Aadhunikta aur Rashtriyata

Author(s): Rajmal Bora
Publisher: Namita Prakashan Aurangabad
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010027/1

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AdhunitA aura zAdIrAtA DaoN. rAjamala borA prAdhyApaka, hindI vibhAga marAThavADA vizvavidyAlaya, auraMgAbAda (mahArASTra )

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namitA prakAzana rAjamala borA prakAzaka : namitA prakAzana 6, AnaMda nagara, TAuna haoNla auraMgAbAda (mahArASTra). prathama saMskaraNa 1973 mUlya : 6ru. 50 pai. mudraka : ja. rA. bardApUrakara vyavasthApaka, jayahiMda priMTiMga presa, sanmitra kaoNlanI, auraMgAbAda (mahArASTra ) AvaraNa-sajjA : goviMda sItArAma daiThaNakara

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priya anuja tejamala borA ko

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Amukha AdhunikatA 5 . samakAlIna itihAsa-bodha 15 . vicAra-svAtaMtrya 21 . satya 33 . naitikatA rASTrIyatA 43 . AdhAra |51 . dharma aura mUlya 65 . sAhitya 73 * itihAsa 89 . samasyAeM .

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Amukha AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA donoM hI Aja mAnavIya mUlyoM ko aparihArya rUpa meM prabhAvita kara rahe haiN| inake kAraNa hamArI AsthAeM hila gaI haiM tathA jIvana meM AtaMka kA bodha vyApta hai| apane pariprekSya meM maine ina kAraNoM para vicAra kiyA hai| samaya-samaya para kucha patrikAoM ne bhI mAMga kI, jisake kAraNa yaha kArya sphuTa rUpa meM hotA rahA hai| san 1963 I0 se san 1972 I0 taka lagabhaga nau varSoM meM yaha pustaka likhI jAtI rahI hai| pustaka ke prakAzita nibandhoM kA ullekha yathAsthAna kiyA gayA hai / isa sArI sAmagrI kA maiMne punarAvalokana kiyA hai tathA Avazyaka saMzodhana bhii| isa para bhI ye nibandha samaya ke antarAla se likhe jAne ke kAraNa kAla bodha kA prabhAva pustaka para hai, jisase mukta honA mere lie saMbhava nhiiN| barTeDa rasela ne mujhe Adhunika jagata ko samajhane meM sahAyatA dI hai| isI kA pariNAma hai ki maiMne samasyAoM para nakArAtmaka DhaMga se socane ke sthAna para sakArAtmaka DhaMga se socane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / isa prayAsa meM mujhe kitanI saphalatA milI, yaha maiM vijJa pAThakoM para chor3atA huuN| 15 mArca 1973. rAjamala borA

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IPODLE

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samakAlIna itihAsa-bodha

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samakAlIna itihAsa-bodha ina dinoM AdhunikatA kI carcA vistRta rUpa meM kI jA rahI hai| isa carcA se itanA lAbha avazya ho rahA hai ki hamArI dRSTi vartamAna para kendrita ho rahI hai aura sAtha hI hama apane atIta ko vartamAna ke saMdarbha meM dekha rahe haiM yA parakha rahe haiN| yaha Avazyaka bhI hai| AdhunikatA, deza evaM kAlasApekSa hote hue bhI eka bAta to nizcita rUpa meM usameM hai- AdhunikatA meM - vartamAna kA bodha / dUsare zabdoM meM ise hama samakAlIna itihAsa-bodha kaha sakate haiN| Aja kI pIr3hI ke lekhaka isa vodha ko vyakta karanA cAha rahe haiN| eka samaya thA jaba hama vartamAna ko Adarza nahIM mAnate the, atIta ko Adarza mAnate the| atIta ke prati hama meM moha thaa| atIta kI kRtiyoM kA adhyayana isa nAte kiyA jAtA thA ki hama phira se atIta ke svarNima jIvana ko jIne meM samartha ho jaaeN| Aja yaha sthiti nahIM raha gaI hai| naI pIr3hI kA lekhaka atIta ko atIta ke saMdarbha meM dekhate hae, usakI vartamAna upayogitA para bhI vicAra karatA hai| yaha zubha hai aura samaya ke anukUla hai| AdhunikatA apane Apa meM aparihArya hotI hai| itihAsa kI dhArA ko koI roka nahIM sktaa| yaha hone para bhI AdhunikatA ke prati apanAe gae dRSTikoNoM meM antara hotA hai / isa dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para hI AdhunikatA ke sambandha meM

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA carcA kI jA sakatI hai| yaha antara vyakti, samAja, rASTra sabhI meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratavarSa ke svAdhIna hone taka paristhitiyA~ aura thIM aura Aja kI paristhitiyA~ aura haiN| parAdhIna rASTra apanI prAcIna svataMtratA kI smRtiyoM ke AdhAra para hI jI sakatA hai| isIlie aitihAsika rUpa meM Adhunika hote hue bhI ( apane samaya meM ) usa samayakA rASTra atIta ke guNa gAtA rahA aura Adhunika sthiti se ( parAdhIna sthiti se ) mukti pAne meM prayatnazIla rahA / vaise to pratyeka yuga kA samAja apane samaya kI Adhunika sthiti se jUjhatA hai| svAdhInatA ke pahale bhAratavarSa kI AdhunikatA aitihAsika anivAryatA kA pariNAma thii| usa samaya bhAratIya janatA apane vartamAna ko apanI icchAnusAra DhAlane meM aura usake prati pravRttimUlaka dRSTikoNa apanAne meM asamartha thii| yaha sthiti aba nahIM rahI hai| Aja kA bhArata nirmANa kArya meM lagA huA hai| vaha svataMtra hai aura apanI icchAnusAra yojanAe~ banAkara unheM kAryAnvita kara rahA hai| kala taka hama aMgarejoM ko doSa dete the| apanI vivazatAoM kA bakhAna karate the| vivazatAoM se mukti pAne ke lie prayatnazIla the| kintu aba vaha sthiti nahIM rhii| Aja deza kA prabudhda varga apane deza ke sambandha meM cintana kara rahA hai| eka ora use apanI svataMtratA ko kAyama rakhanA hai , to dUsarI ora vighaTanazIla pravRttiyoM ko roka kara deza ko samRdhda evaM khuzahAla banAnA hai| vizva meM tathAkathita kahalAne vAle anya rASTroM ke saMdarbha meM hameM apane rASTra ko dekhanA hai| apane itihAsa ke saMdarbha meM hama kitane Adhunika ho gae haiM aura vizva kI vartamAna sthitiyoM ke saMdarbha meM hama kitane Adhunika hai, yaha dekhanA Aja parama Avazyaka ho gayA hai| AdhunikatA ke sambandha meM vicAra karate samaya ina saba bAtoM ko aura dhyAna jAnA svAbhAvika hai| AdhunikatA kA sambandha vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM se hai; kevala upalabdhi mAtra nahIM balki una upalabdhiyoM ke AdhAra para badalate gae daSTikoNoM ko apanAne meM hai| isa apanAne meM prAcInatA ke moha se mukti pAnA hai aura vartamAna upalabdhiyoM meM AsthA kA nirmANa karanA hai| yaha eka aisA prazna hai, jisa para eka mata honA kucha kaThina pratIta ho rahA hai / vaijJAnikatA kevala Aja bhautikI kSetra meM yA padArtha ke kSetra meM hI nahIM balki mastiSka evaM AtmA ke kSetra meM bhI dekhI jA sakatI hai| baTaiMDa rasela kA yahI kahanA hai / ve likhate haiM- " hama usa sthiti meM A rahe haiM jaba mastiSka ko, AtmA ko aura padArtha ko eka hI samajhA jAyagA, aura isa dRSTikoNa ke svIkAra kara lie jAne para inake bIca varIyatA kI koI AvazyakatA hI

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samakAlIna itihAsa-bodha na raha jaaygii|"1 yahA~ para isa vivAda meM nahIM par3anA hai| kahanA yahI hai ki vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM ke prati hamAre dekhane kA. dRSTikoNa kyA hai ? kyoMki yahI vaha dRSTikoNa hai, jisake AdhAra para yaha parakhA jA sakatA hai ki hama kitane Adhunika ho gae haiN| hama kitane Adhunika ho gae haiM ? hamArA Adhunika bodha kisa koTi kA hai? bhaviSya ke prati hamArA dRSTikoNa atItonmukha hai yA Adhunika upalabdhiyoM ke saMdarbha meM badalate mAnadaNDoM se hai ? Adi kA uttara hameM vartamAna sAhitya ko dekhane se mila jaaegaa| sAhitya ko vartamAna pravRttiyA~ hI hameM yaha kaha sakatI haiM ki hamArI AdhunikatA kisa koTi kI hai? isa dRSTi se san 1947 ke bAda kA sAhitya kAphI badalA huA lagatA hai| Aja kA sAhitya buddhivAdI evaM yathArthonmukha hotA jA rahA hai| sAmayika samasyAoM kI carcA bhI unameM ho rahI hai| atIta kI carcA bhI yadi hotI hai to use vartamAna saMdarbha meM dekhA jAtA hai| yaha saba bhI sthiti-vyaktisApekSa hai| Adhunika bodha kI vivRtti jisa rUpa meM bhI ho rahI hai, vaha hamAre mAnasa kA vizleSaNa karanevAlI siddha hone ke prayatna meM hai| Adhunika bodha eka artha meM samasAmayika ke prati apanAyA gayA yathArtha bodha hai| isa artha meM yadi atIta hamAre mAnasa meM jI rahA hai to vaha vartamAna ke prati sakArAtmaka dRSTikoNa ko apanA kara jI rahA hai yA nakArAtmaka? hamArA mAnasika dvandva kisa koTi kA hai ? hamAre bAhya jIvana evaM Antarika jIvana meM kitanA vaiSamya hai aura isa vaiSamya ke kAraNa jIvana meM kina asaMgatiyoM kA nirmANa ho rahA hai Adi kI vivRti pramukha rUpa meM sAhitya meM ho rahI hai| ina saba kA vizleSaNa karane ke lie yahA~ sthAna nahIM hai| yahAM itanA hI kahanA abhipreta hai ki pahale kI tulanA meM Aja kA sAhitya samasAmayika bodha se adhika grasta hai| vaha bIte hue kala kI tulanA meM Aja para vicAra karanA aura Aja kI pIr3A ko vyakta karanA. adhika acchA samajha rahA hai| isa bAta ko kucha vistAra ke sAtha dekheN| kabIradAsa evaM tulasIdAsa ina donoM mahAkaviyoM kI tulanA isa saMdarbha meM kreN| isa saMdarbha se tAtparya unake apane yuga ke Adhunika bodha se / nizcita hI kabIra ko tulasI kI 1. vaijJAnika paridRSTi -- baTreMDa rasela -- ( anuvAdaka : gaMgAratana pANDeya ) pRSTa 43.

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA tulanA meM apane yuga kA Adhunika kavi kahanA pddegaa| kabIra kA samasAmayika bodha tulasI kI apekSA adhika jAgrata evaM pratyakSa hai| kabIradAsa apane yuga para jitanI sIdhI aura spaSTa bAta jitanI nirbhikatA ke sAtha kahate haiM, utane tulasIdAsajI nahIM khte| yahA~ tulasIdAsa kA avamUlyana karane kA uddezya nahIM hai| unakA apanA aura mahattva hai| yahA~ bAta AdhunikatA ke saMdarbha meM kI jA rahI hai| isI dRSTi se premacanda evaM prasAda kI tulanA kareM to ina donoM meM premacandajI hI adhika Adhunika siddha hoNge| jo bhI sAhityakAra AdhunikatA kI ora unmukha hotA hai| use apane yuga se jUjhanA paDatA hai| kabIra ne talasI kI talanA meM aura premacanda ne prasAda kI talanA meM adhika saMgharSa kiyA hai| atItonmakha hokara jInA ina mahAparuSoM ko pasanda nahIM thaa| tAtparya yaha hai ki AdhanikatA kI vivati meM samasAmayika ghaTanAoM ke prati samasAmayika bodha apane pUre aMtardvandvoM ke sAtha vyakta hotA hai| isa dizA meM sAhasa ke sAtha kadama uThAnA paDatA hai| yaha kArya vyakti se sAhasa ko mAMga karatA hai| isa dRSTi se phrAnsa kA itihAsa dekheN| vaoNlTeyara kA nAma isa dRSTi se phrAnsa ke sAhitya meM ( itihAsa meM bhI) amara hai| vikTara hyUgo kA kahanA thA-"vaoNlTeyara kA nAma hI lene kA artha hai pUrI aThArahavIM zatAbdI kA varNana krnaa|"1 vilaDareMTa ne likhA hai-"samrATa luI solahaveM kI (jo phrAMsIsI krAnti ke bAda kaida kara lie gae the) jela meM eka dina vaoNlTeyara aura rUso kI kitAboM para najara par3I to unhoMne kahA,-'ina do AdamiyoM ne hI phrAnsa ko caupaTa kiyA hai| -phrAMsa se unakA matalaba unake apane zAsana se thaa| nepoliyana ne kahA thA-' una dinoM ke rAje mahArAje agara kitAboM para pratibandha lagA dete to unakA rAjya kucha dina aura cala jaataa| topa A jAne se sAmantazAhI samApta haI kintu lekhanI sAmAjika saMgaThana ko hI samApta kara degii|' vaoNlTeyara kA kahanA thA, 'kitAbe saMsAra para zAsana karatI hai,athavA kama se kama vizva ke una rASTroM para zAsana avazya karatI haiM, jahA~ bhASA ko lipibaddha kiyA jAtA hai| zAsana ke lie anya bAtoM kA vizeSa mahattva nahIM hotaa|' usane Age kahA ki * zikSA ke samAna svataMtratA pradAna karanevAlI anya koI vastu nahIM hai|' jaba eka bAra kisI rASTra kI vicAra-zakti jAga uThatI hai to use rokanA asaMbhava ho jAtA hai / vaoNlTeyara ke sAtha hI phrAnsa kI vicAra-zakti jAgRta huI thii|" 2 1. darzana kI kahAnI-vilaDUreTa-(anuvAdakaH kailAzanArAyaNa caudharI), pR. 201 2. -vahI-pR. 203.

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samakAlIna itihAsa-bodha hai | ina udAharaNoM ko dene kA tAtparya yahI hai ki sAhityakAra AdhunikatA kI ora kitanA unmukha hai, yaha dekha skeN| isa tulanA meM Aja kA hindI sAhitya apane sahI arthoM meM AdhunikatA kI vivRti nahIM kara rahA hai| hA~ apane gata itihAsa ke saMdarbha meM AdhunikatA kI ora adhika unmukha huA hai / AdhunikatA kI carcAe~ ina dinoM vibhinna patra-patrikAoM meM ho rahI hai| yaha svayaM isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki aba hamArA dhyAna samasAmayikatA kI ora hai / AdhunikatA ke saMdarbha meM eka bAta aura kaha deM aura vaha yaha ki pratyeka deza kI AdhunikatA usake apane sthAnIya aitihAsika saMdarbha se yukta hotI hai / hindI sAhitya meM AdhunikatA ke nAma para Aja jo kucha likhA jA rahA hai, usa para eka Apatti yaha vyakta kI jA rahI hai ki usameM videzI tattva adhika kahie yaha AdhunikatA isa miTTI kI nahIM hai / yaha eka vivAdAspada viSaya hai | isa sambandha meM yahA~ itanA hI kahanA hai ki videzI tattvoM kA mela hone para bhI usameM apane gata itihAsa kI tulanA meM AdhunikatA kA aMza adhika hai| vartamAna ko nakArane se samasyA hala nahIM ho sakatI / jo hai, use svIkAra kara calanA hI hogA hA~, isa svIkRti meM deza kI vartamAna avasthA kA - samasAmayika avasthA kA dhyAna rakhA jA sakatA hai / yadi vAstaba AdhunikatA kI upaja isa miTTI se sambandhita nahIM hai, to use prazraya nahIM milegA aura usakI carcA bhI usI saMdarbha meM hogI jisase vaha sambandhita hai / yaha to itihAsa batalAegA ki hama AdhunikatA se kaTe hue haiM yA saMlagna hai ? kaTakara rahane kA bodha kisa taraha kA hotA hai aura saMlagna rahane kA bodha kisa koTi kA hotA hai ? yaha bhI isa samaya aprastuta hai / prastuta prasaMga meM yahI kahanA hai ki hamArA Aja kA sAhitya gata itihAsa kI tulanA meM AdhunitA ke adhika nikaTa hai / / 9 fear kA sambandha vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM se kahA gayA aura yaha bhI kahA gayA ki una upalabdhiyoM ke prati apanAe jAnevAle dRSTikoNa se hai / ataH vaijJAnika dRSTi se AdhunikatA kI upalabdhiyoM kI ora bar3hane meM deza kA kAyApalaTa karanA Avazyaka ho gayA hai / amerikA evaM anya pazcimI rASTra, rUsa, jApAna evaM cIna Adi vaijJAnika sAdhanoM se saMpanna ho rahe haiM / unakI yaha saMpannatA unako Adhunika banAne meM sakSama ho rahI hai / bhArata bhI yadi ina saba kI paMktiyoM meM khar3A rahanA cAhatA hai, to use bhI apane Apako sAdhana saMpanna bananA paDegA / svataMtratA prApta karane ke bAda paMcavarSIya yojanAoM dvArA bhArata isa dizA meM agrasara ho rahA hai| bahuta sI yojanAoM ko eka sAtha

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA kAryAnvita karane kA prayAsa ho rahA hai| isa samaya meM isa virATa parivartana meM jo pahale kI tulanA meM adhika gatizIla hai aura jisakA sambandha aba apane deza mAtra se nahIM, vizva ke anya rASTroM se bhI hai aura yaha parivartana mUlataH dekhane meM bAhya parivartana pratIta hone para bhI aMtara ko bhI zIdhra badala rahA hai| isa parivartana meM sabhyatA kA vikAsa ho rahA hai / prazna isa sayama yaha hai ki isa sabhyatA ke sAtha prAcIna mUlyoM ko lekara kaise jie~ ? hamArA deza yugoM se jina sAMskRtika mUlyoM kI rakSA karate A rahA hai, use vaha parivartanoM ke AdhAra para sahasA choDa dene ke lie taiyAra nahIM ho sktaa| deza kA AMtarika jIvana naI sabhyatA ko saMdeha bharI dRSTi se dekha rahA hai / jahA~ taka bAhya jIvana ke parivartana vAtAvaraNa evaM yaMtroM se sambandhita hai, unheM vaha saharSa svIkAra kara rahA hai, kyoMki isase sukhasuvidhA meM vRddhi ho rahI hai kintu isa parivartana se prAcIna AsthAe~ svayameva laDakhaDA rahI haiN| ataH eka anAsthAmulaka sthiti kA nirmANa ho rahA hai| jIvana adhika saMgharSamaya hotA jA rahA hai / pratiyogitAoM meM sAtha denA par3a rahA hai| isa bhAgadaur3a meM zAMtimaya kSaNa kama hI dikhAI de rahe haiN| yoM kahie ki yaha sArA dvandva sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA dvandva hai| AdhunikatA kI pIr3A yaha hai ki badalI huI sthitiyoM ke anukUla apanI prAcIna naitikatA ko yugoM se Ae saMskAroM ko yA sAMskRtika mAnyatAoM ko lekara nahI jiyA jA sktaa| badalanA cAhane para bho badalanA saMbhava nahIM lagatA kyoMki bAhaya parivartana kI gati tIvra hai aura isa gati se aMtara ko badalanA bar3A kaThina kAma hai| phira sabhyatA bhaviSyonmukha hai to saMskRti atItonmukha / ina donoM meM saMtulana sthApita karanA Aja ke yuga kI mukhya samasyA hai| Adhunika yuga kI isa pIr3A ko vyakta karane se naI mAnavIya dRSTi kA bodha ho sakatA hai| barTeDa rasela ne likhA hai ki-" rAjA mahArAjAoM ke itihAsa kA adhyayana karake loga gaNataMtravAdI bana gae ?" 1 ThIka isI taraha yadi AdhunikatA kI vivRti meM yadi mAnavIya pIr3A kI vivRti ho jAya to mAnavIya saMvedanA kA kSetra vistRta hogaa| vaijJAnikatA kA praveza padArtha jagata meM dikhAI de rahA hai aura usake anusAra jo parivartana ho rahA hai, vaha hamAre bAhaya jIvana se sambandhita hai, usa tulanA meM sAmAjika rUpa meM, rASTrIya rUpa meM evaM aMtarrASTrIya rUpa meM vaijJAnika dRSTi se parivartana nahIM ho rahA hai| isakA sabase bar3A kAraNa yaha hai ki mAnava, padArtha nahIM hai aura usake sAtha padArtha sA vyavahAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isIlie aba AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki badalI huI paristhitiyoM meM mAnavIya 1. vaijJAnika paridRSTi - baTreMDa rasela-(anuvAdaka : gaMgAratana pANDeya)- pR. 64

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samakAlIna itihAsa-bodha saMvedanAoM meM jo parivartana ho rahA hai, use sahI rUpa meM abhivyakta kara una saMvedanAoM ke prati Apasa meM mAnava samAja meM-sahAnubhUti kA bhAva paidA karane kA prayatna kreN| isa dizA meM kadama uThAnA AdhunikatA ke sahI bodha ko samajhane ke nikaTa hogaa| pahale kI tulanA meM Aja kI pIDhI ke lekhaka isa saMvedanA ko vyakta kara rahe haiM aura isa sambandha meM ve apane deza ke sAtha sAtha videza kI carcA bhI karate haiM kyoMki hama Aja kaTakara jI nahIM sakate / yaha samakAlIna itihAsa-bodha kI saba se prabala mAMga hai|

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AhilyA dhArA ka som

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vicAra - svAtaMtrya

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vicAra-svAtaMtrya samakAlIna itihAsa-bodha vyakti kI AtmA ko svataMtra karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai| vyakti isa AdhArapara apane ko aura apane AsapAsa ke jagata ko samajhatA hai| isa prakAra kA bodha use zAMta nahIM rahane detaa| vyakti phira apane ko abhivyaM jita karane ke lie utAvalA ho jAtA hai| abhivyaMjanA ke AdhAra para hI vaha jI sakatA hai / isa prakAra kI abhivyaMjanA meM vaha pUrNa svAtaMtrya ko mA~ga karatA hai, jo sahaja hai / AdhunikatA kI saba se bar3I mA~ga vicAra-svAtaMtrya hai| AdhunikatA kI saba se baDI pIDA yaha hai ki vyakti ke vicAra kucala die jAte haiN| isI se vaha chaTapaTAtA hai| yaha chaTapaTAhaTa mauna aura karuNA se AplAvita hai| yadi ise vANI mile to mukti milatI hai aura jIvana milatA hai| vicAroM kI jIta saba se bar3I jIta hotI hai aura vicAroM kI hAra sabase baDI haar| kyoMki vAstava meM vicAra hI vyaktitva ko puSTa karate haiN| jisake apane koI vicAra nahIM usakA apanA koI vyaktitva bhI nahIM hotaa| jo bAta eka vyakti ke lie lAgU hai, vaha samUha, samudAya aura rAjya ke lie bhI lAgU hai| jisa rAjya kI janatA kA ciMtana-stara UMcA hogA aura jisakI apanI nijI sattA hogI vaha rAjya nizcita hI samunnata hogA / jaoNna DyUI ne likhA hai-" jaise hI vicArazakti

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16 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA vikasita hotI hai vaise hI manuSya kI AvazyakatAoM kA aMdhApana khatma ho jAtA hai / vicAra Age kI ora dekhatA hai aura pariNAma kI pahale se hI kalpanA kara letA hai / vaha apane lie kucha prayojana, yojanAeM, lakSya aura Adarza uddezya banA letA hai / mAnavIya prakRti ke ina sArvatrika aura anivArya tathyoM meM se zreyas kI aura caritra ke vauddhika pakSa ke mUlyoM kI naitika avadhAraNAeM vikasita hotI haiM / caritra kA yaha bauddhika pakSa icchAoM aura uddezyoM ke samasta saMgharSa aura dvandva meM vyApaka aura sthAyI parituSTi ko antardRSTi se dekhane kA prayatna karatA hai| vahI jJAna yA dUradarzitA hai / " " isI jJAna aura dUradarzitA ke AdhAra para mAnava unnati karatA hai aura apane hita ke sAtha-sAtha samAja kA bhI hita karatA jAtA hai / kintu yaha sabhI usI samaya saMbhava hai jaba ki rAjya vyavasthA meM vicAra svAtaMtrya kI suvidhA dI gaI ho / jo rAjya vyavasthA vicAroM para roka lagAegI vahA~ para niraMkuza sattA sthApita hogI aura AtaMka kA sAmrAjya hogA / lokarAjya jaise ki nAma se hI spaSTa hai janatA kA rAjya hai / ataH isameM vicAra - svAtaMtrya kI vyavasthA hai / kintu kevala vidhAna meM likhe hone se hI kAma nahIM hotA / AvazyakatA usake vyAvahArika prayoga kI hai / I hamAre saMvidhAna meM vicAra - svAtaMtrya kI vyavasthA hai / yaha janatA ke hita meM hai / kintu vidhAna banA dene se hI vyavasthA meM ekadama parivartana nahIM ho jAtA / udAharaNa ke lie rUsa kA itihAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai / 1855 I0 meM jaba krimiyA kA yuddha cala rahA thA, usa samaya alegjeNDara dvitIya rUsa kA zAsaka bnaa| udAra hRdaya kA hone ke nAte isane apane deza meM bahuta se sudhAra karane ke prayatna kie| isI ne 1869 I0 meM dAsoM kI unmukti kA hukma jArI kiyA aura isa eka hI hukma se rUsa kI cAra karor3a janatA svataMtra ho gaI / kintu isa kAnUna se dAsoM ko vAstavika svataMtratA prApta nahIM ho sako / iMglaiNDa meM dAsatA kA anta Arthika krAMti se huA thA jabaki rUsa meM isa samaya dAsatA kA anta kAnUna se huA / kAnUna se anta hone ke kAraNa Arthika sthiti meM nAma - mAtra kA pheraphAra huA aura vyavasthA jyoM-kI-tyoM banI rhii| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki naitika dRSTi se rUsa ko apAra lAbha huA, kintu vAstava meM rUsa ke kisAna ko apanI pratiSThA kI vizeSa cintA nahIM thI, vaha to cAhatA thA ki usakI Arthika sthiti meM sudhAra ho / vyavasthA 1. naitika jIvana kA siddhAMta, jaoNna DyUI - ( anuvAdaka : kRSNacaMdra, prakAzaka : AtmArAma eNDa sansa, dillI. ) pR. 167 /

