bheda ke kAraNa isa kriyA ke artha meM bhinnatA A gayI hai| pahale vAkya meM yaha kriyA jahAM sAmAnya vartamAna kI dyotaka hai, vahAM dUsare vAkya meM AjJA dyotaka hai / vAkya-vijJAna se sambaddha isI prakAra ke aneka viSaya haiM, jo vAkya racanA kI vividha apekSAoM para Tike hue haiM / una sabakA isa vibhAga ke antargata vivecana aura vizleSaNa kiyA jAtA hai / nirvAcana- zAstra [ vyutpatti-vijJAna] (Etymology) zabdoM kI utpatti, unakA itihAsa Adi kA isa vibhAga meM samAveza hai / zabdoM kI utpatti kI aneka koTiyA~ tathA vidhAeM haiM, jinake anveSaNa se aura bhI aneka tathya prakaTa hote haiN| mAnava ke sAMskRtika evaM sAmAjika jIvana se unakA gaharA sambandha hai / prAcIna kAla meM bhASA-vijJAna kA isa prakAra kA adhyayana vyavasthita evaM vistRta rUpa meM nahIM huaa| bhAratavarSa aura yUnAna meM eka sImA taka isa sandarbha meM prayatna cale the| yUnAna meM bahuta sthUla rUpa meM isa para carcA huii| para, bhAratIya manISI usa samaya kI sthitiyoM aura anukUlatAoM ke anusAra adhika gaharAI meM gaye the / vizva meM upalabdha sAhitya meM vaidika vAGmayakA aitihAsika dRSTi se bahuta mahatva hai| vedoM meM prayukta bhASA aura tadgata artha va paramparA sadA akSa uNNa banI rahe, isake lie vidvAnoM ne zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, chandaH zAstra, jyotiSa aura nirukta 6 zAstra aura pratiSThita kiye jo vedAMga kahe jAte haiN| zikSA (dhvani-vijJAna) kA baMda kI saMhitAoM se gaharA sambandha hai| vaidika saMhitAoM kA zuddha uccAraNa kiyA jA sake, unakA svara-saMcAra yathAvat raha sake, isake lie aneka niyama gaThita kiye gye| jina granthoM meM inakA vizeSa varNana hai, ve prAtizAkhya kahalAte haiN| prAtizAkhya pratizAkhA meM banA hai| pRthaka-pRthaka vedoM kI bhinna-bhinna zAkhAeM mAnI gayI haiM una sAkhAoM se sambaddha saMhitAoM ke zuddha uccAraNa kA bhinna-bhinna prAtizAkhya granthoM meM ullekha hai / prAtizAkhyoM kA sarjana vizva kA prAcInatama bhASAvaijJAnika kArya hai / isakA mukhya uddezya mAtrA kAla, svarAghAta, uccAraNa kI viziSTatAoM kA pradarzana, saMhitAoM ke rUr3higata uccAraNa kI surakSA, , vaijJAnikatA evaM sUkSmatA ke sAtha dhvaniyoM kA vivecana tathA dhvani-aMgoM kI jAnakArI denA thA / prAtizAkhyoM ke atirikta katipaya zikSA grantha bhI haiM, jo kalevara meM choTe haiN| veda kA yaha aMga bhASA - vijJAna se bahuta adhika sambaddha hai| dhvani-vijJAnasambandhI aneka praznoM kA samAdhAna eka sImA taka isameM prApta hai / udAtta, anudAtta tathA svarita ke rUpa meM svaroM ke uccAraNa ke vizeSa krama bhI dhvani-vijJAna se sUkSmatayA sampRkta haiN| 'kalpa' pAribhASika zabda hai, jo karma-kANDa- vidhi ke lie prayukta huA hai| dUsare se chaThe taka pAMca aMgoM meM nIcA 'ti' bhASA vijJAna kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / nirukta ke raciyatA mahAna vidvAna yAska the| unakA samaya lagabhaga I0pU0 800 mAnA jAtA hai / vaiyAkaraNoM kA abhimata niruktakAra yAska -- yAska ne nirukta yA vyutpatti - zAstra kI racanA kara bhAratIya vAG maya ko vAstava meM bar3I dena dI / unake dvArA racita vyutpatti-zAstra vibhinna zabdoM kI utpatti ke sambandha meM jo sUcanAeM detA hai, ve bahuta mahatvapUrNa haiN| yAska ke sAmane usa samaya bhASA ke do rUpa vidyamAna the, vaidika bhASA aura laukika bhASA / vaidika bhASA se unakA tAtparya usa saMskRta se hai, jisakA vedoM meM prayoga huA hai | ve use nigama, chandas, Rk Adi nAma bhI dete haiN| laukika bhASA ke lie ve kevala 'bhASA' vyavahRta karate haiM / unake anusAra vaidika saMskRta mUla bhASA hai tathA laukika bhASAeM usase nikalI haiM / Aja ke bhASA-vaijJAnika eka aisI bhAropIya parivAra kI atyanta prAcIna mUlabhASA kI bhI kalpanA karate haiM, jo vaidika saMskRta tathA tatsamakakSa anyAnya tatparivArIya prAcya va pratIcya bhASAoM kA udgama sthAna thI / yAska jina paristhitiyoM meM the, unake lie yahAM taka pahuMca pAnA sambhava nahIM thA / bhaugolika kaThinAiyA~ bhI thIM, yAtAyAta ke sAdhana tathA anya anukUlatAeM bhI nahIM thIM / aisI sthii meM apane nirvAcana meM ve bhArata se bAhara kI bhASAoM ko bhI dRSTigata rakha pAte, yaha sambhava nahIM thA / usa samaya yadyapi upa bhASAoM kA 1. zikSA vyAkaraNaM chando niruktaM jyotiSaM tathA / kalpazceti SaDaMgAni vedasyAhurmanISiNaH / jaina tattva cintana : Adhunika sandarbha 131
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________________ pracalana paryApta saMkhyA meM thA aura yAska ne bhI usa prakAra ke saketa kiye haiM, para unakA vyutpatti ke sandarbha meM bhASAtmaka anusandhAnakArya unhIM pracalita bhASAoM kI sImA meM hai, jo unake samakSa thI jo bhI huA, jirAnA bhI huA, usa samaya kI sthitiyoM ke paripA meM stutya kArya thA / saMsAra ke bhASA-zAstrIya vikAsa ke itihAsa meM usakA anupama sthAna rahegA / 1 nighaNTu ke rUpa meM yAska ke sAmane veda ke zabdoM kI sUcI vidyamAna thI, jisake pA~ca adhyAya haiN| nirukta meM nighaNTu meM ullikhita pratyeka pada kI pRthaka-pRthaka vyutpati pradarzita kI gaI hai| nizktakAra ke niSaSTu ke zabdoM kA artha sthApita karane kA vAstava meM saphala prayAsa kiyA hai / unhoMne apane dvArA sthApyamAna artha kI puSTi ke hetu sthAna-sthAna para vaidika saMhitAoM ko bhI uddhRta kiyA hai / artha-vijJAna ke sandarbha meM isa prakAra ke adhyayana kA vizva meM yaha pahalA prayAsa thA / bhAratavarSa meM yAska ke samaya taka artha-vijJAna Adi se sambandhita viSaya carcita ho cuke the| yAska ne svayaM audumbarAyaNa, vAyapani, gArgya, gAlava, zAkaTAyana Adi apane se pUrvavartI yA samasAmayika AcAryoM kA ullekha karate hue unake matoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai / udAharaNArthaM, yAska ne pada ke cAra bheda kiye haiM-nAma, AkhyAta, upasarga aura nipAsa usa prasaMga meM unhoMne apane pUrvavartI AcArya audumbarAyaNa kA mata uddhRta karate hue zabda ke nimatva aura anityatva jaise gahana viSaya kI carcA kI hai / yAska ke anusAra AkhyAta bhAva pradhAna hai| usake sandarbha meM unhoMne bhAvavikAra ke viSaya meM AcArya vArSyAyaNa ke vicAra upasthita kara apanA abhimata pradarzita kiyA hai| vAstava meM yAska kA nirUpaNa krama anusandhAnAtmaka aura samIkSAtmaka paddhati para AdhRta hai / uttaravartI bhASA vaijJAnikoM ke lie vaha niHsandeha preraNAdAyaka siddha huA / 1 '' yAska ke vyaktitva kI mahatA isase aura siddha ho jAtI hai ki aspaSTa zabdoM ke lie unhoMne Agraha nahIM kiyA, apitu udAratApUrvaka svIkAra kara liyA ki ve zabda unake lie spaSTa nahIM haiN| unhoMne zabdoM para vicAra karate hue bhASA kI utpati aura gaThana Adi para bhI jahAM-tahAM kucha saMketa kiyA hai| sabase pahale unhoMne yaha sthApanA kI ki pratyeka saMjJA kI vyutpatti dhAtu se hai yadyapi yaha mata samAlocanIya hai, para isakA apanA mahattva avazya hai / Age calakara mahAn vaiyAkaraNa pANini ne bhI dhAtu-siddhAnta ko pratipAdita kiyA / vAka dvArA vivecita vyutpati-krama ko jAnane ke lie eka udAharaNa upayogI hogA 'AcArya' zabdako vyutpatti karate hue ve likhate hai AcAryaH kasmAt ? AcArya AcAraM prAhmati AminotyarthAt acinoti buddhimiti vA jo cAra karavAtA hai athavA artho kA Acayana karatA hai, antevAsI ko padArthoM kA bodha karavAtA hai athavA antevAsI meM buddhi kA saMcaya karatA hai, vaha 'AcArya' kahA jAtA hai / / ' zmazAna' zabda kI vyutpati karate hue yAska likhate haiM: zmazAnam zmazayanam / zmazarIram / zarIraM zRgAte / zamnAte : vA / zma - zarIra jahAM zayana karatA hai, cira nidrA meM sotA hai, vaha 'zmazAna' kahA jAtA hai ! mahAn vaiyAkaraNa pANini - yAska ke anantara mahAn vaiyAkaraNa pANini ko bhASA vijJAna ke vikAsa ke sandarbha meM sammAna ke sAtha smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai / pANini ne saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke gaThana ke antargata pada-vijJAna Adi kA bhI gambhIra aura vaijJAnika vivecana kiyaa| unhoMne apane pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNoM Apizani Adi kA bhI ullekha kiyaa| pANini ke pUrvavartI eka bahuta bar3e vaiyAkaraNa indra the / taittarIya saMhitA inheM prathama vaiyAkaraNa siddha karatI hai| vahAM likhA hai "devatAoM ne indra se kahA- hameM bhASA ko vyAkRta kara samajhAie / " indra ne vaisA kiyA / indra kA vaiyAkaraNa- sampadAya pANini ke pUrva evaM pazcAt bhI calatA rhaa| vartamAna meM jo prAtizAkhya prApta haiM, ve isI sampradAya ke haiN| vArtikakAra kAtyAyana bhI isI sampradAya ke the / pANini ne pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNoM ke mahattvapUrNa zodha kArya kA sAra aSTAdhyAyI meM samAviSTa kiyaa| unhoMne katipaya prasaMgoM meM udIcya aura prAcya sampradAyoM kI bhI carcA kI hai / kathAsaritsAgara meM somadeva ne likhA hai ki pANini ke guru kA nAma upAdhyAya varSa thA / kAtyAyana, vyADi aura indradatta inake sahapAThI the| pANini ne mAhezvara sUtroM ke rUpa meM vyAkaraNa evaM bhASA-vijJAna ke kSetra meM bahuta bar3I dena dI hai| mAhezvara sUtroM kI kucha anupama vizeSatAeM haiM unameM dhvaniyoM kA sthAna evaM prayatna ke anusAra jo vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai / vaha dhvani-vijJAna kA utkRSTa udAharaNa hai / pANini kI ullekhanIya vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne kevala caudaha sUtroM ke AdhAra para pratyAhAra Adi ke sahAre saMskRta jaisI jaTila aura kaThina bhASA ko saMkSepa meM bAMdha diyaa| DhAI hajAra varSa ke pazcAt bhI vaha bhASA kiMcit bhI idhara-udhara nahIM ho sakI apane pariniSThita rUpa meM yathAvata banI raha skii| unhoMne nAma, AkhyAta, upasarga evaM nipAta ke rUpa meM yAska dvArA kiye gaye pada-vibhAgoM 1. vavai prAcya vyAkRtA'vadat / te devA indramatra, vannimAM no vAcaM vyAkRditi / tamindro madhyato'vakramya vyAkarot / 132 AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ ko nahIM mAnA / zabda ko subanta aura tiGanta ; ina dA bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| Aja taka saMsAra meM bhASA-vijJAna yA vyAkaraNa ke kSetra meM zabdoM ke jitane bhI vibhAjana kiye gaye haiM, unameM vaijJAnika dRSTi se isa nirUpaNa kA sarvAdhika mahattva hai / vargoM ke spRSTa, ISatspRSTa saMvRta, vivRta, alpaprANa, mahAprANa, ghoSa, aghoSa Adi kaNTha, tAlu, mUrdhA, danta, oSTha Adi uccAraNa-sthAna prabhati aneka aise viSaya haiM jo dhvani-vijJAna ke kSetra meM pANini kI adbhuta upalabdhiyAM haiN| vaidika saMskRta evaM laukika saMskRta kA tulanAtmaka vizleSaNa pANini kA sabase mahattvapUrNa kArya hai| unake varNana se yaha spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki chandas kahI jAne vAlI vaidika saMskRta aura bhASA kahalAne vAlI laukika saMskRta meM paraspara usa samaya taka bahuta antara A gayA thaa| sAra rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki pANini vizva ke sarvazreSTha vaiyAkaraNa the| aSTAdhyAyI jaisA usakA graMtha Aja taka kisI bhI bhASA meM nahIM likhA gyaa| unhoMne vyAkaraNa ko anapama sUkSmatA dene ke sAtha-sAtha darzana kA svarUpa bhI pradAna kiyaa| unakI sUtra-paddhati ne vyAkaraNa kI zuSkatA ko sarasa tathA kaThinatA ko sarala banA diyA / Adhunika bhASA-vijJAna ke janaka pAzcAtya vidvAn blUma phIlDa Language pustaka meM, jisakA Aja ke bhASA-vijJAna meM atyadhika mahattva hai, pANini ke sambandha meM likhate haiM : "pANini kA vyAkaraNa (aSTAdhyAyI) jisakI racanA lagabhaga I0 pU0 350-250 ke madhya huI thI, mAnavIya buddhi ke prakarSa kA sabase unnata kIrti-stambha hai| Aja taka kisI bhI anya bhASA kA itane paripUrNa rUpa meM vivecana nahIM huA hai|" harvarDa vizvavidyAlaya ke prAdhyApaka jaoNna bI0 kerola ne likhA hai : "pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne pahale pahala jaise hI hindU vaiyAkaraNa pANini kI varNanAtmaka paddhatiyoM kA paricaya pAyA, ve pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se unase prabhAvita hue tathA unhoMne 'bhASAoM kA vivecanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana prastuta karanA prArambha kiyaa|" Alocaka kAtyAyana : pANini ke pazcAt anya bhI kaI vaiyAkaraNa hue| kAtyAyana unameM bahuta prasiddha haiN| kathAsaritsAgarakAra ne inheM pANini kA sahapAThI batalAyA hai| vaha ucita nahIM jAna pdd'taa| kAtyAyana kA samaya lagabhaga I0 pU0 'pAMcavI-cauthI zatAbdI honA caahie| kAtyAyana ne pANini ke sUtroM kI AlocanA kI, unameM doSa dikhalAyA tathA zuddha niyama nizcita kiye| isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai ki kAtyAyana ne jinheM doSa kahA, ve vastutaH doSa nahIM the| pANini tathA kAtyAyana ke bIca lagabhaga 150 varSa kA samaya par3atA hai| usa bIca bhASA meM jo parivartana AyA, use hI kAtyAyana ne azuddha yA duSTa maanaa| itanA spaSTa hai ki kAtyAyana ke vAttikoM se bhASA ke vikAsa se sambaddha kaI tathya jJAta hote haiM, jo artha-vijJAna evaM dhvani-vijJAna se jur3e haiN| mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali: kAtyAyana ke pazcAt pataMjali Ate haiN| unakA samaya I0pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI hai| ve pANini ke anuyAyI the| unhoMne mahAbhASya kI racanA kI, jisakA uddezya kAtyAyana ke niyamoM meM doSa dikhAkara pANini kA maNDana karanA thaa| unhoMne jo niyama banAye, ve iSTi kahalAte haiN| pataMjali ke mahAbhASya kA mahattva niyama sthApanA kI dRSTi se bahuta adhika nahIM hai| usakA mahattva to bhASA ke dArzanika vizleSaNa meM hai| unhoMne dhvani ke svarUpa, vAkya ke bhAga tathA dhvani-samUha va artha kA pArasparika sambandha Adi bhASA-vijJAnasambandhI mahattvapUrNa viSayoM para gahana cintana upasthita kiyaa| vyAkaraNa tathA bhASA-vijJAna jaise viSaya ko pataMjali ne jina sarala, sughar3a aura hRdya zabdoM se varNita kiyA hai, vaha vAstava meM adbhuta hai| unakI zailI atyanta lalita tathA hetupUrNa hai / sarala, sarasa va prAMjala bhASA tathA prasAdapUrNa zailI kI dRSTi se samagra saMskRta vAGamaya meM AcArya zaMkara kRta zArIrika bhASya ke atirikta aisA eka bhI grantha nahIM hai, jo isa mahAbhASya ke samakakSa ho| vyAkaraNa kA uttaravartI srota: mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ke anantara pANinIya zAkhA ke antargata uttarottara aneka vaiyAkaraNa hote gaye, jinameM jayAditya tathA vAmana (sAtavIM zatI pUrvArdha), bhartRhari (sAtavIM zatI), jinendra buddhi (AThavIM zatI 1. This grammer which dates from some where round 350 to 250 B. C. is one of the greatest Monuments of human intelegence...No other language to this day has been so perfectly described. 2 Western scholars were for the first time exposed to the descriptive methods of the Hindu grammarian Panini, influenced either directly or indirectly by Panini, began to produce descriptive and historical studies. jaina tattva cintana : Adhunika sandarbha 133
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________________ pUrvArdha), kayyaTa (gyArahavIM zatI), haradatta (bArahavIM zatI) mukhya the| unhoMne pANini kI vyAkaraNa-paramparA meM aneka svataMtra granthoM tathA vyAkhyA-granthoM kA praNayana kiyA, jinameM bhASA aura vyAkaraNa ke aneka zabdoM para talasparzI vivecana hai| unake anannara isa zAkhA meM jo vaiyAkaraNa hue, unhoMne kaumudI kI paramparA kA pravartana kiyaa| vyAkaraNa para itane adhika grantha likhe jA cuke the ki unako bodha-gamya banAne ke liye kisI abhinava krama kI apekSA thii| kaumudI-sAhitya inakA pUraka hai| vimala sarasvatI (caudahavIM zatI), zamacandra (pandrahavIM zatI), bhaToji dIkSita (satarahavIM zatI) tathA varadarAja (aThArahavI zatI) isa paramparA ke mukhya granthakAra the| bhaToji dIkSita kI siddhAnta kaumudI aura varadarAja kI laghu kaumudI kA saMskRta adhyetAoM meM Aja bhI sarvatra pracAra hai| pANini ke vyAkaraNa ke atirikta bhAratavarSa meM vyAkaraNa kI katipaya anya zAkhAe~ bhI pracalita thIM, jinameM jainendra, zAkaTAyana, hemacandra, kAtantra, sArasvata tathA vopadeva Adi zAkhAoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| vyAkaraNottara zAstroM meM bhASA-tattva : vyAkaraNa granthoM ke atirikta saMskRta meM race gaye nyAya, kAvya-zAstra tathA mImAMsA Adi meM bhI bhASA ke sambandha meM prAsaMgika rUpa meM vicAra upasthita kiye gaye haiN| baMgAla meM nadiyA naiyAyikoM yA tAkikoM kA gar3ha rahA hai| vahAM ke naiyAyikoM ne apane granthoM meM bhASA ke manovaijJAnika pakSa para vicAra kiyaa| zrI jagadIza tarkAlaMkAra ke zabdazaktiprakAzikA grantha meM zabdoM kI zakti para naiyAyika dRSTi se UhApoha kiyA gayA hai| usase artha-vijJAna para kucha prakAza paDatA hai| kAvya zAstrIya vAGamaya meM kAvyaprakAza, dhvanyAloka, candrAloka aura sAhitya-darpaNa Adi grantha bahuta prasiddha haiN| inameM zabda-zaktiyoM tathA alaMkAroM ke vizleSaNa ke prasaMga meM bhASA ke zabda, artha Adi tattvoM para sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM mImAMsA darzana kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| mImAMsA darzana kA varNya viSaya yadyapi karmakANDa aura yajJavAda hai, para, vidvAn AcAryoM ne inake vivecana ke lie jo zailI apanAI hai, vaha atyanta nai yAyika yA tArkika hai| unhoMne zabdasvarUpa, zabdArtha, vAkyasvarUpa, vAkyArtha Adi viSayoM para gaharAI se vimarSaNa kiyA hai| __ bhAratIya vidvAnoM dvArA kiye gaye bhASA-tattva-sambandhI gaveSaNA-kArya kA yaha saMkSipta lekhA-jokhA hai, jo bhAratIya prajJA kI sajagatA para prakAza DAlatA hai| prAcIna kAla meM jaba samIkSAtmaka rUpa meM parizIlana karane ke sAdhanoM kA prAya: abhAva thA aura na Aja kI taraha gaveSaNA-sambandhI navIna dRSTikoNa hI samakSa the, taba itanA jo kiyA jA sakA, kama stutya nahIM hai / vizva meM apanI koTi kA yaha asAdhAraNa kArya thaa| yUnAna va yUropa meM bhASA-vizleSaNa purAtana saMskRti, sAhitya tathA darzana ke vikAsa meM prAcya dezoM meM jo sthAna bhArata kA hai, usI taraha pAzcAtya dezoM meM grIsa (yanAna) kA hai| bhAratavarSa ke anantara yUnAna meM bhI bhASA-tattva para kucha cintana claa| yadyapi vaha bhAratavarSa kI tulanA meM bahuta sAdhAraNa thA, kevala UparI sataha ko cha ne vAlA thA, para pAzcAtya dezoM meM isa kSetra meM sabase pahalA prayAsa thA, isalie usakA aitihAsika mahattva hai| ___ sukarAta kA iMgita : sukarAta (I0 pU0 466 se I0 pU0 366) yUnAna ke mahAn dArzanika the| unakA viSaya tattva jJAna thA; ata: bhASA-zAstra ke sambandha meM unhoMne lakSyapUrvaka kucha nahIM likhA, para, anya viSayoM kI carcA ke prasaMga meM isa viSaya kI ora bhI kucha iMgita kiyaa| sukarAta ke samakSa yaha prazna AyA ki zabda aura artha meM paraspara jo sambandha hai, vaha svAbhAvika hai yA ise isa prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai ki kisI eka vastu kA jo nAma pracalita hai, usa (nAma) ke sthAna para yadi koI dUsarA nAma rakha diyA jAe, to kyA vaha asvAbhAvika hogA ? sakarAta kA isa sandarbha meM yaha cintana thA ki kisI vastu aura usake nAma kA, dUsare zabdoM meM artha aura zabda kA koI svAbhAvika sambandha nahIM hai| vaha mAnava dvArA svIkRta sambandha hai / yadi kisI vastu kA usake nAma se svAbhAvika sambandha hotA, to vaha zAzvata hotA, sarvavyApI hotA, deza-kAla ke bheda se vyAhata nahIM hotaa| aisA hone para saMsAra meM sarvatra jisa kisI bhASA kA eka zabda sabhI dUsarI bhASAoM meM usI artha kA dyotaka hotA, jisa artha kA apanI bhASA meM dyotaka hai| arthAt, saMsAra meM sabakI svAbhAvika bhASA eka hI hotii| pleTo : bhASA-tattva : sukarAta ke pazcAt unake ziSya pleTo (426 I0 pU0 se 347 I0 pU0) yUnAna ke bahuta bar3e vicAraka hue| unakA bhI apane guru kI taraha bhASA-vijJAna se koI sAkSAt sambandha nahIM thaa| unhoMne yathA-prasaMga bhASA tattvoM ke sambandha meM jahAM-tahAM apane vicAra prakaTa kiye haiM, jinakA bhASA-vijJAna ke itihAsa meM kucha-na-kucha mahattva hai| unhoMne 134 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana anya