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vicAra-svAtaMtrya 17 ekadama badalI nahIM jA sakI / purAnI vyavasthA se lAbha uThAnevAle adhikArI varga ne sAre adhikAra apane hAtha meM kucha pheraphAra ke sAtha jyoM-ke-tyoM banAe rakhe / 1881 I0 meM zAsaka kI hatyA kara dI gii| isake bAda ke zAsaka ne phira purAnI vyavasthA ko banAe rakhA / tAtparya yaha hai ki kAnUna banA dene mAtra se parivartana nahIM ho jaataa| isake lie janatA meM usa prakAra kI bhAva-bhUmi aura AsthA paidA karane kI AvazyakatA hotI hai aura jaba taka yaha nahIM hogA taba taka vicAra-svAtaMtrya saMvidhAna meM hI likhA rhegaa| thAmasa pena ne likhA hai-" mAnava jAti kA zAsana karana vAlI vyavasthA kA adhikAMza sarakAra kA kArya nahIM hai| usakA mUla samAja ke siddhAMtoM evaM manaSya kI prAkRtika racanA meM hai| isa vyavasthA kA astitva sarakAra se pahale kA hai aura yadi sarakAra kA aupacArika svarUpa uThA diyA jAya to bhI vaha banA rhegaa|" 1 saca to yaha hai ki samAja apanA bahuta-sA kArya svayaM kara letA hai| jina sthitiyoM meM vaha kArya nahIM kara sakatA ve sthitiyAM sabhyatA ke kAraNa nirmita hotI haiN| samAja ke kAnUna likhe nahIM hote, kintu una kAnUnoM kI zakti likhita kAnUnoM se adhika hotI hai aura ve kAnUna sarakArI kAnUnoM se adhika prabhAva rakhate haiN| samAja apane lie prAya: vaha sabhI-kucha kara letA hai jisakA zreya sarakAra ko milatA hai| vicArasvAtaMtrya bhI yadi isI taraha sAmAjika jIvana kA aMga bana jAegA to isase samAja kA utthAna hogA aura vaha vAstavika arthoM meM samAja ko zaktizAlI banAte hue rAjya aura sarakAra ko bhI zaktizAlI banAne meM samartha ho skegaa| samAja meM aneka saMsthAe~ hotI haiM, samudAya hote haiN| inakI vyavasthA meM vicAra-svAtaMtrya ko sthAna milanA caahie| vizeSataH isa prakAra kI vyavasthA ko sarvaprathama sthAna zikSA-saMsthAoM meM milanA caahie| kyoMki vicAroM ko naI dizA inhIM saMsthAoM dvArA dI jAtI hai| yadi ina saMsthAoM meM navayuvakoM ko svataMtra ciMtana vikasita karane kA avasara nahIM milegA to unake jIvana kI sakriyatA aura sRjanazIlatA kA aMta ho jaaegaa| baDa rasela ne ThIka hI likhA hai- " zikSA kA uddezya niSprANa tathyoM ko niSkriya jAnakArI nahIM, balki aisI kriyAzAlatA honI cAhie jisakI 1. thaoNmasa pena ke rAjanaitika nibadha-saMpAdaka : nelsana epha eDakinsaanuvAdaka : bhAgIratha rAmadeva dIkSita, pablikezansa prAyaveTa limiTeDa, baMbaI-1....pR. 143 /

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA dizA usa naI duniyA kI ora ho jo hameM apane prAyAsa se banAnI hai| isakI preraNA hameM prAcIna yUnAna aura punarjAgaraNa yuga ke vismRta vaibhava kA mAtama karake nahIM, balki AnevAle samAja kI bhaviSya meM vicAroM kI gauravazAlI saphalatAoM kI aura manuSya dvArA brahmAMDa ke khoja ke nita vyApaka hote hue kSitija kI ujjvala kalpanA se lenI cAhie / " ' zikSA ke isa mUla uddezya meM svataMtra ciMtana ko vikasita karane kI bhAvanA nihita hai| zikSA-saMsthAoM ke sAtha-sAtha pArivArika vyavasthA meM bhI vyaktigata adhikAroM ke prati sammAna karane kI dizA meM prayatna honA caahie| jisa bAlaka ko ghara para hI svataMtra ciMtana kA avasara milatA hai aura yadi usake vicAroM kA sammAna ucita rUpa meM hotA hai to usakI unnati zIghra hotI hai / ataH pArivArika vyavasthA meM mAtA-pitA ko isa dizA meM prayatna karanA cAhie / samAja meM aneka samudAya aura saMsthAe~ haiN| ina saba ke nAma ginAnA yahA~ saMbhava nahIM hai / cAhe ve rAjanaitika hoM, Arthika hoM, dhArmika hoM yA kisI anya prakAra ke hoM, saba jagaha vicAra-svAtaMtrya ke prati Adara kI bhAvanA kA nirmANa honA caahie| isI se vyakti jIvana meM kucha svataMtratA kA anubhava kregaa| isameM na kevala vyakti mAtra kA hita hogA, balki samAja aura rAjya kA bhI hita hogaa| yadi kisI bAlaka ko vidyAlaya meM to svataMtratA mila gaI kintu ghara para use anuzAsana meM jakar3A jA rahA hai to usakI unnati meM bAdhA hogii| isI taraha rAjya vyavasthA meM vicAra-svAtaMtrya ko vyavasthA to hai, kintu yadi vyakti jisa saMsthA meM kArya kara rahA hai vahA~ kar3A anuzAsana ha aura kisI ko muMha kholane nahIM diyA jAtA to usa vyakti ke lie jInA dUbhara ho jaaegaa| saca to yaha hai ki vyakti jina samudAyoM ke bhItara raha kara kArya karatA hai vahA~ use unmukta vAtAvaraNa milanA caahie| eka-dUsare ke vicAroM aura adhikAroM ke prati jaba taka sammAna kA bhAva paidA nahIM hogA, taba taka rAjya kI vyavasthA ko doSa dene se koI lAbha nahIM hogaa| rAjya yadi isa dizA meM prayatna karanA cAhe to use choTI-se-choTI saMsthAoM kA isa dRSTi se nirIkSaNa kara, saba meM isa prakAra kI cetanA ko jAgrata karane kA prayatna karanA caahie| ( vizva-jyoti, hoziyArapura, mArca 1965 I. meM ' lokarAjya aura vicAra-svAtaMtrya' zIrSaka se prakAzita ) 1. sAmAjika punanirmANa ke siddhAMta-baTreMDa rasela, anuvAdaka : munIza saksenA, rAjakamala prakAzana, dillI. pR. 140 /

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satya

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satya AdhunikatA ke saMdarbha me 'satya' para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhaviSya ke satya kI kalpanA hameM vartamAna satya ke AdhAra para hI karanI pddegii| prazna hogA ki kyA vartamAna meM satya kI upalabdhi ho gaI hai ? nizcita uttara denA kaThina hai kintu jJAna evaM vijJAna kI jitanI zAkhAeM haiM, una saba kA uddezya apane Apa meM satya ke nikaTa pahu~canA hI hai aura isa artha meM jJAna evaM vijJAna kI jo bhI vartamAna upalabdhiyA~ haiM, unhIM ko hama vartamAna satya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kreNge| ina upalabdhiyoM ke sandarbha meM hI vartamAna satya kI mImAMsA kI jA sakatI hai aura isI ke AdhAra para Adhunika jIvana kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| isI sandarbha meM satya kI vyAkhyA karane kA alpa prayAsa kiyA jA rahA hai aura satya kI isa vyAkhyA se bhaviSya ke satya kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / prazna hogA ki satya apane Apa meM satya hotA hai, hama use pUrNa satya kaheMge aura usake sAtha vartamAna, prAcIna yA Agata zabda jor3anA yA ina sandarbho meM satya ko parakhanA kahA~ taka samIcIna hogA ? jo satya nahIM hai, vaha asatya hai aura jo asatya nahIM hai, vaha satya hai| ina praznoM aura uttaroM ko sahaja rUpa meM parakhane aura unakI ucita mImAMsA karane ke liye aneka pRSTha raMgane paDeMge / nibandha ko dArzanika rUpa denA bhI ThIka nahIM /

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22 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA ataH satya ke sambandha meM sAdhAraNa dhAraNAoM ko prastuta karanA yahA~ iSTa haiM / satya kA sahI ArAdhaka bananA bar3e dAyitva kA kAma hai / yahA~ nIce jo vicAra prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM, ve jana-jIvana ke satya ke prati pracalita dRSTikoNoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hI kiye jA rahe haiM / inameM bhI vizeSa rUpa se yaha vivecanA Adhunika sandarbha meM kI jA rahI hai| satya ke sambandha meM adhikArapUrvaka kahane vAle vyakti jana mAnasa kI dRSTi se pramukha rUpa se tIna prakAra ke vyakti haiM / ve haiM - (1) dhArmika netA, (2) vaijJAnika aura (3) dArzanika / hama sabakI dRSTi inhIM logoM kI ora lagI huI hai aura inhIM kI mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para jagata kA kAmakAja Aja ho rahA hai aura bhaviSya meM bhI hamAre mArgadarzaka ye hI loga raheMge / ataH satya se sambandhita ina sabhI kA svataMtra vicAra karanA aura phira ina tInoM kA ApasI sambandha aura antara dikhalAnA sAtha hI inameM se janamAnasa kI vartamAna pravRtti ina tInoM meM se kisa ora adhika hai, ise dekhanA Adhunika satya ko samajhane ke AdhAra ho sakate haiM / inake ThIka ThIka vizleSaNa se hama vartamAna ko samajha sakate haiM aura inhIM ke AdhAra para samakAlIna itihAsa-bodha ko spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai / prathamataH dhArmika satya kI vivecanA kI jAya / dhArmika satya eka prakAra se svIkRta satya hai / ise svIkRta hI nahIM aMgIkRta satya bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / isa satya meM janamAnasa kA vizvAsa hotA hai / yaha satya badalanA nahIM cAhatA / dhArmika vyakti yaha kahegA ki maiM isa siddhAnta meM vizvAsa karatA hU~ aura yadi tuma isa siddhAnta meM vizvAsa nahIM karate to tuma dharmavirodhI ho / dhArmika vyakti meM vizvAsa kA bala hotA / aise vyaktiyoM ke vicAra bar3e kaTTara hote haiM aura ve sahaja hI badalane ke liye taiyAra nahIM hote / dhArmika netA prAyaH vartamAna se asantuSTa hote haiM aura ve atIta ko phira se jIvita karanA cAhate haiM / vijJAna kA satya jJAna kI dizA meM mAnA huA svIkRta satya hai / kintu yaha jisa kSetra meM bhI svIkRta satya hogA, vaha jJAna kI navInatama upalabdhiyoM ke AdhAra para mAnA huA satya hogaa| vaijJAnika satya apane Apa meM pUrNa satya hotA hai / pUrNa isa artha meM ki kAraNoM evaM pariNAmoM kI usameM ThIka ThIka mImAMsA hotI hai / eka hI dizA meM kiye gaye sabhI parIkSaNoM kA lAbha uThAkara vaijJAnika navInatama satya kI upalabdhi karatA hai / dhArmika satya

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satya M prAcIna hotA hai, jabaki vaijJAnika satya navInatama hotA hai| dharma kI bahuta sI mAnyatAe~ vijJAna ke kAraNa badala gaI haiN| satya kA vAstavika ArAdhaka dArzanika hotA hai| darzana kA satya nizcita yA svIkRta satya nahIM hotA / yoM kahiye ki dArzanika satya kI dizA meM sabase Age calane vAlA hotA hai| jagata meM aba bhI itanI samasyAe~ hai ki unakA nizcita aura ThIka ThIka uttara nahIM diyA jA sktaa| aura na hI unakA nidAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| Aja bhI yaha vizva aneka prakAra kI jijJAsAoM se bharA huA hai| darzana kA rAhI ananta kAla taka isa mArga para cala sakatA hai| kintu jo khoja meM lagA huA hai, vaha prApta satya kA Ananda nahIM le sakatA aura isIliye satya ke ye ArAdhaka vartamAna satya se kucha Age yA upalabdha satya se Age rahate haiN| janamAnasa kI dRSTi meM ye vizvAsa ke pAtra nahIM hote, kyoMki inakA satya svIkRta satya nahIM hotaa| Upara dhArmika satya, vaijJAnika satya evaM dArzanika satya ke sambandha me jo kucha kahA gayA hai, vaha sthUla rUpa meM batalAyA gayA aMtara hai / ina tInoM ke ApasI sambandhoM ko dekheN| dhArmika netA ( vizeSa rUpa se dharma kA saMsthApaka ). evaM vaijJAnika ( vijJAna kI dizA meM naye satya kI sthApanA karanevAlA) donoM hI satya kI upalabdhi se pUrva dArzanika hote haiN| gautama buddha kA hI udAharaNa leN| ve satya kI khoja meM ghara se nikale / jaba taka unheM satya kA jJAna nahIM huA yA satya se sAkSAtkAra nahIM huA. taba taka ve eka dArzanika ke rUpa meM satya ke anveSaka bane rahe / kahate haiM peDa ke nIce unheM prakAza dikhalAI diyA / vaha satya kA prakAza thA aura taba unheM satya kI pratIti huii| tatpazcAt unhoMne usa satya kA pracAra karanA zuru kiyaa| unake ziSyoM ne unase usa satya kI pratIti paaii| phira usakA dezavyApI pracAra huaa| yaha satya janamAnasa ke vizvAsa kA AdhAra bnaa| yahI sthiti pratyeka dharma ke pravartaka kI rahI hai| dharma kA svIkRta satya, jIvana ke sambandha meM jina vicAroM ko prastuta karate haiM. ve vicAra saMskRti ke AdhAra banate haiN| dharma kA kSetra bhAratIya dRSTi se bahuna vistRta hai / hiMduoM ko samAja-vyavasthA aura unake vyaktigata evaM sAmAjika jIvana ke prAyaH pratyeka kSetra janma-maraNa, zikSA, vivAha, vyavasAya, nIti, khAna-pAna, jAta-pAta, zaucAzoca Adi meM dharma kA prAdhAnya hai, dharma kA jitanA vyApaka artha aura jitanA vistRta kSetra hiMduoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, utanA saMsAra ke kisI anya samAja, jAti yA

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA anuyAyiyoM meM nahIM pAyA jAtA / ataH jIvana ke jina-jina kSetroM meM dharma kA praveza huA hai aura jina-jina vyavahAroM ke sambandha meM, cAhe ve vyaktigata jIvana meM hoM, sAmAjika jIvana meM hoM yA rASTrIya jIvana meM hoM, una-una kSetroM meM dharma ke anukUla saMskRti kA vikAsa huA hai / 24 vaijJAnika bhI AraMbha meM dArzanika hI hotA hai| nyUTana ho yA AinsTIna donoM hI satya ke anveSaka the / satya kI upalabdhi se pUrva, apane parIkSaNa kAla meM dArzanika hI the / satya kI upalabdhi ke bAda unhoMne usa kSetra meM (jisa kSetra meM unhoMne navInatama satya kI upalabdhi kI ) apane se pUrva sabhI satyoM ko lalakArA aura use saMzodhita kara pUrNa satya ko nikaTa se pahacAnA | manuSya kA ho yA prAkRtika zaktiyoM kA ho, vijJAna ne inake sambandha meM aNu aNu kA adhyayana prastuta kiyA aura unase mAnava-jAti ke jIvana ko adhika sugama evaM sukhaprada banAne kA prayatna kiyaa| AvazyakatAoM ke kAraNa aviSkAra hue aura aviSkAroM se AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti huI aura isa taraha mAnavajAti sabhya banatI gii| vijJAna ne manuSya ko sabhya banAyA hai / Aja jagata meM jo rASTra vaijJAnika sAdhanoM kA adhika prayoga kara rahA hai, vaha rASTra apekSAkRta adhika sabhya hai / dhArmika satya evaM vaijJAnika satya donoM kI tulanA vastutaH saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kI tulanA karane sadRza hai / yaha tulanA karate hue hameM yaha dekhanA hai ki Aja kA jana-mAnasa kisa ora adhika AkarSita hai / isI sandarbha meM Adhunika satya kI vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai aura isI ke AdhAra para AdhunikatA ko ThIka samakAlIna itihAsa-bodha ke saMdarbha meM parakhA jA sakegA / gautama buddha ne yA mahAvIra ne yA kisI aura dharma ke pravartaka na dharma kI jo vyavasthA batalAI, vaha unhoMne usa yuga ko lakSya meM rakhakara hI batalAI / usa yuga kA sAmAjika jIvana jaisA bhI rahA hogA, usI ko unhone tadanukUla vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha ki usa yuga kI jo vaijJAnika upalabdhiyA~ rahI hoMgI, usI ke anusAra usa yuga kA samAja sabhya rahA hogA / ataH sabhyatA ke usa kAla meM batalAI gaI dhArmika vyavasthA 1. dharma zAstra kA itihAsa - pAMDuraMga vAmana kANe - isa graMtha kI prakAzakIya paMktiyoM ko Upara uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| ThAkura prasAda siMha, saciva hindI samiti /

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satya 25 usa yuga ke anukUla rhii| apane yuga meM ye dharma pravartaka nizcita hI krAMtikArI rahe haiM / gautama buddha ke kAla meM gautama buddha kA virodha huA hai, isI taraha anya dharma pravartakoM ke jIvana kA yadi adhyayana kareM to sabhI meM yaha dikhalAI degA ki unake jIvana kAla meM unakA bhI bar3A virodha huA hai / krAisTa ko to phA~sI hI dI gaI hai| mAnava jIvana ke ye satyAnveSI apane jIvana kAla meM devatA nahIM, manuSya the, kintu bAda meM ve devatA ke rUpa meM pUje gae / una satyAnveSiyoM ne apane yuga kI sabhyatA kA jIvana apanAne meM saMkoca nahIM kiyA thA / unhoMne usa yuga kI vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM ko nakArA nahIM thA / vaijJAnika satya ko nakArane vAlA apane yuga se pIche hotA hai / unhoMne usa yuga 'ke vaijJAnika satya ko svIkAra kiyA thA aura usI ke anukUla jIvana kI vyavasthA meM parivartana karanA cAhA / ( yahA~ eka prazna sahaja hI meM upasthita ho sakatA hai aura vaha yaha ki gautama buddha kA darzana nivRtti meM, nirvANa meM vizvAsa karane vAlA hai aura yaha darzana pravRtti mUlaka na hone ke kAraNa vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM kA lAbha uThAne vAlA nahIM ho sakatA, ataH Upara kahI gayI bAta galata siddha ho jAtI hai / ise yoM bhI vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai ki gautama buddha ko sabhI prakAra ke sukha prApta the aura unheM mahala chor3a kara jAnA ucita nahIM thA, Adi Adi ) isa dRSTi se hinduoM kA dharmazAstra ( jisa jisa samaya banA hai ) apane yuga kI sabhyatA kA pUrA pUrA citra prastuta karatA hai / sabhyatA ke isa citra meM apane yuga kI vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM ko pUrNataH svIkArA gayA hai / sabhyatA kI badalatI paristhitiyoM meM zAstra kI vyavasthA bhI badalI hai / kANe ke dharmazAstra meM isa prakAra ke aneka udAharaNa mila jAe~ge / kintu kAlAntara meM vaijJAnika satya se dhArmika satya meM antara AtA gayA / dhArmika satya isa artha meM rUDha ho gayA ki vaha apane nirmANakAla kI sabhyatA se cipaTa kara raha gayA aura vijJAna ko navIna upalabdhiyoM ke kAraNa sabhyatA meM parivartana ho gayA / udAharaNArtha : dIpAvalI ke samaya tela ke dIpaka jalAye jAte haiM / jisa samaya dIpAvalI prathama bAra manAI gaI hogI, usa samaya yA usa kAla me bijalI AviSkAra nahIM huA thA, ataH tela ke dIpaka jalAye gaye the / Aja bijalI ke dIpaka ( goloM ke rUpa meM ) jalAye to jAte haiM, kintu pUjA ke avasara para yA sAMskRtika kSaNoM ko usI rUpa meM anubhava karane ke liye tela ke dIpaka jalAye jAte haiM / inakA mahattva sabhyatA kI dRSTi se nahIM hai, kintu sAMskRtika dRSTi se inakA bar3A mahatva hai / yaha to eka udAharaNa huA / hamAre bahuta se sAMskRtika kAryo kA vidhAna prAcIna sabhyatA sambandhita hai aura hama una una avasaroM para Adhunika sabhyatA ko chor3akara prAcIna sabhyatA kA

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA anukaraNa karate haiM / yaha saba likhane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki dharma kA vidhAna jisa samaya huA thA vaha vidhAna kAla kI sabhyatA ke anurUpa huA, kintu kAlAntara meM vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM ke kAraNa sabhyatA meM antara AtA gayA, kintu hamArI dhArmika mAnyatAe~ usI sabhyatA se cipaTI rahI / jahA~ vicArakoM ne isa kaThinAI ko anubhava kiyA, vahA~ isameM saMzodhana bhI kiyA hai / isI se eka hI dharma ke anekoM sampradAya bhI bane haiN| mUlataH bhAvanA eka hone para bhI AcaraNa evaM sabhyatA ( deza kAla ke anusAra ) meM antara hone ke kAraNa hI dhArmika bhedabhAva dekhane meM AyA hai / sabhyatA vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM ke bAda badalatI hai / sabhyatA kA badalanA yA unnata honA jIvana kI sugama evaM sukhakara paddhatiyoM kA nirmANa karanA hai / ina badalI huI paristhitiyoM meM yuga dharma kA saMzodhana honA Avazyaka hai / ataH Aja hama sabake sAmane bikaTa prazna jo upasthita haiM aura jise hama vartamAna yuga kA satya kaheMge, vaha vajJAnika satya ko dhArmika satya ke nikaTa lAne kA prazna hai / yaha kArya svataMtra rUpa se na dhArmika netA kara sakatA hai aura na hI vaijJAnika kara sakatA hai / isa kArya ko dArzanika yA cintaka hI kara sakatA hai ataH hama logoM kI dRSTi dArzanikoM kI ora lagI huI hai / 26 vartamAna yuga meM zikSA kA vyApaka pracAra ho rahA hai / yaha pracAra svIkRta satyoM kA ( Adhunika upalabdhiyoM ke sandarbha meM, jJAna evaM vijJAna kI sabhI zAkhAoM se sambandhita ) pracAra hai / vaha prAcIna sabhyatA se cipaTe dhArmika satya ko svIkAra karane ke liye taiyAra nahIM ho sakatA / yaha svAbhA vika hai / Aja kA zikSita samAja dharma ke rUDha rUpa ko svIkAra nahIM karatA / isa samAja meM ( zikSita samAja meM ) badalatI AsthAoM kA saMgharSa hai / Aja kI pIr3hI AsthA evaM anAsthA donoM meM kisa ora jhukI huI hai isakI pratidhvani sAhitya meM dikhAI de sakatI hai aura Aja kI sAhityika pravRttiyoM ke AdhAra para vartamAna satya kI vistRta vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai / yahA~ yaha saba likhane ke liye sthAna kahA~ mUla bAta jo kahanI hai vaha yaha ki vaijJAnika satya to svIkRta ho gayA; kintu vaha hamAre jIvana ke antaraMga meM praveza nahIM pA sakA hai| jIvana meM bAhya parivartana to ho gayA hai, kintu antara meM abhI usake prati AsthA kA nirmANa nahIM huA hai / saba kucha pAkara bhI hama antara TaTolane kI sthiti meM hai / dharma kA praveza hamAre jIvana meM aba bhI prAcIna rUpa ? hai / Aja bhI anAsthA se ghabarA kara kabhI kabhI hama usI satya kI aura nihArate haiM aura usI se AsthA prApta kara jIvana meM bala grahaNa karate hai / satya jaba taka AsthA kA viSaya nahIM banatA, taba taka vaha mAnava jIvana ko sukha

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satya 27 evaM zAMti pradAna nahIM kara sakatA / samakAlIna itihAsa-bodha kI pIr3A yahI hai ki AdhunikatA se sambandhita isa 'satya' ke prati AsthA kA nirmANa nahIM huA hai| isa satya ko AsthA kA viSaya kaise banAyA jAe ? yahI Aja kI pramukha samasyA hai| yahA~ 'satya' se tAtparya navInatama jJAna evaM vijJAna kI upalabdhiyoM ke AdhAra para svIkRta satya se hai aura isI ko cAheM to Adhunika satya kahA jA sakatA hai / isa sandarbha meM gAMdhIjI kA udAharaNa leM / gAMdhIjI ne satya kA darzana kiyA thA aura Adhunika sandarbha meM kiyA thA / prazna hogA ki unhoMne to bahuta sI vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM ko asvIkAra kara diyA thA, ataH unake satya ko Adhunika satya ke sandarbha meM kaise liyA jA sakatA hai ? gAndhIjI evaM neharUjI kA virodha bhI isI AdhAra para rahA hai| saca bAta to yaha hai ki gAndhIjI kA mUlataH vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM se virodha nahIM thA / kintu unakA dhyAna samAja ( bhAratIya samAja ) ke nimna se nimna vyakti para thA / unhoMne satya ko Adhunika saMdarbha meM isa rUpa meM parivartana karanA cAhA ki deza kA sAmAnya vyakti jina vaijJAnika sAdhanoM kA upayoga kara sakatA hai, usakA upayoga vaha mAnava hone ke nAte mAnava banakara anya mAnavoM ke hitoM ko sandarbha meM rakhakara kreN| unhoMne vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM ke stara ko samAja ke nimna dharAtala se svIkAra kiyA aura jaba unhoMne yaha anubhava kiyA ki zahara grAmoM kI tulanA meM adhika sabhya hai to unheM grAma ko zahara banAne kI cintA huI / yoM kahie ki vaijJAnika satya ko sarva sulabha banAne kI bhAvanA unameM thI aura jaba unhoMne anubhava kiyA ki deza kI janatA ko vaha saba sukha sulabha karAnA kaThina hai to svayaM usa prApta sukha ko chor3A aura jo kucha sarvasAdhAraNa kI pahu~ca ke bhItara hai, usI ko apane jIvana meM svIkAra kara liyaa| unake bahuta se Andolana isI artha-vyavasthA ko, jisa kA prabhAva sAdhAraNa vyakti se hai, ko lakSya meM rakhakara calAe gae haiN| gAndhIjI ne vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM ko nakArAtmaka rUpa meM nahIM liyA / unhoMne usake vyAvahArika darzana ko svIkAra kiyA / satya ke AsthAvAdI cintaka ko gAMdhIjI ke darzana se satya kA vyAvahArika rUpa samajha meM AegA / kahA jAtA hai ki gAMdhIjI kA yuga samApta ho gyaa| neharUjI ne bhArata ko badala diyA / doSa denevAle unheM bhI doSa de sakate haiN| rAjanIti meM Aja jo pramukha netA deza kI nIti kA nirdhAraNa kara rahe haiM, usIke AdhAra para vartamAna bhArata kA rUpa bana rahA hai aura unhIM ko dRSTi meM rakhate

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28 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA hae hama Age bananevAle bhArata kI kalpanA kara sakate haiN| yaha nIti zAsaka dala kI ho yA virodhI dala kI ho| kisI bhI dala kI ho| janatA usakA nirNaya kregii| vicAroM ko krAnti samAja meM ho rahI hai aura usakA prabhAva hameM Ama cunAvo meM dikhalAI de rahA hai| janatA meM, vicAroM meM krAnti kA bIja bonevAle vicAraka, cintaka yA dArzanika hI ho sakate haiM aura ve hI Adhunika satya kI sahI vyAkhyA kara sakate haiN| dArzanikoM kA yA cintakoM kA Adhunika satya jIvana meM kitanA svIkRta ho gayA hai, isakI parIkSA sAhitya meM svIkRta satya AdhAra para kI jA sakatI hai| satya ko Adhunika saMdarbha meM dekhate samaya hama Aja apane rASTra kI upalabdhi taka hI ( kisI bhI kSetra meM ) sImita nahIM raha sakate / aba vizva kI upalabdhiyoM kI ora bhI dRSTi jAnA svAbhAvika hai| nizcita hI yaha dauDa vaijJAnika kSetra meM ho sakatI hai| vaijJAnika sAdhanoM ko sarva salabha banAnA aura unase deza ko unnata karanA Adhunika satya ke nikaTa pahu~canA hai, kintu isa hor3a meM mAnavIya saMvedanA ko jIvita rakhanA aura tadanukUla mAnavIya vyavasthA kA nirmANa bhI utanA hI Avazyaka hai| yaha samasyA bahuta baDI samasyA hai| baTTaiNDa rasela isa dRSTi se jagata kI samasyAoM para vicAra karanevAle hue haiN| unhoMne kahA hai : " jina logoM kI vicAra-zakti prANamaya hotI hai aMta meM calakara unakI zakti isase kahIM adhika hotI hai jitanI ki ve loga samajhate haiM, jo Adhunika rAjanIti kI tarkahInatA ke zikAra haiN|" 1 ___yaha kArya Aja ke cintakoM ko karanA hai / AnevAle varSoM meM hama kaise raheMge isakI kalpanA hama Aja ke cintana kI dizAoM ko dekhakara hI kara sakate haiN| cIna evaM amerikA kI kIrti ko dekhate hue tathA bhArata meM nitya nae rAjanaitika parivartanoM ke saMketoM ko dekhate hue bhaviSya khataranAka pratIta ho sakatA hai| kintu isa para bhI nirAza hone kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / gata paccIsa varSoM ko svatantratA kA itihAsa nirAzAjanaka nahIM hai / bhArata meM kAphI parivartana ho gayA hai| DaoN. hajArI prasAda dvivedIjI ne itihAsa kI dhArA ko pahacAnA hai aura bhaviSya ke bhArata kI kalpanA kI hai| ve likhate haiM : " maiM una logoM meM nahIM hU~ jo socate haiM ki pichale bIsa varSoM meM (san 67 meM likhA huA hone ke kAraNa) koI kalyANakArI parivartana nahIM huA hai, . 5. sAmAjika punanirmANa ke siddhAnta--baTreMDa rasela-pR. 189 . ..

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satya 29 khUba huA hai, para isalie nahIM ki kisI vyakti ne yA samUha ne koI jAdU kA cirAga jalA diyA thA / janatA kI udbuddha cetanA ne parivartana karAyA hai / aura bhI hogA / hamAre gharauMde burI taraha TUTeMge / sarakAra isako kalyANamaya mor3a dene meM nimitta bane to acchA hogA, na bane to thoDI-bahuta dera hogI / itihAsa vidhAtA ke rathavega ko koI roka nahIM sakatA / ' kartuma necchasi yatmohAt kariSyasi avazo'pitat' arthAt jo mohavaza nahIM karanA cAhoge vaha vivaza hokara karanA paDegA / gItA kA yaha vAkya satya siddha hokara rhegaa| " - 1 dvivedIjI kI ina paMktiyoM meM AzAvAdI dRSTikoNa hai / yaha vaijJAnika satya ko dharma ke nikaTa lAnevAlA satya hai / isa prakAra kI AsthA hI hameM AdhunikatA kI pIr3A se mukta hone meM sahAyaka ho sakatI hai / ( mahAvIra jayaMtI saMsmArikA, apraila 1971, haidarAbAda meM ' satya : Adhunika saMdarbha meM ' zIrSaka se prakAzita ) 1. AlocanA -- 28 ( apraila, jUna 67) pR. 42

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nbik Adhunika satya ke sAkSAtkAra ko AsthAmUlaka rUpa ma svIkAra karanA naitikatA ko Adhunika dharAtala para svIkAra karanA hai| naitikatA vAstava meM mAnava prakRti ko niyaMtrita karanavAlI saba se baDI zakti hai / naitikatA vyakti aura vyakti, vyakti aura samAja, vyakti aura rASTra yahA~ taka ki vyakti aura vizva ko jor3ane vAle tAra haiM / ye eka aisI zakti hai, jo samAja ko jIvita rakhane ke lie Avazyaka hai / naitikatA kI carama pariNati tulasI ke zabdoM meM -- " siyArAmamaya saba jaga jaanii| karauM praNAma jori juga paanii|" aura kabIra ke zabdoM meM -- " lAlI mere lAla kI, jita dekhauM tita lAla" hai| yaha zakti nirantara abhyAsa aura sAdhanA se hI prApta ho sakatI hai / yaha eka aisI zakti hai, jo samAja ko jIvita rakhane ke lie Avazyaka hai| vyakti kA sambandha vyakti ke sAtha kisa prakAra kA ho ? samAja meM rahate hue vaha apanI Atmonnati kaise kareM? apane jIvana ko sUkha aura zAntimaya kisa prakAra banAe~ ? isa sambandha meM vaha jisa zakti kA sahArA letA hai, vaha naitika zakti hai / vAstava meM jagata naitika zaktiyoM se banA huA hai / prakRti meM jitanI bhI zaktiyA~ kAryarata haiM yA ghUma rahI haiM, ve ekAtmaka haiN| uSNatA alaga nahIM hai aura na prakAza hI aura na vidyutazakti na hI gurutvAkarSaNa zakti / ye saba zaktiyA~ eka dUsare se milI huI haiM / yahI sthiti naitika zaktiyoM kI hai| vaha eka prakAra se kriyAoM kI pyAsa hai, hama jitanA use ekatrita kareMge utane hI usake rUpa aura AkAra hoNge| A. rA.-3

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34 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA nIti hameM batalAtI hai --yaha karo, yaha na karo / aise calo, aise na calo; aise baiTho, aise na baiTho; aise kaho, aise na kho| isI prakAra kA vidhAna naitika rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtA hai / prAkRtika rUpa meM manuSya anaitika hI hotA hai / naitika niyamoM dvArA usakA saMskAra hotA hai| isa saMskAra ke bAda hI vaha saMskRta banatA hai / bAlaka jaba saMsAra meM padArpaNa karatA hai, to use jagata kA jJAna nahIM hotA / vaha apane mAtA-pitA parivAra ke anya sadasyoM aura tatpazcAt vaha anyoM se bhI jagata kA jJAna prApta karatA jAtA hai / vaha sArA samAja jisake bIca bAlaka rahatA hai, usa bAlaka ko apratyakSa rUpa se apane vidhAna kA jJAna karA detA hai| dhIre dhIre bAlaka svayaM usa vidhAna se paricita hotA jAtA hai aura apane Apako usake anukUla banAne kA prayatna karatA hai| samAja ke pratikUla AcaraNa karane para daNDa aura anukUla AcaraNa karane para puraskAra use milate rahate haiN| ye svayaM use apane Apako saMskArita banA lene ke lie bAdhya karate rahate haiN| samAja meM naitika vidhAna hotA hai / yaha vidhAna likhA huA nahIM hotA kintu phira bhI yaha vidhAna likhe hue vidhAna se adhika zaktizAlI hotA hai / samAja kA yaha vidhAna jitanA adhika susaMgaThita aura vyavasthita hogA, samAja utanA hI susabhya aura susaskRta hogA / yaha bAta mAnI huI hai ki sabhya samAja meM sarakAra kI AvazyakatA kama hotI hai / samAja meM jisa prakAra kI sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA nirmANa hotA hai usI prakAra kI naitikatA ko vahA~ prazraya milatA hai| Aja manuSya prAtaHkAla se rAta meM sone taka jitane niyamoM kA vaha pAlana karatA hai, unako vaha svayaM nahIM jAnatA: khAne-pIne, rahane-sahane, uThane-baiThane, calane-phirane evaM jIvana ke pratyeka vyApAra ke niyama bane hue haiM aura ina niyamoM kA pAlana manuSya barAbara karatA jA rahA hai| yadi inhIM niyamoM kA pAlana Adeza dekara usase karavAyA jAtA to saMbhavataH vaha niyamoM ke bojha se mara jaataa| kintu aisA nahIM hotaa| yaha isalie ki jisa vAtAvaraNa meM vaha rahatA AyA hai usakA vaha AdI ho gayA hai| eka hI prakAra kA nirantara kArya vyakti ko usa kArya ke prati sakSama to banAtA hI hai sAtha hI usa prakAra ke kArya ke prati ruci aura AsthA kA nirmANa bhI vyakti meM kara detA hai| jo svabhAva par3a jAtA hai, vaha phira usakI prakRti ho jAtI hai| bhArata kA rahane vAlA apane samAja ko sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA premI hai| kisI anya deza ke samAja ke bIca vaha anokhepana kA anubhava kregaa| usakA samAyojana zIghra nahIM hogaa| kisI bhI prakAra ke samAja ke bIca rahane ke lie vahA~ ke naitika vidhAna ko

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naitikatA 35 jAnanA Avazyaka hai| yaha naitika vidhAna eka dRSTi se samAja vizeSa ke sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA bodha karanevAlA rUpa haiN| eka sthAna para jo bAteM naitika mAnI jAtI haiM dUsare sthAna para ve ekadama anaitika ho sakatI haiM aura ThIka isake viparIta bhI satya hai / sthAna ke sAtha sAtha samaya samaya kI naitikatA bhI antara milegA / eka hI deza meM paMdrahavIM zatAbdI meM jo sAmAjika mUlya the ve solahavI meM badala gaye aura jo solahavI meM the ve Aja bIsavI zatAbdI meM nahIM haiM / ataH hama yahA~ kaha sakate haiM ki naitikatA deza, kAla, samAja aura rASTra se sApekSa haiN| naitika mUlyoM ke adhyayana ke lie ina tattvoM kA adhyayana karanA bhI Avazyaka hai / Aja taka kA itihAsa isa bAta kI sAkSa detA hai ki vijaya usI kI huI, jisake pAsa zakti hai aura jisake pAsa zakti hai usI kI tUtI bolatI hai aura usI ke banAye niyama calate haiM / vahI vidhAna hai aura vahI kAnUna hai / isIlie kisI vidvAna ne ThIka hI kahA ki... 'naitikatA aura kucha nahIM vaha zaktizAliyoM kA svArthaM hai / ' apanI icchA se jise ve satya kaheM, vaha satya hai aura jise ve asatya kaheM, vaha asatya hai, jise ve ThIka kaheM, vaha ThIka hai aura jise ve galata kaheM, vaha galata hai / niyaMtraNa kA adhikAra samAja ke alpasaMkhyaka viziSTa varga ke hAtha meM hI rahA hai / jAna DyUI ne isa sambandha meM likhA hai... 'sattAdhikArI vyaktiyoM ne naitika niyamoM ko varga - prabhutA kA kitanA hI mAdhyama kyoM na banA liyA ho, koI bhI vaha siddhAnta jo suci - ntita uddezya ko niyama ke udbhava kA kAraNa batAtA hai, mithyA hai| astitva meM A gaI paristhitiyoM se lAbha uThA lenA eka bAta hai, para bhaviSya meM lAbha uThA lene ke uddezya se unakA nirmANa karanA sarvathA dUsarI bAta hai ?' ' yaha kahane kA tAtparya kevala itanA hI hai ki naitika niyamoM kA Arambha se aba taka jo vikAsa huA hai aura aba bhI usakA jo rUpa badala rahA hai, usameM mAnava - prakRti ke rahasyodghATana kA pramukha hAtha hai / Arambha meM zaktizAliyoM ne, cAhe jo naitika vidhAna banAyA ho vaha samaya ke anusAra mAnava - prakRti ke anukUla na hone para badalatA gayA / jaoNna DyUI kA kathana - - " jaba taka naitikatA kI mAnava - prakRti se aura donoM kI pariveza se akhaNDatA svIkAra nahIM kara lI jAtI, taba taka hama jIvana kI vikaTatama evaM gahanatama samasyAoM se nipaTa lene meM vigata anubhava kI sahAyatA se vaMcita rheNge| ThIka aura 1. mAnava prakRti aura AcaraNa - jaoNna DyUI, anavAdaka : harizcandra vidyAlaMkAra - pR, 2.

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA vistRta jJAna to vizuddha prAvidhika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM pravartita rahegA hii| prakRti, manuSya tathA samAja kI avicchinnatA kI vicakSaNa svIkRti se hI kevala naitikatA kA vikAsa ho sakatA hai, jo dhArmika to ho para kaTTara na ho, mahattvAkAMkSI to ho para bhAvuka na ho, paramparAoM se baMdhA na hokara vAstavikatA ke anukUla ho, lAbhoM kI gaNanA kA rUpa to dhAraNa na kare para vyavahAra kuzala ho; svapnadarzI na ho para Adarzapriya avazya ho|" ' naitikatA ke vAstavika svarUpa kA bodha karAtA hai| naitikatA ke prati vyakti kA jhukAva sakArAtmaka honA caahie| nakArAtmaka naitikatA samarpaNa aura bhayapradhAna hotI hai| Aja saba se baDI AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki saMsAra ke prati hamArI AsthA baDhe, hama samajheM ki jagata hamArA hai, ise svarga aura naraka banAnA hamAre hAtha meM hai| barTeDa rasela ke zabdoM meM... 'samarpaNa kI naitikatA ke bajAya abhikramaNazIlatA kI naitikatA, bhaya kI naitikatA kI jagaha AzA kI naitikatA aura una kAmoM kI naitikatA kI bajAya jo nahIM karane hai, una kAmoM kI naitikatA kI sthApanA karanI hogI jo karane haiN|' 2 isa prakAra ke dRSTikoNa ko apanAte hue hameM atIta ke jJAna aura anubhava se pUrA pUrA lAbha uThAnA hai / baDa rasela ne manuSya kI samasta kriyAoM ko moTe taura para tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai--(1) sahaja pravRtti (2) buddhi aura (3) AtmA / ina tInoM meM se unhoMne AtmA ke jIvana ko dharma kA mUla mAnA hai / sahaja pravRtti kA jIvana vaha jIvana hai jo manuSya aura nimnatara pazuoM meM samAna rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai / isa jIvana meM aise Avega sammilita haiM jinakA mUla uddezya saphalatA prApta karanA hai / ye Avega manuSya meM nihita pazu-prakRti aura pratidvaMdviyoM ke bIca unakI sthiti ko vyakta karate haiM / buddhi kA jIvana jJAna kI khojavAlA jIvana hai| jijJAsA aisA Avega hai jisa para sArA jJAna aura vijJAna sthita hai / buddhi kA jIvana ciMtanapradhAna hotA hai / yaha jIvana kucha hada taka avaiyaktika hotA hai / AtmA kA jIvana avaiyaktika bhAvanA para AdhArita hotA hai / dharma kA sambandha AtmA se hI hai| sahaja pravRttiyoM aura buddhi ina donoM meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karane kA kAma AtmA kA jIvana hI karatA hai / naitikatA kI 1. mAnava prakRti aura AcaraNa -- jaoNna DyUI, anuvAdaka : harizcandra vidyAlaMkAra -pR. 9. 2. sAmAjika punarnirmANa ke siddhAnta-baTreMDa rasela-anuvAdaka : munIza saksenA pR. 170.

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naitikatA carama pariNati isI meM hai / sahaja pravRttiyoM se Upara uThane ke lie hameM bauddhika jIvana meM praveza karanA par3atA hai kintu buddhi tarkapradhAna hotI hai ataH usase bhI Upara hameM Atmika jIvana kI ora uThanA par3atA hai| naitikatA hameM anekatA meM ekatA ke sUkSma sUtroM kA jJAna karAtI hai aura hameM bhAvanA ke usa stara taka pahu~cA detI hai jahA~ hama jagata ko -- siyArAmamaya dekhane lagate haiM / 37 ( 'jaina jyotsnA', zAstrIjI smRti-aMka 2 aktUbara 1966, haidarAbAda meM isI zIrSaka se prakAzita )

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AdhAra ___ 'rASTrIyatA' rAjanaitika zabda hai / isa kA sambandha rASTra ke itihAsa se hai / pratyeka rASTra kA itihAsa alaga-alaga hai, ataH pratyeka rASTra kI rASTrIyatA kI kalpanA, rASTrIyatA kI vyAkhyA yA rASTrIyatA kI rUparekhA alaga alaga hai| rASTrIyatA ( vizeSa rUpa se rAjanaitika artha meM prayukta hone para bhI ) kisI rASTra ke sAMskRtika mAnadaNDoM ko bhAva rUpa meM kisI rASTra vizeSa ke nAgarikoM meM jagAe rakhane kA kAma karatI hai / isa AdhAra para rASTra vizeSa ke nAgarika apane sAMskRtika mAnadaNDo kI rakSA-hetu rAjanaitika zakti kA sahArA lekara eka hote haiN| isa AdhAra para yuddha hote haiM aura aise samaya meM rASTrIyatA kI vyAkhyA sAmayika ( samaya vizeSa meM ) paristhitiyoM ke anusAra ( rASTra vizeSa ke aitihAsika saMdarbha ko dhyAna meM rakhakara ) kI jAne lagatI hai| yaha saba honepara bhI rASTrIyatA zabda kA prayoga sabhI rASTroM kI rASTrIyatA ke lie samAna rUpa se kiyA jAtA hai| zabda kA prayoga samAna hone para bhI rASTrIyatA kA artha alaga alaga hone ke kAraNa rASTroM meM saMgharSa hotA hai| isa saMgharSa ko TAlane kA prayAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai, yadi vibhinna rASTra apanI apanI rASTrIya mAnyatAoM ko ( yahA~ rASTrIyatA ko) dUsare rASTra kI rASTrIya mAnyatAoM ke saMdarbha meM vicAra karane kA prayatna kreN| arthAt rASTrIyatA kI dhAraNA vizva meM vibhinna rASTroM __ meM jaise-jaise eka artha meM prayukta hone kI dizA meM Age baDhegI

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44 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA vaise-vaise saMgharSa kI saMbhAvanA kama hogii| vizva kI ekatA meM rASTrIyatA bAdhaka hai| cAhe sAmyavAda ko svIkAra kara leM yA pUMjIvAda ko ( ina donoM ko vizva kI ekatA meM paraspara bAdhaka mAnane vAle kAraNa ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai / rASTrIyatA taba bhI banI rahegI aura isase sahaja chuTakArA nikaTa bhaviSya meM saMbhava nahIM hai / rASTrIyatA ke saMdarbha aura artha badaleMge kintu rASTrIyatA rhegii| jaisI sthiti meM rASTrIyatA para vartamAna saMdarbha meM vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / vizeSa rUpa se baMgalA deza ke nirmANa ke bAda, pAkistAna kI karArI hAra ke bAda aura to aura niksana kI cIna-yAtrA ke bAda rASTrIyatA kI dhAraNA badala rahI hai| isa badalatI rASTrIyatA * meM 'dharma' kI duhAI denevAle rASTroM kI AvAja maMda ho rahI hai| 'dharma' jo kisI samaya meM ( vizeSa rUpa se madhyakAla meM ) sattA kA pramukha AdhAra rahA hai, Aja usake hAtha se sattA chIna lI jA rahI hai| 'dhArmikatA' kA virodha 'AdhunikatA' se hai aura AdhunikatA rASTrIyatA ko nayA rUpa de rahI hai / niksana kI cIna-yAtrA se yaha bAta sApha ho gaI hai ki vAdavizeSa (pUMjIvAda aura sAmyavAda) ke AdhAra para aba rASTrIya hitoM para vicAra nahIM hotaa| sthiti aba kucha aisI ho gaI hai ki rASTrIyatA eka naye dharma ke rUpa meM sAmane A rahI hai / yaha nayA dharma rAjanaitika hai| isa samaya bhI 'dharma' ko rAjanIti se alaga rakhane kA prayatna hotA hai, kintu jo itihAsa kA adhyayana rAjanaitika stara para karate haiM (sattAoM ke liye saMgharSa ke rUpa meM karate haiM), ve jAnate haiM ki dharma aba bhI rASTrIyatA kA pramukha AdhAra banA huA hai| rASTrIya AdhAra para vibhinna dharmoM ko ekarUpatA dene kA prayAsa hotA hai / yaha prayAsa tattvarUpa meM hotA hai. vyAvahArika AdhAra para tathA rAjanaitika adhikAroM ke saMdarbha meM hotA hai. aura janasAmAnya meM badalatI zikSA ke kAraNa hotA hai / ataH dharma ho. yA rASTrIyatA ina donoM ko sAmAjika tathA rAjanaitika mUlyoM kA AdhAra mAnA jA sakatA hai / donoM hI prakAra ke mUlyoM se Aja ke vyakti kA sahaja chuTakArA nhiiN| rASTrIyatA ke sAmAnya tattva : pratyeka rASTra kI rASTrIyatA alaga alaga hone para bhI saba rASTroM meM rASTra vizeSa ke sAmAnya dharma yA lakSaNa pAye jAte haiN| unheM saMkSepa meM nimna rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai| 1. pratyeka rASTra kA AdhAra bhUbhAga hai / arthAt rASTra kI rAjanaitika sImAe~ banI huI haiM / isa bhUbhAga se rASTra ke nAgarika sambaddha

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AdhAra hone ke kAraNa unakA usa bhUbhAga se sahaja (prAkRtika) prema hotA hai| isa prema ko mAtRbhUmi se prema ke rUpa meM abhivyakta kiyA jAtA hai| 2. rASTrIyatA kA sambandha mAtRbhUmi kI bhaugolika sImAoM ( rAja naitika rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta ) meM rahanevAle janasamUha ke samAna sAmAjika, Arthika tathA rAjanaitika hitoM se hai| isa AdhAra para rASTrIyatA nizcita hotI hai / 3. pratyeka rASTra meM rAjanaitika ekatA apekSita hai aura anya rASTroM se usakA sambandha (videza nIti ) isa ekatA ke AdhAra para hI saMbhava hai| 4. pratyeka rASTra (yadi use rASTra ke rUpa meM svIkRti prApta hai) rAja naitika dRSTi se svataMtra hai, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| ye cAra pramukha tattva aise haiM, jinheM rASTrIyatA ke sAmAnya lakSaNa kahA jA sakatA hai / rASTrIyatA ke ye lakSaNa aise haiM, jinheM vyakti ko rASTrIya mUlya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA par3atA hai / ina mUlyoM se sahaja meM vyakti kA bacAva saMbhava nhiiN| Upara jo rASTrIyatA ke pramukha tattva batalAe gae haiM, unameM prathama donoM tattvoM ke sambandha meM kisI ko Apatti nahIM ho sktii| vAstava meM ye donoM hI tattva rASTrIyatA kI rIr3ha haiN| vivAdAspada sthiti tIsare tattva tathA cauthe tattva meM saMbhava hai| tIsare tattva kA sambandha rASTra kI rAjanaitika vyavasthA ( zAsana-paddhati) se hai| cauthA tattva anya tattvoM kA pariNAma hai| pratyeka tattva kA svataMtra rUpa se vivecana nIce kiyA jA rahA hai| 1. prathama tattva saba se pradhAna hai- mAtRbhUmi se naisargika sneha / yaha dharatI se sambandha hai aura isa sambandha yA mUlya kI rakSA ke lie anya saba tattvoM kI upekSA kI jAtI hai / svataMtra rASTroM ko (jinameM rASTrIyatA ke cAroM tattva pAe jAte haiM ) hama choDa deM aura aise rASTroM ke sambandha meM hama vicAra kareM, jo anya rASTroM ke dabAva meM hai yA gulAma hai, usa sthiti meM bhI usa rASTra ( rASTra nAma kI saMjJA prApta na honepara bhI ) ke nAgarikoM meM ( mUla nivAsiyoM meM ) apanI dharatI se sahaja (naisargika ) sneha hotA hai| isa tattva kI abhivyakti pratyeka rASTra ke rASTrIya gIta ke mAdhyama se hotI hai / 'vande mAtaram' tathA 'janagaNamana' donoM hI gItoM ke arthoM kA yadi vizleSaNa kareM to isa tattva kI pradhA