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________________ dhvaniyoM ke vargIkaraNa kA mArga dikhAyA tathA grIka bhASA kI dhvaniyoM ko ghoSa aura aboSa; ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyaa| yUropa meM dhvaniyoM ke vargIkaraNa kA yaha sabase pahalA prayatna thaa| pleTo ne bhASA aura vicAra ke sambandha para bhI carcA kI hai| usake anusAra vicAra aura bhASA meM kevala itanA hI hI antara hai ki vicAra AtmA kA adhvanyAtmaka yA niHzabda vArtAlApa hai aura jaba vaha dhvanyAtmaka hokara mukha-vivara se vyakta hotA hai, to usakI saMjJA bhASA ho jAtI hai| sArAMza yaha hai ki pleTo ke anusAra bhASA aura vicAra meM mUlata: aikya hai| kevala bAhya dRSTi se dhvanyAtmakatA aura adhvanyAtmakatA ke rUpa meM antara hai| pleTo vAkya-vizleSaNa aura zabda-bheda ke sambandha meM bhI kucha Age bar3he haiN| uddezya, vidheya, vAcya, vyatpatti Adi para bhI unake kucha saMketa milate haiM, jo bhASA-vijJAna sambandhI yUnAnI cintana ke vikAsa ke pratIka haiN| arastU kA kAvyazAstra yanAna ke tIsare mahAn dArzanika, kAvyazAstrI aura cintaka arastU the| unakA bhI mukhya viSaya bhASA nahIM thA, para. prAsaMgika rUpa meM bhASA para bhI unhoMne apanA cintana diyA / arastU kA eka suprasiddha grantha poyaTiksa (kAvyazAstra) hai, jisameM unhoMne trAsadI. kAmadI Adi kAvya-vidhAoM kA mAmika vivecana kiyA hai| poyaTiksa ke dUsare bhAga meM arastu ne jahAM, zailI kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai. vahAM bhASA para bhI kucha prakAza DAlA hai| yadyapi vaha bhASA-vijJAna se sAkSAt sambaddha nahIM hai, para, mahattvapUrNa hai| unake anasAra varNa avibhAjya ivani hai| vaha svara, antastha aura sparza ke rUpa meM vibhakta hai| dIrgha, hrasva, alpaprANa tathA mahAprANa Adi para bhI unhoMne carcA ko hai| unhoMne svara kI jo paribhASA dI, vastutaH vaha kucha dRSTiyoM se vaijJAnika kahI jA sakatI hai| unhoMne batAyA ki jisakI dhvani ke uccAraNa meM jihvA aura oSTa kA vyavahAra na ho, vaha svara hai| uddezya, vidheya, saMjJA, kriyA Adi para bhI arastU ne prakAza DAlA hai| kArakoM tathA unako prakaTa karane vAle zabdoM kA bhI unhoMne vivecana kiyA hai, jo yUropa meM isa koTi kA sabase pahalA prayAsa hai| pleTo ne zabdoM ke zreNI-vibhAga (Parts of speech) kA jo Nyata Arambha kiyA thA, use pUrA kara ATha taka pahuMcAne kA zreya arastU ko hI hai| unhoMne liga (strIliMga, pulliga, napa saka liMga) bheda tathA unake lakSaNoM kA bhI vizleSaNa kiyaa| grIka, laiTina aura hibrU grIka vaiyAkaraNoM ne tadanantara prastuta viSaya ko aura Age bddh'aayaa| jinameM pahale the ksa (I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI) hai| grIsa aura roma meM jaba pArasparika saMparka bar3hane lagA, taba vidyAoM kA AdAna-pradAna bhI prAraMbha huaa| phalata: romavAsiyoM ne grIsa kI bhASA asAyana-praNAlI ko grahaNa kiyA aura laiTina bhASA ke vyAkaraNoM kI racanA hone lgii| leTina kA sabase pahalA prAmANika vyAkaraNa bogasa bAla nAmaka vidvAna dvArA likhA gayA / vaha IsAI-dharma ke prabhAva kA samaya thA ; ata: grIsa aura roma meM olDa TesTAmeMTa Restament) ke adhyayana kA eka vizeSa krama calA / usa bIca vidvAnoM ko grIka, laiTina aura hibrU bhASAoM ke tulanAtmaka tathA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana kA vizeSa avasara prApta huA / olDa TesTAmeMTa kI bhASA hone ke kAraNa usa samaya hibra ko vahAM sabase prAcIna tathA saba bhASAoM kI jananI mAnA jAtA phalataH vidvAnoM ne yUropa kI anya bhASAoM ke vaise zabdoM kA anveSaNa Arambha kiyA, jo hibrU ke tadarthaka zabdoM ke sadaza yA milate. borase koza banane lage, jinameM isa prakAra ke zabdoM kA saMkalana thA / una sabhI zabdoM kI vyutpatti hibra se sAdhya hai, aisA karane kA bhI prayAsa calane lagA / isa sandarbha meM tatkAlIna vidvAnoM kA arabI tathA sIriyana Adi bhASAoM ke parizIlana kI ora bhI dhyAna gayA / pandrahavIM zatI yUropa meM vidyAoM aura kalAoM ke utthAna yA punarujjIvana kA samaya mAnA jAtA hai / sAhitya, saMskRti Adi bakAsa ke lie jana-mAnasa jAgRta ho uThA thA tathA aneka Andolana yA sabala prayatna pUre vega ke sAtha calane lage the| bhinna-bhinna deza jAmiyoM kA apanI-apanI bhASAoM ke abhyudaya kI ora bhI cintana kendrita huA / pariNAmasvarUpa bhASAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA jitanA jaisA saMbhava thA, upakrama calA / bhASA-adhyetAoM ne isa sandarbha meM jo upalabdhiyAM prApta kI, unameM se kucha thIM : --vidvAnoM ko aisA AbhAsa huA ki grIka aura laiTina bhASAe sambhavataH kisI eka hI srota se prasphuTita huI haiN| --bhASAoM ke pArivArika vargIkaraNa kI dRSTi se yaha, cAhe ati sAdhAraNa hI sahI, eka preraka saMketa thaa| -vidvAnoM ko cAhe halkI hI sahI, aisI bhI pratIti huI ki ho sakatA hai, zabdoM kA AdhAra dhAtueM hoN| jaina tattva cintana : Adhunika sandarbha
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________________ bhASAoM ke adhyagrana kI ora usa samaya yUropa meM kitanI unmukhatA ho calI thI, yaha isI se spaSTa hai ki suprasiddha dArzanika libanija ne bhI isa ora dhyAna diyaa| zAsaka varga bhI isase prabhAvita huA / phalata: pITara mahAn ne tulanAtmaka zabdoM kA saMgraha krvaayaa| rUsa kI mahArAnI kaitharina dvitIya ne bhI pI0 esa0 pallasa (1741-1811) ko eka tulanAtmaka zabdAvalI taiyAra karane kI AjJA dii| phalataH unhoMne yUropa aura eziyA ; donoM mahAdvIpoM kI aneka bhASAoM ke 285 tulanAtmaka zabda saMkalita kiye / isake dUsare saMskaraNa meM kucha aura vikAsa huA / lagabhaga assI bhASAoM ke sAdRzya mUlaka zabdoM kA usameM aura samAveza kiyA gyaa| pazcima meM bhASA-tatva para hue adhyayana-anuzIlana kA yaha saMkSita vivaraNa hai| isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki bhASA-vaijJAnikoM kI agalI pIr3hI ke lie yaha kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM preraka siddha huaa| niSkarSa prAcya aura pratIcya donoM bhU-bhAgoM meM bhASA-tattva para kI gayI gaveSaNA aura vivecanA kI pRSTha-bhUmi prApta thI hI, jisa para Age cala kara bhASA-vijJAna ke kSetra meM bhASA ke vividha pakSoM ko lete hue sUkSma tathA gahana adhyayana-kArya huA aura ho rahA hai| bhASAvijJAna isa samaya mAnavikI adhyayana ke kSetra meM eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa svatantra viSaya ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hai| isa para kAphI gaveSaNA aura anusandhAna haA hai, para, yaha viSaya bahata vistIrNa hai, jisakI vyApti sAre vizva taka hai| vizva kI vibhinna prAcIna aura arvAcIna bhASAoM kA jyoM-jyoM aura adhika talasparzitApUrvaka vaijJAnika evaM aitihAsika dRSTi se adhyayana-krama Age bar3hatA jAyegA, bhASA-vijJAna ke kSetra meM to bar3A kAma hogA hI, vizva ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM samaya-samaya para prAdurbhUta sAMskRtika cetanA, sAmAjika vikAsa, rAjanaitika va prazAsanika parivartana, utAra-car3hAva Adi se jur3e hue aneka avyakta tathya bhI prakaTa hoMge / bhASA-vijJAna kI prAdhunika paramparA bhASA-vijJAna zabda Aja jisa artha meM pracalita hai, usa dRSTi se bhASA ke sAtha saMzliSTa aneka sUkSma pakSoM kA vyApaka aura vyavasthita adhyayana lagabhaga pichalI do zatAbdiyoM se ho rahA hai / adhyayana kI isa sUkSma vizleSaNa pUrNa va samIkSAtmaka paramparA ko Arambha karane kA mukhya zreya yUropIya vidvAnoM ko hai, jinhoMne pAzcAtya bhASAoM ke sAtha-sAtha prAcya bhASAoM kA bhI ukta dRSTikoNa se gahana adhyayana kiyA / vizeSataH bhAropIya-bhASAoM ke adhyayana meM to ina vidvAnoM ne jo kArya kiyA, vaha atyanta preraka aura udabodhaka hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM niHsandeha anusandhitsA kI vizeSa vRtti hai| pAzcAtya manISI sara viliyama jaoNnsa isake mUrta udAharaNa kahe jA sakate haiN| ve (18vIM zatI) kalakattA meM bhArata ke sarvocca nyAyAlaya ke mukhya nyAyAdhIza the / bhAratIya vidhi-vidhAna, nyAya tathA prazAsana Adi ko sUkSmatA se jAnane kI unheM jijJAsA huI, tAki ve bhAratIyoM ko unakI apanI paramparAoM ke anurUpa sahI nyAya de skeN| isake lie saMskRta kA adhyayana parama Avazyaka thaa| sara viliyama jaoNnsa ke mana meM saMskRta par3hane kI utkaTa icchA jAgRta huii| unhoMne saMskRta ke kisI acche vidvAn kI khoja prArambha kI, jo unheM par3hA ske| bar3I kaThinAI thii| koI vidvAn unheM par3hAne ko taiyAra nahIM ho rahA thaa| una dinoM brAhmaNa vidvAnoM meM yaha rUr3ha dhAraNA thI, kisI vidharmI ko deva-vANI kaise par3hAI jA sakatI hai ? bahata prayatna se eka vidvAn taiyAra hue, para, unhoMne kaI zarte rkhiiN| jisa kamare meM ve par3hAyeMge, use pratidina par3hAI se pUrva gaMgA ke jala se dhonA hogaa| unake lie par3hAte samaya pahanane ke hetu rezamI kapar3oM kI vyavasthA karanI hogii| jaoNnsa mahodaya bhI par3hate samaya rezamI vastra dhAraNa kreNge| bhUmi para baiThakara par3hanA hogaa| sara viliyama jaoNnsa ne yaha saba saharSa svIkAra kiyaa| una dinoM bhArata ke mukhya nyAyAdhIza ke pada kI garimA kA sahaja hI anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| para, jJAna-prApta karane kI tIvra utkaNThA ke samakSa usa videzI adhikArI ne kisI bhI aupacArikatA ko bilakula bhulA diyA aura apane vidvAn adhyApaka dvArA nirdezita vyavasthA-krama kA yathAvat pAlana karate hue par3hanA Arambha kara diyaa| jisa lagana, niSThA aura tanmayatA se sara viliyama jaoNnsa ne saMskRta vidyA kA adhyayana kiyA, vaha vidyArthiyoM ke lie vAstava meM anakaraNIya hai| samudroM pAra kA eka vyakti, jise saMskRta kA koI pUrva saMskAra na thA, na jisake dharma kI vaha bhASA thI, aisI tar3apa aura lagana se gambhIra jJAna ajita karane meM apane Apa ko jor3a de, yaha kama mahattva kI bAta nahIM thii| satata adhyavasAya aura lagana ke kAraNa saMskRta vidyA kI aneka zAkhAoM kA sara viliyama jaoNnsa ne talasparzI jJAna ajita kiyaa| yAjJavalkya Adi smRti-granthoM aura mitAkSarA prabhati TIkA va vyAkhyA-sAhitya kA bhI unhoMne sAMgopAMga pArAyaNa kiyA / bhAratIya samAja aura vidhi-vidhAnoM kA to sara viliyama jaoNnsa ne vistIrNa jJAna pAyA hI, sAtha hI eka phalita aura huA, jisakA bhASA-vijJAna ke itihAsa meM ullekhanIya sthAna hai / sara viliyama jaoNnsa grIka, laiTina, gAthika Adi purAnI pAzcAtya bhASAoM ke AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana anya
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________________ bhI vidvAn the / saMskRta sAhitya kI zAkhAoM ke parizIlana ke samaya unake samakSa aneka aise zabda Aye, jinakA unheM dhvani, gaThana Adi kI dRSTi se laiTina, grIka Adi se sUkSma sAmya pratIta huaa| unake mana meM bar3A Azcarya aura kutUhala jAgA unhoMne saMskRta ke aise aneka zabda khoja nikAle, jinakA grIka, laiTina Adi pratIcya bhASAoM ke sAtha bahuta sAdRzya thA / gahana adhyayana, vizleSaNa tathA anusandhAna ke niSkarSa ke rUpa meM unhoMne prakaTa kiyA ki merA anumAna hai ki zabda, dhAtu, vyAkaraNa Adi kI dRSTi se saMskRta, laiTina, grIka, gAthika, kAlTika tathA purAnI phArasI kA mUla yA Adi srota eka hai / san 1785 meM sara viliyama jaoNnsa ne kalakattA meM rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI kI sthApanA kii| usa avasara para unhoMne kahA : "saMskRta bhASA kI prAcInatA cAhe kitanI hI rahI ho, usakA svarUpa niHsandeha Azcaryajanaka hai| vaha grIka se adhika paripUrNa, laiTina se adhika samRddha tathA ina donoM se adhika 'parimArjita hai / "" vaijJAnika evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa meM bhASAoM ke adhyayana kA mArga prazasta karane vAloM meM sara viliyama jaoNnsa kA nAma sadA zIrSastha rahegA / bhASA-vijJAna ke sUkSma evaM gambhIra parizIlana kA lagabhaga usI samaya se vyavasthita krama calA, uttarottara abhinava upalabdhiyoM kI ora agrasara hotA rhaa| yaha krama vizva ke aneka dezoM meM calA aura Aja bhI cala rahA hai / isa sandarbha meM yaha smaraNa karate hue Azcarya hotA hai aura sAtha hI preraNA bhI milatI hai ki aneka pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhArata kI prAcIna aura arvAcIna bhASAoM kA gahana adhyayana hI nahIM kiyA, apitu una bhASAoM kA bhASA-vaijJAnika dRSTi se tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka rUpa meM sUkSma vizleSaNa bhI kiyA, jo bhASA vijJAna ke kSetra meM kArya karane vAle manISiyoM, anusandhitsuoM aura adhyetAoM ke liye saIna udbodhaprada rhegaa| prAcya mAnyatAeM : -bhASA kA udbhava kaba huA, kisa prakAra huA aura vaha kina-kina vikAsa kramoM meM se gujaratI huI vartamAna avasthA taka pahuMcI, yaha eka prazna hai; jo Aja se nahIM, cirakAla se hai / vAstava meM isakA sahI-sahI samAdhAna de pAnA bahuta kaThina hai; kyoMki bhASA bhI lagabhaga utanI hI cirantana hai, jitanI ki mAnava jAti / mAnava jAti anAdi hai, usI prakAra bhASA bhI anAdi hai, isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai| para, buddhizIla mAnava svabhAvataH jijJAsu hai, itane mAtra se kaise parituSTa hotA ? jIvana ke sAtha satata saMlagna bhASA kA udbhava kaise huA, vaha vikAsa aura vistAra ke patha para kisa prakAra agrasara huI, yaha jAnane kI utsukatA usake mana meM sadA se banI rahI hai| isa prazna kA samAdhAna pAne ko vaha cintita rahA hai / phalata: aneka prayatna cale / samAdhAna bhI pAye, para, bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke / Aja bhI bhASA kI utpatti kI samasyA kA sarvasammata samAdhAna nahIM ho pAyA hai| yahAM prastuta prazna para aba taka hue cintana kA vihaMgAvalokana karate hue kucha UhApoha apekSita hai / vibhinna dharmoM ke logoM kI udbhAvanAoM para vicAra karanA pahalI apekSA hogii| samAdhAna khojane vAloM meM kaI prakAra ke vyakti hote haiM unakI apanI kucha pUrva saMcita dhAraNAeM hotI hai Ara atizaya - prakAzana kI bhAvanA bhI / bhASA ke udbhava ke prazna para prAyaH vizva ke sabhI dharmo ke anuyAyiyoM ne apane-apane mantavya prastuta kiye haiN| vaidika mAnyatA :- jo veda meM vizvAsa karate haiM, unakI mAnyatA hai ki veda mAnava kRta nahIM haiM, apauruSeya haiN| Izvara ne jagat kI sRSTi kI, mAnava ko banAyA, bhASA kI racanA kii| RSiyoM ke antarmana meM jJAna kA udbhAva kiyA, jo veda kI RcAoM aura mantroM meM prasphuTita huA / inakI bhASA chandas yA vaidika saMskRta hai, jo anAdi hai, IzvarakRta hai, isalie ise veda - bhASA kahA jAtA hai / saMsAra kI sabhI bhASAeM isI se nikalI haiN| yaha mAnava kI Izvara datta bhASA hai / saMskRta ke mahAn vaiyAkaraNa, aSTAdhyAyoM ke racayitA pANini ne bhI bhASA kI Izvara- kRtatA ko eka dUsare prakAra se siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| unhoMne vyAkaraNa ke aiuNa' Adi sUtroM ke viSaya meM likhA hai : "sanaka Adi RSiyoM kA uddhAra karane ke lie arthAt unheM zabda-zAstra kA jJAna dene ke lie naTarAja bhagavAn zaMkara ne tANDava nRtya ke pazcAt caudaha bAra apanA DamarU bajAyA, jisase caudaha sUtroM kI sRSTi huii|" inhIM caudaha sUpoM para sArA zabda-zAstra TikA hai| 1. The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin and more exquisitely refined than either. 2. ghraiuN 1 / Rluka, 2 / emroGa, 3 / aizrauc 4 / hayaeraTa, 5 / lag 6 / maGaNanam 7 / jhabhaj 8 / ghaDhadhaSu / jabAgaDadaz 10 / khaphachaThayacaTatava 11 kapay 12 / zavasa 13 / hal 14 // 3. nRttAvasAne naTarAjarAjo nanAda DhakkAM navapaMcavAram / uddhatu kAmaH sanakAdisiddhAnetadvima zivasUtrajAlam // jaina tatva cintana Adhunika sandarbha 137
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________________ yAska kA sUkSma cintana :- * pANini se pUrvavartI niruktakAra yAska ( I0 pU0 800) ke uma kathana para isa prasaMga meM vicAra karanA upayogI hogA, jo zabdoM ke vyavahAra ke sambandha meM hai / bhASA kI utpatti kI samasyA para bhI isase kucha prakAza par3atA hai| nAma, AkhyAta, upasarga aura nipAta; ina cAra pada-bhedoM kA vivecana karate hue prAsaMgika rUpa meM unhoMne zabda kI bhI carcA kI hai| unhoMne likhA hai dIvAna hai isalie loka meM vyavahAra (kAma calAne ke lie vastuoM kA saMjJAkaraNa (nAma yA abhidhAna) zabda dvArA huA / "" unhoMne bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM svatantra rUpa meM kucha bhI nahIM likhA hai / ho sakatA hai, unheM yaha Avazyaka nahIM lagA ho| isa viSaya meM ve kisI pUrva kalpanA yA dhAraNA ko lie hue hoM / saMketa Adi usake patheSTa pUraka nahIM zabdoM ko niSpanna karatA hai| zabda dvArA laukika janoM ko pArasparika vyavahAra calAne ke lie koI eka mAdhyama cAhie ho sakate / taba manuSya vibhinna vastuoM kI bhinna-bhinna saMjJAeM karanA cAhatA hai / etadartha vaha " saMjJAkaraNa" kA jo kathana niruktakAra karate haiM, usase yaha spaSTa jhalakatA hai ki unakI AsthA kisI Izvara-kRta bhASA ke astitva meM nahIM thI / yadi koI bhASA Izvara-kRta hotI, to usameM vibhinna vastuoM ke artha dyotaka zabda hote hii| vaisI sthiti meM vastuoM ke saMjJAkaraNa yA unheM nAma dene kI mAnava ko kyA AvazyakatA par3atI ? vyavasthita ora Izvara kRta bhASA meM kisI bhI prakAra kI aparipUrNatA nahIM hotI / vastuoM ke nAmakaraNa kI tabhI AvazyakatA par3atI hai, jaba bhASA jaisA koI prakAra mAnava ko prApta nahIM ho / yAska kA kathana isI sandarbha meM pratIta hotA hai / bhASA ke ananya aMga zabda kI utpatti ke sambandha meM yAska jo mAnava-kRtatA kI ora iMgita karate haiM, yaha unakA vastutaH bar3A krAntikArI cintana hai / unake uttaravartI mahAn vaiyAkaraNa pANini taka bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM purAtana baddhamUla rUr3ha dhAraNA se Age nahIM bar3ha sake, jaba ki yAska ne unase tIna zatAbdI pUrva hI uparyukta saMketa kara diyA thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki yAska apekSAkRta adhika samIkSaka evaM anusandhara the| yAska ke samakSa usa samaya saMskRta bhASA thI, jo deva bhASA kahalAtI thii| Aja bhI kahalAtI hai / yAska ne deva-bhASA kI siddhi bar3e camatkArapUrNa DhaMga se kI hai| ve likhate haiM "manuSya vastuoM ke lie jo nAma kA prayoga karate haiM, devatAoM ke lie bhI ve vaise hI haiM / "" tAtparya hai, manuSya kI bhASA ko devatA bhI usI rUpa meM samajhate haiM / isase mAnava-bhASA deva bhASA bhI hai, aisA siddha hotA hai / saMskRta ke lie isI kAraNa deva bhASA zabda vyavahRta hai, yahAM yAska kA aisA abhiprAya pratIta hotA hai / bauddha mAnyatA :- bauddha dharma kA tripiTaka ke rUpa meM sArA mUla vAG maya mAgadhI meM hai, jo Age calakara pAli ke nAma se prasiddha huI / bauddhoM meM siMhalI paramparA kI prAmANikatA abAdhita hai| sabase pahale sihala ( laMkA) meM hI vinaya piTaka, suta piTaka tathA afe free forbaddha kiye gaye / siMhalI paramparA kA abhimata hai ki samyak sambuddha bhagavAn tathAgata ne apanA dharmopadeza mAgadhI (pAli) meM kiyaa| unake anusAra mAgadhI saMsAra kI Adi bhASA hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne isa tathya kA spaSTa zabdoM meM udaghoSa karate hue likhA hai : "mAgadhI sabhI satvoM - jIvadhAriyoM kI mUla bhASA hai / "" mahAvaMza ke parivarddhita aMza cUlavaMza kA bhI isI prakAra kA eka prasaMga hai| revata sthavira ke Adeza se AcArya buddhaghoSa laMkA gaye / vahAM unhoMne siMhalo aTThakathAoM kA mAgadhI meM anuvAda kiyA / usakA ullekha karate hue vahAM kahA gayA hai: "sabhI siMhalI aTThakathAeM mAgadhI bhASA meM parivartita - anUdita kI gayIM, jo ( mAgadhI) samasta prANI varga kI mUla bhASA hai|"" mAgadhI yA pAlI ke sambandha meM jo silI paramparA kA vizvAsa hai, vaisA hI barmI paramparA kA bhI vizvAsa hai| itanA hI nahIM, pAli tripiTaka meM vizvAsa rakhane vAle prAyaH sabhI bauddha dharmAnuyAyI apanI dhArmika bhASA pAli yA mAgadhI ko saMsAra kI mUla bhASA svakAra karate haiM / jaina mAnyatA : jaina paramparA kA bhI apane dharma granthoM kI bhASA ke sambandha meM aisA hI vizvAsa hai| jainoM ke dvAdazAMgamUlaka samagra Agama arddha-mAgadhI meM haiN| unakI mAnyatA hai ki jaina Agama tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke mukha se nikale upadezoM kA saMkalana hai, uttarata zabdena saMjJAkaraNaM vyavahArArthaloke / 1. 