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA natA kA bodha hogA / isa tattva kI pradhAnatA ke AdhAra para bahuta sA sAhitya racA gayA hai aura isa sAhitya ko rASTrIya sAhitya mAnA gayA hai| 2. dUsarA tattva : rASTra ke nAgarikoM ke apana bodha se sambandhita hai| yaha bodha aitihAsika-bodha hai| rASTra ke nAgarika apane Apa ko pahacAne / apane Apako pahacAnane meM unheM apanI upalabdhiyoM kA jJAna hogaa| unheM apane bhUbhAga kI sImAoM kA jJAna ho / unheM apane bhUbhAga ke itihAsa-bhUgola mAlUma ho aura isa AdhAra para rASTra ke nAgarika apane samAna sAmAjika, Arthika tathA rAjanaitika hita ko smjheN| isa bodha ke AdhAra para prathama tattva ko cetanAvasthA prApta hotI hai| isa sambandha meM guptajI kI ye paMktiyA~ upayukta pratIta hotI haiM : 'hama kauna the, kyA ho gae haiM, aura kyA hoMge abhii| Ao milakara hama vicAreM, ye samasyAe~ sabhI' / yahA~ hama ke antargata, ve saba nAgararika haiM, jo rASTra ke bhUbhAga ( rAjanaitika sImAoM meM rahanevAle ) meM rahate haiM aura samAna sAmAjika, Arthika tathA rAjanaitika hitoM ke sambandha meM socate haiN| isapara AdhAra rASTrIyatA jAgaraNa kA rUpa letI hai aura lvataMtratA kI ora agrasara hotI hai| isa prakAra se likhA gayA sAhitya rASTra kI yathArtha aitihAsika paristhitiyoM se sambandhita hotA hai / isa AdhAra para rASTra ke nAgarika eka hote haiM aura apane hitoM kI rakSA ke lie prayatna karate haiN| 3. tIsarA tattva pramukha rUpa se rASTra kI rAjanaitika sthiti se sambandhita hai / rAjanaitika sthiti vivAdAspada hotI hai / isa sthiti para rASTra ke nAgarikoM kI sAmAjika tathA Arthika sthiti nirbhara rahatI hai| rASTra meM rAjanaitika sthiratA yadi hogI ( sarakAra majabUta hogI ) to vaha rASTra balavAna mAnA jAyagA / isa AdhAra para vaha svataMtra videza noti kA pAlana karane meM samartha hogaa| rASTrIyatA ko sabase adhika khatarA, usakI rAjanaitika-sthiti se hotA hai| isa AdhAra para hI rASTrIyatA ko hama rAjanaitika zabda kahate .. ' haiN| rAjanaitika sthiti kA sambandha rASTra kI zAsana-vyavasthA

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AdhAra 47 ( saMvidhAna vizeSa ) se hotA hai / isa vyavasthA ke AdhAra para rASTrIya-hitoM kI (Upara batalAye gaye rASTrIyatA ke donoM tattvoM kI ) rakSA kI jAtI haiM / isa AdhAra para rASTrIyatA kI pahacAna hotI hai / zAsana-taMtra yadi rAjataMtra se sambandhita hai, to vahA~ kI rASTrIyatA rAjataMtra ke anusAra hogI / isI taraha sainika-taMtra kI rASTrIyatA aura janataMtra kI rASTrIyatA bhinna bhinna hogii| vizva meM Aja jitane rASTra haiM (saMyukta rASTra saMgha dvArA jinako mAnyatA mila gaI hai ), una meM eka prakAra kI rAjanaitika vyavasthA (zAsanataMtra) nahIM hai / vyavasthA meM bhinnatA hone ke kAraNa rASTrIyatA kI dhAraNA meM (aitihAsika-bodha meM) antara vidyamAna rahanA svAbhAvika hai / Upara ke donoM tattva sabhI rASTroM meM samAna rUpa se pAye jAne para bhI isa tIsare ke kAraNa rASTrIyatA kA svarUpa badalatA pratIta hotA hai / pratyeka prakAra ke zAsana-taMtra ke AdhAra para rASTrIyatA kI vizeSatAoM meM jo antara vidyamAna rahatA hai, usakA vizleSaNa, usa-usa deza ke aitihAsika saMdarbho ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ yaha samajha liyA jA sakatA hai ki samAna rAjanaitika-vyavasthA yadi do rASTroM meM vartamAna hai, to una do rASTroM me rASTrIyatA kI dhAraNA adhika nikaTa hogii| bhAratavarSa meM janataMtra kI vyavasthA hai ataH yahAM kI rASTrIyatA, una rASTroM kI rASTrIyatA ke adhika nikaTa hai, jahA~ janataMtra kI vyavasthA pAI jAtI hai| isa artha meM briTena aura amerikA kI rASTrIyatA bhArata kI rASTrIyatA ke adhika nikaTa hai, aisA kahA jA sakatA hai| 4. cauthA tattva, Upara ke tInoM tattvoM kA pariNAma hai / isa AdhAra para usa kI pahacAna ko anya rASTra svIkAra kara lete haiN| udAharaNa ke lie baMgalA-deza kI rASTrIyatA ko aba aneka rASTroM ne svIkAra kara liyA hai / isa cauthe tattva ke abhAva meM aura tattva anapahacAne raha jAte haiM, ataH isa tattva kA mahattva kisI rASTra vizeSa ke apane Apa meM sudRr3ha hone se sambandhita hai / isa AdhAra para rASTra kI kSamatA aura sthiratA kI pahacAna hotI hai / rASTrIyatA ke ina tattvoM ke AdhAra para rASTrIyatA kI rUparekhA spaSTa hotI hai /

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| dharma aura mUlya - dharma kA sambadha samAja kI vyavasthA se hai| dharma kI yaha vyavasthA adhika vyApaka hai aura binA rAjanaitika baMdhana ke sambandhita samAja meM (dharma vizeSa ke ) adhika dRr3hatA se mAnya tathA svIkRta hai| dharma kA sambandha eka nizcita vicAradhArA se hai aura yaha vicAradhArA eka prakAra se svIkRta vicAradhArA hai| isa svIkRti meM vizvAsa, zraddhA tathA bhakti kA yogadAna hai| isa yogadAna ke kAraNa sambandhita samAja eka prakAra kI vyavasthA kA pAlana karatA hai| vyavasthA kA yaha taMtra (dharma sambandhI) vizvAsa ke AdhAra para calatA hai aura isalie isa vyavasthA ko paramparA kA bala prApta hai| Aja bhI dhArmika aura rASTrIya donoM mUlyoM meM yadi cunautI kA prazna upasthita huA to dhArmika mUlya ko svIkAra karane vAloM kI saMkhyA vizva meM adhika milegii| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki rASTrIya mUlyoM kA sambandha rAjanaitika sImAoM meM baddha hai, jaba ki dhArmika mUlyoM kI koI rAjanaitika sImAoM nahIM hai| amarIkI nAgarika evaM rUsI nAgarika ke rASTrIya mUlya alaga-alaga ho sakate haiM aura una donoM ke dhArmika mUlya eka ho sakate haiN| isa artha meM dharma kA prabhAva samAja kI vyavasthA se Aja bhI ghaniSTa hai, aisA mAnanA pddegaa| adhika vistAra meM jAne se pUrva dharma ke sAmAnya tattva nIce likhe jA rahe haiN|

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52 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA 1. dharma ( cAhe koI bhI ho ) kI rAjanaitika sImAeM nahIM hotI / sAre vizva meM dharma apanA vistAra cAhatA hai / 2. dharmaM kA sambandha vicAradhArA ( darzana vizeSa ) se hotA hai / " yaha vicAradhArA samAjavizeSa meM ( vizva samAja meM jahA~ jahA~ usako mAnyatA prApta hai ) vizvAsa ke AdhAra para bala grahaNa karatI hai| dharma kA zAsana vyAvahArika dRSTi se adhika mAnya hai aura isa AdhAra para mAnava ke sAmAnya hitoM kI vyavasthA kA prabandha kiyA jAtA hai / isa vicAradhArA kA virodha yadi rAjanaitika vyavasthA ke AdhAra para hotA hai, to saMgharSa hotA hai| sabhI prakAra kI rAjanaitika vyavasthA isa vyavasthA ke bala se paricita hai aura isa vyavasthA kA vaha Adara hI nahIM usakI surakSA kA AzvAsana bhI vaha detI rahatI hai / 3. dharma ke AdhAra para samAja kA saMgaThana zaktizAlI hotA hai / eka prakAra se isa AdhAra para samAja meM sthira mUlyoM kI pahacAna hotI hai / paramparA kA upayoga isa AdhAra para adhika hotA hai / ina mUlyoM kA ( dhArmika mUlyoM kA ) virodha vyakti ke lie bahuta kaThina hai / dhArmika mUlya prAyaH sAmAjika mUlya hote haiM / vyakti se samAja aura samAja se phira ye rAjanIti kI ora agrasara hote haiM / isa AdhAra para rASTrIya mUlya tathA dhArmika mUlya donoM kA saMgharSa hotA hai| dharma ko yadi rAjanIti ke dvArA prazraya prApta ho jAtA hai, to rAjanIti dhArmika mUlyoM se prabhAvita hotI hai / isa artha meM rASTrIyatA dhArmika mUlyoM se yukta hotI hai / dharma kI yaha sthiti vivAdAspada he / 4. dharma kA zAsana AtmAnuzAsana hai aura yaha zAsana vyakti ko saba bAdhAoM se chuTakArA dilAnevAlA hai / yaha zAsana AsthAmUlaka haiN| isake AdhAra para vyakti ko jIvita rahane kA bala milatA hai / dharma kI anizcitatA AsthA kI anizcitatA hai aura yaha anizcitatA jIvanI zakti se rahita hotI hai / dharma ( cAhe koI bhI ho ) jIvana kA sambala hai aura isa AdhAra para aneka mUlyoM kA utsarga kara isa mUlya kI rakSA kA prayatna mAnava jAti karate AI hai|

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dharma aura mUlya 3 dharma ke ye saba tattva sAmAnya haiN| sabhI dharmoM meM ye lakSaNa mila sakate haiN| 'dharma ke AdhAra para yadi itihAsa kA adhyayana kareM aura dharma kA prabhAva samAja para jisa rUpa meM rahA hai, isakA vizleSaNa tathyoM ke AdhAra para kareM to jJAta hogA ki dharma ne sattAoM para ( rAjanaitika sattAoM para ) adhikAra kiyA hai| 'dharmaguruoM kA zAsana rAjAoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai aura yahA mAnA gayA hai ki rAjAoM kA kartavya dharma kI rakSA karanA hai| kSAtra-vRtti dharma rakSaNArtha apanAnI cAhie aisI mAnyatA rahI hai| itihAsa ke AdhAra para isa dRSTi se aneka udAharaNa prastuta kie jA sakate haiM, jahA~ dharma ne rAjanIti meM praveza kiyA aura yuddha hue haiN| udAharaNoM ke vistAra meM na jAte hue, yahA~ itanA samajha lenA paryApta hogA ki dharma kA rAjanIti para prabhAva akSuNNa hai aura isa prabhAva ke kAraNa rASTrIyatA prabhAvita hotI hai| Aja yaha prazna vicAraNIya hai ki rASTrIya mUlya aura dhArmika mUlya meM mAnavIya mUlyoM kA sthAna kyA hai ? rASTrIya mUlya baMdhe hue mUlya haiM aura isI taraha dhArmika mUlya bhI baMdhe hue mUlya haiM / ina mUlyoM kI sImAeM hai| ina mUlyoM meM hI sAmAnya mAnavIya mUlyoM kI khoja meM hama saba saMlagna haiM / madhyakAla meM dharma ke AdhAra para yuddha hue haiN| vaha dhArmika unmAda aba nahIM rahA hai| kama se kama vizva meM aba aisI sthiti kA nirmANa ho gayA hai ki IsAI ho, hindU ho, musalamAna ho, bauddha ho aura koI dharma ho, sabhI eka dUsare ke astitva ko sahana karanA sIkha gae haiN| aba yuddha kA pramukha kAraNa dharma nahIM rahA hai| bhArata kA vibhAjana dharma ke AdhAra para huA / pAkistAna ke nirmANa meM 'dharma' pramukha tattva rahA hai / isa AdhAra para bhArata kI rASTrIyatA aura pAkistAna kI rASTrIyatA meM aMtara hai| jisa AdhAra para (dharma ke AdhAra para) pAkistAna kA nirmANa huA, vaha AdhAra kitanA galata rahA hai, isa kA udAharaNa pAkistAna kA ina paccIsa barasoM kA itihAsa hai| dharma ke AdhAra para janajIvana kA hastAMtaraNa saMbhava nahIM / ye vicAra ki sAre musalamAna pAkistAna meM cale jAeM aura sAre hiMdU bhArata meM raheM aura jo jahA~ hai, vahA~ rahakara apane dharma ko badala deN| yaha saba vyAvahArika nahIM hai / bhArata to dharma nirapekSa rASTra kI nIti kA pAlana kara rahA hai / kiMtu svayaM pAkistAna jisakI rIr3ha dharma hai, vaha bhI Aja apanI isa rIr3ha ko kamajora mAnane para vivaza ho gayA hai / baMgalA deza kA nirmANa dharma ke AdhAra para nahIM huA aura na hI isa yuddha ke pIche aisI koI bhUmikA hI rahI hai / ataH aba yaha mAna liyA jA sakatA hai ki bhaviSya meM dharma kA

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54 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA prabhAva ghaTatA jAegA aura vaha yuddha kA ekamAtra kAraNa nahIM rahegA / jahA~ kahIM aisA mAnA gayA hai aura mAnA jA rahA hai, vahA~ isa prakAra kI nIti meM parivartana ho rahA hai / yaba yuddha kA kAraNa dharmaM nahIM rASTrIyatA hai / yaha rASTrIyatA dharma se aba bhI prabhAvita hotI / dharma kA yaha prabhAva aba pratyakSa nahIM rahA hai| koI bhI rASTra aba khulakara dharma kI duhAI, madhyakAla ke rUpa meM nahIM de sakatA / jina rASTroM ko saMyukta rASTra saMgha meM mAnyatA mila gaI hai, unheM vahA~ pratinidhitva prApta hai aura ve jAnate haiM ki aba isa AvAja aura ghoSaNA kA vizva kI rAjanIti meM vizeSa prabhAva nahIM hai / kucha rASTra jo isa AdhAra para vizva meM apanA alaga saMgaThana banAne kA prayatna karate haiM, unakA yaha prayatna kisI bhI rUpa meM saphala hotA nahIM dIkhatA / pAkistAna ke isa prakAra ke prayatna viphala rahe haiM / yaha saba hone para bhI dharma kA prabhAva rASTra para jisa rUpa meM haiM, vaha rASTra kI Antarika samasyA ke rUpa meM hai / isa AdhAra para rASTrIyatA ke lie ( rASTra ke bhItara hI ) kabhI kabhI qhatarA paidA ho jAtA hai isa dRSTi se dharma ke prabhAva kA vizleSaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / pratyeka vyakti ke usake apane naitika mUlya, usake apane dharma ke AdhAra para nizcita hote haiM / ina mUlyoM para vyakti sahaja rUpa se ( binA rAjanaitika baMdhana ke ) niyaMtrita rahatA haiM / yadi vyakti yaha anubhava karatA hai ki usake ina mUlyoMpara rAjanIti kA hastakSepa ho rahA hai, to vyakti sAmUhika rUpa se rAjanIti kA virodha karatA hai / rAjanaitika mUlyoM evaM dhArmika mUlyoM donoM meM vyakti ko dhArmika mUlya adhika mAnya hote haiM / dhArmika mUlyoM ke sAtha vyakti kA rAgAtmaka sambandha hotA hai aura ina mUlyoM ke AdhAra para vyakti na kevala isa loka kI samasyAoM se chuTakArA pAtA hai balki AnevAle (anAgata) loka se bhI chuTakAre ke prati usake vizvAsa prAya: sthira rahate haiM / vyAvahArika dharAtala para dhArmika mUlya vyakti ko ( sambadhita samAja ko ) adhika mAnya hote hai / dharma kA virodha ( prAya: sabhI dharmoM kA virodha vijJAna ne aura bAda meM rAjaniti ne kiyA hai| dhArmika AsthA ko aMdhavizvAsa kahA gyaa| aise pramANa prastuta kie gae jisase dhArmika mAnyatAe~ Dhahane lagIM / jahA~ taka vijJAna ne dharma kA virodha pramANoM ke AdhAra para kiyA haiM, usa virodha ko mAnyatA milI hai aura samaya samaya para mAnyatAoM meM saMzodhana ho rahA hai / Aja kI

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dharma aura mUlya zikSA eka prakAra se vijJAna kI zikSA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara rahI hai| isa sambandha meM DaoN. nagendra ne likhA haiM -- 'zikSA kA pracalita artha eka. prakAra se Adhunika prayoga hai| prAcIna yuga meM isa saMdarbha meM prAya: ' vidyA' zabda kA prayoga hotA thA aura vidyA kA anivArya sambandha thA dharma ke saath| vidyA jIvana kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa vastuta: mUlabhUta - sAdhana thI, parantu vaha sAdhana hI rahI, sAdhya kabhI nahIM bnii| vidyA ke do uddezya the - tattvika dRSTi se satyAsatya kA aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se kartavyAkartavya kA jJAna / satyAsatya kA jJAna hI vAstava meM kartavyAkartavya kA nirNAyaka hai| ata: vidyA kA dharma ke sAtha anivArya sambandha mAnA gayA / vidyA aura dharma kA yaha samanvaya mAnava vyaktitva ke nirmANa kA AdhAra hai, jo Aja bhI zikSA kA carama uddezya hai|'1 isa artha meM yadi Aja ko zikSA-paddhati para vicAra kareM to yaha sahaja hI meM jJAta ho jAegA ki zikSA kA sambandha aba dharma se anivArya rUpa meM nahIM raha gayA hai aura isake na rahane kA eka bar3A kAraNa vijJAna hai| vijJAna ne aneka dhArmika mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| vijJAna ke kAraNa dhArmika AsthA ko coTa pahu~cI hai| isa saMbaMdha meM aneka udAharaNa diye jA sakate hai| saMkSepa meM yaha samajha liyA jA sakatA hai ki dharma ke dvArA dI gaI vyavasthA ( dharmazAstriyoM ke anusAra ) vijJAna ke dvArA ( jJAna ke pratyeka kSetra meM ) dI gaI vyavasthA kI tulanA meM aba adhika mAnya nahIM hai| tAttvika dRSTi se vijJAna, jJAna kI vyavasthita khoja hI hai| yaha khoja nirantara jArI hai| isa artha meM vijJAna kI upayogitA vyAvahArika dRSTi se adhika hai| zikSA na kevala sAdhana apitu aba sAdhya bhI hai aura usake dvArA aba jagata kI takanIka badala rahI hai| vijJAna kI yaha zikSA apane Apa meM sAmAnya hone ke nAte, usakA upayoga sabhI dharmoM ke mAnanevAle ke lie hone ke nAte aura to aura usakI sImA meM cara-acara ko samAna rUpa se sthAna prApta hone ke nAte, isa ora zikSA kA dhyAna isa samaya sarvAdhika hai| vijJAna ke viSaya ke siddhAnta aura vijJAna ke pariNAma sArvabhaumika hai / amerikA yA rUsa meM yadi kisI kSetra meM isa dRSTi se koI upalabdhi hotI hai, to usa upalabdhi ko jagata bhara meM ( vizva kI upalabdhi ) upalabdhi ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai vijJAna dharmanirapekSa hai aura vastu satya meM vizvAsa karanevAlA hai| rASTrIyatA ke saMdarbha meM dharma aura vijJAna kA sambandha dekhA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka zikSA kA kSetra hai, usa para aba sarakAra kA niyaMtraNa 1. sAhitya-paricaya (zaikSika-uddezya / vizeSAMka ) - janavarI - pharavarI-1972-pR. 34.

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA hai| yaha niyaMtraNa aeka prakAra se rASTrIya niyaMtraNa hai| ise rASTrIya kahate samaya yaha dhyAna meM rakhA gayA hai ki rASTra kI sarakAra apanI rASTrIyatA ko banAe rakhane kI daSTi se zikSA-sambandhI nIti kA pAlana isa rUpa meM karegI jisase ki rASTrIya hitoM kI hAni na ho| isa artha meM rASTrIya stara para jina zikSA-saMsthAoM ko calAyA jAyagA unameM ( una zikSA-saMsthAoM meM ) dharma kA aba mahattvapUrNa sthAna nahIM rhegaa| isa tulanA meM vijJAna ko adhika sthAna prApta hogA / dharma kI zikSA kA rUpa aba vaijJAnika AdhAra para ho rahA hai| zikSA ke kSetra meM aba rAjanaitika uddezyoM kA praveza ho gayA hai / isa praveza ko vidyApremI hitakara nahIM mAnate kintu yaha praveza ve apanI A~khoM se dekha rahe haiM / vidyApremI zabdakA prayoga DaoN0 nagendra ke artha ke anusAra--zikSA kA dharma ke sAtha anivArya sambandha kiyA gayA haiN| vidyApremiyoM ke mana meM Akroza kA bhAva hai| unakA yaha Akroza unakI apanI dhArmika AsthA kA eka kAraNa hai| isI taraha vidyApremiyoM ke mana meM rAjanaitika pravRttiyoM ke prati anAsthA mUlaka dRSTi bhI hai| aisI sthiti meM mAnavIya mUlya vyAvahArika dharAtala para prazna-cinha kI sthiti meM haiN| __ aba hama rASTrIyatA kA vizleSaNa rASTra vizeSa ke aitihAsika saMdarbha meM kara sakate haiN| rASTrIyatA ke jo cAra sAmAnya tattva pIche batalAe gaye haiM, unameM se dUsare tattva ke vyAvahArika pahalU para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| isI taraha tIsarA tattva bhI vicAraNIya hai| dUsare tattva ke antargata aitihAsika bodha hai aura tIsare ke antargata rAjanaitika vyavasthA hai| ye donoM hI tattva aise haiM jo rASTrIyatA ke lie cunautI kA kAma karate haiN| rASTrIyatA kA nirmANa jina tattvoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai, ve tattva rAjanaitika vyavasthA se sambadha rakhane ke kAraNa gatizIla hote haiN| aitihAsika bodha aura rAjanaitika vyavasthA donoM hI tattva gatizIla haiN| aitihAsika bodha badalatA hai, to rAjanaitika vyavasthA badalatI hai| aura rAjanaitika vyavasthA badalatI hai, to rASTrIyatA badalatI hai / isa dRSTi se rASTrIyatA para vicAra karate samaya rASTra ke aitihAsika bodha para vicAra karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai aura isa mAdhyama se dharma kA rASTrIyatA para jo prabhAva hai, use spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai / Upara ke vizleSaNa se eka bAta spaSTa ho gaI ki aba dharma kA prabhAva antarrASTrIya stara para utanA nahIM hai jitanA madhyakAla meM thaa| arthAt Aja vizva zAnti ko dharma kA khatarA nahIM hai| dharma ke kAraNa aba vizva meM yuddha nahIM hogaa| vizva kA itihAsa-bodha isa dRSTi se kAphI samunnata ho gayA hai / Aja vietanAma meM kucha gar3abar3a hotI hai yA baMgalA deza mukta