2 teSAM manuSya va devatAbhidhAnam / 3. mAgadhikAya savvasattAnaM mUlabhAsAya | 4. pariSattetti samvApi sohalaTThakathAtadA / savvesa mUlabhAsAya mAgadhAya nirUtiyA | 138 - nirukta; 1,2 -vizuddhimAgA - khUlavaMsa pariccheda 37 - nirukta; 1,2 AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ jo unake pramukha ziSyoM-gaNadharoM dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| unake anusAra arddha-mAgadhI vizva kI Adi bhASA hai| sUtrakRtAMga niyukti para racita cUNi meM ulkhekha hai : "prAkRta bhASA (arddha-mAgadhI) jIva ke svAbhAvika guNoM se niSpanna hai|' yahI (arddha-mAgadhI) devatAoM kI bhASA hai, aisA jainoM kA vizvAsa hai| kahA gayA hai : 'arddha-mAgadhI ArSa evaM siddha vacana hai, devatAoM kI bhASA hai|" tIrthakara jaba dharma-dezanA karate haiM, unake samavasaraNa (virAT zrota-pariSada) meM manuSyoM devatAoM Adi ke atirikta pazupakSiyoM ke upasthita rahane kA bhI ullekha hai| tIrthakaroM ko dezanA arddhamAgadhI me hotI hai| usa (tIrthakara bhASita-vANI) kA yaha atizaya yA vaiziSTya hotA hai ki zrota-vanda dvArA dhvanyAtmaka rUpa meM gRhIta hote hI vaha unakI apanI bhASA ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI hai arthAt ve use apanI bhASA meM samajhate haiN| upasthita tiryaMca (pazu-pakSI-gaNa) bhI usa dezanA ko isI (apanI bhASA meM pariNata) rUpa meM zravaNa karate haiN| eka prakAra se yaha bhASA kevala mAnava-samudAya tathA deva-vRnda taka hI sImita nahIM hai, pazu-pakSiyoM taka vyApta hai| prAkRta-vidvAnoM kA abhimata :-jaina zAstrakAroM yA vyAkhyAkAroM ne hI nahIM, apitu katipaya uttaravartI jaina-ajaina prAkRta vidvAnoM ne bhI isa sambandha meM isI prakAra ke udgAra prakaTa kiye haiN| gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke suprasiddha alakAra zAstrI nabhi sAdhu ne prAkRta kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai : "prAkRta vyAkaraNa Adi ke saMskAra se nirapekSa samasta jagat ke prANiyoM kA sahaja vacana-vyApAra bhASA hai / 'prAkRta kA artha prAk kRta - pUrva kRta athavA Adi saSTa bhASA hai / vaha bAlakoM, mahilAoM Adi ke lie sahajataH vodhagamya hai aura saba bhASAoM kA mUla hai|" bhoja-racita sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa ke vyAkhyAkAra Ajar3a ne bhI isI prakAra kA ullekha kiyA hai| unake anusAra prAkRta samasta jagat ke prANiyoM kA svAbhAvika vacana-vyApAra hai, zabdazAstrakRta vizeSa saMskArayukta hai tathA baccoM, gvAloM va nAriyoM dvArA sahaja hI prayoga meM lene yogya hai / sabhI bhASAoM kA mUla kAraNa hone se vaha unakI prakRti hai arthAt una bhASAoM kA yaha (usI prakAra) mUla kAraNa hai, jisa prakAra prakRti jagat kA mUla kAraNa hai| prasiddha kavi vAkpati ne ga uDavaho kAvya meM prAkRta kI vizeSatAoM kA ullekha karate hue kahA hai : "jaise jala-nadiyAM samudra meM milatI haiM aura usI se (vASpa rUpa meM) nikalatI haiM, usI taraha bhASAeM prAkRta meM hI praveza pAtI haiM aura usI se nikalatI haiN|"5 romana kaitholika mAnyatA :-IsAI dharma meM bhI bhASA ke viSaya meM isI prakAra kI mAnyatA hai / isa dharma ke do sampradAya haiMromana kaitholika aura proTesTeNTa / romana kaitholika prAcIna haiN| unakA sarvamAnya grantha olDa TesTAmeMTa hai, jo hibra meM likhA gayA hai| unake anusAra paramAtmA ne sabase pahale pUrNa vikasita bhASA ke rUpa meM ise Adama aura havvA ko pradAna kiyaa| unakA vizvAsa hai ki vizva kI yaha Adi bhASA hai / sabhI bhASAoM kA yaha udgama-srota hai / svarga ke deva-gaNa isI bhASA meM sambhASaNa karate haiM / hibra se sabhI bhASAoM kA udagama siddha karane ke lie grIka, laiTina Adi pAzcAtya bhASAoM ke aise aneka zabda saMkalita kiye gaye, jo usase milate-julate the| isa prakAra yUropIya bhASAoM ke aneka zabdoM kI vyutpatti hibra se siddha kiye jAne ke bhI prayAsa he| isake liye dhvani-sAmya, artha-sAmya Adi ko AdhAra banAyA gayA / jo bhI ho, tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA bIja rUpa meM eka kama to calA, jo uttaravartI bhASA-zAstrIya vyApaka adhyayana ke lie kisI rUpa meM sahI, utsAhaprada thA / islAma kA abhimata :-Adi bhASA ke sambandha meM islAma kA mantavya bhI upayukta paramparAoM se milatA-jalatA hai| islAma ke anuyAyiyoM ke anusAra kurAna, jo arabI bhASA meM hai, khudA kA kalAma hai| misra meM bhI prAcIna kAla se vahAM ke nivAsiyoM kA apanI bhASA ke sambandha meM isI prakAra kA vicAra thaa| islAma kA pracAra hone ke anantara misra vAsI arabI ko Izvara-datta Adi bhASA mAnane lge| 1. jIvassa sAbhAviyagaNe hiM te paagtbhaasaae| mArisa vayaNo siddhaM devAnaM paddhamAgahA vANI sakalagajjananAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhitasaMskAra: sahajo vacanavyApAraH prakRtiH, tanna bhavaM saMbava prAkRtam |.....'praak kRtaM prAkRta bAlamahilAdisabodha sakala bhASAnibandhanabhUtaM vacanama cyate / sakalabAlagopAlAMganAhRdayasaMcArI nikhilajagajjantUnAM zabdazAstrIkatavizeSasaMskAra : sahajo vacanavyApAra: samastetarabhASA vizeSANAM mUla kAraNatvAta prakRti / rivapraka ti: tava bhavA saiva vA praka ti:| 5. sayalAmo iyaM vAyAvisaMti etto ya gati vaayaabho| eMti samajha ciya Neti sAyarAmro cviya jlaaii||3|| jaina tatva cintana : Adhunika sandarbha 136
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________________ bhASA ko lekara pichalI zatAbdiyoM taka dharma ke kSetra meM mAnava kI kitanI adhika rUr3ha dhAraNAeM banI rahIM, misra kI eka nA se yaha vizeSa spaSTa hotA hai| TelIphona kA AviSkAra huaa| saMsAra ke sabhI pramukha dezoM meM usakI lAineM bichAI jAne lgiiN| misra meM bhI TelIphona lagane kI carcA AI misravAsiya ne jaba yaha jAnA ki saikar3oM mIla kI dUrI se kahI huI bAta unhoMne mI jA sakegI, to unako bar3A Azcarya huA / misra ke maulaviyoM ne isakA virodha kiyaa| unakA tarka thA ki insAna kI AvAja itanI nahIM pahuMca sakatI / yadi pahuMcegI, to vaha insAna kI AvAja nahIM, apitu zaitAna kI AvAja hogI ; arthAt insAna kI bolI huI bAta ko saitAna par3egA taka pahuMcAyegA / dUra jana-sAdhAraNa kI maulaviyoM ke prati aTUTa zraddhA thI / unhoMne maulaviyoM ke kathana kA samarthana karate hue kahA ki ve zaitAna kI AvAja nahIM suneMge / unake yahA~ Telophona kI lAineM na bichAI jAyeM / prazAsana stabdha thA, kaise kareM ? bahuta samajhAyA gayA, para ce nahIM mAne / anta meM ve eka zarta para mAnane ko saharSa prastuta hue / unhoMne kahA, kurAna kI AyateM qhudA kI kahI huI haiM | manuSya unako bola sakatA hai, zaitAna unakA uccAraNa nahIM kara sktaa| yadi dUravartI manuSya dvArA bolI huI kurAna kI AyateM TelIphona se sahI rUpa meM sunI jA sakeM, to unheM vizvAsa hogA ki vaha zaitAna kI AvAja nahIM hai, insAna kI hai| aisA hI kiyA gayA / tadantara misra vAsiyoM ne TelIphona lagAnA svIkAra kiyA / pleTo jaise dArzanika aura tattvavettA kA bhI isa sambandha meM yaha abhimata thA ki jagat meM sabhI vastuoM ke jo nAma haiM prakRti-datta haiM / sArAMza yaha hai ki dUsare rUpa meM sahI, pleTo ne bhI bhASA ko devI yA prAkRtika dena mAnA, kyoMki vastu aura kriyA ke nAmoM kI samanvita saMkalanA hI bhASA hai / bhASA ke udbhava ke sambandha meM vibhinna AsthAvAdiyoM ke mantavyoM se jijJAsA aura anusandhitsA - pradhAna logoM ko santoSa nahIM huA / isa para aneka zaMkAeM utpanna huI / sabakA dAvA apanI-apanI bhASA kI prAcInatA aura Izvara yA prakRti kI dena banAne kA hai / yadi bhASA Izvara datta yA janmajAta hai, to deza-kAla ke AdhAra para thor3A-bahuta bheda ho sakatA hai, para, saMsAra kI bhASAoM meM paraspara jo atyanta bhinnatA dRSTigocara hotI hai, vaha kyoM hai ? isa prakAra ke anya prazna the, jinakA samAdhAna nahIM ho pA rahA thA / mAnava kI mUla bhASA : katipaya prayoga ativizvAsI jana-samudAya ke mana para vizeSa prabhAva pdd'aa| ve mAnane lage, zizu janma ke sAtha hI eka bhASA ko lekara AtA hai / para jisa prakAra ke deza, vAtAvaraNa, parivAra evaM samAja meM vaha bar3A hotA hai, anavarata samparka, sAnnidhya aura sAhacarya ke kAraNa vahIM kI bhASA ko zanai: zanaiH grahaNa karatA jAtA hai| phalataH usakA saMskAra parivartita ho jAtA hai aura vaha apane deza meM pracalita bhASA ko sahaja rUpa meM bolane lagatA hai / svabhAvataH prApta bhASA usake lie avyakta yA vismRta ho jAtI hai aura vaha jo kRtrima bhASA apanA letA hai, vaha usake lie svAbhAvika ho jAtI hai / ke samaya-samaya para uparyukta tathya ke parIkSaNa ke lie kucha prayoga kiye gaye / I0 pU0 pAMcavIM zatI ke prasiddha lekhaka heroDoTosa ke anusAra misra ke rAjA saMmiTikosa (Psammitochos) ne isa sandarbha meM eka prayoga kiyaa| jahAM taka itihAsa kA sAkSya hai, bhASA udbhava ke sambandha meM kiye gaye prayogoM meM vaha pahalA prayoga thA / svAbhAvika bhASA yA Adi bhASA ke rahasyodghATana ke sAtha-sAtha isase prAcIna yA Adima mAnava jAti kA bheda khulane kI bhI AzA thii| isa prakAra socA gayA ki bacce svAbhAvika rUpa meM jo bhASA bahI vizva kI sabase prAcIna mUla bhASA siddha hogI aura jina logoM kI, jisa jAti ke logoM kI vaha bhASA hogI, nizcita ho yaha vizva kI Adima jAti mAnI jaayegii| parIkSaNa isa prakAra huaa| do navajAta baccoM ko liyA gyaa| unake pAsa Ane-jAne vAloM ko kaThora Adeza thA ki vahAM ve kucha na boleM / una zizuoM ke paricAraka ko bhI kar3A Adeza thA ki vaha unake khAne-pIne kI vyavasthA aura dekhabhAla karatA rahe, para, muMha se kabhI eka zabda bhI na bole / krama calatA rahA / bacce bar3e hote gaye / unheM kucha bhI bolanA nahIM AyA / unake muMha se kevala eka zabda sunA gayA-- 'vekosa' (Bekos ) / yaha zabda phrIjiyana bhASA kA hai| isakA artha roTI hotA hai / una baccoM ke khAna-pAna kI vyavasthA karane vAlA naukara phijiyana thA aisA mAnA gayA ki kabhI roTI dete samaya bhUla se naukara ke muMha se 'vekosa' zabda nikala gayA ho, jisako baccoM ne pakar3a liyA ho / bArahavIM zatAbdI meM isI prakAra kA prayoga phreDarika dvitIya ne kiyA, para, apekSita pariNAma nahI nikalA / usake anantara pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM skATa ke rAjA jemsa caturtha ne bhI isI taraha kA prayoga kiyA, para kucha siddha nahIM ho paayaa| bhArata meM solahavIM AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha -140
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________________ zatAbdI meM bAdazAha akabara ne bhI parIkSaNa kiyaa| vizeSa sAvadhAnI baratI gaI / bar3I utsukatA se pariNAma kI pratIkSA rhii| anta meM yaha dekhakara saba cakita the ki sabhI bacce mUka raha gye| eka bhI zabda bolanA unheM nahIM aayaa| prayogoM se spaSTa hai ki saMsAra meM koI bhI bhASA Izvara-kRta nahIM hai aura na janma se koI kisI bhASA ko sIkhe hae AtA hai| yaha mAnyatA zraddhA aura vizvAsa kA atireka hai| mahattva ko eka bAta aura hai| yadi bhASA svAbhAvika yA IzvarIya dena hotI, to vaha Adi kAla se hI paripUrNa rUpa meM vikasita hotii| para, bhASA kA aba taka kA itihAsa sAkSI hai ki zatAbdiyoM kI avadhi meM bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM ke rUpa kyA-se-kyA ho gaye haiN| unameM uttarottara vikAsa ho gayA hai, jo kisI eka bhASA ke zatAbdiyoM parva ke rUpa aura vartamAna rUpa kI tulanA se spaSTa jJAta ho sakatA hai / isa dRSTi se vidvAnoM ne bahuta anusandhAna kiyA hai, jisake pariNAma vikAsa kI zRkhalA aura pravAha kA pralamba itihAsa hai| ___aThArahavIM zatI meM zrI je0 jI0 harDara nAmaka vidvAn hue| unhoMne san 1772 meM bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM zodhapUrNa nibandha likhaa| bhASA kI devI utpatti ke bAre meM unhoMne usameM samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kiyA aura use yakti evaM tarkapUrvaka amAnya tthhraayaa| para, svayaM unhoMne bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM kisI Thosa siddhAnta kI sthApanA nahIM kI / devI siddhAnta kA unhoMne khaNDana to kiyA, para sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA ki bhASA manuSya-kRta nahIM hai| manuSya ko usakI AvazyakatA thI, svabhAvataH usakA vikAsa hotA gyaa| ajJAta ko jJAta karanA prajJA kA svabhAva hai / bhASA ke udbhava ke sambandha meM daivI utpatti kA siddhAnta prajJAzIla mAnava ko samAdhAna nahIM de sakA / mAnava se buddhi aura anumAna ke AdhAra para taba samAdhAna DhUMr3ha nikAlane kA prayatna kiyaa| yahI jJAna ke vikAsa kA krama hai| apane prayatna meM kauna kitanA saphala ho sakA, yaha samIkSA aura vizleSaNa kA viSaya hai, para, itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki ve prayatna jijJAsA kI ora Age bar3hane vAloM ke lie bar3e preraka siddha hue| saMkSepa meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhASA ke udbhava ke sambandha meM adhikAMzata' kalpanAoM ke AdhAra para samAdhAna r3har3he jAte rahe haiM; kyoMki dUsarA koI Thosa AdhAra nahIM thaa| bhASA kA udbhava : mUlabhUta siddhAnta nirNaya siddhAnta :-eka mata hai, jaba bhASA nahIM thI, to loga paraspara meM hAtha Adi ke saMketoM se kisI taraha apanA kAma calAte the| para, isase unako satoSa nahIM thA / uttarottara jIvana vikAsa pAtA jA rahA thA / sAdhana-sAmagrI meM vividhatA aura bahulatA A rahI thii| vikAsamAna paristhiti mana meM aneka prakAra ke naye-naye bhAvoM ko utpanna karatI thii| para ina saba ke lie abhivyakti ke hatu mAnava ke pAsa kucha thA nhiiN| sabake lie isakI bar3I khinnatA thii| saba ekatra hue| abhivyakti ke lie koI sAdhana DhUMr3hanA thaa| vibhinna vastuoM, kriyAoM Adi ke pratIka kA saMketa ke rUpa meM kucha dhvaniyAM yA zabda nizcita kiye| unake sahAre ve apanA kAma calAne lge| zabdoM kA jo prayoga-krama cala par3A, usane aura naye-naye zabda gar3hane tathA vyavahAra meM lAne kI ora mAnava ko udyamazIla rakhA / bhASA vijJAna meM ise 'nirNaya siddhAMta' kahA jAtA hai| pro0 rUso isake mukhya samarthaka the| ise pratIkavAda, saMketavAda yA svIkAravAda bhI kahate haiM ; kyoMki isameM zabdoM kA pratIka yA saMketa ke rUpa meM svIkAra huaa| kalpanA sundara hai, para, yuktiyukta nahIM hai / yadi koI bhASA nahIM thI, to sabase pahale yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki ve ekatra hI kaise hue ? ekatra hone ke lie bhI to kucha kahanA samajhAnA par3atA hai| binA bhASA ke kahane kI bAta kaise banI ? ekatra ho bhI jAe', to vicAra-vinimaya kaise hotA ? vicAra-vinimaya se hI kisI nirNaya para pahuMcA jAtA hai| vibhinna vastuoM aura kriyAoM ke lie saMketa yA dhvaniyoM kA svIkAra yA nirNaya bhI binA bhASA ke sambhava kaise hotA? isa koTi kA vicAravimarza bhASA ke binA kevala saMketoM se sambhava nahIM thaa| dusarA mahattvapUrNa prazna yaha hai ki yadi ve ekatra ho sake, dhvaniyoM yA zabdoM ke rUpa meM nAmoM kA niNaya kara sake, to unake pAsa, cAhe apUrNa, avikasita yA TUTI-phUTI hI sahI, koI bhASA avazya hI hogii| usake abhAva meM yaha saba sambhava nahIM thaa| yadi kisI bhI prakAra kI bhASA kA honA mAna leM, to phira nAmoM kI khoja ke lie ekatra hone kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| usI apUrNa bhASA ko pUrNa yA vikasita banAyA jA sakatA thaa| dhAtu siddhAnta :-bhASA ke udbhava ke sandarbha meM eka aura vicAra AyA, jo bar3A kutUhala-janaka hai / vaha bhASA-vijJAna meM 'dhAtu-siddhAnta' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isake anusAra saMsAra meM jitanI bhI vastue haiM, unakI apanI apanI dhvaniyAM haiN| udAharaNArtha jana tattva cintana : Adhunika sandarbha 141
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________________ yadi eka kAMsI kI thAlI para DaMDe se mAreM to jhana-jhana kI dhvani hogii| pItala kI thAlI para mArane se jo dhvani hogI, vaha kausI kI thAlI se bhinna prakAra kA hogii| lohe ke TIna para yA sandUka para mArane se dhvani kA dUsarA rUpa hogaa| isI prakAra kAgaja, kATha, kAMca, kapar3A, camar3A, patthara Adi bhinna-bhinna vastuoM se bhinna-bhinna dhvaniyAM mileNgii| aisA kyoM hotA hai ? yaha dhvanyAtmaka bhinnatA kyoM hai ? uparyukta siddhAnta ke anusAra saMsAra ke pratyeka padArtha kI apanI eka svAbhAvika dhvani hai, jo samparka, saMgharSa, Takkara yA AghAta se sphuTita hotI hai / itanA hI nahIM, isa siddhAnta ke puraskartAoM ne yahAM taka mAnA ki pratyeka manuSya meM eka vizeSa prakAra kI svAbhAvika zakti hai / vaha jaba jina vastuoM ke samparka meM AtA hai, dUsare zabdoM meM unase TakarAtA hai yA saMspRSTa hotA hai, taba sahasA sammukhIna yA saMspRsTa vastuoM ke anurUpa usake muMha se bhinna-bhinna dhvaniyAM nikalatI haiM / isa prakAra samaya-samaya para mAnava ke mukha se jo dhvaniyAM prasphuTita huI, ve mUla dhAtue thIM / prArambha meM ve dhAtue saMkhyA meM bahuta adhika thiiN| para, saba surakSita nahIM raha paaii| zanaiH-zanaiH lupta hotI gii| unameM bahuta sI paraspara paryAyavAcI thIM / bahusaMkhyaka meM yogyatamAvazeSa (Survival of the fittest) ke anusAra kucha hI vidyamAna raha pAte haiN| isa prakAra lagabhaga cAramau-pAMcasau dhAtueM zeSa rhiiN| unhIM se kriyA, saMjJA Adi zabda niSpanna hue aura bhASA ki nirmiti huI / isa vicAradhArA ke udbhAvaka aura poSaka mAnate the ki dhAtuoM kI dhvani aura tadgamya artha meM eka rahasyAtmaka sambandha (Mystic Harmony) hai| rahasyAtmaka kahane se sambhavata: yaha tAtparya rahA ho ki vaha anumeya aura anumAnya hai, vizleSya nhiiN| upayukta zakti ke sambandha meM isa mata ke samarthakoM kA yaha bhI mAnanA thA ki mAnava meM purAtana samaya meM jo dhvanyAtmaka abhivyaMjanA kI zakti thI, uttaravartI kAla meM yathAvat rUpa meM vidyamAna nahIM raha sakI ; kyoMki bhASA ke nimita ho jAne ke anantara vaha apekSita nahIM rahI; ataH vyavahAra kA upayoga kA viSaya na rahane se vaha kramazaH vilupta aura vismata hotI gyii| Aja ke mAnava meM vaha zakti kisI bhI rUpa meM nahIM raha pAyI hai| pro0 hesa, sTAinthAla aura maiksamUlara :-jarmana pro0 hesa ne pahale pahala isa siddhAnta kA udghATana kiyA thaa| pro0 hesa ne likhita rUpa meM ise prakaTa nahIM kiyaa| apane kisI bhASaNa meM unhoMne isakI carcA kI thii| isake bAda DA0 sTAinthAla ne ise vyavasthita rUpa meM lekha baddha kiyA aura vidvAnoM ke samajha rkhaa| sTAinthAla bhASA vijJAna aura vyAkaraNa ke to vizeSajJa the hI, tarka zAstra aura manovijJAna ke bhI praur3ha vidvAn the| bhASA vijJAna ke kSetra meM ve pahale vidvAna the, jinakA mata thA ki manovijJAna kA sahArA lie binA bhASA kA vaijJAnika adhyayana nahIM ho sakatA / unhoMne apanI eka pustaka meM vyAkaraNa, tarkazAstra aura manovijJAna ke pArasparika sambandhoM kA vizada vivecana kiyA / bhASA ke manovaijJAnika pakSa para unhoMne aura bhI kaI pustakeM likhiiN| pro0 maiksamUlara ne bhI isI siddhAnta para carcA kii| ve saMskRta ke aura vizeSataH vedoM ke bahuta bar3e vidvAn the| unakA mukhya viSaya sAhitya evaM darzana thaa| para bhASA-vijJAna para bhI unhoMne kArya kiyaa| ve bhAratIya vidyAoM ke pakSadhara th| bhArata kI saMskRti, sAhitya, tattvajJAna tathA bhASA kI prakRSTatA se saMsAra ko avagata karAne meM unakA nAma sarvAgraNI hai| unakI vivecana zailI atyanta rocaka thii| sana 1861 meM bhASA-vijJAna para unhoMne kucha bhASaNa diye / bhASA-vijJAna jaise zuSka aura nIrasa viSaya ko unhoMne itane manoraMjaka aura sundara prakAra se vyAkhyAta kiyA ki adhyayanazIla vyakti isa ora AkRSTa ho utthe| taba se pUrva bhASA-vijJAna kevala vidvAnoM taka sImita thaa| sAmAnya loga isase sarvathA aparicita the| isakA zreya pro0 maiksamUlara ko hai ki unake kAraNa isa ora jana-sAdhAraNa kI ruci jAgRta huii| prArambha meM pro0 maiksamUlara ko dhAtu -siddhAnta samIcIna jaMcA aura unhoMne apanI pustakoM meM isakI carcA bhI kI, para, bAda meM adhika gaharAI meM utarane para vizvAsa nahIM rahA aura unhoMne ise nirarthaka kahakara asvIkAra kara diyaa| aisA lagatA hai, bhASA ke udbhava ke sambandha meM taba taka koI siddhAnta jama nahIM pAyA thaa| upayukta siddhAnta eka naye vicAra ke rUpa meM vidvAnoM ke sAmane AyA, isalie sambhavata: bahuta gaharAI meM utara kara sahasA unhoMne isakA aucitya mAna liyA, para, vaha mAnyatA sthAyI rUpa se Tika nahIM paaii| sUkSmatA se vicAra kareM, to yaha kalpanA zUnya meM vicaraNa karatI huI sI pratIta hotI hai| kalpanA abhinava cintana kI sphuraNa hai, para, yahAM kavitAmUlaka kalpanA nahIM hai / usake pIche Thosa AdhAra caahie| bhASA kA vikAsa vaijJAnika pRSThabhUmi para AdhRta hai / kyA thA, kaise thA, kaise huA, kaisA hai; bhASA ke sandarbha meM ina sabakA samAdhAna honA caahie| kavitA meM aisA nahIM hotA, jaisA ki vikhyAta kAvyazAstrI arastU ne trAsadI (Tragedy) aura kAmadI (Comedy) ke prasaMga meM batalAyA ki jo nahIM hai, kalpanA yA anukRti dvArA usako upasthita karanA kAvya hai; ataH kAvya kI sRSTi jAgatika yathArtha se pare hotI hai| para, bhASA-vijJAna meM aisA nahIM hotA / dhAtuoM kI kalpanA ke mAdhyama se bhASA ke udbhava kA siddhAnta saMgata nahIM lgtaa| 142 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana anya