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dharma aura mUlya 57 hotA hai, to usakA prabhAva sAre vizva kI rAjanIti para par3atA hai| isa artha meM vizva kA itihAsa-bodha unnata ho gayA hai, kahA jA rahA hai| yahA~ taka ki pratyeka rASTra apanI rASTrIya nIti kA nirdhAraNa karate samaya antarrASTrIya paristhitiyoM kA dhyAna rakhanA sIkha rahe haiM / isa artha meM (antarrASTrIya paristhitiyoM kA dhyAna rakhane ke saMdarbha meM) koI bhI rASTra dhArmika nIti kA anusaraNa nahIM kara sktaa| yadi koI rASTra dharmonmAda ke AdhAra para jIne kA prayatna karegA to antarrASTrIya paristhitiyA~ usa rASTra ko apanI nIti badalane para majabUra kara degI / itihAsa aura rAjanIti ke vidyArthI isa bAta ko acchI taraha jAnate haiN| aba dharma kA prabhAva rASTra ke bhItara hai| yaha prabhAva rASTra ko saMskRti ke rUpa meM svIkRta ho rahA hai aura abhivyakti pA rahA hai| - eka rASTra meM Aja anekoM dharma ke loga rahate haiN| saba dharmoM kI samAja vyavasthA bhinna-bhinna hai / unakI yaha bhinnatA vizeSa rUpa se AcAra, vyavahAra, bhASA tathA jIva-jagata-Izvara sambandhI mAnyatAoM ko lekara hai / isa bhinnatA meM sAmAnya tattva bhI haiM, jo sArI mAnava jAti ke lie samAna haiM / ina sAmAnya tattvoM ke AdhAra para hI saba dharmoM ke loga milajula kara rahate haiN| vivAda usa samaya paidA hotA hai, jaba eka dharma ke loga dUsare dharma ko heya dRSTi se dekhate haiN| dekhate hI nahIM, dUsaroM ko sahana karane ke lie taiyAra nahIM hote / yaha sthiti dharmonmAda kI ha / dharmonmAda AvegoM se paricAlita hotA hai aura saMkhyA ke AdhAra para ise bala milatA hai| dharma kI zakti saMghazakti hotI hai aura isakA niyaMtraNa vizvAsa ke AdhAra para hotA hai / yadi isako rAjanaitika samarthana prApta hai, to yaha saMghazakti aura bar3ha jAtI hai| usa sthiti meM dharma ko rASTrIya rUpa meM abhihita karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai / isa tulanA meM ve dharma jinheM rAjanaitika rUpa meM samarthana prApta nahIM hotA, ve upekSaNIya rahate haiM / ve apane dharma kA pAlana vaiyaktika adhikAra ke nAte karate haiM aura apanI-apanI saMghazakti ke AdhAra para apane astitva ko banAe rakhate haiM / kisI bhI dharma para coTa hotI hai to saMgha usake pIche khar3A ho jAtA hai aura apane astitva ke lie lar3atA hai| yahA~ taka ki pArivArika evaM samAja vyavasthA kA vidhAna dharma ke AdhAra para banA huA hI vyavahRta hotA dekhA gayA hai| usakI vyAvahArika upayogitA ko dekhakara sarakAra svayaM nyAyAlaya meM nyAya kI vyavasthA dharmazAstroM ke AdhAra para karatI hai / bahuta se pArivArika, vaivAhika, sAmAjika, uttarAdhikAra sambandhI evaM anya aneka nirNaya dharma ke AdhAra para nizcita hote haiN| dharma kA yaha zAsana rAjanaitika zAsana se bhI adhika kaThora hai aura isase vyakti apane

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58 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA ko pratibaddha mAnatA bhI hai / dharma ke isa vyApaka aura vyAvahArika upayoga ko dekhakara koI bhI rAjanaitika zakti yadi use apanI zakti ko banAye rakhanA hai, to isa zakti kI upekSA nahIM kara sktii| isa sthiti meM dharma kA prabhAva rASTra ke aitihAsika - bodha ko sIdhA prabhAvita karatA rahatA hai, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai / yahIM para rAjanaitika vyavasthA para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| rAjanaitika vyavasthA ( sarakAra koI bhI ho ) jisa AdhAra para calatI rahatI hai, usase rASTrIyatA prabhAvita hotI hai / rAjataMtra sainikataMtra athavA lokataMtra ho, sAmyavAdI taMtra yA anya kisI prakAra kA taMtra ho, sabhI sthitiyoM meM rASTrIyatA alagaalaga hogI / pratyeka taMtra ke apane guNa-doSa haiM, jinase rAjanIti ke vidyArthI acchI taraha paricita haiN| rASTrIyatA ke saMdarbha meM taMtravizeSa kA ullekha isalie Avazyaka hai kyoM ki rASTrIya nIti kA nirdhAraNa isa taMtra ke vidhAna ke 'anusAra hotA hai / kisI rASTra kI sArI pravRttiyA~ rAjanaitika pravRttiyoM se paricAlita rahatI haiM kintu rASTra kI rAjanaitika pravRttiyA~ rASTra kI anya pravRttiyoM (rASTra ke bhItara kI anya pravRttiyoM) kA pariNAma hotI haiM / aisI sthiti meM kisI rASTra ke bhItara yadi rAjanaitika parivartana hotA hai, to yaha parivartana rASTrIya parivartana ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai / baMgalA deza ke nirmANa meM baMgalA deza ke bhItara cala rahe rAjanaitika saMgharSa kA pariNAma hai / pAkistAna kA itihAsa batalAtA hai ki pAkistAna kA rAjanaitika taMtra vahA~ kI janatA ko mAnya nahIM rahA / pUrva aura pazcima kA yaha bheda dharma ke AdhAra para jur3a nahIM sakA / sainika taMtra se janatA trasta rahI aura taMtra badalane ke AzvAsanoM kA pariNAma viphala dekhakara pUrva baMgAla mukta baMgalA deza meM parivartita ho gayA / yaha saba likhane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki rASTra ke bhItara rASTrIyatA ko badalane ke lie ( rAjanaitika vyavasthA ko badalane ke lie ) saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai / yaha saMgharSa pUre rASTra ke rAjanaitika vyavasthA ko badalatA hai aura sAdhAraNa rUpa se sarakAra ko badalane para vivaza karatA hai / ataH pratyeka rASTra kI sarakAra isa bAta ke lie prayatnazIla rahatI hai ki sAmayika rAjanaitika samasyAoM kA sakriya samAdhAna prastuta kareM / isa samAdhAna meM yadi sarakAra viphala ho jAtI hai to rASTra ke bhItara hI saMgharSa chir3a jAtA hai aura sarakAra isameM ulajha jAtI hai / sattAdhArI ( sarakArI zAsana se sambandha ) zAsana ko sthira banAye rakhane ke lie prayatna karate rahate haiM, jaba ki sattA se bAhara rahanevAle loga zAsana ko

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dharma aura mUlya (sarakAra ko) badalane ke prayatna meM rahate haiN| yaha saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai / isa saMgharSa meM jo pravRttiyAM svarUpa grahaNa karatI rahatI haiM, una pravRttiyoM kA vizleSaNa rASTrIyatA ke saMdarbha meM hI kiyA jA sakatA hai / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki rASTrIyatA kA vyAvahArika rUpa yahI hotA hai / ataH jaba rASTrIyatA kA sambandha dharma se yA kisI anya tattva se jor3akara hama usakA vizleSaNa karane lagate hai, to hamArA dhyAna rASTra kI rAjanaitika pravRttiyoM kI ora hI jAtA hai| rASTrIyatA aura dharma donoM hI sAmAnya rUpa se vyakti ke naitika mUlyoM ko prabhAvita karate rahate haiN| kisI rASTra para jaba bAhya rUpa se AkramaNa ho jAtA hai yA rASTra apane rASTrIya mUlyoM ke lie ulajha jAtA hai, usa samaya rASTrIya mUlya rASTra meM adhika sajaga rahate haiN| isa samaya rASTrIyatA kI duhAI dI jAtI hai aura janajIvana meM utsarga aura tyAga kI bhAvanA jagAI jAtI hai| sAmUhika hita ke lie saba saMghabaddha hokara kAma karate haiM aura pratyeka nAgarika rASTrIya mUlyoM kI rakSA ke lie anya mUlyoM ko upekSita karatA hai| isa sthiti meM rASTrIyatA ko naitika mAna milatA hai| isa samaya meM dhArmika bhedabhAva hI nahIM, anya prakAra ke sAmAjika bhedabhAva bhI bhulA diye jAte haiN| kintu yaha sthiti bahuta samaya taka banI nahIM rhtii| bAhaya AkramaNa ke samaya meM (videzI nIti ke mAmale meM ) rASTra eka ho sakatA hai kintu rASTra ke bhItara rASTrIya hitoM para jaba vicAra hotA hai aura usa vicAra meM bhI jaba janajIvana ke hitoM kI ghoSaNA sarakAra kI ora se hotI hai aura usakA viparIta pariNAma jaba janatA anubhava karatI hai, to usa sthiti meM anya pravRttiyA~ prabala ho jAtI haiN| kahanA yaha hai ki vyakti ko naitika mUlya sadaiva sarakAra ( koI bhI rASTrIya sarakAra ) kI ora se prApta nahIM hote| sthAyI rUpa se naitika mUlyoM kI prApti dharma ke dvArA ho hotI hai / ina mUlyoM kA prabhAva vyakti para adhika hotA hai| sarakAra kI zakti vaijJAnika sAdhanoM kI saMghabaddha zakti hotI hai| isa zakti ke bala para vaha apanI nIti ko manavAne kA prayala bhI karatI hai kintu janatA kA manobala yadi U~cA hai aura yadi vaha sarakAra kA sAmanA karane ke lie kaTibaddha hai, to vaha sarakAra badala detI hai| yaha saba kucha rASTra ke apane itihAsa-bodha para nirbhara hai| dharma ke dvArA naitika mUlyoM kA bodha vyakti ko paramparA rUpa meM prApta hote haiN| ina mUlyoM ko zikSA ke kSetra meM adhika mAnyatA prApta na hone para bhI ( vijJAna ko mAnyatA prApta hai ) ye mUlya parivAra aura samAja ke AdhAra para tathA dharmaguruoM ke AdhAra para vyakti ko prApta ho jAte haiM /

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60 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA zikSA ke dvArA vaijJAnika mAnyatAoM kA bodha bar3hA hai aura isase rASTrIya mUlyoM ke pracAra-prasAra meM sahAyatA mila rahI hai / kintu isa zikSA ke bAvajUda mAnavIya mUlyoM ke lie Aja bhI bahuta bar3A AdhAra dharma hI hai / zikSitoM ( Aja kI zikSA ke anusAra ) adhikAra bodha kI bhAvanA bar3hI hai| isa bhAvanA ne rAjanaitika zaktiyoM ko cunautI dI hai aura rAjanaitika zaktiyA~ isa adhikAra kA samAdhAna tAttvika dharAtala para nahIM de sktii| isase asaMtoSa kI bhAvanA janajIvana meM bar3hatI jA rahI hai| aisI sthiti meM dharma hI unheM phira zAnti pradAna karane meM sahAyaka ho sakatA hai / zikSA ke kAraNa, vaijJAnika mAnyatAoM ke bodha ke kAraNa dharma para se aba AsthA uThatI pratIta ho rahI hai / eka prakAra se dharma ke AdhAra para AsthA kI khoja meM mAnava saMlagna hai, aisA kahA jA sakatA hai| eka ora vijJAna kI zikSA jahA~ manuSya ko pravRtti kI ora ( adhikAra bodha kI ora ) le jA rahI hai, vahA~ dharma kI zikSA manuSya ko ( kartavya bodha kI ora ) tyAga kI ora yA nivRtti kI ora le jAtI hai| ina donoM ke santulana meM jIvana hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se dharma kA naitika mUlyoM para adhika prabhAva hone ke kAraNa samAja meM alikhita vidhAna kAryarata rahatA hai / likhita vidhAna ( saMvidhAna ) rASTrIya mUlyoM kA dyotaka hai, jaba ki alikhita vidhAna dhArmika vidhAna kA dyotaka hai / Upara dharma aura rASTrIyatA donoM kA yaha vizleSaNa sAmAnya gharAtala para prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| isa vizleSaNa meM mAnavIya mUlya kI sthiti ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / rASTrIya mUlya kisI vyakti ko kisI rASTra meM usI samaya prApta ho sakate haiM, jaba ki vaha usa rASTra kA nAgarika hai / rASTrIya mUlyoM kI rAjanaitika sImAeM hai / ina sImAoM ke kAraNa mAnavIya mUlyoM kI hAni hotI hai / rAjanaitika sImAoM ko tyAgane ke bAda manuSya ke sAtha jo mUlya raha jAte haiM, ve dhArmika mUlya hote hai aura isa dharma meM sAmAnya rUpa se pAo jAnevAle mAnavIya mUlya hI prabala hote haiM / ina mAnavIya mUlyoM kI rakSA antarrASTrIya vidhAna ke anusAra bhale hI hotI hoM kintu saccAI yaha hai ft vyAvahArika dharAtala para dhArmika mUlya hI adhika sahAyaka hote haiN| rASTrIya mUlya kA sambandha rAjanaitika adhikAroM se hai / isa adhikAra kA bodha itihAsa bodha (rASTra vizeSa kA apanA itihAsa - bodha) ke AdhAra para hotA hai| yaha bodha Aja Avazyaka hI nahIM anivArya sA ho gayA hai| aba AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki isa bodha meM AsthA ke nirmANa ke lie prayatna ho / rASTrIyatA dharma se baddha hote hue apane sAtha kisI vizeSaNa ko nahIM jor3a sakatI / dharma ke sAmAnya tattvoM ko jinakA sambandha mAnavIya mUlyoM se hai,

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dharma aura mUlya unase sambaddha hokara hI rASTrIyatA janajIvana meM AsthA kA nirmANa kara sakatI hai| dharma-nirapekSatA kA artha dharmarahita honA na ho| dharma-nirapekSatA kA artha bhI dharma ke sAmAnya mUla tatvoM se ho, una mUla tattvoM se jo saba dharmoM se sambaddha haiN| sApekSa dharma nIti rASTrIyatA ke liye hAniprada hai usI taraha nirapekSa nIti bhI hAniprada ho sakatI hai / isa nirapekSatA se bacce ke lie taTasthatA kI nIti ke bajAya dharma ke sAmAnya tattvoM ke AdhAra para AsthA ke nirmANa kI AvazyakatA hai| bhAratavarSa ne ina paccIsa barasoM meM jo saphalatAeM ajita kI haiM, usake pIche dharma-nirapekSa nIti hai aura isa nIti kI saphalatA kA saba se bar3A udAharaNa baMgalA deza kA nirmANa hai| isa satya ko vizva ke anya rASTra aba svIkAra kara rahe haiN|

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sAhitya rASTrIya bhAvanAoM ko vyakta karane vAlA sAhitya, rASTrIya sAhitya kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra ke sAhitya meM deza prema kI bhAvanA prabala hotI hai| kSetra ke prati rAgAtmaka bhAva kI abhivyakti isa prakAra ke sAhitya meM hotI hai aura isa taraha kI racanAe~ vizeSa prakAra kI paristhitiyoM meM likhI jAtI haiN| jaba taka kisI jAti yA saMskRti kA anya jAti yA saMskRti se saMgharSa nahIM hotA taba taka isa prakAra kI racanAe~ nahIM likhI jaatii| aisI sthiti meM jAti ko eka karane ke lie deza kI sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA guNagAna kara usake prati jana-jIvana meM moha paidA kiyA jAtA hai aura usakI surakSA meM sAmUhika hita yA kalyANa kA bhAva rakhate hue-jo Age bar3hatA hai, saMgharSa karatA hai aura vijayI bana jAtA hai, vaha janatA kA zraddhA bhAjana bana jAtA hai| rASTrIya sAhitya meM isI prakAra kI cetanA kA bhAva hotA hai / sAdhAraNataH rASTrIya-sAhitya kA yahI artha liyA jAtA hai| vIroM kA gAna, yuddha-gIta, AtmabalidAna kI. gAthAe~, saMskRti aura sabhyatA kA guNagAna, mAtRbhUmi ke prati prema kI bhAvanA ke gIta Adi rASTrIya sAhitya ke atargata A sakate haiN| rASTrIya sAhitya meM paramparA ke prati moha hotA hai| vaha vartamAna kI apekSA bhUta kI adhika cintA hI nahIM karatA balki usakI surakSA kA Agraha bhI karatA hai| rASTrIya sAhitya eka A. rA.-5

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA prakAra se jAgaraNa kA sAhitya hai / jaba deza yA jAti apane gaurava ko bhUlane lagatI hai, yA usakA patana hone lagatA hai yA usakI AtmA ko jabaradasta dhakkA lagatA hai to rASTrIya sAhitya kA sRjana honA atyAvazyaka ho jAtA hai / yahI sAhitya unameM sAmUhika utthAna kA bhAva paidA kara sakatA hai / atIta kI gaurava gAthAe~ unameM phira AtmAbhimAna kA bhAva jAgrata karatI haiM / khoyA huA bala unheM prApta hotA hai aura phira ve Age bar3hane meM samartha hote haiM / 66 sAhitya - koza ke anusAra- " rASTrIya sAhitya ke antargata vaha samasta sAhitya liyA jA sakatA hai jo kisI deza kI jAtIya vizeSatAoM kA paricAyaka ho / isa prakAra ke sAhitya meM jAti kA samasta rAgAtmaka svarUpa usake utthAna - patana Adi kA vivaraNa A sakatA hai| usakA honA eka prakAra se anivArya hI hai / isa dRSTi se sAhitya ke prAyaH ve sabhI grantha jo kisI deza kI sabhyatA, saMskRti, dharma Adi ko vyakta karanevAle haiM, rASTrIya sAhitya ke antargata A jAe~ge " / rASTrIya - sAhitya kA yaha artha vyApaka rUpa meM hogA / rASTrIya - sAhitya kI vizeSatAe~ 1. rASTrIya sAhitya kisI deza kI sAMskRtika, dhArmika, sAmAjika paramparAoM se preraNA lekara usake AdhAra para rASTra meM cetanA paidA karanevAlA sAhitya hai / 2. rASTrIya sAhitya itihAsa kI vyAkhyA sAmayika paristhitiyoM ke anumAra karatA hai - vizeSataH rASTra ke hita ko lakSya meM rakhakara - isase rASTrIya bhAvanA kA vikAsa hotA hai / 3 rASTrIya sAhitya- deza kI vartamAna sAmAjika, dhArmika aura sAMskRtika yathArtha dazA kA varNana karate hue -- deza ke uddhAra yA kalyANa kI preraNA detA hai / 4. bhUbhAga ( deza vizeSa ke ), prajA, bhASA sAhitya Adi ke prati anurAga prakaTa karate hue rASTrIya bhAvanAoM ko puSTa karatA hai / 1. hindI sAhitya - koza - ( prathama saMskaraNa) pR. 653

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sAhitya FG 5. rASTra ke ujjvala bhaviSya nirmANa ke prati udbodhana kA bhAva ' usameM hotA hai| 6. rASTrIya sAhitya meM pradhAnataH AtmasammAna kA bhAva hotA hai aura vaha usa bhAva ko jAgrata karanA cAhatA hai 7. rASTrIya sAhitya meM deza yA jAti ko saMgaThita karane kI zakti hotI hai-vaha sAMskRtika bhAvanA ko ubhAra kara karma karane kI preraNA detA hai| 8. sAhityika dRSTi se rASTrIya sAhitya vIrarasa pradhAna hotA hai 9. abhivyakti kauzala kI dRSTi se yaha sAhitya bhASaNa kalA ke samAna udbodhanAtmaka hotA hai| rASTrIya sAhitya banAma vIrarasa kA sAhitya rASTrIya sAhitya kI eka baDI vizeSatA hai sAmUhika utthAna ke lie karma karane kI preraNA denA / karma ke lie utsAha kI AvazyakatA hai| utsAha vIra rasakA sthAyI bhAva hai / ataH rASTrIya sAhitya vIrarasa kA sAhitya hotA hai| rASTrIya sAhitya meM deza prema kI bhAvanA prabala hotI hai, ataH isa prakAra ke sAhitya meM jahA~ deza ke gaurava kA gAna hogA, usakI garimA kA varNana hogA, vahAM zraddhA aura bhakti kI vyaJjanA hogii| isI taraha jahA~ deza kI dayanIya avasthA kA varNana hogA vahA~ karuNA kI vyaJjanA hogii| kintu isa prakAra ke varNanoM ke pIche bhI kavi kA mUla uddezya karma kI preraNA hI hai kyoM ki karma samAja kA poSaka hai| ataH rASTrIya sAhitya mUlata: vIra rasa kA sAhitya hI hotA hai| aura rasoM kA varNana AnuSaMgika rUpa meM ho sakatA hai| rASTrIya sAhitya meM jahA~ bhI deza para mara miTane kI, deza ke uddhAra yA kalyANa kI bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti hotI hai, vahA~ utsAha kI pradhAna rUpa se abhivyakti hotI hai| hA~, eka bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai--vIratA ke varNana meM arthAt utsAha yA karma meM-deza ke uddhAra kI yA sAmUhika utthAna kI yA rASTra kI unnata bhAvanA kA honA Avazyaka hai / tabhI vIra rasa kA sAhitya rASTrIya sAhitya khlaaegaa| kyA rASTrIya sAhitya sAmayika sAhitya hai ? rASTrIya sAhitya samaya kI AvazyakatA se likhA jAtA hai, isa dRSTi se ise sAmayika sAhitya ke antargata rakhA jA sakatA hai| usakA mUlya apane .

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68 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA samaya meM jitanA hotA hai, utanA yugAntara meM nhiiN| eka prakAra se usakA malya aitihAsika ho jAtA hai / DaoN. devarAja likhate haiM " vaha sAhitya jo aitihAsika mahattva ko prApta karatA hai, svabhAvata: yuga jIvana ke tattvoM se grathita hotA hai-vaha apane samaya ke sAmAjika yathArtha ko prakaTa yA pratiphalita karatA hai| sAtha hI vaha apane jIvana kA dizA-nirdeza bhI karatA hai, vaha yuga jIvana ko badalane kA astra bhI bana jAtA hai|"1 DaoN. devarAja ne 'badalane' kI isa preraNA kA sambandha kalAkAra aura janatA meM badale hue yathArtha se jor3A hai| rASTrIya sAhitya meM ye vizeSatA hotI hai| sAhitya yuga kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti karatA hai / yuga kA prabhAva do rUpoM meM hotA hai pratyakSa aura aprtykss| sAhitya meM jahA~ vyakti kI bhAvAtmaka samasyAoM aura anubhUtiyoM kI abhivyattki hotI hai, vahA~ sAmAjika samAsyAoM kI abhivyakti bhI hotI hai / prathama yadi manovaijJAnika yA manovizleSaNAtmaka sAhitya hai, to dvitIya sAmAjika sAhitya hai| rASTrIya sAhitya sAmAjika sAhitya kA hI eka aMga hai| vaiyaktika samasyAoM aura anubhUtiyoM ko lekara likhe jAne vAle sAhitya kI apekSA sAmAjika samAsyAoM ko lekara likhe jAne vAle sAhitya para yuga kI chApa adhika pratyakSa rUpa meM par3atI hai| rASTrIya sAhitya meM isa dRSTi se yuga kA yathArtha hotA hai| pratyeka yuga meM sArA sAhitya sAmAyika hI hotA hai / prAya : apane yuga kI samasyA ko lekara pratyakSa rUpa se prabhAvita karanevAle sAhitya ko sAmAjika sAhitya kahate haiM / kintu vyakti ke sArvajanIna bhAvoM ko vyApaka rUpa se vyakta karane vAlA sAhitya bhI-cAhe vaha kisI rUpa meM ho-yuga dharma se bhinna nahIM hotA / itanA hI hai ki aise sahitya para yugadharma kI chApa apratyakSa rUpa meM paDatI hai| sAmAjika aura zAzvata zabda sApekSa haiN| sAmayika sAhitya kA mUlya kSaNika hI hogA, aisI bAta nhiiN| yadi sAmayika samasyA ko lekara likhI gaI racanA manuSya ke hArdika bhAvoM ko chU sakatI hai yA udbodhana karane meM vaha samartha hai to unakA mUlya yugAntara meM bhI avazya hotA hai| jimarana ke anusAra- " rASTrIyatA kA prazna sAmUhika jIvana, sAmUhika vikAsa aura sAmUhika AtmasammAna se sambaddha hai" 2 isa dRSTise sAhitya 1. Adhunika samIkSA- DaoN. devarAja- pR. 18 2. hindI sAhitya koza (prathama saMskaraNa ) pa. saM. 653

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sAhitya 69 kA sambandha sAmUhika jIvana se hotA hai / Aja ke yuga meM rASTrIya bhAvanA kA jo vikAsa ho rahA hai, vaha sAmUhika unnati cAhatA hai, bhedabhAva ko dUra kara ke vaha mAnavavAda kA sandeza detA hai / rASTrIya sAhitya sAmUhika rUpa se sarjanA - tmaka karma karane kI preraNA detA hai / vaha janasamAja kI icchAoM, saMkalpoM tathA AkAMkSAoM meM tAtvika samanvaya upasthita karatA hai / vizuddha rUpa meM rASTrIya sAhitya isI prakAra kA honA cAhie / isa dRSTi se jo sAhitya zivaM yA lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA kA samarthana karanevAlA hogA usakA mUlya sAmayika ke sAtha sArvakAlika bhI hogA / ( sAhitya - sandeza AgarA meM apraila 1963 meM ' rASTrIya sAhitya zIrSaka se prakAzita )

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itihAsa rASTrIya bhAvanA kA udaya vizva ke itihAsa meM sarvaprathama bhArata meM hI huA / rASTra kA saba se prathama upAdAna hai bhaugolika sImA kA jJAna aura usake prati anurAga / ye donoM hI bAteM hameM prAcIna sAhitya meM milatI haiM, jo tatkAlIna rASTrIya bhAvanA ko vyakta karatI haiM / bhArata ke prAyaH sabhI loga deza kI bhaugolika ekatA ko svIkAra karate the / rAdhAkumuda mukarjI ne likhA hai-- "eka jAti ke rUpa meM bhAratavAsiyoM ne apane mAtRdeza ke bhautika vyaSThitva ko bahuta pahale anubhava kara liyA thA / unheM vaha Avazyaka mUrta AdhAra pahale hI prApta ho cukA thA jisa para rASTravAda kI bhAvanA kA nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA thA / " 1 bhaugolika ekatA kA anubhava karate hue yahA~ ke nivAsI apanI mAtRbhUmi se prema karate the / svayaM atharvaveda meM mAtRbhUmi ke prati 63 bhAvukatApUrNa prArthanAeM haiN| dezAnurAga dezabhakti kI bhAvanA to thI hI isake sAtha-sAtha isa deza ke nivAsiyoM me AtmasammAna kA bhAva bhI thA / rASTrIya bhAvanA meM AtmasammAna kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai kyoMki yahI bhAvanA unameM aura bhAvanAoM ko bala detI hai / rAdhAkumuda mukarjI manusmRti kA AdhAra dete hue likhate haiM- hindU apane antastala meM yaha vizvAsa karate haiM ki unakA deza Izvara dvArA vizeSa rUpa se cunA gayA deza hai, jahA~ loga aMtima mokSa ke yogya banane ke liye paidA hote haiN| yaha usa viSaya meM 1. hindU saMskRti meM rASTravAda - rAdhAkumuda mukarjI -- pR. 48 / 18

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74 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA rASTrIya vizvAsa ko nirUpita karatI hai aura manusmRti kA vaha saMdarbha kAvya kA rUpaka mAtra nahIM hai balki sAre deza meM vyApta aura gaharAI se anubhava kI jAne vAlI rASTrIya bhAvanA kI abhivyakti hai / mAtRbhUmi ko usakI saMtAna saba jagaha svarga se bhI adhika pavitra aura svaya devatAoM ke nivAsa ke yogya samajhate haiN|" prAcIna kAla kA bhArata varNAzrama kI vyavasthA meM vizvAsa karanevAlA thaa| brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zadra saba ke apane-apane karma nizcita the / samAja vyavasthA isI prakAra kI thii| sAmAjika aura dhArmika niyamoM ke vidhAtA brAhmaNa loga the aura ye isa mAmale meM rAjA mahArAjAoM kA hastakSepa nahIM cAhate the| rAjA mahArAjA unakI sukha-suvidhA kA pUrA dhyAna rakhate the| rAjA kA dharma brAhmaNoM kI sevA karanA va unheM icchita vastue~ dekara prasanna karanA thA / aitareya brAhmaNa meM ( ai. brA. 8, 1 ) kahA gayA hai ki jo napati brAhmaNoM kI zreSThatA svIkAra nahIM karegA vaha naSTa ho jaaegaa| aisI sthiti meM yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki samAja meM yaha varga zaktizAlI thaa| sAmAjika vidhAna ke banAne vAle aura dharmazAstra ke racayitA yahI loga the| isa kAla kI rASTrIya bhAvanAoM ko puSTa karane meM isa varga kA mahattvapUrNa yoga rhaa| samAja ke sabhI vargoM ke dvArA inakA Adara hotA thaa| ye eka rAjya se ( ina dinoM ke rAjya choTe choTe hote the| mahAbhASya meM nimna dezoM ke nAma Aye haiM-- ajamIDha, aMga, ambaSTha, avanti, ikSvAku, uzInara, RSika, kaDera, kaliMga, kazmIra, kAzi, kunti, kuru, kerala, kosalara .."Adi Adi ) dUsare rAjya meM jAte aura saba jagaha dAna dakSiNA pAte the / prAya: ye loga dharma kA pracAra karate, adhyayana aura adhyApana kA kAma karate yA vaiyaktika saadhnaa| isa varga ne dharma ke AdhAra para bhAratIya janatA meM rASTrIya bhAvanA ke vikAsa meM apanA yoga diyA hai / dharma kA rASTrIya bhAvanA se gaharA sambandha hai| saca to yaha hai ki dharma kI ekatA kI bhAvanA ne hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko aba taka jIvita rakhA 1. hindU saMskRti meM rASTravAda - rAdhAkumuda mukarjI --pR. 28 / 2. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa--DA. pANDuraMga vAmana kANe--dvitIya bhAga ( hindI samiti prakAzana ) anuvAdaka : arjuna caube kAzyapa --ukta pustaka meM inake atirikta prAcIna bhArata ke aneka rAjyoM ke nAma diye hue haiN|

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itihAsa hai| dharma naitika kartRtva kA janaka hai aura dhArmika niyamoM kA naitika anuvartana vaiyaktika tathA sAmAjika jIvana ko saMgaThita tathA zaktizAlI banAtA hai| DAkTara vizvanAtha prasAda varmA ne likhA hai-- "mAnava ko kSudratA tathA svArtha ke atikramaNa kA saMdeza tathA vizAla vRttoM se tAdAtmya prApta karane vAlA karmayoga kA saMdeza bhI dharma se hI prApta hotA hai| jaba dharma ahaM bhAvotkramaNakArI AtmaprasAraNAtmaka karmayoga kA upadeza detA hai taba rASTravAda kA vaha vyApaka dharAtala prastuta karatA hai...... dharma jAtoya saMskRti aura paramparA kA rakSaNa kara rASTravAda kA Thosa AdhAra puSTa karatA hai|'' prAcIna bhArata kI rASTrIya bhAvanA meM dharma kA tattva hI prabala thaa| phira ye dharma hindU ho, baudhda ho yA jaina ( una dinoM bhArata ke yahI pramukha dharma the| ) inameM hindU dharma kA sthAna adhika mahattvapUrNa thaa| rAjA mahArAjAoM dvArA ina dharmoM ko prazraya milatA thaa| vizvAmitra ke Adeza para mahArAjA dazaratha ko apane lADale rAma ko unake sAtha bhejanA pdd'aa| vaziSTha kI AjJA se rAjA dazaratha kArya karate the| IzvarasiMha baisa ne likhA hai-- " prAcIna bhArata kA rAjA sAmAjika va dhArmika saMsthAoM kI muhara mAtra hotA thaa| kisI bhI sudhAra yA mAnyatAoM kI sthApanA rAjA ke hAtha meM nahIM hotI thI aura na hI yaha rAjya ke kAryakSetra meM zAmila hotI thii|" 2 rAjanaitika dRSTi se bhArata eka na hone para bhI sAMskRtika dRSTi se eka thaa| bAta yaha thI ki bhAratIya saMskRti ne rAjanaitika bhAvanA ko utanA adhika mahattva nahIM diyaa| (jitanA Aja diyA jA rahA hai| ) dharma aura saMskRti ke sambandha meM bhArata kA dRSTikoNa prArabhbha se hI bar3A vyApaka rahA hai| jIvana meM unhIM kA mahattva hai| bhAratIya janatA isa loka kI apekSA paraloka ko yA mukti kI adhika ciMtA karatI AI hai| jIvana ke vizvAsoM ke AdhAra bhautikatA kI tulanA meM AdhyAtmikatA ke adhika rahe haiN| isI se upaniSadoM kI racanA bhArata meM saMbhava ho skii| rAdhAkumuda mukarjI ne ThIka hI likhA- " bhArata kA bhAratavAsiyoM kI mAtRbhUmi ke rUpa meM vikAsa brahmAMDa ke usa prakrama ke anusAra hI huA hai , jo brahma ko ghaTa meM aura ghaTa ko brahma meM prakaTa karatA hai| yahA~ koI aisI saMkIrNa saMskRti nahIM hai jo sArvabhaumikatA se rahita ho aura na koI aisI kalpita saMskRti hai jo AzrayahIna aura isIliye niSphala ho| 1. rAjanIti aura darzana--DA0 vizvanAtha prasAda varmA--pR0 221 / 2. prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana-IzvarasiMha baisa--saritA, pharavarI-1962 pR0 76 / . . . 3. hindU saMskRti meM rASTravAda--rAdhAkumuda mukarjI-pR0 90 /

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA bhArata kI bhaugolika ekatA kA ullekha purANoM meM hai| bhAratavarSa himAlaya aura dakSiNI samudroM ke madhya ke sAre bhU-bhAga ko batAyA gayA hai| isa deza bhara meM jagaha-jagaha tIrthasthAna hai| yaha yahA~ kI janatA ke dhArmika utsAha kA pariNAma hai| mukarjI ne likhA hai- " tIrthayAtrA kI saMsthA aMtatogatvA mAtRbhUmi ke prati prema kI abhivyakti hai, yaha deza kI pUjA kI lAkSaNika hindU rItiyoM meM se eka hai"" tIrthasthAnoM kA jAla bhArata bhara meM uttara, dakSiNa, pUrva aura pazcima cAroM ora phailA huA hai| ye isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki bhArata kI janatA apanI mAtRbhUmi ke prati pUjya bhAva rakhatI thii| dhArmika puNya, AdhyAtmika lAbha ke sAtha-sAtha sthAna-prema bhaugolika mahattva kI dRSTi aura kalAtmaka abhivyakti ke tattva bhI isake kAraNIbhUta haiN| rASTrIya bhAvanA ke prasAra meM, rASTrIya bhAvanA kI abhivyakti meM, dharma aura saMskRti ke parirakSaNa meM bhASA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / saMskRta bhASA bhAratIya bhASAoM kI jananI hai aura yahI saMsAra kI sarvaprathama samRddha bhASA hai| isa bhASA ke sAhitya meM bhAratIya rASTrIya bhAvanA kI abhivyakti huI hai| bhAratIya dRSTi meM dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa jIvana ke lakSya mAne gye| inameM se pratyeka vibhAga kA apanA-apanA sAhitya vikasita huA hai| saMskRta bhASA kevala sAhityika dRSTi se hI nahIM, vicAra vinimaya vANijya-vyavasAya kI dRSTi se bhI mahattvapUrNa rhii| ise sAhityika, dhArmika mahattva to prApta thA hI, laukika mahattva bhI prApta thaa| isameM jo kucha likhA gayA, vaha deza bhara meM prAmANika gyaa| saMskRta kI prAmANikatA para Aja bhI bhAratIya janatA kI AsthA hai| isa bhASA kI mahattA kA jJAna isase bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bhArata kI Adhunika bhASAoM meM tamila ko chor3a kara anya sabhI bhASAoM meM saMskRta kI gaharI jaDeM jamI huI haiN| eka dRSTi se yadi ina bhASAoM me se saMskRta ko haTA diyA jAya to inakA astitva kyA rahegA? saMskRta ke bAda prAkRta bhASAoM aura tatpazcAt apabhraMza evaM dezI bhASAoM meM bhI saMskRta se zakti prApta kara deza kI paramparA ko banAye rakhane meM evaM rASTrIya bhAvanA ke vahana meM apanA yoga diyA hai| prAcIna bhArata kI rASTrIya bhAvanA kI vizeSatAoM ko aba saMkSepa meM * isa prakAra se kahA jA sakatA hai : 1. bhaugolika ekatA kI anubhUti rASTra ke pratyeka nAgarika meM thii| 1. hindU saMskRti meM rASTravAda--rAdhAkumuda mukarjI pR. 31

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itihAsa 77 2. bhAratabhUmi ke prati anurAga, zraddhA aura bhakti kA bhAva yahA~ ke nivAsiyoM meM thA aura sAtha hI usase sambadhda hone ke kAraNa AtmAbhimAna kA bhAva bhii| 3. rASTrIya dRSTi se dharma aura saMskRti kA sthAna rAjanIti se UMcA thaa| eka prakAra se rAjA loga isake saMrakSaka mAtra the| 4. tIrthasthAnoM kI saMsthA bhArata kI rASTrIya bhAvanA kI mUrta aura sajIva abhivyakti rahI jisameM AtmakalyANa, mAnavamAtra ke kalyANa ke sAtha-sAtha dezAnurAga aura bhaugolika ekatA kA bhAva bhI nihita thaa| 5. rASTrIya bhAvanA ke parirakSaNa aura prasAraNa meM saMskRta bhASA kA mahattvapUrNa yoga rahA aura isake pazcAt isI kI paramparA meM calane vAlI prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASA ne bhI samayAnusAra apane uttaradAyitva ko sNbhaalaa| prAcIna kAla kI rASTrIya bhAvanA meM samaya aura paristhitiyoM ke anusAra parivartana huaa| yadyapi rASTrIya bhAvanA ke mUlatattva vahI rahe kintu usa para rAjanIti kA raMga dhIre-dhIre car3hane lgaa| yavanoM, zakoM, kuSaNoM, hUNoMkirAtoM, araboM-turakoM tathA mugaloM ke krama-krama se AkramaNa bhinna-bhinna uddezyoM se hue aura isako pratikriyA bhI bhinna bhinna rUpa meM huI jisake vistAra meM jAne kI yahA~ AvazyakatA nahIM hai| yahA~ itanA hI kahanA abhipreta hai ki ina AkramaNoM ke phalasvarUpa java-jaba bhI yahA~ kI rASTrIya bhAvanA ko hAni pahuMcane kI AzaMkA huI taba-taba usake pratikAra kI ceSTA deza bhara meM haI hai| yaha pahale hI kaha diyA gayA hai ki aba taka rASTrIya bhAvanA meM rAjanIti kA sthAna itanA mahattvapUrNa nahIM thaa| DAkTara pANDuraMga vAmana kANe ne bhI isa sambandha meM likhA hai- " dhArmika dRSTikoNa se (rAjanaitika dRSTikoNa se nahIM) sabhI grathakAroM ne bhAratavarSa yA AryAvarta ke prati bhAvAtmaka sambandha jor3a rakhA thA aura sAre rASTra ko eka mAna rakhA thA, isa tathya ko svIkAra karane meM kisI ko saMdeha nahIM ho sktaa| Aja hama 'rASTrIyatA' zabda kA jo artha lagAte haiM, usake anusAra prAcIna bhAratIya rASTrIyatA meM hama zAsana sambandhI athavA rAjanaitika tattvakA abhAva pAte haiN|" 1 madhyakAla meM bhI . 1. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa - DaoN. pAMDuraMga vAmana kANe - ( dvitIya bhAga )-- pR. 642

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78 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA bhArata meM rASTrIya bhAvanA kA svarUpa prAyaH purAnA hI rhaa| bAhara se hone vAle AkramaNoM ke phalasvarUpa jo pratikriyA huI vaha sAmAjika, dhArmika aura sAMskRtika kSetroM meM hI huI / isa pratikriyA kA uddezya kevala rASTrIya bhAvanA kI surakSA mAtra thaa| jaba sAmAjika, dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika pratikriyA se bAhya zakti ko haTAnA kaThina ho gayA taba phira deza ko rAjanIti kI ora dhyAna dene kI AvazyakatA bhI huii| islAma kI gaddI dillI meM dRr3hatA ke sAtha sthApita ho gaI thii| yadyapi ye pahale rAjanaitika rUpa se sthApita huI thI aura jisameM yahA~ kI janatA ne vizeSa Apatti nahIM mAnI thI tathApi kAlAntara meM isa gaddI para virAjane vAle kucha bAdazAha aise bhI hue jinhoMne yahA~ kI rASTrIya bhAvanA ke mUlabhUta tattvoM ko hAni pahu~cAne kI koziza kii| allAuddIna khilajI isI prakAra kA bAdazAha thaa| bAda meM auraMgajeba kesamaya meM ye sthiti caramAvasthA para pahU~ca gii| esI sthiti meM sAmAjika aura dhArmika pratikriyA rAjanaitika zakti ke abhAva meM kucha nahIM kara sakatI thii| ata: isa samaya meM rASTrIya stara para rAjanaitika pratikriyA kA honA yuga ko Avazyaka mAMga yA pukAra thii| isa prakAra ko pratikriyA madhyakAla ke itihAsa meM sarvaprathama mahArASTra meM huI aura isake netA chatrapati zivAjI the| isa pratikriyA meM yoga dene vAle bundele, jATa, rAjapUta, sikkha Adi bhI pratyakSaapratyakSa rUpa se sammilita the| DAkTara sAvitrI sinhA ne likhA hai-- " isa samaya madhyakAlIna rAjanaitika vyavasthA kA AdhAra thA vyaktivAdI niraMkuza rAjatatra / isa prakAra kI vyavasthA meM zAsaka hI rASTra ke bhAgya kA vidhAtA, yugacetanA kA niyAmaka tathA kucha sImA taka eka viziSTa jIvana-darzana kA pratipAdaka bhI hotA hai| usake sArvabhauma vyaktitva meM samasta adhikAra kendrita rahate haiN| jaba zAsaka vijAtIya ho to isa vaiyaktika tattva kI niraMkuzatA aura bhI bar3ha jAtI hai| usako dRSTi yadi samanvayavAdI na huI to zAsaka tathA zAsita kA sambandha kevala zoSaka aura zoSita kA hI raha jAtA hai " 1 vAstava meM auraMgajeba kA yahI hAla thA / vyaktivAdI rAjataMtra para bhArata kI janatA kA vizvAsa thA hI sAthahI dillI kA bAdazAha Izvara ke rUpa meM bhI pUjA jAtA thaa| vahI bhArata kA samrATa bhI kahalatA thaa| janatA kI isa bhAvanA kI abhivyakti paMDitarAja jagannAtha dvArA huI hai| unhoMne apanI pustaka bhAminI 1. hindI sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga 6, rItibaddha kAvya saM. DAkTara nageMdra, pR. 1

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itihAsa vilAsa meM likhA hai| zakti ne jaba bhArata kI nimna rUpa meM huI / 79 dillIzvaro vA jagadIzvaro vA / ' aisI baDI' rASTrIya bhAvanA ko hAni pahu~cAI to usakI pratikriyA auraMgajeba ke pUrva akabara ke zAsanakAla se hI yA usase kucha purva hI bhakti kI lahara deza ke kone-kone meM phaila gaI thii| saMtoM, sAdhuoM, AcAryo aura bhaktoM ne deza ko madhyakAla meM yaha samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA ki bhArata sAMskRtika dRSTi se eka hai / zaMkarAcArya kA nAma inameM pramukha rUpa se liyA jA sakatA hai / bAda meM bhaktoM ne jo kevala uttara meM hI nahIM, mahArASTra karnATaka, Andhra Adi dakSiNI bhAgoM meM bhI-bhI AcAryoM ke ina vicAroM ko kAvya ke mAdhyama se janatA taka pahu~cAyA / jJAna aura bhakti kI 'tulanA meM bhakti ko zreSThatA kA pada milaa| mAnasa ke uttarakANDa aura vinayapatrikA meM tulasI ne isa para vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai / isI taraha sUra kA bhramaragItasAra bhI bhakti ko mahattva detA hai / isa kAla meM Ate-Ate auraMgajeba ne deza meM jAgI huI bhagavadbhakti kI dRSTi se -- janatA kI bhAvanAoM para kuThArAghAta kiyA to janatA para to isakI pratikriyA huI hI, saMta samAja para bhI isakI pratikriyA huii| unhoMne bhI yaha anubhava kiyA ki aba 41 hari-smaraNa " se kucha nahIM hogA / mahArASTra meM samartha rAmadAsa ne dAsabodha kI racanA nae Aloka meM yuga kI paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa kI / paMjAba meM bhI guru govindasiMha ne nAnaka ke darzana kI vyAkhyA isI dRSTikoNa se kI / unhoMne rAjanaitika jAgrati ko mahattva diyA / isa kAla kI rASTrIya bhAvanA meM sAMskRtika cetanA ke sAtha-sAtha rAjanaitika cetanA bhI sammilita hai / musalamAnoM ke Agamana ke bAda bhArata kI rASTrIya bhAvanA kA hrAsa ho gayA thA / unake atyAcAroM se ye dabI huI bhAvanA pratikriyA ke rUpa jAgrata huI / ye jAgrati sAmAjika, dhArmika, sAMskRtika rUpa meM kramazaH hotI gaI aura anta meM isakI pariNati rAjanaitika jAgrati ke rUpa meM huI / sAmAjika jAgrati kA nAyaka isa yuga meM kabIra huA jisane sAre pAkhaNDa aura bAhyAcAroM kA apanI tIvra vANI se niSedha kara samAja ko eka stara para eka paramAtmA kI chatrachAyA ke nIce lAne kA prayatna kiyA / sAmAjika sudhAra ke sAtha-sAtha dhArmika bhedabhAva ko bhulAne ke prayatna bhI isa yuga meM hue / isa prayatna meM kavIra aura akabara ke prayatna apanA vizeSa mahattva rakhate haiM : kabIra vaha prathama vyakti hai jisane bAhara se Ane vAlI jAti ko bhAratIya svIkAra kara liyA / kabIra kI ghoSaNA ne

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA musalamAnoM kA videzI jAmA utAra diyA aura unheM bhAratIyatA kA pada pradAna kiyA / rAjanaitika stara para isI koTi kA kAma samrATa akabara ne kiyA / gosvAmI jI ne bhArata kI prAcIna saMskRti ko -- saMskRta bhASA kA sahArA na lekara lokabhASA hindI meM-- phira se jIvita karane kA prayatna kiyA / tulasI kA dRSTikoNa bhArata kI vyApaka rASTrIya bhAvanA ko vyakta karane vAlA. dRSTikoNa hai / bAda meM jaba zAsakoM kA dRSTikoNa ekAMgI ho gayA aura bhArata kI mUlabhUta rASTrIya mAvanA ko kucalane kA prayAsa talavAra ke bala para hone lage ( auraMgajeba ke kAla meM ) to rAjanaitika jAgrati kA honA Avazyaka ho gyaa| guru goviMdasiMha aura samartha rAmadAsa ne rASTrIya navotthAna meM rAjanaitika cetanA ko mahattva diyA / 80 samartha rAmadAsa ke dAsabodha kI vizeSatAoM ke sambandha meM pro. bhI. go dezapAMDe ne likhA hai- ' dAsabodha meM anya santoM ke graMthoM kI apekSA adhyAtma ke sAtha samayAnukUla evaM Avazyaka vyAvahArika, sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, kSatriya dharma, uttama puruSa, prayatna, prArabdha svadharma pAlana, sayAnapana, mUrkhatA yA jar3atA nispRhatA, cAturya uttama kAvya ke lakSaNa, lekhana ityAdi janajIvana sambandhI viSayoM kA sarala aura subodha varNana hai jo par3hate hI banatA hai / 1 samarthaM ne rAjanItipara bahuta bala diyaa| unhoMne yaha anubhava kara liyA thA ki jaba dharma aura saMskRti kI rakSA saMbhava taka rAjanaitika jAgrati nahIM hogI taba taka nahIM hai| pro bhI. go. dezapAMDe ne samartha ke rAjanaitika dRSTikoNa ko vyakta karate likhA hai - hue 'unakI (samartha kI ) dRSTi meM rAjanIti kA artha hai sAmAjika prapaMca, loka vyavahAra aura sAmAjika kArya jisameM Aja kI rAjanIti pUrI samA jAtI hai / isI artha meM Apane dAsabodha meM satAIsa sthaloM para rAjanIti kA ullekha kiyA / 2 rAjanIti ke kSetra meM ve ugra aura pragatizIla the / samartha ke isa svapna ko zivAjI ne caritArtha kiyA / samartha rAmadAsa ne jo krAMtadarzitA dakSiNa meM dikhAI vahI uttara meM sikkhoM ke dasaveM gurU goviMdasiMha ne dikhAI / tatkAlIna rASTrIya navotthAna Apane bar3A mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA / Apake samAna paMjAba meM una dinoM koI rAjanaitika netA na thaa| DAkTara jayarAma mizra ne likhA hai- " gurU goviMdasiMha jI dhArmika netA to the hI, sAtha hI apUrva mahAna rASTrIya bhI the... inhoMne sikkhoM ko bAhya aura Antarika donoM prakAra kA amRta pilAyA / inhoneM AdhyAtmika upadezoM dvArA sikkhoM 4 1. marAThI kA bhakti sAhitya- pro. bhI. go. dezapAMDe - pR. 206 / 2. vahI, pR. 217 |

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81 itihAsa ke vyaktigata ahaMbhAva ko naSTa kara diyA / inhoMne sikkhoM ke sammukha sevA, tyAga aura rASTra prema ke Adarza rakhe ' 1 zrI rAmadhArIsiMha dinakara ne bhI likhA hai -- " auraMgajeba kI dharmAdhatA para saba se vilakSaNa TIkA yaha huI ki usake anyAya se Ahata hokara gurU nAnaka kA calAyA huA sikkha sampradAya jo zAnta bhaktoM kA sampradAya thA khula kara sainikoM kA sampradAya ho gayA / d zz madhyakAla meM rAjanaitika dRSTi se zakti prApta kara prAcIna bhAratIya rASTrIya bhAvanA kI rakSA meM yadi kisI ne pramukha rUpa se yogadAna diyA to ve the chatrapati zivAjI mahArAja / zivAjI kA khule rUpa meM varNAzrama vyavasthA ko svIkAra karanA, rAjaguru ( samartha rAmadAsa ) ke AdezoM ko pAlanA, apane kSatriya hone kA dAvA karanA evaM prAcIna bhAratIya paddhati se apanA rAjyAbhiSeka karavAnA ye saba bAteM unake rAjanaitika Adarza ko prAcIna bhArata kI rASTrIya bhAvanA se sambaddha karane vAlI haiM / isI AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki unakI dRSTi sampUrNa bhAratavarSa para thI / jina kSetroM taka unakI pahu~ca nahIM ho sakI vahA~ para bhI jo isa Adarza ke unhoMne dostI kI / mirjA rAjA jayasiMha ko pAlana karane vAle the, unase unhoMne eka patra likhA thA-tathApi apanI zakti kA prayoga "L o mahArAja, yadyapi Apa eka bar3e kSatriya haiM bAbara ke vaMza kI vRddhi ke lie karate Aye ha aura raktavarNa vAle musalamAnoM ko vijayI banAne ke lie hinduoM kA khUna bahA rahe haiM / kyA Apa isa bAta ko nahIM samajha pA rahe haiM ki isa taraha se Apa pUre jagata ke sAmane apanI kIrti ko kalaMkita kara rahe haiM ? yadi Apa mujhe jItane ke liye Aye haiM to maiM ApakI rAha meM apanA sira bichA dene ke liye taiyAra hU~, para cUMki Apa samrAT ke pratinidhi hokara Aye haiM, isaliye maiM isa bAta kA nizcaya nahIM kara pA rahA hU~ ki Apake sAtha kaisA vyavahAra karUM ? yadi Apa hindU dharma kI ora se lar3eM to maiM Apake sAtha sahayoga karane aura ApakI sahAyatA karane ke lie taiyAra hU~ / Apa vIra evaM parAkramI haiM / eka zaktizAlI hindU rAjA kI haisiyata se Apake liye samrAT ke viruddha netRtva grahaNa karanA hI zobhA detA hai / Aie hama loga caleM aura dillI ke Upara vijaya prApta kara leN| hamArA mUlyavAna rakta apane prAcIna dharma ko rakSA aura apane pyAse pUrvajoM ko saMtuSTa karane ke liye bahe / yadi do dila mila sakeM to ve kaThora se kaThora avarodha ko tor3a kara pheMka deNge| mujhe 1. zrI gurugraMtha darzana - DaoN. jayarAma mizra, pRSTha 26 evaM 27 // 2. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya - zrI rAmadhArI siMha dinakara pR. 394 /