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________________ dhAtuoM ke sandarbha meM kucha aura kathanIya hai| zabda jinase bhASA niSpanna hotI hai, kevala dhAtuoM se nirmita nahIM hote / upasarga, pratyaya Adi kI bhI apekSA rahatI hai, jinakI isa siddhAnta meM koI carcA nahIM hai| bhAropIya, sAmI Adi bhASA-parivAroM meM to dhAtuoM kA bodha hotA hai, para, aneka aise bhASA-parivAra bhI haiM, jinameM dhAtuoM kA patA hI nahIM cltaa| yadi 'dhAtuvAda' ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra bhI kara liyA jAye, to vizva kI aneka bhASAoM kI utpatti kI samasyA jyoM-kI-tyoM banI rhegii| dhAtuoM kI mAnyatA ke sambandha meM eka bAta aura bar3e mahattva kI hai / jina bhASAoM meM dhAtueM haiM, una bhASAoM ke vikasita hone ke bahata samaya bAda dhAtuoM kI khoja huI / ve svAbhAvika nahIM haiM, kRtrima haiN| vyAkaraNa tathA bhASA-vijJAna ke paNDitoM ke prayujyamAna bhASA ke saMghaTana ko vyavasthita rUpa dene ke sandarbha meM dhAtu, pratyaya, upasarga Adi dvArA zabda banAne kA krama svIkAra kiyaa| yaha pracalita bhASA ko parimAjita aura pariSkRta rUpa meM pratipAdita karane kA vidhi-krama kahA jA sakatA hai, jo vaiyAkaraNoM ora bhASA-vaijJAnikoM ne sUkSma tathA gambhIra anuzIlana ke anantara upasthApita kiyaa| pro0 maiksamUlara jaise praur3ha vidvAn ne isa siddhAnta ko eka bAra svIkAra karake bhI phira asvIkAra kara diyaa| usake pIche isI taraha kI kAraNa-sAmagrI thI, jo bhASA kI utpatti ke prasaMga meM koI Thosa pRSTha-bhUmi prastata nahI karatI thii| yAska dvArA AkhyAta-carcA :- zabdoM kI dhAtuoM se niSpati ke sambandha meM yAska ne nirukta meM carcA karate hue kahA-'nAma (zabda) AkhyAta-kriyA (dhAtu) se utpanna hue haiM," yaha nirukta-vAGamaya hai / vaiyAkaraNa zAkaTAyana bhI aisA hI mAnate haiM / AcArya gAgyaM tathA anya katipaya vaiyAkaraNa nahIM mAnate ki sabhI zabda dhAtuoM se bane haiN| unakI yuktiyAM haiM, jisa zabda meM svara, dhAtu, pratyaya, lopa, Agama Adi saMskAra-saMgata hoM, dUsare zabdoM meM vyAkaraNa-zAstra kI prakriyA ke anurUpa hoM, ve zabda AkhyAtaja yA dhAtu-niSpanna haiN| para, jahAM aisI saMgati nahIM hotI, ve zabda saMjJA-vAcI haiM, rUr3ha haiM, yaugika nahIM, jaise-go, azva, puruSa, hstii| "sabhI zabda yadi dhAtu-niSpanna hoM, to jo vastu (prANI) jo karma kare, vaisA (kama) karane vAlI sabhI vastueM usI nAma se abhihita honI caahie| jo koI bhI adhva (mArga) kA azana-vyApana kareM, zIghratA se daur3ate hue mArga ko pAra kareM, ve saba 'azva' kahe jAne caahie| jo koI bho tardana kareM, cumeM, ve tRNa kahe jAne caahie| para, aisA nahIM hotaa| eka bAdhA yaha AtI hai, jo vastu jitanI kriyAoM meM samprayukta hotI hai, una sabhI kriyAoM ke anusAra usa (eka hI) vastu ke utane hI nAma hone cAhie, jaise-sthUNA (makAna kA khambhA) darazayA (cheda meM sone vAlA-khambhe ko cheda meM lagAyA jAtA hai) bhI kahA jAye, kintu aisA nahIM hotaa| eka aura kaThinAI hai, yadi sabhI zabda dhAtu-niSpanna hote, to jo zabda jisa rUpa meM vyAkaraNa ke niyamAnusAra tadartha-bodhaka dhAta se niSpanna hote, usI rUpa meM unheM pukArA jAtA, jisase artha-pratIti meM suvidhA rhtii| isake anusAra puruSa purizaya kahA jAtA, azva aSTA kahA jAtA aura tRNa tardana kahA jAtA / aisA bhI nahIM kahA jAtA hai| artha-vizeSa meM kisI zabda ke siddha yA vyavahRta ho jAne ke anantara usakI vyutpatti kA vicAra calatA hai, amuka zabda kisI dhAta se banA / aisA nahIM hotA, to prayoga yA vyavahAra se pUrva bhI usakA nirvacana kara liyA jAnA cAhie thaa| pRthivI zabda kA udAharaNa leM / prathanAt arthAt phailAye jAne se pRthivI nAmakaraNa huaa| isa vyutpatti para kaI prakAra kI zaMkAeM uThatI hai| isa (pathivI) ko kisane phailAyA ? usakA AdhAra kyA rahA arthAt kahAM Tika kara phailAyA / pRthvI hI sabakA AdhAra hai| jise jo puruSa phailAye, use apane lie koI AdhAra caahie| tabhI usase yaha ho sakatA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki zabdoM kA vyavahAra dekhane para mAnava vyutpatti sAdhane kA yatna karatA hai aura sabhI vyutpattiyAM niSpAdaka dhAtu ke artha kI zabda ke vyavahRta yA pracalita artha meM saMgati siddha nahIM krtiiN| zAkaTAyana kisI zabda ke artha ke anvita-anugata na hone para tathA usa (zabda) kI saMghaTanA se saMgata dhAtu se sambaddha na hone para usa zabda kI vyutpatti kisI-na-kisI prakAra se sAdhane ke prayatna meM aneka padoM se usa (zabda) ke aMzoM kA saMcayana kara use banAte haiM / jaise--- 'satya' zabda kA nirmANa karane meM 'iN' (gatyarthaka) dhAtu ke preraNArthaka (Nijanta) rUpa Ayaka ke yakAra ko anta meM rakhA, as (honA) dhAtu ke Nijanta-rahita mUla rUpa sat ko prArambha meM rakhA, isa prakAra jor3a-tor3a karane se 'satya' zabda niSpanna huaa| yaha sahajatA nahIM hai| kriyA kA astitva yA pravRtti dravya pUrvaka hai arthAt dravya kriyA se pUrva hotA hai| dravya ke spandana Andolana yA halana-calana kI abhivyaMjanA ke hetu kipA astitva se AtA hai| aisI sthiti meM bAda meM hone vAlI kriyA ke AdhAra para pahale hone vAle dravya kA nAma nahIM diyA jA sktaa| yahA~ 'azva' kA udAharaNa le sakate haiM / vyutpatti ke anusAra zIghra daur3ane ke kAraNa eka prANI vizeSa azva' zabda se saMjJita hotA, to yaha saMjJA usakI (zIghra daur3anA rUpa) kriyA ke dekhane ke bAda use dI jAtI, para, vastu-sthiti isase sarvathA bhinna hai| azvAbhidha prANI ke utpanna hote hI, jaba vaha calane meM bhI akSama hotA hai, yaha saMjJA use prApta hai| aisI sthiti meM usakI vyutpatti kI saMgati dhaTita nahIM hotii| jaina tasaba cintana : Adhunika sandarbha 143
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________________ zabdoM kI niSpatti phalataH bhASA kI saMracanA meM dhAtu-siddhAnta kA kitanA yoga hai, isa para yaha sahasrAbdiyoM pUrva ke takavitarka kA eka udAharaNa hai| isase jahAM eka ora bhArata ke manISiyoM ke AlocanAtmaka cintana kA paricaya milatA hai, vahAM dUsarI ora bhASA aura zabda jaise viSayoM meM, jinakI gaharAI meM jAne meM loga vizeSa ruci nahIM lete, unake talasparzI avagAhana kA eka spRhaNIya udyoga dRSTigocara hotA hai| yadyapi yAska gArya kI ina yuktiyoM se parAsta nahIM hue| unhoMne apane samAdhAna prastuta kara apanI ora se AkhyAta (dhAtu) siddhAnta kI sthApanA kA pUrA prayatna kiyA, jisakA ullekha yahAM apekSita nahIM hai, para, gArya ke tarka prabhAva-zUnya nahIM ho sake / sahasrAbdiyoM ke bAda Aja bhI jaba dhAta-siddhAnta kI samIkSA aura AlocanA kI jAtI hai, to gAye ke tarka abhedya durga kI taraha sammakha khaDe dikhAI dete haiM / prAkRta aura pAli ke sandarbha meM kiye jA rahe bhASA-vaijJAnika vivecana ke krama meM gAya kI yuktiyoM dvArA sahasroM varSa pUrva kI eka vicAra-saraNi se avagata ho sakeM, isa prayojana se kama prAsaMgika hote hue bhI isa viSaya ko yahAM upasthita kiyA gayA hai| bhASA kI utpatti meM jo mata, cAha thor3e hI sahI, kAryakara hue, unakA saMkSepa meM samIkSAtmaka vivecana prastuta prasaMga ke lie upayogI hogaa| anukaraNa siddhAnta :-bhASA kI utpatti kisI eka kAraNa yA AdhAra se nahIM huI hai| usakA nirmANa kaI prakAra ke AdhAroM kI bhUmi para TikA hai / unameM eka siddhAnta 'anukaraNa' kA hai / pazu-pakSI manuSya ke nikaTa ke sAthI haiN| unakI apanI-apanI bolI hai. joM paraspara eka-dUsare se bhinna hai / pazu yA pakSI jaba prasanna mudrA meM hote haiM, taba jo AvAja karate haiM, vaha sambhavataH usa AvAja se bhinna hotI hai, jo ve duHkha, pIr3A yA avasAda meM karate haiN| anya bhI aneka bhAva ho sakate haiM, jinameM bahuta spaSTa na sahI, pazu-pakSiyoM kI bolI meM kucha-na-kucha bhinnatA sambhAvita hai| eka prakAra se ise pazu-pakSiyoM kI bhASA kahA jA sakatA hai| bhASA-vihIna manuSya ne paza-pakSiyoM ko bolate hue sunaa| unakI dhvani ko pkdd'aa| jisa pazu yA pakSo se jo dhvani AI, usane usakA va usakI bolI kA vaisA nAma de diyaa| usake AdhAra para usase milatI-julatI aura bhI dhvaniyAM yA zabda AviSkRta kiye, jo usake apane jIvana kI halacala yA pravatti se jar3e hue the| udAharaNArtha, mAnava ne jaba billI ko bolate sunA, to 'myAU~' zabda usakI pakar3a meM aayaa| usane 'myAUM' zabda ko nitIko bolI meM saMketita kara liyA aura billI ke lie bhI vaha isakA prayoga karane lgaa| hindI meM isa zabda kA isI rUpa meM pracalana hai / 'myAU kA maMha kauna pakar3e' ityAdi prayoga isake sAkSI haiN| cInI bhASA meM myAU ke sthAna para miAU' prayakta hotA hai| misrI bhASA meM billI ke lie 'mAU' kA vyahAra hotA hai| anya bhI kaI bhASAoM meM kucha parivartita uccAraNa ke sAtha isake prayoga sambhAvita hai / kAka, ghugghu, meM meM (bher3a kI bolI), bebe (bakarI kI bolI), hinahinAnA (ghor3e kI bolI), dahAr3anA (siMha kI AvAja). phar3aphar3AnA (paMkho kI AvAja) jhI-jhI (jhIMgura kI AvAja) Adi isI prakAra ke zabda haiN| meMmeM' se mimiyAnA, 'bebe' se bibiyAnA Adi kriyApada niSpanna kara liye gaye / dehAtI baccA moTara ko 'popoM,' moTara sAikila ko 'phaTaphaTiyA' kahate sune jAte haiN| bhopa bhI isI prakAra kA udAharaNa hai, jisakA AdhAra dhvani hI hai / aMgrejI kA Cuckoo zabda isI prakAra kA hai| niruktakAra yAska ne 'kAka' kI vyAkhyA meM kAka iti zabdAnukRtiH (arthAt jo kA-kA karatA hai, vaha kAka hai), jo ullekha kiyA hai, vaha isI tathya ko samarthita karatA hai / isa sandarbha meM saMskRta ke agrAMkita zabda vizeSa vimarSaNIya haiN| aisA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai, sambhavataH ye athavA inameM se adhikAMza zabda dhvani yA AvAja ke AdhAra para bane haiM : ghUka, khaMjana, khaMjarITa, kaMka, bRka, kukuTTa, caTakA, pika, kAka, krauMca, koka, kurara, cIrI, jhillakA, jhIrukA, mayUra, kekI, bhRg| 1. tatra nAmAnyAkhyAtajAnIti zAkaTAyano naruktasamayazca / na sarvANIti gAryo vaiyaakrnnaanaacke| tadhana svarasaMskArI samathoM prAdezikena guNenAnvitI syAtAm / saMvijJAnAni tAni, yathA gaurazva: puruSo hastIti / pratha cet sarvANyAkhyAtajAni nAmAni syuryaH kazcanatatkarma kuryAtsarva tatsatvaM tthaackssiirn| yaH kazcAghvAnamazna bItAzvaH sa vacanIya: syAt yatkicitandyAttuNaM tat prathApi cetsarvANyAkhyAtajAni nAmAni syuryAvadibhaviH samprayujyeta tAvadbhyo nAmadheya prati samma: syAt / tavaM sthUNA, darayAvAMjanI ca smAt / prathApi ya eSAM nyAyavAnkAbhenAmika: saMskAro yathA cApi pratItArthAni syustathatAnyAcakSIran / puruSaM parizaya ityAvacakSIran, praSTetyazvaM, tadanamiti tRNam / prathApi niSpanna bhivyAhAre'bhivicArayanti / prathanAtpapivityAhaH ka enaamprthyissyrikmaaghaarpceti| prathAnanviteya prAdezike vikAre padebhyaH padetarArdhAsaMghasakAra zAkaTAyana: ete kAritaMca yakArAdizvAntakaraNamaste: zukhaM ca sakArAdi c| prathApi satvapUrvo bhAva ityaahuH| praparasmAd bhAvAtpUrvasya pradezo nopapadyata iti / -nirukta; pAda4 AcAryaratna zrI vezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana prastha
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________________ kucha bhASA-vaijJAnikoM dvArA isa siddhAnta kA virodha huaa| unakA kahanA thA ki uparyukta zabdoM kA AdhAra dhvaniyoM kA anukaraNa hotA, to saMsAra kI sabhI bhASAoM meM inake dyotaka zabda eka jaise hote; kyoMki kisI deza-vizeSa ke pazuoM yA pakSiyoM kI dhvani meM antara nahIM dekhA jAtA / taba una (dhvaniyoM) kI anukRti para bane zabdoM meM bheda nahIM honA caahie| sthiti isake viparIta hai| bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM meM uparyukta dhvaniyoM ke AdhAra para bane zabdoM meM kucha-na-kucha bhinnatA hai| para, kucha gaharAI meM utarane para yaha virodha yathArtha nahIM lgtaa| dhvaniyoM ke anukaraNa meM sarvathA samAnatA honA kadApi sambhava nahIM hai| deza va jala-vAyu kA vAgindriya para prabhAva par3atA hai| isase uccAraNa meM bhinnatA AnA svAbhAvika hai| dhvaniyoM kA bhI anukaraNa saba sarvathA eka rUpa meM kara sakeM, yaha asvAbhAvika hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai, anukaraNa apane bhApa meM kabhI pUrNa nahIM hAtA; isalie na yaha sambhava hai aura na Avazyaka hI ki nirmIyamAna zabda dhvani ke sarvathA anugata hoN| dhnani kA jisake dvArA jitanA sAdhya hotA hai, utanA athavA thor3A bahuta anukaraNa rahatA hai| zabda-nirmANa meM dhvani kA AdhAra sthiti ke anurUpa eka sImA vizeSa taka hai, sampUrNa nhiiN| bhASA-vijJAnavid svITa kA bhI kahanA thA ki dhvaniyoM ke anukaraNa para banane vAle zabda dhvani ke sarvathA anurUpa hoM, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| pro0 maiksa mUlara ko yaha siddhAnta bar3A aTapaTA lagA / unhoMne isa para vyaMgya kasate hue ise Bow-Wow Theory ke nAma se sambodhita kiyaa| aMgrejI meM Bow-Wow kute kI AvAja ko kahate haiN| kutte ke pille ko bhI aMgreja isI nAma se pukArate haiN|' 'pApUvA' ke pUrvottarI kinAre para jo bhASA bolI jAtI hai, usameM bhI dhvani ke AdhAra para kutte ko Bow-Wow kahA jAtA hai| pro0 maiksa mUlara ne pApuvA kI taTIya bhASA ke isa zabda ke AdhAra para ukta parihAsa kiyA, para, yaha vaisI niSprayojya bAta nahIM hai| isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki vizva kI adhikAMza bhASAoM meM aneka zabda aise haiM, jo ukta prakAra kI dhvaniyoM ke AdhAra para bane haiM / jo bhASAvaijJAnika kevala dhvaniyoM kI anukRti para bane zabdoM se hI samagra bhASA ko niSpatti mAnate haiM, vaha tathyapUrNa nahIM hai / dhvani-niSpanna zabdoM ke atirikta aneka zabda aise haiM jinakA dhvani se koI sambandha nahIM hai / dhvani-niSpanna zabdoM se ve vaI gune adhika haiN| sAtha-hI-sAtha yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki kucha bhASAeM aisI bhI haiM, jinameM dhvani-niSpanna zabdoM kA sarvathA abhAva hai, jaise uttarI amerikA kI athavaskana bhASA / anakaraNana-siddhAnta :- 'anukaraNa-siddhAnta' ke samakakSa 'anuraNana-siddhAnta' ke nAma se eka anya vicAradhArA kI carcA bhASA-vijJAna meM aura AtI hai| pAnI, dhAtu, kATha, per3a ke patte Adi vanaspati-jagata, dhAtu-jagat aura nirjIva padArthoM ke saMsparza, saMgharSa, Takkara, patana Adi se jo dhvani nikalatI hai, usake anukaraNa para jo zabda banate haiM, unheM anuraNana-niSpanna zabda kahA jAtA hai / anukaraNa ke sthAna para yahAM anuraNana zabda kA upayoga huA hai| artha kI sUkSmatA kI dRSTi se anukaraNa aura anuraNana meM paraspara antara hai| paza-pakSI jaisA bolate haiM, mAnava apane muMha se usI prakAra bolane kA jo prayatna karatA hai, vaha anukaraNa hai / jala-pravAha bahatA hai, 'nad-nad nAda hotA hai| vaha anuraNana hai / isa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para nad (dhAtu) se nada yA nadI zabda banate haiN| vRkSa se patA giratA hai (patati), taba pata-pat ke rUpa meM jo AvAja nikalatI hai, pat dhAtu aura patra zabda kA nirmANa usI se hotA hai| kutte ke bhauMkane ke artha meM baka dhAta kA svIkAra isI koTi kA udAharaNa hai kala-kala, chala-chala, jhana-jhana, khaTapaTa Adi hindI zabda tathA Mur-Mer Adi aMgrejI zabda isI prakAra ke haiN| aise zabda saMsAra kI prAya: sabhI bhASAoM meM prApta hote haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki anukaraNa aura anuraNana meM vAstava meM koI maulika bheda nahIM hai / kevala vastu-bheda mUlaka sthUla antara hai, jo nagaNya hai / anukaraNa ke kucha aura bhI rUpa haiM, jo isI meM A jAte haiM / udAharaNArtha, dIpaka jalane aura tAre camakane ke dRzyoM ke anukaraNa para jagamagAhaTa, camacamAhaTa Adi zabda nirmita he| ina sabakA uparyukta siddhAnta meM samAveza ho jAtA hai| niSkarSa yaha hai ki bhASA meM zabdoM kA eka aisA varga hai, jisakA AdhAra pazuoM va pakSiyoM kI dhvaniyoM kA anukaraNa, vastuoM kA anuraNana tathA dRzyoM kA paridarzana hai| vastuta: sabhI anukaraNa ke hI rUpa haiN| bhASA ke nirmAta-tattvoM meM aMzataH isa siddhAnta kA bhI sthAna hai| manobhAvAbhivyaMjakatAvAda :--manobhAvAbhivyaMjakatAvAda ke anusAra aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki AdikAla yA prArambha meM mAnava baddhi-pradhAna nahIM thA, bhAva-pradhAna thaa| pazu bhI lagabhaga isI koTi ke hote haiN| unameM vicAra-kSamatA nahIM hotI, bhAvanA hotI hai| AdimAnava viveka yA prajJA ko dRSTi se pazuoM se vizeSa UMcA nahIM thaa| viveka aura vitarka kI kSamatA bhale hI na ho, prANimAtra meM bhAvoM kA udreka nizcaya hI hotA hai| harSa, viSAda, krodha, ghRNA, IrSyA, vismaya Adi kA Adhikya sahaja hI mAnava ko bhAvAveza meM lA detA hai| prAcIna kAla kA mAnava jaba isa prakAra bhAvAviSTa ho jAtA, anAyAsa hI kucha zabda usake mukha se nikala pdd'te| yaha eka svAbhAvika pravRtti thI, ataeva aprayatna-sAdhya thI / oha, Aha, upha, chiH, dhat Adi zabda isI prakAra ke haiM / jana tattva cintana Adhunika sandarbha 145
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________________ saMskRta meM A:' (kopa, pIr3A), ghiGa (nirbhartsanA, nindA), bata' (kheda, anukampA, santoSa), hanta (harSa, anukampA, viSAda), sAbhi (jugupsita), joSam (nIravatA, sukha), alam' (paryApta, zakti vAraNa-niSedha). hUm (vitarka, pariprazna), hA (viSAda), ahaha" (adbhutatA, kheda), hiraruGa" (varjana), Aho, utAho'2 (vikalpa), ahA, hI" (vismaya) tathA Um" (prazna, anunaya) ityAdi Akasmika bhAvoM ke dyotaka haiM / inakI utpatti meM bhI upayukta siddhAnta kisI apekSA se saMgata ho sakatA hai| aMgrejI meM Ah, Oh, Alas, (Surprise, fear or regret=vismaya, bhaya yA kheda), Rish (Contempt=avajJA), Pooh (disdain or contempt=ghRNA yA avajJA) tathA Fie (Disgurt=jagupsA) Adi kA prayoga upayukta sandarbha meM hotA hai / aMgrejI vyAkaraNa meM ye Interjections (vismayAdibodhaka) kahalAte haiN| isI kAraNa yaha siddhAnta (Interjectional Theory) ke nAma se vizruta hai| isa siddhAnta kA abhiprAya thA ki zabdoM ke udbhava aura vikAsa kI yaha pahalI sIr3hI hai| inhIM zabdoM se uttarottara naye-naye zabda banate gaye, bhASA vikasita hotI gayI / isa siddhAnta ke udbhAvakoM meM kaMDilaika kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| DA0 bholAnAtha tivArI ne isa sambandha meM vicAra karate hue likhA hai : "isa siddhAnta ke mAnya hone meM kaI kaThinAiyAM haiN| pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM meM aise zabda eka hI rUpa meM nahIM milte| yadi svabhAvataH Arambha meM ye niHsRta hue hote to avazya hI sabhA manuSyoM meM lagabhaga eka jaise hote / saMsAra bhara ke kutta duHkhI hone para lagabhaga eka hI prakAra se bhauMka kara rote haiM, para, saMsAra bhara ke AdamI na to duHkhI hone para eka prakAra se 'hAya' karate haiM aura na prasanna hone para eka prakAra se 'vaah'| lagatA hai, inake sAtha saMyoga se hI isa prakAra ke bhAva sambaddha ho gaye haiM aura ya pUrNataH yAdRcchika haiM / sAtha hI ina zabdoM se pUrI bhASA para prakAza nahIM pdd'taa| kisI bhASA meM inakI saMkhyA cAlIsa-pacAsa se adhika nahIM hogii| aura vahAM bhI inheM pUrNataH bhASA kA aMga nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / benaphI ne yaha ThIka hI kahA thA ki aise zabda kevala vahAM prayukta hote haiM, jahAM bolanA sambhava nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra ye bhASA nahIM haiN| yadi inheM bhASA kA aMga bhI mAnA jAye to adhika-se-adhika itanA kahA jA sakatA hai, kucha thor3e zabdoM ko utpatti kI samasyA para hI inase prakAza par3atA hai|"15 sUkSmatA se isa siddhAnta para cintana karane para anumita hotA hai ki bhASA ke eka aMza kI pUrti meM isakA kucha-na-kucha sthAna hai hI / bhASA ke sabhI zabda inhIM Interjectional (vismayAdibodhaka) zabdoM se niHsRta hue, ise sambhava nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| aMzataH isa siddhAnta kA aucitya pratIta hotA hai| vaha isa prakAra hai--vibhinna bhAvoM ke Aveza meM Adi mAnava ne unheM prakaTa karane ke lie jaba jaisI bana par3I, dhvaniyAM uccArita kI hoN| bhASA kA astitva na hone se bhAva aura dhvani kA koI nizcita dyotya-dyotaka sambandha nahIM thA / eka hI bhAva ke lie eka pradezavAsI mAnavoM ke mukha se eka hI dhvani nikalatI rahI ho, yaha sambhava nahIM lagatA / bhASA ke binA taba koI vyavasthita sAmAjika jIvana nahIM thaa| isalie yaha atarya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki eka hI bhAva ke lie kaI vyaktiyoM dvArA kaI dhvaniyAM uccArita huI hoN| phira jyoM-jyoM dhvaniyoM yA zabdoM kA kucha vikAsa huA, dhvaniyoM kI vibhinnatA yA bheTa anabhata hone lagA, taba sambhavataH kisI eka bhAva ke lie kisI eka zabda kA prayoga nizcita ho gayA ho| 1. prAstu syAt kopapIr3ayoH / - amarakoza, tRtIya kANDa, nAnArtha varga, pRSTha 240 2. ghiG nirbhtsnnindyoH| -vahI, pR. 240 khedAnukampA santoSavismayAmantraNe bata / -vahI, pR0 244 4. hanta harSa-anukampAyAM vAkyArambhaviSAdayoH / -vahI, pR0 244 sAbhi tvaH jugupsite / -vahI, pR0 246 6. tuNImarthe sukhe joSam / -vahI, pR0 251 7. pralaM pryaaptshktibaarnnvaackm| -vahI, pR0252 8. havitarka priprshne| -vahI, pR0 252 hai. hA viSAdAzugatiSu / -vahI, pR. 256 10. pahahetyadbhute khede| -vahI, tRtIya kAMDa, avyaya varga, pralo07 11. hikaGnAnA na-varjane / -vahI, zlo07 12. mAhI utAho kimuta vikalpe ki kimuta c| -vahI, palo05 13. paho hI ca vismye| -vahI, zlo06 14. OM prazna 5 nunaye tvyi| -vahI, zlo0 18 15. bhASA vijJAna, pR0 33 146 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhaSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ DA. tivArI pazuoM kI bolI ko carcA karate hue jo kahate haiM ki dezagata bheda usa (unakI bolI) meM koI bhinnatA naha lA pAtA, usI prakAra yadi ye Akasmika bhAva-dyotaka dhvaniyAM (Interjections) svAbhAvika hotIM, to saMsAra bhara ke mAnava eka hI rUpa meM unakA prayoga karate, vaha Alocya hai| bhASA ke sandarbha meM pazu aura mAnava ko sarvathA eka koTi meM nahIM liyA jA sktaa| pazuoM kI bolI kA eka sasIma rUpa hai| hajAroM-lAkhoM varSa pUrva bhI sambhavataH vahI thA, jo Aja hai| para, mAnava eka vikAsazIla prANI hai / vizva-mAnava bhASAoM kI dRSTi se kitanA vikAsa kara cukA hai, vaha usake dvArA prayukta sahasroM bhASAoM se spaSTa hai / yaha vikAsa kA vistAra hai / usakA bIja mAnava meM pahale bhI vidyamAna thaa| vizeSa rUpa meM to zarIra-zAstra ke marmajJa batalA sakate haiM, para, sthUla dRSTi se anumAna hai ki mAnava kI vAgindriya tathA kutte Adi pazuoM kI vAgindriya meM sambhavataH svara-yantra-sambandhI tantriyoM yA snAyuoM meM pUrNa sAdRzya nahIM hotA / totA, koyala Adi kucha pakSI sikhAye jAne para manuSya kI bolI kA anukaraNa karate haiN| isase lagatA hai, unakA mAnava ke sAtha vAgindriya-sambandhI kucha-kucha sAmya hai| para, unake atirikta anya pakSI yA pazu meM aisA nahIM hai| _ bhinna dezoM meM rahane vAle logoM kI Akasmika bhAva dyotaka dhvaniyAM eka jaisI hotI, vaha kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ? jalavAyu Adi ke kAraNa manuSya ke svara-yantra ke spandana, pravartana, saMkoca, vistAra kI taratamatA ke atirikta yaha bhI socane yogya hai ki kisa vyakti ne kisa pariprekSya, kisa sthiti, kisa vAtAvaraNa aura kisa koTi kI bhAvanAoM se abhibhUta hokara sahasA kisI dhvani kA uccAraNa kiyaa| sahasroM mIloM kI dUrI para rahane vAle manuSyoM meM nRvaMzagata aikya ke uparAnta bhI na jAne anya kitanI bhinnatAeM haiM / kyA dhvanini:sRti para unakA svalpa bhI prabhAva nahIM hotA ? prastuta carcA ke AdhAra para kisI eka deza meM eka bhAva ke lie koI eka hI zabda nikalA ho, yaha nizcita nahIM hai / bhinnabhinna samaya bhinna-bhinna vyaktiyoM dvArA jaba jisa rUpa meM sambhava ho pAyA, eka bhAva ke lie vividha dhvaniyAM niHsRta huI hoM / ve Aja saba kahAM raha pAI haiM ? jo raha pAI haiM, unameM se bahuta thor3I-sI haiM / sArAMza yaha hai, cAhe saMkhyA meM kama hI sahI, jo Akasmika bhAva-dyotaka dhvaniyA~ bhASA meM haiM, unakA bhASA kI nirmiti meM eka sthAna hai| DA0 bholAnAtha tivArI ne isa siddhAnta ke viSaya meM kucha aura sambhAvanAeM prakaTa kI haiN| unakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki ye Interiectional dhvaniyAM yadyapi sImita thIM, TUTe-phUTe rUpa meM inase bhAva vyakta kiye jAte rahe hoMge, para, inake satata prayoga se mAnava ko anya dhvaniyoM ke uccAraNa kA bhI abhyAsa huA hogaa| isa krama se calate rahane se bhASA ke vikAsa meM sahArA milA hogaa| ina dhvaniyoM ke prayoga se anya dhvaniyoM ke uccAraNa kA abhyAsa bar3hane kI jo sambhAvanA DA0 tivArI karate haiM, vaha cintya hai / vastusthiti yaha hai, anya dhvaniyAM una vividha sthala va sUkSma padArthoM tathA bhAvoM se sambaddha haiM, jinakA inase koI tAratamya nahIM judd'taa| kisI dhvani kA sahasA nikala par3anA tathA cintanapUrvaka usakA niSkAsana donoM bhinna-bhinna haiN| donoM meM saMgati nahIM hai| pratIta hotA hai, anya dhvaniyoM kA uddhava aura vikAsa kinhIM bhinna sthitiyoM aura AdhAroM se huA hai / iMgita-siddhAnta :-bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM jo siddhAnta parikalpita kiye gaye, unameM iMgita-siddhAnta (Gestural Theory) kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| sabase pahale pAlineziyana bhASA ke pramukha vidvAn DA0 zaye ne isa ora saMketa kiyaa| vikAsavAda (Theory of Evolution) ke AviSkartA DArvina ne bhI isa para vicAra kiyaa| unhoMne cha: aisI bhASAe lI, jinakA paraspara saMbaMdha nahI thaa| unakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA aura usake AdhAra para isa siddhAnta kI prAmANikatA btaaii| isa siddhAnta para UhApoha vartamAna zatAbdI taka calatA rahA / san 1930 ke Asa-pAsa ricarDa ne isa siddhAnta kI puna: racanA kii| ricarDa kI pustaka mAnava kI bhASA (Human Speech)hai, jisameM isa siddhAnta kA maulika iMgita siddhAnta (Oral Gesture Theory) ke nAma se ullekha kiyA hai tathA isa ora bhASA-vijJAna ke paNDitoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai| prastuta viSaya kI mahattA isI se siddha ho jAtI hai ki lagabhaga isI samaya AIsa laiMDika bhASA ke vidvAn alekjeNDara jaoNnasana ne bhI isa para vicAra kiyA / unhoMne bhAropIya bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai| usa bIca isa nesaMga (iMgita-siddhAnta) kI carcA karate hue unhoMne isakI sArthakatA svIkAra kii| tadanantara unhoMne apanI dUsarI pustakoM meM isakA vistAra se vivecana kiyaa| tathya-parIkSaNa aura samIkSaNa ke sandarbha meM jahAM unhoMne bhAropIya bhASAoM ko AdhAra ke rUpa meM liyA, vahAM hibrU, (prAcIna ) turkI, cInI tathA katipaya anya bhASAoM ko bhI liyaa| vivecya prasaMga meM usakI carcA vizeSa upayogI rhegii| jaina tattva cintana : Adhunika sandarbha
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________________ jaoNnasana kA niSkarSa : jaoNnasana ne cAra sopAna svIkAra kiye, jinase bhASA kA vikAsa huaa| unake anusAra pahalA sopAna hai - bhAvavyaMjaka dhvaniyAM / bubhUkSA, tRSA, kAmecchA, prasannatA, aprasannatA, bhIti, kopa Adi bhAva jaba manuSya ke mana meM ubharate haiM, taba vaha unheM vyakta karanA cAhatA hai / bhASA use prApta nahIM hai; isalie bandara Adi pazu jaise ina bhAvoM ko kucha dhvaniyoM se prakAzita karate haiM, manuSya bhI inakI abhivyakti ke lie kucha mukha dhvaniyoM kA upayoga karatA hai| bhASA ke vikAsa kA yaha Adi-caraNa hai / ve dhvaniyAM amuka-amuka bhAvoM kI abhivyaMjanA kI iMgila yA pratIka bana jAtI hai| pUrva carcita manobhAvAbhivyaMjanA (Intejectional Theory) se yaha sthApanA pRthak hai vahAM Akasmika bhAvodrekarU sahasA muMha se nikala par3ane vAlI dhvaniyoM kA vivecana hai aura yahA~ AvazyakatA, utsukatA asahiSNutA, kAnapaNA Adi se abhibhUta hokara jaba mAnava dhvaniyAM prakaTa karane kA prayatna karatA hai, pariNAmasvarUpa usake muMha se jo dhvaniyA~ niHsRta hotI haiM, unakA samAveza hai / sahasA dhvani kA nikala par3anA aura Avazyaka mAna kara dhvaniyAM nikAlanA; donoM pRthak-pRthak haiM / bhASA ke vikAsa kA dUsarA sopAna anukaraNAtmaka zabdoM kA hai| pazuoM kI boliyoM ke ke nAma se jo vivecana kiyA gayA hai, jaoNnasana kA lagabhaga vahI abhiprAya hai 1 anuraNana bhAva saMketa : iMgita :- jaoNnasana tIsarA sopAna bhAva-saMketoM yA iMgitoM kA batalAte haiN| inakA bhI AdhAra anukaraNa hI hai, para, yaha anukaraNa bAhya padArthoM, pazu-pakSiyoM yA vastuoM se sambaddha nahIM hai / yaha anukaraNa jilhvA Adi dvArA aMgoM kA aMga-saMketoM kA, unameM bhI pramukhataH hAthoM kA hai jaoNnasana ise Unconscious Imitation kahate haiM, arthAta yaha aisA anukaraNa hai, jisakA anukartA ko svayaM bhI koI bhAna nahIM rhtaa| unakA aisA abhiprAya pratIta hotA hai ki mana meM jaba-jaba eka vizeSa prakAra kA bhAva ubhAra meM AtA hai, deha ke aMgoM meM eka vizeSa prakAra kA spandana hotA hai / krodha aura duHsAhasa kI manodazA meM manuSya tanakara khar3A ho jAtA hai, usakA sInA tana jAtA hai, hoTha phar3akane lagate haiM, bhayAkrAnta hone para vaha dubaka jAtA hai (sikur3a jAtA hai), ullAsapUrNa milana- mudrA meM bAheM phailA detA hai, dRr3ha nizcaya, pratijJA yA AkramaNa ke bhAvAveza meM bhujAeM uThA letA hai, cunautI ke bhAva meM sAmane kI vastu para hathelI de mAratA hai| ye AMgika kriyA-prakriyAeM hotI rahatI hai aura unake anukaraNa para ananubhUta rUpa meM Unconsciously vAmindriya dvArA kucha zabda uccArita hote rahate haiM / aneka bhAvoM ke prakAzaka zabdoM ke udbhava kA vaha prakAra hai| jaoNnasana sambhavataH yahI kahanA cAhate haiM / sUkSma-bha -bhAvoM kI abhivyaMjanA :- - sUkSma bhAvoM ke dyotaka zabdoM ke udbhava ke sambandha meM jaoNnasana kA kahanA hai ki jyoM-jyoM mAnava kA uttarottara mAnasika vikAsa hotA gayA, zanaiH-zanaiH sUkSma bhAvoM kI abhivyaMjanA ke lie bhI kucha dhvaniyAM yA zabda udbhAvita karatA gayA / bhASA ke cAra sopAnoM meM yaha antima sopAna hai / anukaraNa tathA nirjIva vastuoM ke jaoNnasana ne bhASA ke aneka pahaluoM para vistAra se vicAra karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| svaroM aura vyaMjanoM kA vikAsa kisa prakAra huA, isa para bhI prakAza DAlA hai| dhvaniyoM ke sAtha arthoM ke sambandha kI sthApanA para bhI carcA kI hai| udAharaNArtha, unake anusAra jina dhAtuoM ke Arambha meM RkAra yA rakAra hotA hai, ve dhAtue gatyarthaka hotI haiM; kyoMki RkAra yA rakAra ke uccAraNa meM jihvA vizeSa gatizIla hotI hai yA daur3atI hai| isI prakAra aura bhI unhoMne vizleSaNa kiyA hai| eka vizeSa bAta jaoNnasana yaha kahate haiM ki Adi mAnava ne apane zarIra meM taraha-taraha ke Curves == AkuMcana - mor3a dekhe / unakA anukaraNa karate hue usane katipaya mUla bhAvoM ko sUcita karane vAle zabdoM kA sarjana kiyaa| bhAva-saMketoM kA abhiprAya :- prastuta prasaMga meM jaoNnasana ne tIsare sopAna meM jo bhAva-saMketoM kI carcA kI hai, usa para sUkSmatA se vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA hai| mAnava ne apane deha ke hAtha Adi aMgoM ke paricAlana ke AdhAra para vividha dhvaniyoM kI sRSTi kI, yaha samajha meM Ane yogya nahIM hai| aMga-vizeSa ke halana calana yA spandana se dhvani vizeSa kA sambandha jur3anA kalpanAtIta lagatA hai / jaise, yadi koI vyakti krodhAveza meM ho, dAMta pIsane lage, AkramaNa kI mudrA meM hAtha uThA le, to samajha meM nahIM AtA, kisI dhvani dvArA kyA ise prakaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai ? dhvani kA apanA kSetra hai, deha-cAlana se koI vizeSa AvAja to nikalatI nahIM, phira kisa rUpa meM usakA anukaraNa sambhava hai ? jaoNnasana ne aMga-paricAlana ke sAtha dhvani uccAraNa kA tAla-mela biThAne kA jo prayatna kiyA hai, vaha apane-Apa meM navIna avazya hai, para, yukti saMgata nahIM lagatA / dhAtuoM ke Adi akSara vizeSa artha visaMgati :- dhAtuoM ke Adi akSaroM kA vizeSa arthoM ke sAtha tAlamela biThAnA bhI sUkSmaparyAlocana karane para yathArtha siddha nahIM hotaa| RkAra yA rakAra se prArambha hone vAlI dhAtuoM kA jo ullekha gatyarthakatA ke sandarbha meM kiyA gayA thA, unake samakakSa jo dUsarI gatyarthaka dhAtue haiM aura jinakA prArambha R yA ra se nahIM hotA, unakA kyA hogA ! gam dhAtu gatyarthaka hai| vaha 'g' se prArambha hotI hai / 'ga' ke uccAraNa meM vAgindriya kA koI aMga 'r' ke uccAraNa kI taraha daur3atA nahIM, phira uparyukta sthApanA kI saMgati kaisI hogI ? gam kI taraha anya bhI kitanI hI dhAtueM hoMgI, jo gatyarthaka haiM, jinakA prArambha R yA 148 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana sam
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________________ yAr se nahIM hotA / R yAra se prArambha hone vAlI aisI dhAtueM bhI haiM, jo gatyarthaka nahIM haiM / saMskRta kI 'rAj' dhAtu, jo zobhita hone ke artha meM hai, r se hI usakA Arambha hotA hai| grIka Adi anya bhASAoM meM bhI isake udAharaNa mila sakate haiM / pUrva - carcita dhAtu, pratyaya, upasarga, nAma, sarvanAma Adi ke rUpa meM bhASA kA vyAkRta svarUpa usake vikasita hone ke bAda kA prayatna hai| jaba bhASA ke pariSkaraNa aura parimArjana kI apekSA huI, taba usameM prayukta zabdoM kI zalya cikitsA kA prayatna vizeSa rUpa se calA / vyAkaraNa-zAstra, vyutpatti-zAstra Adi ke sarjana kA sambhavataH vahI preraka sUtra thA / ye viSaya mAnava kI tarkaNA-zakti para AdhRta haiM | AdikAla ke mAnava meM tarka zakti itanI vikasita ho pAI thI, yaha sambhava nahIM lagatA / vastutaH mAnava kA tArkika aura prAtibha vikAsa aneka sahasrAbdiyoM ke adhyavasAya aura yatna kA phala hai / svITa kA samanvayAtmaka vicAra :-svITa unnIsavIM zatI ke suprasiddha bhASA - vijJAna vettA the| unhoMne bhASA kI utpatti kI samasyA kA samAdhAna DhUMr3hane kA prayatna kiyaa| unhoMne bhASA kI utpatti kisI eka AdhAra se nahIM maanii| unake anusAra kaI kAraNa yA AcAroM kA samanvita rUpa bhASA ke udbhava meM sAdhaka thaa| unhoMne prArambhika zabda samUha ko tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA / usake anusAra pahale ve the, jinakA AdhAra anukaraNa thaa| unhoMne dUsarI zreNI meM una zabdoM ko rakhA, jo manobhAvAbhivyaMjaka haiN| unake anusAra tIsarI zreNI meM ve zabda Ate haiM, jinheM pratIkAtmaka (Symbolic) kahA gayA hai| unako mAnyatA hai ki bhASA meM prArambha meM isa zreNI ke zabda saMkhyA meM bahuta adhika rahe hoMge / zabda : artha : yaducchA : pratIka : svITa ke anusAra pratIkAtmaka zabda ve haiM, jinakA apanA koI artha nahIM hotA / saMyogavaza jo kisI vizeSa artha ke jJApaka yA pratIka bana jAte haiM / una arthoM meM unakA prayoga calatA rahatA hai| phalataH bhASA meM unake sAtha una vizeSa arthoM kI sthApanA ho jAtI hai| udAharaNArtha, eka zizu hai| vaha mAM ko dekhatA hai / kucha bolanA cAhatA hai / isa prayatna meM usake hoMTha khula jAte haiM / anAyAsa 'mAmA' dhvani nikala par3atI hai| taba taka 'mAmA' (Mama) dhvani kA kisI artha se sambandha nahIM hai / saMyoga vaza zizu ke muMha se mAtA ke sAmane bAra-bAra yaha dhvani nikalatI hai| isakA uccAraNa sarala hai| mAtA isa dhvani ko apane lie gRhIta kara letI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa yaha zabda mAtA kA jJApaka yA pratIka bana jAtA hai| isa prakAra isake sAtha eka nizcita artha jur3a jAtA hai / yahI 'pApA' (Papa) Adi kI sthiti hai| saMskRta ke mAtA, pitA, bhrAtA grIka ke Meter, Phrater, pater laeNTina ke Mater, Pater, Frater, aMgrejI ke Mother, Father, Brother phArasI ke mAdara, pidara, birAdara tathA hindI ke mAtA, pitA, cAcA, kAkA, dAdA, bhAI, bAI, dAI sambhavata: mUla rUpa meM isI zreNI ke zabda rahe hoNge| ina sAMyogika dhvaniyoM meM se adhikAMza ke Adya akSara auSThya haiM / sahasA koI baccA koI dhvani uccArita karane ko jyoM hI tatpara hotA hai, hoMTha khula jAte haiN| anAyAsa usake muMha se jo dhvani niHsRta hotI hai, prAyaH Tpa hotI hai kyoMki vaisA karane meM use apekSAkRta bahuta kama zrama hotA hai / svITa ne pratIkAtmaka zabdoM kI zreNI meM katipaya sarvanAma zabdoM ko bhI samAviSTa kiyA hai| unakI niSpatti sAMyogika hai, para, una arthoM ke lie ve gRhIta ho gaye / phalataH unakA eka nizcita artha ke sAtha jJApya sambandha sthApita ho gayA / udAharaNa ke lie saMskRta ke tvam (tuma) sarvanAma ko liyA jA sakatA hai| grIka meM yaha To, laiTina meM Tu, hindoM meM tU, aMgrejI meM Thow hotA hai / isI prakAra saMskRta meM yaha aura vaha vAcaka sarvanAma 'idam' aura 'adas haiM / aMgrejI meM isake sthAna para This aura That haiM tathA jarmana meM Dies aura Das | svITa ne bahuta-sI kriyAoM kI niSpati ke sambandha meM bhI pratIkAtmakatA ke AdhAra para vicAra kiyA hai| free :- bhASA ke sandarbha meM yaha mAnava kI Adima avasthA kA prayAsa thA / isake anusAra sambhava hai, Arambha meM 'pratIka' koTi ke aneka zabda niSpanna hue hoNge| unakA prayoga bhI calatA rahA hogaa| unameM se jo zabda abhIpsita artha kI abhivyaMjanA meM sarvAdhika sakSama, uccAraNa aura zravaNa meM samIcIna nahIM rahe hoMge, dhIre-dhIre ve miTate gaye hoMge aura jo (zabda) ukta artha meM adhika sakSama evaM saMgata pratIta hue hoMge, unhoMne bhASA meM apanA amiTa sthAna banA liyA hogA / jaise, prakRti-jagat aura jIva-jagat meM sarvatra Survival of the fittest===yogyatamAvazeSa kA siddhAnta lAgU hai, usI prakAra zabdoM ke jagat meM bhI vaha vyApta hai| vahAM bhI yogyatama yA upayukta kA hI astitva rahatA hai, anya saba dhIre-dhIre astitvahIna hote jAte haiM / pratIkAtmaka zabda jo bhASA meM surakSita raha pAye haiM, ve Adi sRSTa zabdoM meM se thor3e se haiM / svITa ne jina tIna sopAnoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, eka sImA vizeSa taka bhASA kI saMracanA meM unakI upayogitA hai / isa prasaMga meM itanA Avazyaka hai ki svITa ne vibhinna dhAtuoM tathA sarvanAmoM ke rUpoM kI pratIkAtmakatA se jo saMgati biThAne kA prayatna kiyA hai, vaha yathArthaM kA sparza karatA nahIM lagatA / isake atirikta eka bAta aura hai, svITa dvArA ukta tInoM sopAnoM ke antargata jina zabdoM kA udbhava vyAkhyAta huA hai, usake bAda bhI una (tInoM) se kaI gune zabda aura haiM, jinake astitva meM Ane kI kAraNa-paramparA ajJAta raha jAtI hai / anukaraNa, manobhAvAbhivyaMjana tathA pratIka; ina tInoM koTiyoM meM ve nahIM aate| pUrva carcita anukaraNa aura Akasmika bhAva na tatva cintana Adhunika sandarbha 149
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________________ prasUta zabda saMkhyA meM thor3e se haiM / usI prakAra pratIkAtmaka zabda bhI prAyaH pArivArika sambandhoM kI jJApakatA se bahuta dUra nahIM jAte ve bhI saMkhyA meM sImita hI haiM / pratIkAtmaka Adi prArambha meM prayujyamAna zabdoM ke sAdRzya ke AdhAra para anyAnya zabda astitva meM Ate gaye, bhASA vikAsa kI ora gatizIla rahI, aisI kalpanA bhI sArthaka nahIM lgtii| jaise, pratIkAtmaka zabdoM ke viSaya ko hI leN| baccoM kA eka sasIma jagat hai| unake sambandha aura AvazyakatAeM sImita haiN| unakI AkAMkSAoM ke jagat kA sambandha mAtra khAnA pInA pahananA, or3hanA, sonA Adi nisargaja mUla lipsAoM se dUra nahIM hai / isa sthiti ke pariprekSya meM jo sAMyogika dhvaniyAM yA zabda prAdurbhUta hote haiM, unake dvArA jJApyamAna artha bahuta sImita hotA hai / unase kevala atyanta sthUla padArthoM aura bhAvoM kA sUcana sambhava hai| sUkSma bhAvoM kI paridhi meM ve nahIM pahuMca pAte / bhASA kI utpatti avalambana nirAzA bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM isa prakAra aneka mata AvirbhUta hue, carcita hue, parivartita hue, para, aba taka kisI sarvasammata niSkarSa para pahuMcA nahIM jA skaa| isakI pratikriyA kucha mUrdhanya vidvAnoM ke mana para bar3I pratikUla huii| unheM lagA ki bhASA ke udgama yA mUla jaise viSaya kI khoja karanA vyartha hai; kyoMki aba taka kI gaveSaNA aura anuzIlana ke uparAnta bhI kisI vAstavika tathya kA udghATana nahIM ho sakA / kolambiyA vizvavidyAlaya ke prAdhyApaka eDagara sTUviNTa ne likhA hai: "atyadhika nirarthaka tarka-vitarka ke uparAnta bhASA vijJAna-vettA isa niSkarSa para pahuMce haiM ki mAnavIya bhASA ke udgama ke sambandha meM prApta sAmagrI koI sAkSya upasthita nahIM karatI / "" iTalI ke suprasiddha vidvAn moriyo pAI kA bhI isa sambandha meM isI prakAra kA vicAra hai| unhoMne likhA hai "vaha eka tathya, jisa para sabhI bhASA vaijJAnika pUrNatayA sahamata haiM, yaha hai ki mAnavIya bhASA ke udgama kI samasyA kA abhI taka samAdhAna ho nahIM pAyA hai|"2 : bamerikana bhASA zAstrI je0 kaiNDriesa ne isI bAta ko ina zabdoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai : "bhASA ke udgama kI samasyA kA koI bhI santoSajanaka samAdhAna nahIM ho pAyA hai|" vidvAnoM ke uparyukta vicAra nirAzAjanaka haiN| kisI viSaya para eka dIrgha avadhi taka anavarata kArya karate rahane para bhI jaba abhIpsita pariNAma nahIM AtA, taba kucha thakAna kA anubhava hone lagatA hai| thakAna ke do phalita hote haiM-- eka vaha hai, jahAM AzA murajhA jAtI hai| usake pazcAt Age usI joza ke sAtha pratyana cale, yaha kama sambhava hotA hai / dUsarA vaha hai, jahAM thakAna to AtI hai, para jo adamya utsAha ke dhanI hote haiM, ve thakAna ko vizrAma banA lete haiM tathA bhaviSya meM adhika tanmayatA evaM lagana se kArya karate jAte haiN| khoja para pratibandha: vicitra nirNaya lagabhaga eka zatAbdI pUrva ko eka ghaTanA se jJAta hogA ki saMsAra ke bhASA vaijJAnika bhASA kI utpatti kA AdhAra khojatekhojate kitane Uba gaye the| bahuta prayatna karate rahane para bhI jaba bhASA kI utpatti kA samyaktayA patA nahIM cala sakA, to vidvAnoM meM usa ora se parAGmukhatA hone lgii| kucha kA kathana thA ki bhASA kI utpatti sambandhI yaha viSaya bhASA vijJAna ke kSetra kA nahIM hai / yaha nRvaMza - vijJAna yA mAnava-vijJAna kA viSaya hai| mAnavajAti kA vividha sandarbhoM meM kisa prakAra vikAsa huA, usakA eka yaha bhI pakSa hai| kucha kA vicAra dUsarI dizA kI ora rhaa| unake anusAra yaha viSaya prAcIna itihAsa se sambaddha hai / kucha vidvAnoM kA abhimata thA ki bhASA - vijJAna eka vijJAna hai / bhASA kI utpatti kA viSaya isase sambaddha hai / isa para vicAra karane ke lie vaha Thosa sAmagrI aura AdhAra cAhie jinakA vaijJAnika vizleSaNa kiyA jA sake kalpanAoM para vijJAna nahIM ttiktaa| isake vaijJAnika parIkSaNa aura anusandhAna ke lie Aja pratyakSataH koI sAmagrI prApta nahIM hai / bhASA kaba utpanna huI, koI bhI samaya kI iyattA nahIM bAMdha sktaa| ho sakatA hai, yaha lAkhoM varSa pUrva kI bAta rahI ho, jisakA lekhA-jokhA kevala anumAnoM ke AdhAra para kalpita kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaijJAnika kasauTI para 1. After much futile discussion linguists have reached the conclusion that the data with which they are concerned yield little or no evidence about the origin of human speech-An Introduction to Linguistic Science, p. 40, New Haven, 1948. 