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA Apase kisI prakAra kI zatrutA nahIM hai aura maiM Apa ke sAtha lar3ane kA icchuka nahIM huuN| maiM Apake pAsa akele Ane aura bheMTa karane ke liye taiyAra hU~ / taba maiM Apako vaha patra dikhAUMgA jo maiMne zAistAkhAM kI jeba se jabaradastI chIna liyA thA / yadi Apa merI zarteM svIkAra nahIM karate to talavAra udyata hai / "1 kahate haiM chatrasAla bundelA bhI chatrapati zivAjI se prabhAvita hue the aura ve dakSiNa meM zivAjI ke pAsa kArya karane ke liye Aye the / DaoNkTara bhagavAnadAsa gupta ne apane zodhapravandha meM likhA hai " chatrasAla kI prabala AkAMkSA zivAjI ke pAsa raha kara marAThoM ke svataMtratA saMgrAma meM yoga dene kI thI / parantu zivAjI isase sahamata nahIM hue| ve sAre bhArata meM hindU pada pAdazAhI sthApita karane ke svapna dekha rahe the| ataH mahattvAkAMkSI chatrasAla ko apane yahA~ rahane dekara svarAjya ke prayatnoM ko dakSiNa taka hI sImita rakhanA unheM abhISTa nahIM thA / isaliye unhoMne chatrasAla ko bundelakhaNDa lauTa kara mugaloM ke viruddha vahA~ bhI svataMtratA saMgrAma kara svayaM usakA netRtva karane kI maMtraNA dI / 2 sara desAI ne bhI likhA hai---" 'bundelA rAjA chatrasAla unake ( zivAjI ke) mitra the aura unase salAha lene ke liye dakSiNa Aye the / zivAjI ke Agare se nikala bhAgane ke bAda uttarI bhArata ke cAraNa aura kavi unake darabAra meM Aye aura unakA saMrakSaNa prApta kiyaa| ye sArI bAteM zivAjI ke kArya kI akhila bhAratIya pravRtti kI ora saMketa karatI hai / / " " Aye unhoMne aura bhI spaSTa rUpa se likhA hai --" --" parantu yaha Adarza rAjanaitika nahIM, dhArmika thaa| zivAjI tathA unake anuyAyiyoM kI praNAlI mukhya uddezya thA -- musalamAnoM ke dhArmika atyAcAroM athavA hastakSepa ke hinduoM ke dhArmika rIti-rivAjoM ke liye pUrNa svataMtratA prApta karanA / dillI ke siMhAsana para hindU samrAT baiThAne kA vahA~ koI irAdA nahIM " " 4 . thA / 82 usa yuga ke kavi bhUSaNa ne zivAjI ke sambandha meM ThIka hI likhA hai:" beda rAkhe bidita purAna parasiddha rAkhe, rAma-nAma rAkhyo ati rasanA sudhara #1 hiMdune kI coTI roTI rAkhI hai sipAhina kI, kAMdhe meM janeu rAkhyo mAlA rAkhI gara meM / 1. marAThoM kA itihAsa - goviMda sakhArAma saradesAI - pR. 69 2. mahArAjA chatrasAla bundelA --- DA0 bhagavAna dAsa gupta - pR0 36 aura 37 / 3. marAThoM kA itihAsa - sara desAI -- pR0 71 4. vahI pR0 71 / -

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itihAsa mIDi rAkhe mugala maroDi rAkhe pAtasAha, bairI pIsi rAkhe baradAna rAkhyo kara meN| rAjana kI hadda rAkhI tegabala sivarAja, deva rAkhe devala svadharma rAkhyo ghara meM / " 1 usa yuga ke rASTrIya AdarzoM ke anukUla bhUSaNa ne kavitA likhI hai| madhyakAla taka dharma aura rAjanIti meM dharma kA sthAna rAjanIti se UMcA rhaa| dhArmika netAoM ke adhikAra rAjanaitika netAoM se adhika rahe haiN| aisI sthiti meM usa yuga kI rASTrIyatA dharma se hI anuprANita hotI thii| Adhunika kAla meM rASTrIyatA ne nayA mor3a liyA hai| Aja rASTra zabda se jo bodha hotA hai usake mUla meM kisI deza kI rAjanaitika ekatA kA bhAva hai| zrI narmadezvara prasAda caturvedI ne likhA hai- " rASTra ke liye eka nizcita bhUkhaNDa kA honA anivArya hai jisake AdhAra para vaha apane rAjanaitika astitva kA bodha karatA hai / usase apanA AMtarika lagAva kA anubhava karatA haiM / isI ko kendra mAna kara bhApA, dharma, saMskRti tathA Arthika, sAmAjika aura zAsakIya vyavasthA kA rASTrIya stara para nirmANa hotA hai / ina saba ke mUla meM ekIkaraNa kI bhAvanA pradhAna hotI hai / isa prakAra prAkRtika bhaugolikatA, eka itihAsa, eka bhASA, samAna sAhitya aura saMskRti evaM samAna maitrI athavA zatrutA ina pAMca siddhAntoM para ekamata rahane kI icchA se saMgaThita janasamUha ko rASTra kaha sakate haiM / 2 vizva ke itihAsa meM isa prakAra kI bhAvanA kA udaya sarvaprathama phrAnsa kI rAjyakrAnti ke samaya huA / isI krAnti ne svataMtratA, samAnatA aura baMdhutva kA pATha vizva ko sikhAyA / taba se yUropa kA rAjanaitika mAnacitra badalatA hI gayA / bhArata meM isa prakAra kI vicAradhArA kA vikAsa vizeSa rUpa se 1857 kI krAnti ke bAda hI huA / Adhunika rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA pramukha rUpa se videzI sAmrAjyavAda ke prati virodha-pratikriyA ke rUpa meM huA / Adhunika rASTravAda ke janma ke sambandha meM baDa rasela ne likhA hai --" isakA ( rASTravAda kA ) prArambha jaoNna oNpha Arka ke samaya se mAnA jA sakatA hai / jaba phrAMsIsiyo meM aMgrejoM kI 1. bhaSaNa--paM0 vizvanAtha prasAda mizra--cha. sa. 420 / 2. rASTra kI utpatti aura bhAratIya rASTrIyatA - narmadezvara prasAda caturvedI (nA. pra. patrikA) varSa 66, aMka 2-3-4 mAlavIya zatI vizeSAMka pR. 407 /

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84 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA 1 vijaya ke viruddha sAmUhika pratirodhAtmaka bhAvanA jAga uThI thI / aMgarejI rASTravAda spenI ber3e ke pratirodha ke phalasvarUpa paidA huA aura kucha hI varSoM bAda isakI aitihAsika abhivyakti zeksapiyara meM huI / jarmana aura rUsI rASTravAda kA janma nepoliyana ke prati virodha se huA / amarIkI rASTravAda briTiza phaujiyoM ke pratirodha svarUpa janmA / durbhAgyavaza, eka yaha aisI manovaijJAnika prAkRtika gatyAtmakatA hai jisane pratyeka dazA meM rASTravAda ke vikAsa ko anuzAsita kiyA hai| isa dRSTi se bhAratIya rASTravAda kA janma bhI naye dRSTikoNa se 1857 se hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| yaha videzI sAmrAjyavAda ke prati virodha pratikriyA ke rUpa meM hI huA / bhAratIya svataMtratA saMgrAma kA itihAsa bhAratIya rASTravAda kI abhivyakti hai / 26 janavarI, 1930 ko pUrNa svAdhInatA kA pratijJApatra ghoSita kiyA gayA / usakI paMktiyA~ bhAratIya rASTrIya bhAvanA aura rASTrIya Adarza ko vyakta karanevAlI haiM / usa pratijJA patra kI kucha paMktiyA~ isa prakAra haiM- " hama bhAratIya prajAjana bhI anya rASTroM kI bhAMti apanA yaha janma siddha adhikAra mAnate haiM ki hama svataMtra hokara raheM, apanI mehanata kA phala khuda bhogeM aura hameM jIvana nirvAha ke lie Avazyaka suvidhAe~ mileM jisase hameM bhI vikAsa kA pUrA pUrA maukA mile| hama yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki agara koI sarakAra ye adhikAra chIna letI hai aura prajA ko satAtI hai to prajA ko usa sarakAra ko badala deMne yA miTA dene kA bhI haka hai / hindustAna kI aMgarejI sarakAra ne hindustAniyoM kI svataMtratA kA hI apaharaNa nahIM kiyA hai, balki usakA AdhAra hI garIboM ke raktazoSaNa para hai aura usane Arthika, rAjanaitika, sAMskRtika aura AdhyAtmika dRSTise hindustAna kA nAza kara diyA hai / isalie hamArA vizvAsa hai ki hindustAna ko aMgarejoM se sambandha viccheda karake pUrNa svarAjya yA mukammala AjAdI prApta kara lenI cAhie / ' " 2 pratijJA patra meM Age aura bhI likhA gayA hai kintu ye paMktiyA~ bhI svataMtratA kI ghoSaNA ko vyakta kara rahI haiM / yaha ThIka hai ki isa samaya pAkistAna ke banane kA pUrNa vizvAsa nahIM thA aura na hI isa prakAra kI dhAraNA kA janma hI isa samaya huA thA / yaha bAda kI bAta hai / madhyakAla meM bhAratIya rASTrIyatA kA rUpa dhArmika rahA / yadyapi rASTravAda ke AdhAra para isa prakAra kI dhAraNA kA aba koI mahattva nahIM raha gayA thA kintu dhArmika kaTTaratA ne bhArata ke do TukaDe kara diye / rASTrIyatA kA dhArmika AdhAra isa yuga meM bhI Akara kSINa nahIM ho skaa| gAMdhIjI ke sabhI prayatna isa dizA meM viphala hue / 15 agasta, 1947 - 1. viveka yA vinAza-baTreMDa rasela anu : vIrendra tripAThI - pR. 63 / 2. merI kahAnI -- javAharalAla neharU ( dasavAM saMskaraNa) - pR. 858

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itihAsa gayA jisake anusAra ko bhArata svataMtra huA / nayA saMvidhAna banAyA 26 janavarI 1950 se bhAratIya rASTra ko nayA rUpa pradAna kiyA gayA / Aja hamArI rASTrIyatA kA AdhAra hamArA saMvidhAna hai / saMsada, maMtrImaMDala aura nyAyAlaya ye tInoM hI saMvidhAna ke anusAra bhAratIya rASTrIyatA ke Adarza ke anusAra deza kA zAsana kara rahe haiM aura deza kA sabhI prakAra se vikAsa karane ke lie prayatnazIla hai| svataMtratA ke bAda cIna ke AkramaNa ne hamako cetAyA aura hameM apanI rASTrIyatA kA bodha kraayaa| saMsAra meM prathama bAra hama bhAratIya rASTra kI rakSA ke lie uTha khar3e hue / isa samaya ke jAgaraNa ne hameM rASTrIya dRSTi se saMgaThita hone kI preraNA dii| isI kA pariNAma yaha huA ki dUsarI bAra jaba hamArI rASTrIyatA ko lalakArA gayA -- bhArata pAka yuddha ke samaya to bhArata ne apanI pUrI zakti kA paricaya dekara apane rASTra kI rakSA kii| isa samaya deza bhara meM jisa ekatA kA anubhava kiyA gayA vaha bhAratIya rASTrIya bhAvanA kA hI rUpa thA / itihAsa meM prathama bAra isa prakAra deza ne saMgaThita rUpa se morcA liyA bhaura isa meM saphalatA prApta kI / ekatA kI yaha bhAvanA baMgalAdeza ke nirmANa meM bhI dikhalAI dI hai| isake kAraNa vizva ke rASTroM meM bhAratIya rASTra ke prati sammAna kI bhAvanA meM vRddhi huI hai / 85 ( saptasindhu, caNDIgar3ha aktUbara 1966 meM ' bhArata meM rASTrIya bhAvanA kA vikAsa' zIrSaka se prakAzita / ) 2. antima do vAkya prakAzana ke samaya meM likhe gae haiM /

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samasyAe~ vizva meM Aja pramukha rUpa se ekatA ke mArga meM bAdhA DAlane vAlI do prakAra kI vicAradhArAe~ haiM, eka hai 'lokatAMtrika vicAradhArA aura dUsarI sAmyavAdI vicAradhArA / isa matabheda ko chor3a bhI deM to ekatA meM bAdhaka tIsarA pramukha kAraNa rASTrIyatA hai / pratyeka rASTra eka rAjanaitika zakti kA dyotaka hai / yaha vicAra karanA ki sabhI rASTra eka ho jAe~ge aura rASTrIyatA se Upara antarrASTrIyatA ko mAnavatA ke hita meM U~cA sthAna diyA jAyegA abhI asaMbhava sA lagatA hai; yadyapi saMyukta rASTrasaMgha kI sthApanA kA uddezya yahI hai / kintu saMyukta rASTrasaMgha kA aba taka kA itihAsa bahuta ujjvala nahIM dikhAI detA / abhI jagat meM sAre deza svataMtra rUpa meM rASTra kahalAne ke adhikArI nahIM ho pAe haiN| bahuta se deza aba bhI bahuta pichar3e hue haiM / kala yadi ve rASTroM kA rUpa dhAraNa bhI kara leM taba bhI rASTroM meM sA~skRtika antara hogA / rASTrIyatA Aja kA yugadharma hai aura yaha yugadharma pratyeka rASTra kA apanA dharma hai / isa yugadharma kA svIkAra karate hue rASTra kI samasyAoM kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA jA rahA hai| samasyA kA nidAna yaha hai ki rASTra ke nAgarikoM meM ekatA kI bhAvanA kA nirmANa ho / 'rASTrIya ekatA' meM rAjanaitika ekatA kA bhAva pramukha rUpa se hai / Aja jaba bhI hama rASTra zabda kA upayoga karate hai,

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA to hamArA dhyAna rAjanIti kI ora calA jAtA hai| ataH rASTrIya ekatA ke sambandha meM vicAra karate samaya hameM kisI rASTra kI rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM para vicAra karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai / rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ke saMdarbha meM rASTra kI paramparA, itihAsa, saMskRti, dharma, bhASA Adi para bhI vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina saba ke Aloka meM hIM rASTrIya ekatA ke sAdhaka evaM bAdhaka tattvoM kA vizleSaNa saMbhava haiM / 90 rASTra ke upAdAno meM bhaugolika upAdAna kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / isa dRSTi se rASTrIya ekatA para vicAra karate samaya rASTra kI bhaugolika sImAoM kI ora sarvaprathama dhyAna AkRSTa honA svAbhAvika hai| rASTra kI bhaugolika sImAe~ kisI rASTra ke bhautika evaM sthAyI sampatti ke astitva kA dyotaka haiN| rASTra kI bhaugolika sImAoM kI rakSA honA sarvaprathama Avazyaka haiN| dharatI kA moha sabase bar3A moha hai aura usake lie rASTra ke nAgarikoM ko balidAna karane ke lie sadaiva udyata rahanA caahie| rASTra kI bhaugolika sImAoM kI rakSA kauna karegA ? nizcita hI isakA uttara rASTra ke rahanevAle nAgarika hoNge| aba rASTrIya ekatA para vicAra karate samaya rASTra ke nAgarikoM para vicAra karanA paDegA / bhaugolika sImAoM ( kisI rASTra ke ) kA nizcaya hone para una sImAoM meM rahane vAle nAgarikoM ko ekasUtra meM jor3ane vAle tattvoM kI aura dhyAna denA hogA, jisase ki rASTra ke nAgarika Apasa meM eka hokara rheN| vartamAna sthiti meM, jaise ki hama dekhate haiM; rASTra kI bhaugaulika sImAoM kI rakSA karane kA kAma rASTra kI sarakAra karatI haiN| kisI rASTra kI sarakAra kisI rASTra kI sattA kA abhivyakta rUpa haiN| yaha sarakAra rASTra ke saMvidhAna ke anusAra zAsana karatI hai aura saMvidhAna ke prati uttaradAyI rahatI hai| vAstava meM saMvidhAna meM rASTra kI vyavasthA evaM rASTra ke Adarza tathA rASTrIya AvazyakatAe~, maryAdAe~ Adi kA ullekha rahatA hai aura tadanusAra rASTra ke nAgarikoM ke kartavya evaM adhikAroM kI ucita vyavasthA bhI saMvidhAna meM haiM / isa dRSTi se saMvidhAna kI maryAdAoM ke pAlana meM rASTrIya bhAvanA kA pAlana hotA hai / bhAratavarSa kI bhaugolika sImAoM meM rahanevAle sabhI bhAratIya eka haiN| isa ekatA kA saba se bar3A pramANa yaha hai ki vaidhAnika rUpa se zAsana vyavasthA eka prakAra kI ho aura vaha bhAratIya saMvidhAna ke anusAra ho / isa vyavasthA meM jo bAdhAeM upasthita hotI haiM, ve bAdhAeM rASTrIya ekatA meM bAdhaka haiM ataH isa prakAra kI bAdhAoM ko dUra karanA Avazyaka hai| bhArata kA pratyeka nAgarika saMvidhAna ke anusAra apane adhikAroM kA upabhoga sarvatra

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samasyAe~ (bhArata kI bhaugolika sImAoM ke bhItara hI) kara skeN| yadi isa rUpa meM usake (nAgarika ke) adhikAroM meM sthAna badalane se (bhArata ke bhItara hI) antara AtA hai to yaha asurakSA kI bhAvanA rASTrIya ekatA ke lie bahuta baDI bAdhA hai| prazna yaha hai ki kyA Aja bhArata ke nAgarikoM kI yaha sthiti hai arthAt sthAna badalane para (bhArata ke bhItara hI) ve apane ko surakSita anubhava karate haiM ? laMkA meM rahanevAle bhAratIya, yA barmA meM rahanevAle bhAratIya yA pAkistAna meM rahanevAle bhAratIyoM ke sambandha meM yadi koI prazna upasthita ho to yaha bAta samajha meM A sakatI hai kyoM ki laMkA, barmA yA pAkistAna kI bhaugolika sImAeM alaga haiM aura vahA~ kI zAsana vyavasthA alaga hai| kintu bhAratavarSa meM isa prakAra kI bhAvanA phailane lagI to rASTrIya ekatA khatare meM hai, yaha kahanA pddegaa| eka prAnta kA vyakti dUsare prAnta meM surakSA kI bhAvanA se raha sake, aisI vyavasthA honI caahie| samaya rahate deza ke netAoM evaM karNadhAroM se yaha apekSA kI jA sakatI hai ki rASTrIyatA ke isa prazna cinha ko aura adhika prabala rUpa grahaNa karane se pUrva hI zAnta karane kA prayatna kreNge| kisI rASTra kA rAjanaitika vibhAjana jina AdhAroM para hotA hai, ve AdhAra rASTrIya ekatA ko banAe rakhane kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa mAne jA sakate haiN| bhASAoM ke AdhAra para rAjyoM kA punargaThana kiyA gayA aura isa punargaThana ke pIche eka bar3A uddezya yaha thA ki eka bhASA bolanevAle alaga prAnta banA leMge aura vahA~ ke nAgarika usa bhASA ke mAdhyama se eka hokara rheNge| zAsana vyavasthA meM isase suvidhA ho sakatI hai| nizcita hI isa prakAra deza kA rAjanaitika vibhAjana karate samaya bhASA ko rASTrIya ekatA kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| mahArASTra, Andhra, tamilanADa, gujarAta, kerala, maisUra, (karnATaka), uDIsA, baMgAla, AsAma, kazmIra, paMjAba Adi prAntoM kI bhASAe~ alaga alaga haiN| ye sabhI prAnta bhArata kI sImAoM ko chUnevAle prAnta haiM / madhya pradeza kI bhASA hindo hai| aura isa dRSTi se bhASA ke AdhAra para ina prAntoM kA ( rAjyasthAna, bihAra, madhyapradeza evaM uttara pradeza ) vibhAjana nahIM kiyA gyaa| rAjanaitika vibhAjana meM kucha prAnta aise bhI raha jAte haiM, jahA~ sIdhe kendra se zAsana hotA hai aura rAjanaitika vyavasthA kI dRSTi se abhI vahA~ sthiti saMtoSajanaka nahIM hai| vizeSa rUpa se sImAprAntoM ke sambadha meM yaha bAta kahI jA sakatI hai / nAgAlaiNDa, govA, pANDicerI, AsAma kA kucha bhAga aura isI taraha kazmIra bhI anya rAjyoM kI tulanA meM vizeSa sthiti rakhate hai / kahanA yaha hai ki bhArata ke rAjyoM meM rAjanaitika vibhAjana aba bhI ekarUpa

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA nahIM hai| ata: rAjanaitika vyavasthA ko eka rUpa dene kI AvazyakatA Aja bhI hai| nAgAlaiMDa, kazmIra, AsAma, govA, himAcala pradeza tathA bhArata ke kisI bhI prAnta meM rahanevAle nAgarika ko samAna rUpa se rAjanaitika vyavasthA kA lAbha milanA caahie| rASTrIyatA kA sambandha rAjanaitika ekatA se hai| isa ekatA ke sAtha anya prakAra kI ekatA, isa ekatA ko banAe rakhane meM sahayoga de sakatI hai kintu rAjanaitika ekatA kA banA rahanA rASTrIyatA ke liye Avazyaka hI nahIM anivArya hai| rAjanaitika ekatA ke AdhAra para hI kisI rASTra kA utthAna ho sakatA hai aura isa AdhAra para hI usakI sattA ko antarASTrIya jagata meM khyAti mila sakatI hai / isa samaya bhAratavarSa meM rAjanaitika vibhAjana kI carcA prabala hai| ataH isa samasyA kA rASTrIya saMdarbha meM vicAra honA cAhie / isI dRSTi se kucha vicAraNIya tathya prastuta kiye jA rahe haiN| bhAratavarSa kI svataMtratA ke sAtha rAjanaitika vibhAjana huA hai / isa vibhAjana ne eka rASTra ke do TukaDe kara diye aura donoM alaga alaga rASTra ho gye| yaha itihAsa hai| janatA kyA cAhatI hai, yaha prazna alaga hai kintu yaha huA hai / yaha vibhAjana dharma ke AdhAra para huA / dharma ke AdhAra para yaha vibhAjana kitanA galata sAbita huA, isakA udAharaNa baMgalA-deza kA nirmANa hai| baMgalA-deza kA nirmANa bhAratabarSa ke tIsare rASTra kA nirmANa hai| sthiti yaha hai ki isa parivartana ke bAda bhI isa parivartana ko pAkistAna aba bhI svIkAra nahIM karatA / itihAsa ne yaha siddha kara diyA ki dharma ke AdhAra para rASTra kA rAjanaitika vibhAjana galata hai| isa vibhAjana ke kAraNa saMsAra ke isa bhUkhaNDa para azAnti aura AzaMkA kA vAtAvaraNa vyApta hai / itihAsa ke isa ghAva ko bharane kA prayatna zimalA-samajhaute ne kiyA kintu kyA yaha ghAva bhara sakA, yaha bhaviSya btlaaegaa| astu / aMgarejoM ne jaba bhAratavarSa chor3A, usa samaya bhAratavarSa rAjanaitika dRSTi se aneka bhAgoM meM vibhAjita thaa| isa vibhAjana ko rAjanaitika daSTi se ekatA ke sUtra meM bA~dhanA rASTra kI pramukha samasyA thii| aMgarejoM ke samaya meM deza kA sthUla rUpa meM do bhAgoM meM vibhAjana thaa| briTiza bhArata aura dezI rAjya / dezI rAjyoM ke sambandha meM bhagavAnadAsa kelA ne likhA hai-- "dezI rAjyoM kI eka bAta bahuta jaldI hI hamArA dhyAna AkarSita kara letI hai, vaha hai, inakI pratikriyAvAditA yA aparivartanazIlatA......inakI yaha aparivartanazIlatA yahA~ taka ki isake kAraNa ye bhAratIya rASTra kI eka atyanta pratikriyAvAdI