2. If there is one thing on which all linguistics are fully agreed, it is that the problem of the origin of human speech is still unsolved. 3. ............The problem of the origin of language does not admit of only satisfactory solution. 150 - The Story of Language, p. 18, London, 1952, -J. Kendr yes, Language, p. 315, London, 1952 AcAra bhI dezabhUSaNajI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ kase jA sakane yogya AdhAra na hone ke kAraNa bhASA kI utpatti kA viSaya bhASA-vijJAna kA aMga nahIM mAnA jAnA caahie| isa para socane meM aura upakrama calate jAne meM koI sArthakatA pratIta nahIM hotii| bhASA-vijJAna ke kSetra meM uparyukta vicAroM ne eka sanasano paidA kara do| perisa meM I0 san 1866 meM bhASA-vijJAna pariSada kI pratiSThApanA huii| usake niyamopaniyama banAye gaye / Azcarya hogA, usake antargata yaha bhI thA ki aba se bhASA kI utpatti ke prazna para koI vicAra nahIM karanA hogaa| arthAt bhASA kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM socane para pariSad ke saMsthApakoM ne pratibandha lagA diyaa| isa prakAra eka taraha se isa prazna ko sadA ke lie samApta kara diyA gyaa| pratibandha lagAne vAle sAdhAraNa vyakti nahIM the, saMsAra ke diggaja bhASA-zAstrI the| sambhava hai, unheM lagA ho, jisakA koI pariNAma nahIM Ane vAlA hai, usa prakAra ke viSaya para vidvAna vRthA zrama kyoM kareM ? . gaveSaNA nahIM rukI yaha bhI kama Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai, pratibandha laga gayA, para prastuta viSaya para anavarata kArya cAla rhaa| itanA hI nahIM, prAyaH hara dasa varSa ke bAda bhASA kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM koI nayA vAda yA siddhAnta prasphuTita hotA gyaa| yaha ThIka hI hai| mAnava svabhAvata: jijJAsA-pradhAna aura mananazIla prANI hai| jijJAsA-pratibandha se avaruddha nahIM hotii| vaha pratibhA sampanna, udabaddhatA vyakti ko abhISTa kI gaveSaNA meM sadA unmukha banAye rakhatI hai| vijJAna zabda bhautika vijJAna ke rUpa meM eka pAribhASika artha lie hue hai / bhautika vijJAna kArya-kAraNa-paramparA para Adhata hai| kAraNa kI pariNati kArya meM hotI hai| kAraNa-sAmagrI ke binA kArya nahIM hotA / kAraNa-sAmagrI hai, to kArya kA honA rukatA nhiiN| yaha nirbAdha niyama hai / vijJAna ke isa pAribhASika artha meM bhASA-vijJAna eka vijJAna (Science) nahIM hai| para, vaha kalpanA-janita nahIM hai, isalie use kalA (Art) bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / bar3I ulajhana hai, kalA bhI nahIM, vijJAna bhI nahIM, to phira vaha kyA hai ? bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne isa pahalU para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| mana bhAva-saMkula huaa| antaHsphuraNA jgii| kalpanA kA sahArA milaa| zabda-samavAya nikala pdd'aa| yaha kavitA hai bhAvaprasta hai, bhAva-saMsparzI hai; ata: manojJa hai, sarasa hai, para, isakA yathArtha vastu-jagat kA yathArtha nahIM hai, kalpanA kA yathArtha hai| ataeva yaha kalA hai| isameM saundarya pahale hai, satya tadanantara / bhASA-vijJAna isase pRthak koTi kA hai| vijJAna kI taraha usakA TikAva bhautika kAraNa-sAmagrI para nahIM hai, para, vaha kAraNa-zUnya evaM kAlpanika bhI nahIM hai| zabda bhASA kA daihika kalevara hai| ve mukha se niHsata hote haiN| para. kalpanA kI taraha jaise-taise hI nahIM nikala par3ate / zabda akSaroM kA samavAya hai / galasthita dhvani-yantra, svara-tantriyAM, mukha-vivara-gata uccAraNa-avayava Adi ke sAtha zvAsa yA mUlAdhAra se utthita vAyu ke saMsparza yA saMgharSa se akSaroM kA udbhava bahuta sukSma va niyamita kAraNa-paramparA tathA eka sunizcita vaijJAnika krama para AdhRta hai| yaha saraNi itanI yAMtrika va vyavasthita hai ki isameM tila mAtra bhI idharase-udhara nahIM hotA / ise eka nirapavAda vaijJAnika vidhi-krama kahA jA sakatA hai / bhASA kA vikAsa yadyapi zabdotpatti kI taraha sarvathA nirapavAda vaijJAnika kAraNa-zRkhalA para to nahIM TikA hai, para, phira bhI vahAM eka krama-baddhatA, hetumattA tathA vyavasthA hai| vaha sApavAda to hai, para, sAdhAraNa nahIM hai| aise hI kucha kAraNa haiM, jinase yaha bhASAoM ke vizleSaNa kA zAstra bhASA-vijJAna kahA jAtA hai, jo bhautika-vijJAna se pRthak hotA huA bhI usakI taraha kArya-kAraNa-paramparApUrvaka yukti aura tarka dvArA vizleSya aura anusaMdhaya hai / nirAzA kyoM ? bhASA-vijJAna ko jaba vijJAna (viziSTa jJAna) mAnate haiM, to bhASA, jisakA yaha vijJAna hai, usake antargata usase sambaddha sabhI pakSoM kA adhyayana evaM anusandhAna honA caahie| usake aba taka ke itihAsa, vistAra, vikAsa Adi ke sAtha-sAtha usake udbhava para bhI vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| gaveSaNA ke hetu apekSita sAmagrI va AdhAra nahIM prApta ho sake, isalie usa viSaya ko hI bhASA-vijJAna se nikAla kara sadA ke lie samApta kara diyA jAye, yaha ucita nahIM lgtaa| vaijJAnika aura anveSTA kabhI kisI viSaya ko isalie nahIM chor3a dete ki usake anveSaNa ke lie unheM upakaraNa va sAdhana nahIM mila rahe haiN| anuzIlana aura anveSaNa kArya gatizIla rahegA, to kisI samaya Avazyaka sAmagrI upalabdha hogI hii| sAmagrI abhI nahIM mila rahI hai, to Age bhI nahIM milegI, aisA kyoM soceM ? isa prasaMga meM saMskRta ke mahAn nATakakAra bhavabhUti kI yaha ukti niHsandeha bar3I preraNAspada hai : "kAlo hyayaM niravadhivipulA ca pRthvI:" arthAt yaha kAla niHsIma hai aura pRthvI bahuta vizAla hai| isameM na jAne kaba, kauna utpanna ho jAye, jo duSkara aura duHsAdhya kArya sAdha lene kI kSamatA se sampanna ho| bhaviSya kI lambI AzAoM ke sahAre jo manasvI kAryarata rahate haiM, ve kisI dina saphala hote hI haiN| kArya ko roka denA jaina tattva cintana : Adhunika sandarbha 151
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________________ yA chor3a denA to bhaviSya kI saba sambhAvanAoM ko miTA detA hai| upayukta vivecana ke pariprekSya meM sArarUpa meM bhASA ke udbhava para kucha aura cintana apekSita hogA / vAk prasphuTana mAnava jaise-jaise jIvana ke vibhinna kSetroM meM vikAsa kI maMjiloM ko pAra karatA huA Age bar3hatA gayA, vaise-vaise bhASA kA bhI vikAsa hotA gayA / vaha jyoM-jyoM saghana bhAva-saMkulatA kI sthiti meM AtA gayA, tyoM-tyoM apane antaratama kI abhivyakti ke lie AkulatA yA utAvalApana bhI usameM vyApta hotA gayA / " AvazyakatA AviSkAra kI jananI hai" ke anusAra abhivyakti kA mAdhyama bhI jaisA bana par3A, Akalita hotA gyaa| yaha anukaraNa, manobhAvAbhivyaMjana tathA iMgita Adi ke AdhAra para dhvani udbhAvanA aura ( aMzata: ) bhASA saMracanA ko Adima dazA kA paricaya hai / parA, pazyantI, madhyamA aura vaikharI vAgindriya se vAk- niHsRti ke krama para kucha saMketa pUrva pRSThoM meM kiyA gayA thaa| yahAM usakA kucha vistAra se vizleSaNa kiyA jA rahA hai| vaidika vAGamaya meM parA, pazyantI, madhyamA tathA vaikharI; ina nAmoM se cAra prakAra kI vANI varNita huI hai| mahAbhASyakAra pataMjalI ne mahAbhASya ke prArambha meM hI Rgveda kI eka paMkti uddhRta karate hue isa ora iMgita kiyA hai| -- sAhitya-darpaNa ke TIkAkAra prasiddha vidvAn mahAmahopAdhyAya paM0 durgAprasAda dvivedI ne varNa kI vyAkhyA ke prasaMga meM parA, pazyantI Adi vAk rUpoM kA saMkSepa meM sundara vizleSaNa kiyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai: "jJAna meM Aye hue artha kI vivakSA se AtmA tadbodhaka zabda ke niSpAdana ke lie antaHkaraNa ko prerita karatA hai / antaHkaraNa mUlAdhAra sthita agni - USmA - teja ko saMcAlita karatA hai / agni ke dvArA tassthalavartI vAyu spandita hotA hai| isa prakAra spandita vAyu dvArA vahAM sUkSma rUpa meM jo zabda udbhUta hotA hai, vaha 'parA' vAk kahA jAtA hai| tadanantara nAbhi praveza taka saMcAlita vAyu ke dvArA usa deza ke saMyoga se jo zabda utpanna hotA hai, use 'pazyantI' vAk kahA jAtA hai| ye donoM (vAk ) sUkSma hotI haiM; ataH ye paramAtmA yA yogI dvArA jJeya haiN| sAdhAraNajana unheM karNagocara nahIM kara sakate / vaha vAyu hRdaya deza taka parisRta hotI hai aura hRdaya ke saMyoga se jo zabda niSpanna hotA hai, vaha 'madhyamA' vAk kahalAtA hai| kabhI-kabhI kAna banda kara sUkSmatayA dhvani ke rUpa meM janasAdhAraNa bhI use adhigata kara sakate haiM / usake pazcAt vaha vAyu mukha taka pahuMcatI hai, kaNThAsanna hotI hai, mUrddhA ko Ahata karatI hai, usake pratighAta se vApisa lauTatI hai tathA mukha-vivara meM hotI huI kaNTha Adi ATha uccAraNa sthAnoM meM kisI eka kA abhighAta karatI hai, kisI eka se TakarAtI hai| taba jo zabda utpanna hotA hai, vaha 'vaikharI' vAk kahA jAtA hai|"" pANinIya zikSA meM bhI zabda-sphuTana kA mUla isI taraha vyAkhyAta kiyA gayA hai| zabda - niSpatti kA yaha eka zAstrIya krama hai| bhautika vijJAna ke sAdhanoM dvArA isakA parIkSaNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA; kyoMki vaikharI vAk se pUrva taka kA krama sarvathA sUkSma yA abhautika hai| phira bhI yaha eka aisI kArya-kAraNa paramparA ko kie hue hai, jo apane Apa meM kama vaijJAnika nahIM hai| bhASA vijJAna meM yadyapi adyAvadhi yaha krama sampUrNataH svIkRta nahIM hai, tathApi yaha eka atyanta mahatvapUrNa viSaya hai, jo dArzanika dRSTi se zabda niyati kA mArga prazasta karatA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki jaba mAnava (AtmA) antaHsthita vicAra yA bhAva, jise ukta uddharaNa meM jJAta artha kahA gayA hai, kI vivakSA karatA hai, use vANI dvArA prakaTa karanA cAhatA hai, to vaha apane antaHkaraNa (vicAra aura bhAvanA ke sthAna ) ko prerita karatA hai aura yaha cikIrSA tatkSaNa usase jur3a jAtI hai| usake bAda ala aura anila ke prerita evaM calita hone kI bAta AtI hai| yaha eka sUkSma Avayavika prakriyA hai / yaha sarva vidita hai aura sarvasvIkRta bhI ki niSpAdana meM vAda kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| para vAyu ko agAmI karane ke lie jora lagAne kI yA dhakelane kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| mUlAdhAra sthita agni (teja, oja ) dvArA vAyu ke nAbhi deza kI ora cAlana kA yahI abhiprAya hai / nAbhi-deza 1. guhA trINi nihitA neGgayanti turIyaM vAco manuSyA vadanti / Rgveda 1 / 164 / 45 2. cetanena jJAtArthavivakSayA sadbodhakazabdaniSpAdanAya preritamantaHkaraNaM mUlAdhArasthitamanalaM cAlayati, taccAlito'nalastassthalavati vAyucAlanAya prabhavati, taccAlitena vAyunA tava sUkSmarUpeNotpAditaH zabdaH parA vAgityabhidhIyate / tato nAbhidezaparyaMnta calitena tena taddezasaMyogAdutpAditaH zabda pacyantIti vyavahnite / etaddvayasya sUkSma sUkSmataratayezvarayogimAtragamyatA, nAsmadIyazrutigocaratA / tatatenezva hRdayadezaM parisaritA hRdayasaMyogena niSpAditaH zabdo madhyametyucyate / sA ca svakarNapidhAnena dhyAnyAtmakatayA sUkSmarUpeNa kadAcidasmAkamapi samadhigamyA / tato mukhaparyantamAkrAmatA tena kaNThadezamAsAdyamUrdhAnamAhRtya tatpratighAtena parAvRtya ca mukha-vivare kaNThAdikeSyaSTasu sthAneSu svAbhighAtenotpAditaH zabda vaikharIti kathyate - sAhitya darpaNa, pR0 26 1 3. 152 prAtmA buddhyA sametyArthAn mano yuGkte vivakSayA / manaH kAyAgnimAhanti sa prerayani mArutam / / AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana pantha
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________________ se pavana yA zvAsa phira UrdhvagAmI hotA hai| vastutaH zravaNa-gamya vAk kA mUla zvAsa ke utthAna meM hai| vaha (zvAsa) Urdhvagamana karatA huA dhvani-yantra yA svara-yantra (Vocal Chord) se TakarAtA hai / svara-yantra kA prAvayavika svarUpa aura prakriyA ___ gale ke bhItara bhojana aura jala kI nalI ke samakakSa zvAsa kI nalI kA vaha bhAga, jo abhikAkala-svarayantrAvaraNa (Epiglotis) se kucha nIce hai, dhvani-yantra yA svara-yantra kahA jAtA hai| gale ke bAhara kI ora kaNThamaNi yA ghAMTI ke rUpa meM jo ubharA huA, dubale-patale manuSyoM ke kucha bAhara nikalA huA kaThora bhAga hai, vahI bhItara svara-yantra kA sthAna hai / zvAsa-nalikA kA yaha (svarayantra-gata) bhAga kucha moTA hotA hai| prakRti kA kucha aisA hI prabhAva hai, jahAM jo cAhie, use vaha sampAdita kara detI hai / svara-yantra yA dhvani-yantra meM sUkSma jhillI ke bane do lacakadAra parde hote haiN| unheM svara-tantrI yA svara-rajju kahA jAtA hai / svara-tantriyoM ke madhyavartI khule bhAga ko svara-yantra-mukha yA kAkala (Glottis) kahate hai| jaba hama sAMsa lete haiM yA bolate haiM, taba vAyu isI se bhItara-bAhara AtIjAtI hai| mAnava ina svara-tantriyoM ke sahAre aneka prakAra kI dhvani utpanna karatA hai| tAtparya yaha hai, zvAsa yA pavana ke saMsparza, yA yA saMgharSa se svara-tantriyoM yA svara-yantra ke ina lacIle donoM pardo meM kaI prakAra kI sthitiyAM banatI haiM / kabhI ye parde eka-dUsare ke samIpa Ate haiM, kabhI dUra hote haiM / sAmIpya aura dUrI meM bhI taratamatA rahatI hai-kaba eka pardA kitanA tanA, kitanA sikur3A, dUsarA kitanA phailA, kitA saTA ityAdi / isa prakAra phailAva, tanAva, kampana Adi kI vividhatA dhvaniyoM ke aneka rUpoM meM prasphuTita hotI hai| jaise, vINA ke bhinna-bhinna tAra jyoM jyoM aMgulI dvArA saMspRSTa aura Ahata hote jAte haiM, bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke svara utpanna karate jAte haiM / vahI bAta svara yantra ke sAtha hai, jo eka vyavasthita aura niyamita krama lie hue hai| svara-yantra se niHsRta dhvaniyAM mukha-vivara meM Akara apane-apane svarUpa ke anukUla mukhagata uccAraNa avayava -kaNTha, tAlu, mUrddhA, danta, auSTha, nAsikA Adi ko saMspRSTa karatI huI mukha se bAhara niHsata hotI haiM, vAyu se TakarAtI haiN| jaisA-jaisA unakA sUkSma svarUpa hotA hai, ve vAyu meM vaise prakampana yA taraMgeM paidA karatI haiN| ve taraMge dhvani kA saMvahana karatI huI unheM karNagocara banAtI haiN| zabda ke sUkSmatama prabhautika kalevara kI saSTi dhvani kI abhivyakti kA vyApAra mUlAdhAra se prArambha hokara mukha-vivara se ni:sRta hone taka kina-kina pariNatiyoM meM se gujaratA hai, yaha bar3I sUkSma prakriyA hai| parA, pazyantI, madhyamA aura vaikharI ke vivecana ke antargata jo batalAyA gayA hai, usakA niSkarSa yaha hai ki jaba artha-vizeSa kA saMsphuraNa yA bhAvodvelana vyakta hone ke lie zabda kI mAMga karatA hai, artha kI bodhakatA ke anurUpa usa zabda kA sUkSmatama abhautika kalevara tabhI bana jAtA hai, jisakI pAribhASika saMjJA 'parA' vAk arthAt vaha bahuta dUravartI vANI yA zabda, jo hamArI pakar3a ke bAhara hai - tadanantara nAbhi-deza ke saMyoga yA saMsparza dvArA jo zabda utpanna hotA hai, vaha bhI pahale se kucha kama sahI, sUkSmAvasthA meM hI rahatA hai / isa pavana-saMzliSTa sUkSma vAk kA aura vikAsa hotA hai| sUkSma-amUrta zabda mUrtatva adhigata karane ko ora bar3hatA hai| sUkSma zabda kA thor3A-sA sthAna sthUla zabda le letA hai| para, jaisA ki kahA gayA hai vaha vyakta, sphuTa yA indriya-grAhya nahIM hotaa| yaha sUkSma aura sthUla vANI kA madhyavartI rUpa hai, jahAM se sUkSmatA ke ghaTane aura sthUlatA ke bar3hane kA abhiyAna Arambha hotA hai| isIlie sambhavataH ise 'madhyamA' kahA gayA ho| 'madhyamA' kA uttaravartI rUpa 'vaikharI" hai, jo mAnava ke vyavahAra-jagat kA aMga hai| 'vaikharI' ke prasphuTita hone kA artha hai-zabda dvArA eka AkAra kI prApti / bahuta jaTila se pratIta hone vAle upayukta vivecana kA saMkSepa meM sArAMza yaha hai ki zabdamAtra ke prasphuTita yA prakaTa hone meM mukhya kriyAzIla tattva pavana yA zvAsa hai| mUlAdhAra meM utpanna sUkSmatama se prArambha hokara nAbhiveza meM udbhUta sUkSmatara meM se gujarate hue hRdaya-deza meM prakaTita-vyakta-avyakta sUkSma svarUpa ko prApta zabda ke zvAsa-saMzliSTa hone kA hI sambhavataH yaha prabhAva honA cAhie ki zvAsa vibhinna sthiti, rUpa, krama evaM parimANa meM svara-yantra ke pardo kA saMsparza karatA huA unake vividhatayA tanane, phailane, sikur3ane, milane, arddhamilita, alpamilita, ISanmilita Adi avasthAeM prApta karane, phalata: tadanurUpa svara, vyaMjana zabda-gaThana akSara parisphuTa karane kA hetu banatA hai| vANI ke prAdurbhAva kA jo krama pratipAdita huA hai, vAstava meM bar3A mahattvapUrNa hai aura vaijJAnika saraNi liye hue hai| vAgatpatti jaise viSaya para bhI bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne kitanI gaharI DubakiyAM lIM, isakA yaha paricAyaka hai| 1. vizeSeNa ravaM rAti =rA+kapaNa + Gopa arthAt jo vizeSa rUpa se prAkAza ko rava-yukta kare-ninAdita kre| jaina tattva cintana : Adhunika sandarbha 153
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________________ jaina darzana kI dRSTi se / jaina darzana tIna prakAra kI pravRttiyAM - yoga svIkAra karatA hai-mAnasika, vAcika tathA kAyika / jaba manuSya manoyoga yA yA pravRtti meM saMlagna hotA hai, to usa (manoyoga) ke dvArA sUkSma karma-pudgala (karma-paramANu AkRSTa hote haiM ye dharma-paramANu mUrta hote haiM, para unakA atyanta sUkSma Akara hotA hai| mana kI pravRtti yA cintana jisa prakAra kA hogA, usI ke anurUpa bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke karmANu AkRSTa hoMge / manoyoga yA mAnasika cintana kisI bhI udbhUyamAna karma kI prathama va sUkSma saMracanA hai| cintana ke anantara vAcika abhivyakti kA krama AtA hai, jisake lie zabdAtmaka bhASA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| manoyoga jaba vAk-yoga meM pariNata honA cAhatA hai, to to ve manaH pravRtti dvArA AkRSTa karma-paramANu dhvani- niSpatti krama para vizeSa prabhAva DAlate haiM / daha prabhAva AkRSTa yA saMcita karmaparamANuoM kI bhinna-bhinna dazAoM ke anusAra vividha prakAra kA hotA hai, jaisA honA svAbhAvika hai / phalataH vibhinna manobhAvoM ke anurUpa bhinna-bhinna prakAra kI dhvaniyAM yA zabda vAk-yoga ke rUpa meM nikala par3ate haiM / sthUla aura sUkSma kI bheda-rekhA anukaraNa, manobhAvAbhivyaMjana iMgita mA pratIka Adi siddhAnta jinakA pahale vivecana kiyA gayA hai, sthUla bhAva-bodhaka zabdoM kI utpatti meM kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM sahAyaka baneM, yaha sarvathA sambhava pratIta hotA hai| sUkSma bhAvoM ke parisphuraNa kA samaya sambhavataH mAnava ke jIvana meM taba AyA hogA, jaba vaha mAnasika dRSTi se vizeSa vikasita ho gayA hogaa| vaisI dazA meM parA, pazyantI Adi ke rUpa meM vAk- niSpatti ke krama tathA jaina darzana sammata vAk-yoga ke kriyAnvayana kI saraNi se sUkSma-bhAva-bodhaka zabdoM kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM kucha prakAza prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| eka prazna kA ubharanA svAbhAvika hai ki parA, pazyantI Adi ke udbhava krama ke antargata sRSTa sUkSma zabdAkAroM yA manaH pravRtti dvArA AkRSTa vibhinna pudgala paramANuoM se niHsAryamANa dhvani yA zabda prabhAvita hote haiM, to phira samasta jagat ke logoM dvArA prayujyamAna zabdoM meM, bhASAoM meM paraspara antara kyoM hai ? tathya yaha hai ki saMsAra bhara ke mAnava eka hI sthiti, prakRti, jala-vAyu, upakaraNa, sAmAjikatA Adi ke pariveza meM nahIM rhte| unameM atyadhika bhinnatA hai| uccAraNa-avayava tathA uccAryamANa dhvani samavAya usameM aprabhAvita kaise raha sakatA hai ? dUsarA vizeSa tathya yaha hai ki uparyukta vAk-niSpatti krama kA sambandha vizeSataH sUkSmArtha-bodhaka zabdoM kI utpatti ke sAtha sambhAvya hai, jabaki sthUla bhAva jJApaka zabda saMsAra kI bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM meM bana cuke the / jo-jo bhASAeM apanA jisa prakAra kA sthUla rUpa lie hue thI, sUkSma bhAva-bodhaka zabdoM kI saMracanA kA DhalAva bhI usI ora ho, aisA sahaja pratIta hotA hai / isa prakAra ke aneka kAraNa rahe hoMge, jinase bhinna-bhinna bhU-bhAgoM kI bhASAoM ke svarUpa bhinna-bhinna sAMcoM meM Dhalate gaye / upasaMhRti dArzanika pRSThabhUmi para vaijJAnika zailI se kiyA gayA upayukta vivecana eka UhApoha hai / vAstava meM bhASA ke udbhava aura vistAra kI kahAnI bahuta lambI evaM ulajhana bharI hai| bhASA ko vartamAna rUpa taka pahuMcAne meM vikAsazIla mAnava ko na jAne kitanI maMjileM pAra karanI