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samasyAe~ 93 zakti ke rUpa meM sAmane Ate haiM / bhAratavarSa kI svataMtratA aura pragati meM dezI rAjyoM kI yaha sthiti bAdhaka hai| dezI rAjyoM kI unnati ke binA bhAratavarSa unnata nahIM ho sakatA / "" isI pustaka meM dezI rAjyoM kI saMkhyA baTalara kameTI kI 1929 I. kI riporTa ke AdhAra para 562 dI gaI hai / 2 dezI rAjyoM kI yaha saMkhyA rAjanaitika vibhAjana kI dyotaka hai| bhAratavarSa ke svataMtra hone para isa vibhAjana kA anta ho gayA / dezI rAjya samApta kara die ge| kucha prabala rAjyoM ne apane astitva kA prayatna kiyA, jisameM kazmIra bhI eka hai aura isake sAtha vibhAjita rASTrIyatA ne rAjanaitika samasyA kA rUpa grahaNa kiyA aura isa kAraNa donoM rASTro meM tanAva kA nirmANa huA / haidarAbAda rAjya ne bhI isa prakAra kA prayatna karanA cAhA kintu vaha saphala nahIM huA aura zIghra hI haidarAbAda rAjya kA vilaya bhAratIya gaNarAjya meM ho gyaa| isa itihAsa ke doharAne kI yahA~ AvazyakatA nahIM hai / isake pazcAt bhASA samasyA sAmane AI aura isa AdhAra para prAntoM kI punarracanA honI caahie| bhAratavarSa bahu bhASI deza hai aura isa deza kA vibhAjana bhASAoM ke AdhAra para ho to zAsana meM suvidhA hogI aura yaha mA~ga Andhra pradeza se prabalatama rUpa meM sAmane AI / pariNAma yaha huA ki bhASAoM ke AdhAra para prAntoM ko nayA rUpa diyA gayA / haidarAbAda rAjya ke isa samaya tIna TukaDe ho ge| telagU bhASI haidarAbAda rAjya ke jile telaMgAnA ke dyotaka haiM | marAThavADA haidarAbAda rAjya ke marAThI bhASI jile / isI taraha kannaDa bhASI jile maisUra- pradeza meM joDa die ge| gujarAta alaga ho ge| yaha saba bhASAoM ke AdhAra para huA / yaha bAta hai / bhASA ke AdhAra para hI hariyANA, paMjAba se alaga ho gyaa| jisa taraha dharma ke AdhAra para bhArata rASTra kA vibhAjana galata thA, usI taraha bhASA ke AdhAra para prAntoM kA punargaThana bhI galata sAbita huaa| jisa Andhra pradeza ne bhASA ke AdhAra para svataMtra rAjya kI mA~ga kI, vaha aba vibhAjana ke moDa para hai / itihAsa ne siddha kiyA hai ki bhASA ke kAraNa ve eka nahIM ho sake | isa samaya samasyA yaha hai ki deza kA rAjanaitika vibhAjana rASTrIyatA ko kisa rUpa meM prabhAvita karatA hai aura isa ekatA ko banAe rakhane ke lie janamata ko kaise badalA jAya ? isa dRSTi se socane para hI samasyA kA nidAna khojA jA sakatA hai| aura mahArASTra 1956 I0 kI 1. dezI rAjyazAsana- bhagavanAnadAsa kelA ( prakAzana tithi 1942 ) - pR. 11 2 . vahI pR. 9

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94 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA prazna kevala Andhrapradeza ke vibhAjana kA anya pradeza bhI isa prakAra kI mA~ga kara sakate haiN| aura jisa taraha bhAratavarSa dezI rAjyoM ke samaya meM (briTiza kAla meM ) aneka bhAgoM meM vibhAjita thA usa vibhAjana ko (apane purAne itihAsa ko yAdagAra ko jilAe rakhane kI bhAvanA se) protsAhana milanA ucita hai yA nahIM, yaha prazna hai| yaha bAta nizcita hai ki pratyeka prakAra ke vibhAjana kI mA~ga ke pIche koI na koI tattva hai aura yaha sambandhita sthAna ke itihAsa se niSpanna hai| yaha socanA ki dezI rAjyoM ke itihAsa ko janatA bhala gaI hai. yaha galata hai| avasara pAkara vibhAjana kI pravRtti aitihAsika kAraNoM se panapatI dikhalAI detI hai| yaha sthiti kevala Andhrapradeza meM hI nahIM anya sthAnoM para bhI niSpanna ho sakatI hai| isa saba ke lie AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki itihAsa-bodha badalane kA prayatna ho| itihAsa-bodha aura rASTrIyatA rAjanaitika vibhAjana kI bAta taba paidA hotI hai, jaba itihAsa ko vibhAjita rUpa meM (vibhinna ikAiyoM ke rUpa me) par3hA jAtA hai / rASTra jaba eka hai, to usakA rAjanaitika itihAsa bhI eka hai / isa bodha ke AdhAra para itihAsa par3hA jAnA cAhie / bhAratavarSa eka rASTra hai aura usa rASTra kA bhaugolika kSetra rAjanaitika dRSTi se eka hai / isa dRSTikoNa ko sarvopari rakhate hue sAre deza meM itihAsa ke prati samAna daSTikoNa ke apanAe jAne kI AvazyakatA hai / itihAsa-bodha meM vibhAjana kI pravRtti kArya kara rahI hai to avasara pAkara vaha pravatti rAjanaitika samasyA kA rUpa grahaNa kregii| ataH samasyA utpanna hone se pahale ho itihAsa ke kAraNa jahA~ jahA~ vibhAjana kI pravRttiyA~ dRSTigocara ho rahI haiM, vahA~ vaha para isa pravRtti ko badalane ke lie aitihAsika graMthoM ko rASTrIya dRSTikoNa se janasamUha ke sAmane isa rUpa meM rakhane kI AvazyakatA hai, jisase rASTra ekatA kI dizA meM Age baDhe / briTiza kAla meM, briTiza bhArata aura dezI rAjyoM kI rAjanaitika sthiti alaga-alaga rahI hai / isa alagAva ke kAraNa briTiza sattA ne yaha anubhava kiyA ki isa AdhAra para bhAratavarSa meM dezI rAjyoM kI sattA ko banAye rakhanA briTizoM ke hita meM hai| sara jAna mAlakama ne kahA hai -- " agara hama sAre hindustAna ke aMgarejI jile banA deM to kudaratI taurapara hamAre sAmrAjya kA pacAsa sAla bhI TikanA sambhava na hogA / lekina agara hama kucha dezI riyAsateM, binA kisI taraha kI rAjanaitika sattA ke apane sAmrAjya ke aujAroM kI taraha kAyama rakha sakeM to hama taba taka hindustAna para apanI hukUmata kAyama rakha sakeMge jaba taka

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samasyAe~ 95 ki yorapa meM hamArI samudrI tAkata sabase paUra banI rahegI / 1 yaha vibhAjana Aja bhI hameM prabhAvita karatA hai| dezI rAjyoM ke bhAratIya gaNarAjya meM vilaya ke bAda bhI vahA~ kA ( dezI rAjyoM kA ) itihAsa-bodha, briTiza bhArata ke itihAsa-bodha se bhinna hai| aba jaba bhAratavarSa kA nayA rAjanaitika mAnacitra bana gayA hai to usa AdhAra para samasta rASTra ko ikAI mAnate hue tat tat pradezoM ko rAjanaitika ikAI ke bhItara sthAna rakha kara dekhA jAnA Avazyaka hai / DaoN. raghubIrasiMha ne 'pUrva Adhunika rAjasthAna ' itihAsa kI pustaka likhI hai / isa pustaka kI saba se baDI vizeSatA yaha hai ki 'rAjasthAna' prAnta kA jo artha Adhunika rUpa meM ( bhAratIya mAnacitra meM ) hai, usako ikAI mAnakara rAjasthAna ke alaga-alaga rAjyoM kA ( cAhe vaha mevAr3a ho, bIkAnera ho yA jodhapura yA rAjasthAna kA anya koI choTA rAjya ) itihAsa vibhAjana kI pravRtti ko bacAte hue, ekatA ke sUtra ko banAye rakhane kI dRSTi se likhA gayA hai / isa itihAsa ko par3hakara mevAr3a - mAravAr3a aura anya rAjya Apasa meM ekatA kI ora baDheMge / isI taraha Aja AvazyakatA isa bAta kI haiM ki hamArA Adhunika bhArata isa samaya meM rASTrarUpa jisa rUpa meM vartamAna hai aura jisa astitva ko saMyukta rASTrasaMgha meM svataMtra rASTra rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta hai, usa rUpa ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue itihAsa ke punarlekhana kI AvazyakatA hai aura vaha itihAsa sAre deza bhara meM, cAhe vaha koI prAnta ho samAna rUpa meM par3hAe jAne kI AvazyakatA hai / yaha kArya kaThina hai aura isa viSaya para matabheda hone kI saMbhAvanA hai kintu bhArata rASTra ko eka mAnakara itihAsa likhA jAnA Avazyaka hI nahIM anivArya hai / yahA~ eka mAnane se tAtparya bhArata kI rASTrIya rUpa meM Aja jo rAjanaitika sImAe~ haiM, unako svIkAra karate hue, eka mAnA jAnA caahie| hama itihAsa se sIkha leN| vibhAjana kI pravRtti ne hamAre deza kI bahuta hAni kI hai / kama-se-kama aba isa vibhAjana kI pravRtti se bceN| zAsakIya suvidhA ke lie yA sAMvidhAnika kAraNoM se deza kA vibhAjana prAntoM ke rUpa hotA hai, to vaha ucita hai kintu usa vibhAjana kA vicAra vaidhAnika dharAtala para soca-samajha kara kiyA jAnA hI saMgata hogA / parataMtra rASTra atIta ko ( atIta ke usa aitihAsika kAla ko jisa samaya vaha svataMtra rahA hai ) Adarza mAnatA | atIta ke svarNima yuga ko doharAne kA ( phira se sthApita karane kA ) vaha svapna dekhatA / aisA rASTra apane ( parataMtra rASTra kA vartamAna ) dAsatA se mukti pAne kA prayatna karatA 1. dezI rAjyazAsana - bhagavAnadAsa kelA ( prakAzana tithi 1942 ) - pR. 31

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA rahatA hai / kintu jo rASTra svataMtra ho gayA hai usake lie atIta adhika AkarSaka nahIM hotA. svataMtra rASTra kA lakSya navanirmANa kI ora hotA hai, usakA dhyAna vartamAna para adhika keMdrita hotA hai| bhAratavarSa svataMtra hai aura usakA dhyAna navanirmANa kI ora hai| isa dRSTi se upalabdhiyA~ kama nahIM haiN| ina paccIsa varSoM meM bhArata kA kAyApAlaTa huA hai| ina upalabdhiyoM meM vaijJAnika upalabdhiyA~ bhI haiN| nirmANa kArya jArI hai| ina saba kA sambandha rASTrIyatA se hai| upalabdhi hai to rASTrIya hai aura isI taraha hAni hai to vaha bhI rASTrIya hai| hAni-lAbha kA lekhA-jokhA prativarSa prastuta kiyA jAtA hai aura isase hamArI rASTrIya pragati kA jJAna hotA hai| kahanA yaha hai ki pragati kA yaha jJAna hamArI rASTrIyatA ko dRDha karanevAlA ho| hamArI yaha rASTrIyatA vizva ke anya rASTroM ke saMdarbha meM eka prabala vyaktittva kA rUpa le aura isase pratyeka nAgarika meM AtmasammAna kA bhAva baDhe / nAgarikoM meM rASTrIya bodha jitanA vyApta hogA, utanI hI hamArI rASTrIyatA dRDha hogI / idhara jaba se rASTra svataMtra huA hai taba se rASTrIya upalabdhiyoM evaM aitihAsika jJAna ( rASTrIya jAgaraNa kA itihAsa evaM vartamAna rASTrIya vikAsa kA jJAna ) kI ora dhyAna diyA jA rahA hai| yahIM para eka mahattvapUrNa prazna upasthita hotA hai aura vaha yaha ki yaha aitihAsika jJAna akhila bhAratIya stara para eka rUpa meM evaM rASTrIya saMdarbha ke rUpa meM diyA jA rahA hai yA nahIM ? rASTrIyatA kA sambandha aitihAsika bodha se hotA hai / rASTrIyatA meM antara Ane kA ( deza ke nAgarikoM ke bIca ) eka bar3A kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki hamArA aitihAsika bodha, rASTrIya bodha se bhinna hai| rASTra kA nAgarika apane hI deza ke itihAsa ko ekatA kI dRSTi se anubhava nahIM krtaa| yoM kahiye ki nAgarikoM meM itihAsa ke AdhAra para vaha sAmAnya bhAvabhUmi taiyAra nahIM ho pAtI jisase rASTrIyatA majabUta ho sktii| ataH isa dizA meM prayatna honA Avazyaka hai| itihAsa meM rAjanaitika vyavasthAoM kA tathyAtmaka AkAlana hotA hai| vaha vivaraNa hote hue bhI rASTrIyatA kA AdhAra hai| ataH isa prakAra ke jJAna kI upekSA koI bhI rASTra apane hita ko dRSTi meM rahate hae nahIM kara sktaa| yaha jJAna aitihAsika bodha ko samRddha karatA hai| kintu Aja kA vizva vaijJAnikatA ke kAraNa choTA hotA jA rahA hai aura sambandha ( eka rASTra kA dUsare rASTra se ) baDhate hI jA rahe haiN| ata: rASTra kA itihAsa jJAna vizva ke aitihAsika jJAna ke saMdarbha meM jAnanA Avazyaka ho rahA hai / ataH rASTrIyatA ( kisI

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samasyAe~ 97 rASTra kA jAgrata aitihAsika bodha ) meM ApasI svArthoM ke kAraNa TakarAva kI sthiti nirmita hotI hai / isase bacane ke prayAsa meM anya rASTroM kI rASTrIyatA se bhI paricita honA Avazyaka ho gayA hai| yaha eka aisA prazna hai, jisa para bahuta vistAra se likhA jA sakatA hai| saMsAra meM jitane rASTra haiM una saba kI rASTrIyatA alaga alaga hai| pratyeka rASTra kI rASTrIyatA kA AdhAra vahA~ kA itihAsa aura vahA~ kI rAjanaitika vyavasthA hai / isI taraha saMskRti, dharma, bhASA bhaugolika sImA Adi bhI rASTrIyatA ke AdhAra mAne gae haiM / kintu mukhya rUpa se hamArA dhyAna ina saba upAdAnoM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI rAjanaitika vyavasthA aura usa deza ke itihAsa para hI adhika rahatA hai / isa antara ke kAraNa rASTrIyatA meM antara rahanA svAbhAvika hai / saba rASTroM kI. rASTrIyatA meM antara hone para bhI kucha sAmAnya lakSaNa haiM jinake AdhAra para rASTrIyatA kA sAmAnya bodha dikhalAyA jA sakatA haiN| isa prakAra kI kucha vizeSatAe~ nimnalikhita ho sakatI haiM / 1. pratyeka rASTra apane Apako eka svataMtra ikAI mAnatA hai / 2. pratyeka rASTra kI yaha ikAI pramukha rUpa se rAjanaitika vyavasthA sambandhI ikAI ko svIkAra karatA hai / anya rASTroM ke sAtha usakA sambandha pramukha rUpa se rAjanaitika stara para hotA hai / 3. rASTrIyatA ke anya pramukha AdhAra ( rAjanaitika ikAI ko chor3a kara ) dharma, saMskRti, bhASA evaM vicAradhArA hai / ina AdhAroM para rASTra eka hokara rahatA hai kintu isa ekatA kA mukhya AdhAra rAjanaitika ekatA hI hai / hama phira lauTakara itihAsa kI zaraNa meM jAte haiM kyoM ki rASTrIyatA ke sabhI upAdAnoM kA bodha hameM itihAsa ke AdhAra para hotA hai| dharma rASTrIyatA kA mUla AdhAra rahA hai aura Aja bhI usakA prabhAva kama nahIM hai / isa AdhAra para hI bhArata kI rASTrIyatA san 1947 meM do bhAgoM meM khaNDita huI / isake bAda meM pAkistAna - bhArata ke sambandhoM meM jo samaya samaya para parivartana hotA rahA aura vivAda kA mukhya kAraNa kazmIra banA huA hai, usane hamArI rASTrIyatA ko bahuta prabhAvita kiyA hai| kazmIra kI samasyA aba bhI siradarda hai / bAda meM paMjAbI sUbe kI mA~ga dharma ke AdhAra para rAjanaitika vibhAjana kI mA~ga thI / yaha eka aisA prazna hai jisako bahuta

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA adhika protsAhana janamata ke kAraNa prApta nahIM ho sakA / saba rAjyoM meM sabhI dharma ke loga rahate haiM aura bhAratIya saMvidhAna meM saba ko nAgarika adhikAra prApta haiN| ataH isa AdhAra para rAjanaitika vibhAjana nahIM huaa| apane apane dharma ko mAnane kI svataMtratA saba ko prApta hai| dharma janasamudAya ko eka vyavasthA meM jor3ane kA pramukha AdhAra hone ke kAraNa kabhI-kabhI ye bhAva panapa jAte haiM aura isase rASTrIyatA khaNDita hotI haiN| isI AdhAra para ( eka dharma meM vizvAsa karanevAle ) vibhinna rASTro meM rahane para bhI vibhinna dezoM ke nAgarika apane ko eka anubhava karate haiN| yaha eka aisI samasyA hai, jisakA prabhAva vizva ke sabhI rASTroM para haiM aura jo rASTra dharma ko apanA pramukha aMga mAnate haiM, unakI samasyAe~ bhinna haiM / yahA~ kahanA yaha hai ki dharma ke AdhAra para deza kA rAjanaitika vibhAjana ucita nhiiN| gAndhIjI ne isIlie prANa die / antarrASTrIya stara para rASTrIyatA zAsana-vyavasthA se adhika prabhAvita hotI hai aura isI taraha rAjanaitika vicAradhArA kA bhI usa para mahattvapUrNa prabhAva hai| udAharaNa ke lie janataMtra kI vyavasthA jina rASTroM meM hai, unase bhArata kI rASTrIyatA apanA nikaTa sambandha rakhanA pasanda kregii| vizva isa samaya rAjanaitika vicAradhArA kI dRSTi se do bhAgoM meM baMTA huA hai / janataMtra vicAradhArAvAle rASTra alaga haiM aura sAmyavAdI vicAradhArAvAle rASTra alaga haiN| inake atirikta bahuta se rASTroM meM madhyakAlIna rAjataMtra haiM, kahIM kahIM sainika taMtra bhI haiN| kintu rAjataMtra aura sainika taMtra donoM hI rAjanaitika vicAradhArA ke kama se kama jAgrata rASTroM ke pramukha aMga nahIM haiN| janataMtrAtmaka vicAradhArAvAle rASTroM meM nAgarikoM ko vicArasvAtaMtrya ke adhikAra prApta haiM aura vahA~ vibhinna prakAra kI rAjanaitika pArTiyA~ samAna rUpa se adhikAroM kA upayoga kara sakatI haiM aura isIlie vicAroM meM matabheda hote hue bhI janamata kA prabhAva una rASTroMpara banA rahatA hai aura isa dRSTi se isa vyavasthAvAle rASTroM kI rASTrIyatA Apasa meM nikaTa kA sambadha anubhava karatI hai| isake viparIta sAmyavAdI rASTra haiN| isakA jabaradasta prabhAva rUsa-cIna meM dikhalAI de rahA hai| vicAroM meM inameM dRr3hatA hai aura virodhI dala kI vyavasthA inameM nahIM hai| yaha samajhA jAtA rahA ki sAmyavAdI nIti saba rASTroM meM eka rahegI aura inakA vizva saMgaThana dRr3ha rahegA kintu idhara rUsa-cIna ke sambandhoM ko dekhakara sAmyavAda meM bhI nIti kI dRSTi se antara dikhalAI de rahA hai| bhAratavarSa meM ina rASTroM kI vicAradhArAvAle loga aura inase sambandhita rAjanaitika pArTiyA~ haiM ataH hamArI rASTrIyatA inase bhI prabhAvita hotI hai| kintu bhArata meM inako jo adhikAra prApta hai, vaha

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samasyAe~ janataMtra kI vyavasthAnusAra hI hai| aisI sthiti meM ye pArTiyA~ apanI sarakAra banA bhI leM taba bhI apanI nItiyoM kA pAlana usa rUpa meM nahIM kara sakatI jo cIna yA rusa meM saMbhava hai yA pazcimI rASTroM meM hai| sAra bAta yaha hai ki hamArI rASTrIyatA Aja rAjanaitika vicAradhArA-jinakA sambandha rAjanaitika pArTiyoM se vizeSa rUpa se hai-se adhika prabhAvita hai / ataH isa Aloka meM vartamAna aitihAsika saMdarbha meM rASTrIya ekatA ko parakhanA caahie| isa sambadha meM hamArI jAnakArI jitanI adhika hogI usI rUpa meM hamArA rASTrIya bodha evaM rASTrIya jAgaraNa sazakta hogaa| DAkTara gulabarAya ne rASTrIyatA kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai-- "eka sammilita rAjanaitika dhyeya meM baMdhe hue kisI viziSTa bhaugolika ikAI ke janasamudAya ke pArasparika sahayoga aura unnati kI abhilASA se prerita bhU-bhAga ke lie prema aura garva kI bhAvanA ko rASTrIyatA kahate haiN|" 1 rASTrIyatA kA lakSya sAmUhika utthAna, sAmUhika vikAsa aura sAmUhika hita hai| rASTrIyatA eka dRr3ha rAgAtmakavRtti hai, jo rASTra ke nAgarikoM meM rASTra ke prati hotI hai| isameM eka ora jahA~ ekatra rahane kI sahaja vRtti hai, vaha nijI-rakSA kI vRtti bhI hai| bhAratavarSa aba svataMtra hai| usakA vikAsa aba svataMtra rASTra ke rUpa meM ho rahA hai| bhArata kI rASTrIyatA kA mUla AdhAra bhAratIya saMvidhAna hai| hamAre saMvidhAna meM nihita Adarza hamArI rASTrIyata ke AdhAra haiN| ina AdarzoM kI sthApanA meM rASTra kI sarakAra aura rASTra ke janatA donoM ke sahayoga kI AvazyakatA hai| hamAre saMvidhAna ke anusAra bhArata sampUrNa prabhutvasaMpanna lokataMtrAtmaka gaNarAjya hai| isameM samasta nAgarikoM ke sAmAjika, Arthika tathA rAjanaitika nyAya pradAna karane kI svIkRti hai isake anusAra abhivyakti, vizvAsa, dharma aura upAsanA kI svataMtratA tatha pratiSThA aura avasara kI samatA prApta karane kA saba ko adhikAra prApta hai| ina saba bAtoM ke sAtha sAtha vyaktiyoM kI garimA aura rASTra kI ekatA ko surakSita rakhanevAlI bandhutA bar3hAne kA dRr3ha saMkalpa bhI isameM hai / nizcita hI ina Avazyaka AdarzoM kI sthApanA meM jo tattva sahAyaka siddha hoMge ve rASTra-rakSa ke sAdhaka tattva hoNge| hamArA saMvidhAna kevala likhita rUpa meM hI nahIM rahe vaha nAgarikoM meM mUrta ho sake isI ke prayatna meM gatizIla pravRttiyoM ko protsAhana milanA caahie| 1. rASTrIyatA-- DA. gulAbarAya-pR. 2. (prayama saMskaraNa, 1961.) /

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AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA barTeDa rasela ne manuSya ke samasta kriyA-kalApoM ke do srota mAne haiM:Avega aura icchaa| ataH kisI rASTra ke sAdhaka tattvoM para vicAra karate samaya yaha dekha lenA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki rASTrIya jIvana ke mUla Avega kyA haiM ? aura sAtha hI yaha bhI dekhanA Avazyaka hai ki icchAzakti AvegoM ko niyaMtrita kara rahI hai yA unheM (AvegoM ko) mAra DAlane kA prayatna kara rahI hai; kucala rahI hai yA sRjanAtmaka kAryoM meM pravRtta kara rahI hai isakA vizleSaNa karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| Avega kA honA jIvana kA dyotaka hai| rasela ke zabdoM meM- " jisa rASTra meM Avega hoM hI nahIM, usake lie koI AzA rakhanA bekAra hai| Avega jIvana kI abhivyakti hai aura jaba taka Avega bAkI hai taba taka yaha AzA kI jA sakatI hai ki vaha mRtyu kI ora na jAkara jIvana kI ora hameM le jaaegaa| parantu Avega na honA mRtyu kA paricAyaka hai, aura mRtyu meM se naye jIvana kA udbhava asaMbhava hai" 1 Avega manuSya ko zakti ko abhivyakta karanevAlI dhArA hai| isa dhArA ko jIvita rakhanA hai aura ise sRjanAtmaka rUpa dete hae Age bar3hAnA hai| janajIvana meM aise AvegoM ko jAgrata karane kI AvazyakatA hai jo unheM na kevala niSkriyatA se bacAe ( kyoMki niSkriyatA matya hai ) balki ve racanAtmaka kArya meM saMlagna ho skeN| isa daSTi se zikSA ke adhika se adhika prasAra kI parama AvazyakatA hai| hamAre bhItara sRjanAtmaka AvegoM ko jagAne aura unheM upayukta dizA meM mor3ane kA kArya zikSA se hI saMbhava hai| isase hama atIta kI dharohara rUpa meM prApta saMskRti kI rakSA kara skeNge| yaha prasannatA kI bAta hai ki paMcavarSIya yojanAoM meM zikSA ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai| kintu isa samaya AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki zikSA sambandhI nIti kA nirdhAraNa rASTrIya stara para honA caahie| chAtroM ko cAhe ve mAdhyamika pAThazAloM meM par3hate hoM yA vizvavidyAlayoM meM, samasta rASTra meM eka hI dharAtala ko AdhAra mAna kara zikSA kI vyavasthA kI jAnI caahie| hamArA deza anekatA meM ekatA kI saMskRti meM vizvAsa karatA AyA hai, ataH isa pravRtti ko adhika se adhika protsAhana milanA caahie| rASTra kI icchAzakti prabala aura ekatA kA AdhAra lekara calane vAlI ho| kalaha saMgharSa yA yuddha kA janma pramukha rUpa se AvegoM ke kAraNa hotA hai| Avega 1. sAmAjika punanirmANa ke siddhAMta-baNDa rasela--anuvAdaka-munIza saksenA--pa. 19 /

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samasyAe~ 101 tatkAla tRpti kI mAMga karate hai aura samAdhAna na milane para ugra rUpa dhAraNa kara lete haiM / bhAvAvega ko niyaMtraNa meM lAne ke lie kisI dUsare bhAvAvega kI hI AvazyakatA hotI hai / bhAvAvega vikalpoM meM nahIM, saMkalpoM meM samasyA kA samAdhAna cAhate haiM / ataH sthiti para niyaMtraNa pAne ke lie viveka se kAma karate hue bhI AvegoM ko sakArAtmaka yA nirmANAtmaka dizA meM mor3a dene kI