par3I haiN| mAnava-mAnava kA pArasparika samparka, jantu jagat kA sAhacarya, prakRti meM viharaNa tathA apane kRtitva se udbhAvita upakaraNoM kA sAhAyya prabhRti aneka upAdAna mAnava ke sAtha the, jinhoMne use pragati aura vikAsa ke patha para satata gatizIla rahane meM sphUrti pradAna kI / udoyamAna evaM vikAsamAna bhASA bhI usa pragati kA eka aMga rhii| usI kA pariNAma hai ki vizva meM Aja aneka samaddha bhASAeM vidyamAna haiM, jo zatAbdiyoM aura sahasrAbdiyoM ke jJAna-vijJAna kI amUlya dhArA ko apane meM saMjoye hue haiM / bhASA vaijJAnika sAdhAraNatayA aisA mAnate A rahe haiM ki Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa krama ke antargata vaidika bhASA se saMskRta kA vikAsa huA aura saMskRta se prAkRta kA udbhava huA / isalie bhASA vaijJAnika isakA astitva saMskRta kAla ke pazcAt svIkAra karate haiM / isa sambandha meM vistAra se vivecana apekSita hai : prAkRta kA bhASA vaijJAnika vikAsa eka aitihAsika paryavekSaNa bhASA-vaijJAnikoM ne bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ke vikAsa kA jo kAla krama nirdhArita kiyA hai, usake anusAra prAkRta kA kAla I0 pU0 500 se prArambha hotA hai| para, vastutaH yaha nirdhAraNa bhASA ke sAhityika rUpa kI apekSA se hai / yadyapi vaidika bhASA kI prAcInatA meM kisI ko sandeha nahIM hai, para, vaha apane samaya meM jana sAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASA rahI ho, aisA sambhava nahIM lagatA / vaha RSiyoM, vidvAnoM tathA purohitoM kI sAhitya-bhASA thI / yaha asambhava nahIM hai ki usa samaya vaidika bhASA se sAmaMjasya rakhane vAlI aneka boliyAM pracalita rahI hoM / mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ne prAdezika dRSTi se eka hI zabda ke bhinna-bhinna rUpoM ke prayoga ke sambandha meM 154 AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ mahAbhASya meM jo ullekha kiyA hai, sambhavataH baha isI tathya ko puSTa karatA hai ki kucha pradezo meM vaidika bhASA ke katipaya zabda una-una pradezoM kI boliyoM ke saMsarga se kucha bhinna rUpa meM athavA kinhIM zabdoM ke koI vizeSa rUpa prayoga meM Ane lage the| yaha bhI asvAbhAvika nahIM jAna par3atA ki inhIM boliyoM meM se koI eka bolI rahI ho, jisake purAvartI rUpa ne parimAjita hokara chandasa yA vaidika saMskata kA sAhityaka svarUpa prApta kara liyA ho| katipaya vidvAnoM kA aisA anumAna hai ki vedoM kA racanA-kAla AryoM ke dUsare dala ke bhArata meM praviSTa hone ke bAda AtA hai| dUsare dala ke Arya paMcanada tathA sarasvatI va dRSadvatI ke taTavartI pradeza meM hote hue madhyadeza meM Aye / isa krama ke bIca veda kA kaha bhAga paMcanada meM tathA sarasvatI va dRSadvatI kI ghATI meM banA aura bahuta sA bhAga madhyadeza meM pratIta huaa| atharvaveda kA kAphI bhAga, jisake viSaya meM pUrva iMgita kiyA gayA hai, jo paravartI mAnA jAtA hai, sambhavataH pUrva meM banA ho / pahale dala ke AryoM dvArA, jinheM dUsare dala ke AryoM ne madhyadeza se khader3a diyA thA, veda kI taraha kisI bhI sAhitya ke race jAne kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki madhyadeza ke cAroM ora loga jina bhASAoM kA bolacAla meM prayoga karate the, unakA koI bhI sAhitya Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| isalie unake prAcIna rUpa kI vizeSatAoM ko nahIM jAnA jA sakatA, na anumAna kA hI koI AdhAra hai| vaidika yuga meM pazcima, utsara, madhyadeza aura pUrva meM jana-sAdhAraNa ke upayoga meM Ane vAlI ina boliyoM ke vaidika yaga se pUrvavartI bhI koI rUpa raheM hoMge, jinake vikAsa ke rUpa meM inakA udbhava huaa| vaidika kAla ke pUrva kI ora samavartI jana-bhASAoM ko sara jArja griyarsana ne prAthamika prAkRtoM (Primary Prakrits) ke nAma se ullikhita kiyA hai / inakA samaya I0 pU0 2000 se I0pU0 600 taka mAnA jAtA hai| aisA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki ye prAthamika prAkRteM svaroM evaM vyaMjanoM ke uccAraNa, vibhaktiyoM se prayoga Adi meM vaidika bhASA se bahuta samAnatAe rakhatI thiiN| ina bhASAoM se vikAsa pAkara uttaravartI prAkRtoM kA jo sAhityika rUpa astitva meM AyA, usase yaha pramANita hotA hai / mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ne mahAbhASya ke prArambha meM vyAkaraNa yA zabdAnuzAsana ke prayojanoM kI carcA kI hai| duSTa zabdoM ke prayoga se bacane aura zuddha zabdoM kA prayoga karane para bala dete hue unhoMne zloka upasthita kiyA hai : yastu prayukte kuzalo vizeSe, zabdAn yathAvada vyavahArakAle / so'nantamApnoti jayaM paratra vAgyogavid duSyati cApazabdaiH / ' arthAt jo zabdoM ke prayoga ko jAnatA hai, vaisA karane meM kuzala hai, vaha vyavahAra ke samaya unakA yathocita prayoga karatA hai, vaha paraloka meM ananta jaya-utkarSa-abhyudaya prApta karatA hai / jo apazabdoM kA prayoga karatA hai, vaha dUSita-doSa-bhAgI hotA hai| duSTa zabdoM yA apazabdoM kI ora saMketa karate hue Age ve kahate haiM : eka-eka zabda ke apabhraMza haiN| jaise, gau zabda ke gAvo. gauNI, gopotalikA ityAdi haiN| apabhraMza zabda kA yahAM prayoga una bhASAoM ke artha meM nahIM hai, jo pAMcavIM zatI se lagabhaga dazavIM zatI taka bhArata (pazcima, pUrva, uttara aura madhyamaNDala) meM prasata rahIM, jo prAkRtoM kA uttaravartI vikasita rUpa thiiN| yahAM apabhraMza kA prayoga saMskRtetara lokabhASAoM ke zabdoM ke lie hai, jinheM usa kAla kI prAkRteM kahA jA sakatA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai, taba loka-bhASAoM ke prasAra aura prayoga kA kSetra bahuta vyApaka ho calA ho / unake zabda sambhavata: vaidika aura laukika saMskRta meM praveza pAne laga gaye hoM; ata: bhASA kI zuddhi ke pakSapAtI purohita vidvAn usa para roka lagAne ke lie bahuta prayatnazIla hue hoN| pataMjali ke vivecana kI dhvani kucha isI prakAra kI pratIta hotI hai| pataMjali kucha Age aura kahate haiM-"sunA jAtA hai ki "yarvANa: tarvANa:' nAmaka RSi the| ve pratyakSadharmA-dharma kA sAkSAtkAra kiye hue the| para aura apara-parA aura aparA vidyA ke jJAtA the| jo kucha jJAtavya - jAnane yogya hai, use ve jAna cake the| ve vAstavikatA ko pahacAne hue the| ve AdarAspada RSi 'yad vA na: tad vA naH'-aisA prayoga jahAM kiyA jAnA cAhie, vahAM yarvANaH tarvANaH' aisA prayoga karate / parantu yAjJika karma meM apabhASaNa 'azuddha zabdoM kA uccAraNa nahIM karate the| asuroM ne yAjJika karma meM apabhASaNa kiyA thA; ata: unakA parAbhava huaa|" 1. mahAbhAdhya, prathama prAha nika, 107 2. ekaikasya zabdasya bhvo'pbhrshaaH| pradyathAgorityetasya zabdasya gAvI gauNI gopotlikepyevmaadyo'pbhrshaaH| -mahAbhASya, prathama prAha nika, 506 3. evaM hi zrayate - yaNistarvANo nAma RSayo babhUvaH pratyakSadharmANaH parAvarajJA viditaveditavyA adhigtyaathaatthyaaH| te tatra bhavanto yaddhA na iti prayoktavye yANastarvANa iti prayujate yAne punaH karmaNi naapbhaassnte| taiH punarasuraiyajJi karmaNyapabhASitam, tataste praabhuutaaH| -mahAbhAdhya, prathama mAha nika,pR. 37.38 jaina tattva cintana : Adhunika sandarbha 155
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________________ pataMjali ke kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki vaidika paramparA ke vidvAn paNDita bhI kabhI-kabhI bolacAla meM loka-bhASA ke zabdoM kA prayoga kara lete the| ise to ve kSamya mAna lete haiM, parantu, isa pahalU para jora dete hai ki yajJa meM azuddha bhASA kadApi vyavahRta nahIM honI caahie| vaisA hone se artha kA anartha ho jAtA hai| unake kathana se yaha abhivyaMjita hotA hai ki isa bAta kI bar3I cintA vyApta ho gayI thI ki loka-bhASAoM kA uttarottara bar3hatA huA pravAha yAjJika karma-vidhi taka kahIM na pahu~ca jaaye| ve yahAM taka kahate haiM : "yAjJikoM ke zabda haiM ki yadi AhitAgni (yAjJika agnyAdhAna kiye hue vyakti) dvArA apazabda kA prayoga ho jAye, to use usake prAyazcita-svarUpa sArasvatI-dRSTi-sArasvata (sarasvatI devatA ko uddiSTa kara) yajJa karanA caahie|" eka sthAna para pataMjali likhate haiM : "..... jina pratipAdakoM kA vidhi-vAkyoM meM grahaNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai, unakA bhI svara tathA varNAnupUrvI ke jJAna ke lie upadeza-saMgraha iSTa hai, tAki zaza ke sthAna para SaSa, palAza ke sthAna para palASa aura maJcaka ke sthAna para maJjaka kA prayoga na hone lge|" pataMjali ke samakSa eka prazna aura AtA hai| vaha una zabdoM ke sambandha meM hai, jo unake samaya yA unase pahale se hI saMskRta meM prayoga meM nahIM A rahe the, yadyapi ve the saMskRta ke hii| Upa, tera; cakra tathA peca ; ina cAra zabdoM ko unhoMne udAharaNa ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA hai| unhoMne USa ke sthAna para uSitAH, tera ke sthAna para torNAH, cakra ke sthAna para kRtavantaH tathA peca ke sthAna para pakvavantaH ke rUpa meM jo prayoga pracalita the, unakI bhI carcA kI hai| ina zabdoM ke aprayoga kA parihAra karate hue ve punaH likhate haiM : "ho sakatA hai, ve zabda jinheM aprayukta kahA jAtA hai, anya dezoM -sthAnoM meM prayukta hote hoM, hameM prayukta hote nahIM milate hoN| unhe prApta karane kA yatna kIjie / zabdoM ke prayoga kA kSetra bar3A vizAla hai| yaha pRthvI sAta dvIpoM aura tIna lokoM meM vibhakta hai| cAra veda haiN| unake chaha aMga haiM / usake rahasya yA tattvabodhaka itara grantha haiM / yajurveda kI 101 zAkhAeM haiM, jo paraspara bhinna haiN| sAmaveda kI eka hajAra mArga-paramparAeM haiN| RgvediyoM ke AmnAyaparamparA-krama ikkIsa prakAra ke haiN| atharvaveda nau rUpoM meM vibhakta hai| vAkovAkya (praznotarAtmaka grantha) itihAsa, purANa, Ayuvada ityAdi aneka zAstra haiM, jo zabdoM ke prayoga ke viSaya haiN| zabdoM ke prayoga ke itane vizAla viSaya ko sune binA isa prakAra kahanA ki amuka zabda aprayukta haiM, kevala du:sAhasa hai|" pataMjali ke upayukta kathana meM mukhyataH do bAteM vizeSa rUpa se pratIta hotI haiN| eka yaha hai-saMskRta ke katipaya zabda lokabhASAoM ke DhAMce meM Dhalate jA rahe the / usase unakA vyAkaraNa-zuddha rUpa akSuNNa kaise raha sakatA? loka-bhASAoM ke DhAMce meM DalA haAkiMcit parivartita yA saralIkRta rUpa saMskRta meM prayukta na hone lage, isa para ve bala dete haiM; kyoMki vaisA hone para saMskRta kI zuddhatA sthira nahIM raha sakatI thii| zaza-SaSa, palAza-palASa, maJcaka-majaka, jo ullikhita kiye gaye haiM, ve nizcaya hI isake dyotaka haiN| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki saMskRta ke kucha zabda loka-bhASAoM meM itane ghula-mila gaye hoMge ki unameM unakA prayoga sahaja ho gayA / sAmAnyata: ve loka-bhASA ke hI zabda samajhe jAne lage hoN| saMskRta ke kSetra para isakI pratikUla pratikriyA huI / vahAM unakA prayoga banda ho gyaa| ho sakatA hai, ApAtataH saMskRtajJoM dvArA unheM loka-bhASA ke hI zabda mAna lie gaye hoM yA jAnabUjha kara unase durAva kI sthiti utpanna kara lI gayI ho| pataMjali ke mastiSka para sambhavata: ina bAtoM kA asara rahA ho; isalie ve ina zabdoM kI aprayuktatA ke kAraNa hone vAlI bhrAnti kA pratikAra karane ke lie prayatnazIla pratIta hote haiM / zuddha vAk-jJAna, zuddha vAk-prayoga, zuddha vAka-vyavahAra ko akSuNNa 1. yAzikA: paThanti prAhitAgnirapazabdaM prayujya prAyazcitIyA~ sArasvatImiSTi nirvapeta / mahAbhASya, pR08 2. ... yAni tAgRhaNAni prAtipadikAni, eteSAmapi svaravarNAnupUrvI jJAnArtha upadezaH kartavya: / zaza: SaSa iti mA bhUt / palAzaH palASa iti mA bhUta ___ maJcako maJjaka iti mA bhUt / -vahI, pR0 48 aprayogaH khalvapyeSAM zabdAnA nyaayyH| kuta: prayogAnyatvAt / yadeSAM zabdAnAmatha' nyaanychbdaanpryujte| yadya yA USetyasya zabdasyAya kva yUyamuSitA:, teretyasyAyeM kva yUyaM tIrNAH, cakretyasyArthe kva yUyaM kRtavanta:, pecetyasyArthe kva yUyaM pakvavanta iti / -mahAbhASya; prathama mAha nika, pR0 31 sarve khalvapyete zadhdA dezAntareSa prayujyante / na caivopalabhyante / upalabdho yatnaH kriyatAm / mahAnchabdasya prayogaviSayaH / saptadvIpA vasumatI, bayo nokAH, catvAro vedA: sAMgA: sarahasyA:, bahudhA bhinnA ekAdazamadhvaryu zAkhA:, sahanavA sAmavedaH, ekaviMzatidhA bAha vRcca, navadhAyarvaNo vedaH, vAkovAkyam, itihAsa:, purANam vaidya kamityetAvAJchabdasya prayogaviSayaH / etAvantaM zabdasya prayogaviSayamananunizamya santyaprayuktA iti vacanaM kevalaM sAhasamAnameva / -vahI, pR0 32-33 256 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ banAye rakhane kI unakI cintA thI, yaha unake usa kathana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai, jisameM unhoMne akSara-samAmnAya ke jJAna ko parama pUNyadAyaka evaM zreyaskara batAyA hai unhoMne likhA hai : "yaha akSara-samAmnAya hI vAksamAmnAya hai arthAt vAk-vANI yA bhASArUpa meM pariNata hone vAlA hai / isa puSpita, phalita tathA candramA va tArA kI taraha pratimaNDita akSara-samAmnAya ko zabda rUpa brahma-tattva samabhanA caahie| isake jJAna se saba vedoM ke adhyayana se milane vAlA puNya-phala prApta hotA hai| isake adhyetA ke mAtA-pitA svarga meM gauravAnvita hote haiN|" sAdhAraNatayA bhASA-vaijJAnika prAkRtoM ko madhyakAlIna Arya-bhASA-kAla meM lete haiN| ve I0 pU0 500 se 1000 I0 taka ke samaya kA isameM nirdhAraNa karate haiM / katipaya vidvAn I0 pU0 600 se isakA prArambha tathA 1100 yA 1200 I. taka samApana svIkAra karate haiM / sthUla rUpa meM yaha lagabhaga milatA-julatA-sA tathya hai| bhASAoM ke vikAsa-krama meM kAla kA sarvathA itthaMbhUta anumAna sambhava nahIM hotA / madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya-bhASA-kAla ko prAkRta-kAla bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha pUrA kAla tIna bhAgoM meM aura bAMTA jAtA hai-prathama prAkRta-kAla, dvitIya prAkRta-kAla, tRtIya prAkRta-kAla / prathama prAkRta-kAla prArambha se arthAt I0 pU0 500 se I0 sana ke Arambha taka mAnA jAtA hai| isameM pAli tathA zilAlekhI prAkRta ko liyA gayA hai| dUsarA kAla I0 san se 500 I0 taka kA mAnA jAtA hai| vaidika saMskRta tathA prAkRta kA sAdRzya prAkRtoM arthAta sAhityika prAkRtoM kA vikAsa bolacAla kI jana-bhASAoM, dUsare zabdoM meM asAhityika prAkRtoM se haA, ThIka vaise hI jaise vaidika bhASA yA chandas kA / yahI kAraNa hai ki vaidika saMskRta aura prAkRta meM kucha aisA sAdRzya, khoja karane para prApta hotA hai, jaisA prAkRta aura laukika saMskRta meM nahIM hai| udAharaNArtha, saMskRta RkAra ke badale prAkRta meM akAra, AkAra, ikAra tathA ukAra" hotA hai| RkAra ke sthAna meM ukAra kI pravRtti vaidika vAGamaya meM bhI prApta hotI hai| jaise Rgveda 1.46.4 meM kRta ke sthAna para kuTha kA prayoga hai| anya bhI isa prakAra ke prayoga prApya haiN| prAkRta meM antya vyaMjana kA sarvatra lopa hotA hai| jaise-yAvat =jAva, tAvat=tAva, yazasjaso / tamas - tmo| vaidika sAhitya meM yatra-tatra aisI pravRtti daSTigocara hotI hai| jaise--pazcAt ke lie pazcA (atharvaveda saMhitA 10.4.11), uccAta ke lie uccA (taittirIya saMhitA 2.3.14), nIcAt ke lie nIcA (taittirIya saMhitA 4.5.61) / prAkRta meM saMyukta ya, ra, v, za, Sa, s kA lopa ho jAtA hai aura ina lupta akSaroM ke pUrva ke hrastra svara kA dIrgha ho jAtA hai| jese-pazyati =pAsai, kazyapaH= kAsavo, Avazyakam = Avasaya, zyAmA=sAmA, vizrAmyati vIsamaI vizrAmaH-visAmo, mizrama- mIsaM, saMsparza:=saMphAso, pragalbha-pagalbha, durlabha = dUlaha / vaidika bhASA meM bhI isa koTi ke prayoga prApta hote haiN| jaiseapragalbha apagalbha (taittirIya saMhitA 4.5.61), tryaca=trica (zatapatha brAhmaNa 1.3.3.33), durlabha == dUlabha (Rgveda 4.6.) . durNAza= dUNAza (zukla yajuH prAtizAkhya 3.43) / 1. so 5 yamakSarasamAmnAyo vAksamAmnAyaH puSpitaH phalitazcandratArakavatpratimaNDito veditavyo brahmarAzi:, sarvavedapuNyaphalAvAptiAcAsya jJAne bhavati, mAtApitaro cAsya svarga loke mhiiyte| -mahAbhASya, dvitIya prAha nika, pR0 113 Rtot / / 8 / 1 / 126 mAdeRkArasya pratvaM bhavati / -siddhahamazamdAnuzAsanam 3. aAtkRzAnmRduka mudatve vA // 8 // 1 / 127 eSu AdeRta pAda vA bhvti| -vahI 4. itkRpaado|| 8 / 1 / 128 / / kRpA ityAdiSu zAbdeSu prAdeta itvaM bhavati / -vahI uddtvaadau|| 8 / 1 / 132 Rtu ityAdiSu zabdeSa Adeta udbhvti| -vahI antyavyaMjanasya / 8 / 1 / 11 zabdAnAM yad antyavyaMjanaM tasya luga bhavati / -siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsanam 7. lapta ya -ya- ra - va-za-Sa- sAM dIrghaH / / 8 / 1 / 43 prAkRtalakSaNavazAlluptA yAdyA upari adho vA yeSAM zakAraSakAraksakArANAM teSAmAde: svarasya dIrgho bhavati / jaina tattva cintana Adhunika sandarbha
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________________ prAkRta meM saMyukta varNoM ke pUrva kA dIrgha svara hrasva' ho jAtA hai| jaise, tAmrama = tamba, virahAgniH=virahaggI, AsyaassaM, munIndraH =muNindo, tIrtham = titthaM, cUrNaH= caNNI; ityAdi / vaidika saMskRta meM bhI aisI pravRtti prApta hotI hai / jaise-rodasIprA =rodasiprA (Rgveda 10.88.10), amAtra amatra (Rgveda 3.36.4) / prAkRta meM saMskRta da ke badale aneka sthAnoM para Da' hotA hai| jaise - dazanam = DasaNaM . dRSTaH - DaTTho, dagdhaH= DaDr3ho, dolA =DolA, daNDa = DaNDo, dara:=Daro, dAhaH=DAho, dambha =Dambho, darbha:=Dabbho, kadanam =kaDaNaM, dohd:=ddaahlo| vaidika saMskRta meM bhI yatra-tatra isa prakAra kI sthiti prApta hotI hai| jaise--durdabha dUDabha (vAjasaneya saMhitA 3.36), purodAsapuroDA (zukla yajuH prAtizAkhya 3.44) / prAkRna meM saMskRta ke kha, dha, tha tathA bha kI taraha dha kA bhI ha' hotA hai| jaise-sAdhuH sAhU, vadhira:=vahiro, bAdhate= bAhai, indradhanuH==indahaNU, sabhA-sahA / vaidika vAGamaya meM bhI aisA prApta hotA hai| jaise-pratisaMdhAya pratisaMhAya (gopatha brAhmaNa 2.4) / prAkRta (mAgadhI ko chor3a kara prAya: sabhI prAkRtoM) meM jakArAnta pulliga zabdoM ke prathamA vibhakti ke ekavacana meM o' hotA hai / jaise--mAnuSaH =mANaso, dharmaH=dhammo 1 etat tathA tat sarvanAma meM bhI vikalpa se aisA hotA hai| jaise- saH=so, eSaH= eso| vaidika saMskRta meM bhI kahIM-kahIM prathamA ekavacana meM au dRSTigocara hotA hai| jaise--saMvatsaro ajAyata (Rgveda saMhitA 10.160.2) so cit (Rgveda bhaMhitA 1.161.10-11) / saMskRta akArAnta zabdoM meM Gasi (paMcamI) vibhakti meM jo devAt, narAt, dharmAt Adi rUpa banate haiM, unameM anatya tu ke sthAna para prAkRta meM cha: Adeza hote haiM / unameM eka ta kA lopa bhI hai| lopa ke prasaMga ko isa prakAra bhI samajhA jA sakatA hai ki paMcamI vibhakti meM ekavacana meM (akArAnta zabdoM meM) A pratyaya hotA hai| jaise--devAt ==devA, narAt NarA, dharmAta dhammA; Adi / vaidika vAGmaya meM bhI isa prakAra ke katipaya paMcamyanta rUpa prApta hote haiN| jaise-uccAt =uccA, nIcAt =nIcA, pazcAt pshcaa| prAkRta meM paMcamI vibhakti bahuvacana meM bhis ke sthAna para hi Adi hote haiN| jaise-devehiH Adi / vaidika saMskRta meM bhI isake anurUpa devebhiH, jyeSThebhiH; gambhIrebhiH Adi rUpa prApta hote haiN| prAkRta meM ekavacana aura bahuvacana hI hote haiM, dvivacana nahIM hotaa| vaidika saMskRta meM vacana to tIna haiM, para isa prakAra ke aneka udAharaNa milate haiM, jahAM dvivacana ke sthAna para bahuvacana ke rUpoM kA prayoga huA hai| jaise--indrAvaruNau indrAvaruNAH,. mitrAvaruNo= mitrAvaruNAH, naro=narA, surathau surathAH, rathitamau= rathitamAH / 1. -vahI -vahI hrasva: sayoge // 8 / 1 / 84 dIrghasya yathAdarzanaM saMyoge pare hrasvo bhavati / -vahI dazana - daSTa - dagdha - bolA - daNda - dara - dAha - dambha - darbha - kadana - dohade do vA ddaa:|| 8 / 1 / 217 eSa dasya Do vA bhavati / -siddhahamazandAnuzAsanam kha - gha - tha - dha bhAm / / 8 / 1 / 187 svarAtpareSAmasaMyuktAnAmanAdibhUtAnAM kha dha tha dha bha ityeteSAM varNAnAM prAyo ho bhavati / ata: se?: / / 8 / 3 / 2 / akArAntAnnAma: parasya syAde: se: sthAne ho bhvti| vetattadaH / 8 / 3 / 3 etattadorakArAtparasya syAde: seDoM bhavati / svaujasamauTchaSTAbhyAM bhisGabhyA~bhya saG sibhyAM bhya sUGa sosAmkayossup / -aSTAdhyAyI 4 / 1 / 2 subhau jas iti prathamA / am proT zas iti dvitIyA / TA bhyAM bhis iti tRtiiyaa| De bhyAM bhyara iti caturthI / isi bhyA~ bhyas iti pNcmii| isa mausa mAm iti sssstthii| Di pros sup iti sptmii| ises to-do-da-hi- hinto- lakaH / / 3 / 1 / 8 ata: parasya Ga se: ttau do duha hinto luk itye te SaDAdezA bhavanti / jaise-vatsAt =vacchato, vacchAo, bacchAu, bacchA hi, vacchAhinto vcchaa| bhiso hi hiM hiM / / 3 / 117 prata: parasya bhisa: sthAne kevala: sAnunAsikaH, sAnusvArazca hirbhavati / -siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsanam AcAryaratna zrI vezabhaSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grampa 7.
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________________ vartamAna yuga ke prAkRta ke mahAn jarmana vaiyAkaraNa DA0 pizala ne vizAla grantha Comparetive Grammar of the Prakrit Language meM saMskRta se prAkRta ke udgama kA khaNDana karate hue prAkRta tathA vaidika bhASA ke sAdRzya ke dyotaka katipaya udAharaNa prastuta kiye haiM, jinameM se kucha isa prakAra haiM : prAkRta bhASA taNa strIliMga SaSThI ke ekavacana kA rUpa 'Ae' tRtIyA bahuvacana kA rUpa ehi bohi (AjJAvAcaka) tA, jA, ettha bamhe vahi 1. saddhi biu cimu rukSava rukSa uparyukta vivecana se yaha siddha hotA hai ki prAkRtoM kA udgama vaidika bhASA kAla se prAgvartI kinhIM bolacAla kI bhASAoM yA boliyoM se huA, jaise ki unhIM meM se kisI bolI ke AdhAra para vaidika bhASA astitva meM AI / 3. 4. prAkRta ke prakAra prAkRta jIvita bhASAeM thIM / bhinna-bhinna pradezoM meM bole jAne ke kAraNa svabhAvataH unake rUpoM meM bhinnatA AI / una ( bolacAla kI bhASAoM yA boliyoM) ke AdhAra para jo sAhityika prAkRteM vikasita huI unameM bhinnatA rahanA svAbhAvika thA / isa prakAra prAdezika yA bhaugolika AdhAra para prAkRtoM ke kaI bheda hue / unake nAma prAya: pradeza- vizeSa ke AdhAra para rakhe gaye / ; AcArya bharata' ne nATyazAstra meM prAkRtoM kA varNana karate hue mAgadhI, avantijA prApya sUrasenI ardhamAgadhI vAlI aura dakSiNAtyA nAma se prAkRta ke sAta bhedoM kI carcA kI hai| prAkRta ke upalabdha vyAkaraNoM meM sabase prAcIna prAkRtaprakAza' ke praNetA vararuci ne mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI aura paizAcI ina bhedoM kA varNana kiyA hai| caNDa' ne mAgadhI ko mAgadhikA aura paizAcI ko paizAcikI ke nAma se ullikhita kiyA hai / chaThI zatI ke suprasiddha kAvyazAstrI daNDI ne kAvyAdarza' meM prAkRtoM kI bhI carcA kI hai / unhoMne mahArASTrI (mahArASTrAzrayA ), zaurasenI, modI aura lAThI ina cAra prAkRtoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vAhlIkA dAkSiNAtyA ca sapta bhASAH prakIrtitAH // prAkRtaprakAza, 10. 1-2, 11, 1, 12. 32 pezAcikyAM raNayolaMnI / mAgadhikAya rasayolaMzo || 5. mahArASTrAzrayA~ bhASAM prakRSTaM prAkRtaM viduH / sAgaraH sUktiratnAna, setubandhAdi yanmamayam // zaurasenI ca goDI ca, lATI cAnyA ca tAdRzI / yAti prAkRtamityevaM vyavahAreSu sannidhim // ......This Sanskrit was not the baris of the Prakrit dialects, which indeed dialect, which, on political or religious grounds, was rained to the states of a literary medium, But the difficulty is that it does not seem useful that all the Prakrit dialects sprang out from one and the same source. At least they could not have developed out of Sanskrit, as is generally held by Indian Scholars and Habber. Lassen, Bhandarkar and Jacoby, All the Prakrit languages have a series of comman grammatical and lexical characteristics with the vedic language and such are significantly missing from Sanskrit. 2. mAgadhyavantijA prAcyA sUrasenyardhamAgadhI / vaidika bhASA tvana sAthai ebhi: bodhi 2 jaina tatva cintana Adhunika sandarbha tAt, yAt, itthA asme vastubhiH sIm viduH sa - nATyazAstra; 17-18 - prAkRta lakSaNa 3. 38-36 - kAvyAdarza, 234-35 156
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________________ AcArya hemacandra ne vararuci dvArA vaNita cAra bhASAoM ke atirikta ArSa, cUlikA paizAcI aura apabhraMza ; ina tInoM vo prAkRta bhedoM meM aura batAyA hai / AcArya hemacandra ne arddhamAgadhI ko ArSa kahA hai| trivikrama, lakSmIdhara, siMharAja aura narasiMha Adi vaiyAkaraNoM ne AcArya hemacandra ke vibhAjana ke anurUpa hI prAkRta-bhedoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| antara kevala itanA-sA hai, inameM trivikrama ke atirikta kisI ne bhI ArSa kA vivecana nahIM kiyA hai| vastutaH jaina paramparA ke AcArya hone ke nAte hemacandra kA, addhamAgadhI (jo jaina AgamoM kI bhASA hai) ke prati vizeSa AdarapUrNabhAva thA, ataeva unhoMne ise ArSa' nAma se abhihita kiyaa| mArkaNDeya ne prAkRta-sarvasva meM prAkRta ko solaha bhedopabhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| unhoMne prAkRta ko bhASA, vibhASA, apabhraMza aura paizAca; ina cAra bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai| ina cAroM kA vibhAjana isa prakAra hai : 1. bhASA-mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, prAcyA, avantI aura maagdhii| 2. vibhASA---zAkArI, cANDAlI, zabarI AbhIrikA aura ttaakkii| 3. apabhraMza-nAgara, brAcar3a tathA upanAgara / 4. paizAca--kaikaya, zaurasena evaM pAMcAla / nATyazAstra meM vibhASA ke sambandha meM ullekha hai ki zakAra, AbhIra, cANDAla, zabara, dramila, AMdhrotpanna tathA vanecara kI bhASA dramila kahI jAtI hai| mArkaNDeya ne bhASA, vibhASA Adi ke varNana ke prasaMga meM prAkRta-candrikA ke katipaya zloka uddhata kiye haiM, jinameM ATha bhASAoM, chaH vibhASAoM, gyAraha pizAca-bhASAoM tathA sattAIsa apabhraMzoM ke sambandha meM carcA kI hai inameM mahArASTrI, AvantI zaurasenI, arddha-mAgadhI, vAhIkI, mAgadhI, prAcyA tathA dAkSiNAtyA; ye ATha bhASAeM, chaH vibhASAoM meM se drAvir3a aura oDraja; ye do vibhASAe, gyAraha pizAca bhASAoM meM se kAJcIdezIya, pANDya, pAMcAla, gaur3a, mAgadha, brAcar3a, dAkSiNAtya, zaurasena, kaikaya aura drAvir3a; ye daza pizAca-bhASAe tathA sattAIsa apabhraMzoM meM brAcar3a, lATa, vaidarbha, bAvara, Avantya, pAJcAla, TAkka, mAlava, kaikaya, gauDa, ur3a, haiva, pANDya, kontala, siMhala, kAliga, prAcya, kArNATa, kAJca, drAvir3a, gorjara, AbhIra aura madhyadezIya ; ye teIsa apabhraMza vibhinna pradezoM ke nAmoM se sambaddha haiM / jina-jina pradezoM meM prAkRtoM kI jina-jina boliyoM kA pracalana vA, ve boliyAM una-una pradezoM ke nAmoM se abhihita kI jAne lgiiN| itanI lambI sUcI se AzcaryAnvita hone kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| kisI eka hI pradeza kI eka hI bhASA usake bhinna-bhinna bhAgoM meM kucha bhinna rUpa le letI hai aura pradeza ke nAmoM ke anurUpa una upabhASAoM yA boliyoM ke nAma par3a jAte haiN| yadyapi kisI eka bhASA kI isa prakAra kI upabhASAoM yA boliyoM meM bahuta antara nahIM hotA, para yatkiMcita bhinnatA to hotI hI hai| udAharaNa ke lie rAjasthAnI bhASA ko liyA jA sakatA hai| sAre pradeza kI eka bhASA rAjasthAnI hai| para, bIkAnera-kSetra meM usakA jo rUpa hai, vaha jodhapura kSetra se bhinna hai / jaisalamera kSetra kI bolI kA rUpa usase aura bhinna hai| isI prakAra cittaur3a, DUgarapura, bAMsavAr3A, ajamera-meravAr3A, koTA-bUdI Adi hAr3otI kA kSetra, jayapura yA DUDhAr3a kA bhAga, alavara sambhAga, bharatapura aura bolapura maNDala ; ina sabameM jana-sAdhAraNa dvArA bolI jAne vAlI boliyAM thor3I-bahuta bhinnatA lie hue haiN| kAraNa yaha hai ki eka hI pradeza meM basane vAle loga yadyapi rAjanaitika yA prazAsanika dRSTi se eka ikAI se sambaddha hote haiM, parantu usa pradeza ke bhinna-bhinna bha bhAgoM meM pAsa-par3osa kI sthitiyoM ke kAraNa apanI kSetrIya sAmAjika, sAMskRtika tathA bhaugogika bhinnatAoM ke kAraNa paraspara jo antara hotA hai, usakA unakI boliyoM para pRthakapRthak prabhAva par3atA hai aura eka hI bhASA ke antargata hone para bhI unake rUpa meM, kama hI sahI, pArthakya A hI jAtA hai| pizAcabhASAoM aura apabhraMzoM ke jo aneka bheda ullikhita kiye gaye haiM, ve paizAcI prAkRta ke kSetra tathA apabhraza ke kSetra kI anekAneka boliyoM aura upaboliyoM ke sUcaka haiN| prAkRta ke bhinna-bhinna rUpoM yA bhASAoM para vistRta vicAra Age kiyA jaaegaa| yahAM to kevala pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM sUcana mAtra kiyA gayA hai| prAkRtoM kA vikAsa : vistAra : pRSThabhUmi pUrva aura pazcima kI saMskRti tathA jIvana meM prAcIna kAla se hI kucha bheda upalabdha hote haiN| pazcima ke kRSNa aura pUrva ke jarAsandha jaise rAjAoM ke purANa-prasiddha yuddhoM kI zRkhalA isakI paricAyaka hai / AryoM ke bhArata meM Agamana, prasAra Adi ke sandarbha meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM apekSita carcA kI gayI hai| usake prakAza meM kucha cintana apekSita hai| 1. RSINAmidamArSam / 160 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana prantha
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________________ bhArata meM Ane vAle Arya pazcima meM Tike madhyadeza meM Tike, kucha pUrva meM bhI khader3a diye gaye / para sambhavataH magadha taka unakA pahuMcanA nahIM huA hogA / huA hogA to bahuta kama aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kauzala aura kAzI se bahuta Age sambhavataH ve nahIM bar3he / magadha adi bhArata ke pUrvIya pradezoM meM vaidika yuga ke AdikAla meM yajJa-yAga-pradhAna vaidika saMskRti ke cihna nahIM prApta hote / aisA anumAna hai ki vaidika saMskRti magadha prabhRti pUrvI pradezoM meM bahuta bAda meM pahuMcI, bhagavAn mahAvIra tathA buddha se sambhavataH kucha zatAbdiyoM pUrva vedamUlaka Arya-saMskRti ke pahuMcane ke pUrva maga Aya kI dRSTi meM ninyathA nirukAra yAska ne ko anAvoM kA deza kahA hai| Rgveda meM kIkaTa zabda AyA hai, jise uttarakAlIna sAhitya meM magadha kA samAnArthaka kahA gayA hai| brAhmaNa-kAla ke sAhitya meM bhI kucha aise saMketa prApta hote haiM, jinase prakaTa hai ki taba taka pazcima ke AryoM kA magadha ke sAtha aspRzyatA kA sA vyavahAra rahA thA / zatapatha brAhmaNa meM pUrva meM basane vAloM ko AsurI prakRti kA kahA gayA hai / Arya sambhavataH anAryoM ke lie isa zabda kA prayoga karate the, jinameM nimnatA yA ghRNA kA bhAva thA / pahale dala meM bhArata meM Aye madhyadeza meM base Arya jaba dUsare dala meM Aye AryoM dvArA madhyadeza se bhagA diye gaye aura ve madhyadeza ke cAroM ora vizeSataH pUrva kI ora basa gaye, to unakA bhagAne vAle (bAda meM dUsare dala ke rUpa meM Aye hue) AryoM se vaicArika durAva rahA ho, yaha bahuta sambhAvya hai| unakA vahAM ke mUla nivAsiyoM se mela-jola bar3hA ho, isakI bhI sahaja hI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai / melajola ke dAyare kA vistAra vaivAhika sambandhoM meM bhI huA ho, isa prakAra eka mizrita nRvaMza astitva meM AyA ho, jo sAMskRtika aura dhArmika dRSTi se pazcima ke AryoM se dUra rahA ho| vaidika vAGmaya meM prApta vrAtya zabda sambhavata: inhIM pUrva meM base AryoM kA dyotaka hai, jo sAmAjika dRSTi se pUrva meM basane vAle mUla nivAsiyoM se sambaddha ho cuke the| vrAtya zabda kI vidvAnoM ne aneka prakAra se vyAkhyA kI hai| unameM se eka vyAkhyA yaha hai ki jo loga yajJa-yAgAdi meM vizvAsa na kara vratadhArI yAyAvara saMnyAsiyoM meM zraddhA rakhate the, vrAtya kahe jAte the| prAyoM ke lie vaidika paramparA meM zuddhi kI eka vyavasthA hai| yadi ve zuddha honA cAhate, to unheM prAyazcitasvarUpa zuddha varSa yajJa karanA par3atA / vrAtya - stoma meM usakA varNana hai / usa yajJa ke karane ke anantara ve bahirbhUta Arya varNa-vyavasthA meM svIkAra kara lie jAte the / bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha se kucha zatAbdiyAM pUrva pazcima yA madhyadeza se ve Arya, jo apane ko zuddha kahate the, magadha, aMga, baMga Adi pradezoM meM pahuMca gaye hoM prApya stoma ke anusAra prAyazcita ke rUpa meM yAjJika vidhAna kA krama vahiSkRta Aya kA varga-vyavasthA meM punaH grahaNa ityAdi tathya isake paricAyaka haiM / pUrva ke logoM ko pazcima ke AyoM ne apanI paramparA se rahita mAnate hue bhI bhASA kI dRSTi se unheM bahibhUta nahIM maanaa| brAhmaNa sAhitya meM bhASA ke sandarbha meM prAtyoM ke lie isa prakAra ke ullekha haiM ki ye aduvA ko bhI durukta' kahate haiM arthAt jisake bolane meM kaThinAI nahIM hotI, use bhI ve kaThina batAte haiM / vrAtyoM ke viSaya meM yaha jo kahA gayA hai, unakI saralatAnugAmI bhASA -priyatA kA paricAyaka hai / saMskRta kI tulanA meM prAkRta meM vaisI saralatA hai hI / isa sambandha meM vebara kA abhimata hai ki yahAM prAkRta bhASAoM kI ora saMketa hai| uccAraNa sarala banAne ke lie prAkRta meM hI saMyuktAkSaroM kA lopa tathA usI prakAra ke anya parivartana hote haiM / vyAkaraNa ke prayojana batalAte hue duSTa zabda ke apAkaraNa ke sandarbha meM mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ne azuddha uccAraNa dvArA asuroM ke parAbhUta hone kA jo ullekha kiyA hai; vahAM unhoMne una para he araya: ke sthAna para helayaH prayoga karane kA Aropa lagAyA hai arthAt unakI bhASA meM ra ke sthAna para la kI pravRtti thI, jo mAgadhI kI vizeSatA hai| isase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki mAgadhI kA vikAsa yA prasAra pUrva meM bahuta pahale ho cukA thA / uttara pradeza ke gorakhapura jile ke antarvartI sahagaurA nAmaka sthAna se jo tAmra-lekha prApta huA hai, vaha brAhmI lipi kA sarvAdhika prAcIna lekha hai / usakA kAla I0 pU0 cauthI zatI hai| yaha sthAna pUrvI pradeza ke antargata AtA hai / isameM ra ke sthAna para la kA prayoga dRSTigocara hotA hai| aisA bhI anumAna hai ki pazcima ke AryoM dvArA magadha Adi pUrvI bhUbhAgoM meM yAjJika saMskRti ke prasAra kA eka bAra prabala prayAsa kiyA gayA hogA / usameM unheM cAhe tathAkathita ucca varga ke logoM meM hI sahI, eka sImA taka saphalatA bhI milI hogii| para, janasAdhAraNa taka sambhavataH vaha saphalatA vyApta na ho skii| bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha kA samaya yAjJika vidhi-vidhAna, karma-kANDa, bAhya zaucAcAra tathA janma-gata uccatA Adi ke pratikUla eka vyApaka Andolana kA samaya thA / jana sAdhAraNa kA isase prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika thA hI, sambhrAnta kuloM aura rAja 1. praduruktavAkya duruktamAhu: ! tANDya mahAbrAhmaNa, paMcaviMza brAhmaNa 2. te'surA helayo helaya iti kurvantaH parAbabhUvuH tasmAd brAhmaNena na mlecchitavaM nApabhASitave / mleccho ha vA eSa yadapazabdaH / - mahAbhASya, prathama zrAha nika, pR06 jaina tatva cintana Adhunika sandarbha 161
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________________ parivAroM taka para isakA prabhAva pdd'aa| mahAvIra aura buddha ke samakAlIna kucha aura bhI dharmAcArya the, jo apane Apako tIrthakara kahate the| paraNa kazyapa, makkhali gosAla, ajitakesakaMbali, pakudha kaccAyana tathA saMjayavelaTThiputta Adi unameM mukhya the| bauddha vAGamaya meM unheM akriyAvAda, niyativAda, ucchadavAda, anyonyavAda tathA vikSepavAda kA pravartaka kahA gayA hai / yadyapi AcAra-vicAra meM unameM bheda avazya thA, para, ve sabake saba zramaNa-saMskRti ke antargata mAne gaye haiN| brAhmaNa-saMskRti yajJa-pradhAna thI aura zramaNa-saMskRti tyAga-vairAgya aura saMyama pradhAna / zramaNa zabda kI vidvAnoM ne kaI prakAra se vyAkhyA kI hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne ise thama, sama aura zama para Adhata mAnA hai / phalata: tapazcaryA kA ugratama svIkAra, jAtigata janmagata uccatva kA bahiSkAra tathA nirveda kA poSaNa; ina para isameM adhika bala diyA jAtA rahA hai| zramaNa-paramparA ke antarvartI ye sabhI AcArya yAjJika tathA karmakANDa-bahula saMskRti ke virodhI the| yaha eka aisI pRSThabhUmi thI, jo prAkaloM ke vikAsa aura vyApaka prasAra kA AdhAra bnii| bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ne loka-bhASA ko apane upadezoM kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| sambhava hai, upayukta dUsare dharmAcAryoM ne bhI loka-bhASA meM hI apane upadeza diye hoNge| unakA koI sAhitya Aja prApta nahIM haiN| mahAvIra aura buddha dvArA loka-bhASA kA mAdhyama svIkAra kiye jAne ke mukhyataH do kAraNa sambhava haiN| eka to yaha ho sakatA hai, unheM AryakSetra meM vyApta aura vyApyamANa, yAjJika va karmakANDI paramparA ke pratikUla apane vicAra 'bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya' janajana ko sIdhe pahuMcAne the, jo loka-bhASA dvArA hI sambhava thA / dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki saMskRta ke prati bhASAtmaka uccatA kiMvA pavitratA kA bhAva thA, jo yAjJika paramparA aura karma-kANDa ke puraskartA purohitoM kI bhASA thii| usakA svIkAra unheM saMkoNaMsApUrNa lagA hogA, jo jana-mAnasa ko dekhate hue yathArtha thaa| prAkatoM ko apane upadeza ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM mahAvIra aura buddha dvArA apanA lie jAne para unheM (prAkatoM ko) vizeSa vega nazA bala prApta huaa| unake samaya meM magadha (dakSiNa vihAra) eka zaktizAlI rAjya ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho cakA thaa| uttara bihAra meM vajjisaMgha ke katipaya gaNarAjya sthApita ho cake the aura kauzala ke tarAI ke bhAga meM bhI aisI hI sthiti tho| mahAvIra vajjisaMgha ke antarvartI licchavi gaNarAjya ke the aura buddha kauzala ke antarvartI mallagaNarAjya ke / yahAM se prAqatoM ke uttarottara utkarSa kA kAla ga tazIla hotA hai / taba taka prAkRta (mAgadho) magadha sAmrAjya, jo magadha ke cAroM ora dUra-dUra taka phailA huA thA, meM rAja-bhASA ke pada para pratiSThita ho cakI thii| prAkRtoM kA utkarSa kevala pUrvIya bhUbhAga taka hI sImita nahIM rahA / vaha pazcima meM bhI phailane lgaa| loga prAqatoM ko apanAne lge| unake prayoga kA kSetra bar3hane lgaa| bolacAla meM to vahAM (pazcima meM) bhI prAkRteM pahale se thI hI, usa samaya ve dhArmika kSetra ke atirikta anyAya lokajanIna viSayoM meM bhI sAhityika mAdhyama kA rUpa prApta karane lgiiN| vaidika saMskRti ke puraskartA aura saMskRta ke poSaka logoM ko isameM apane utkarSa kA vilaya AzaMkita hone lagA : phalataH prAkRta ke prayoga kI uttarottara saMvarddhana zIla vyApakatA kI saMskRta para eka vizeSa pratikriyA hii| taba taka mukhyataH saMskRta kA prayoga paurohitya, karmakANDa, yAjJika vidhi-vidhAna tathA dhArmika saMskAra Adi se sambaddha viSayoM taka hI sImita thaa| usa samaya usameM aneka lokajanIna viSayoM para lokanIti, arthanIti, sadAcAra samAja-vyavasthA, loka-raMjana : prabhati jIvana ke vividha aMgoM kA saMspaza karane vAle sAhitya kI sRSTi hone lgii| prAkRta meM yaha saba cala rakhA thA / loka-jIvana meM racI-pacI hone ke kAraNa loka-cintana kA mAdhyama yahI bhASA thI; ata: usa samaya saMskRta meM jo loka-sAhitya kA sajana haA, usameM cintana-dhArA prAkRta kI hai aura bhASA kA AvaraNa saMskRta kaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM mahAbhArata kA nAma liyA jA makatA hai| mahAbhArata samaya-samaya para uttarottara saMvaddhita hotA rahA hai| usameM zramaNa saMskRti aura jIvana-darzana ke jo aneka pakSa cacita hue haiM. ve saba isI sthiti ke pariNAma haiN| bhASA-vaijJAnika evaM sAMskRtika dRSTi se anveSTAoM ke lie gaveSaNA kA eka mahattvaparNa viSaya hai| etanmalaka (saMskata) sAhitya prAkRta-bhASI jana-samadAya meM bhI praveza pAne lgaa| isa krama ke bIca prayajyamAna bhASA (saMskRta) ke svarUpa meM bhI kucha parivartana huaa| yadyapi saMskRta vyAkaraNa se itanI kasI huI bhASA hai ki usameM zabdoM aura dhAtuoM ke rUpoM meM vizeSa parivatana kA avakAza nahIM hai, para, phira bhI jaba koI bhASA anya bhASA-bhASiyoM ke prayoga meM Ane yo ya banane lagatI hai yA prayoga meM Ane lagatI hai, to usameM svarUpAtmaka yA saMghaTanAtmaka dRSTi se kucha aisA samAviSTa hone lagatA hai, jo una anya bhASA-bhASiyoM ke lie saralatA tathA anukalatA lAne vAlI hotA hai| usameM sAdRzyamUlaka zabdoM kA prayoga adhika hone lagatA hai| usakA zabda-koza bhI samaddhi pAne lgtaa| zabdoM ke arthoM meM bhI yatra-tatra parivartana ho jAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai. ye naye-naye artha grahaNa karate lagate haiN| vikalpa aura apavAda kama ho jAte haiN| sAtha-hI-sAtha yaha ghaTita hotA hai, jaba anya bhASA-bhASI kisI ziSTa bhASA kA prayoga karane lagate haiM, to unakI apanI bhASAoM para bhI usakA prabhAva paDe binA nahIM rhtaa| saba kucha hote hue bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha ke abhiyAna ke uttarottara gatizIla aura abhivRddhizIla hote jAne ke kAraNa saMskRta upayukta rUpa meM saralatA aura loka navInatA grahaNa karane para bhI prAkRtoM kA sthAna nahIM le skii| ataeva taduparAnta saMskRta meM jo sAhitya praNIta huA, vaha vizeSata: vidvadbhogya rahA, usakI loka-bhogyatA kama hotI gyii| lambe-lambe samAsa, durUha sandhi-prayoga, zabdAlaMkAra yA zabdADambara, kRtrimatApUrNa pada-racanA aura vAkya-racanA se sAhitya jaTila aura kliSTa hotA gyaa| sAmAnya pAThakoM kI pahuMca usa taka kaise hotI? 162 AcAryaratna zrI vezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha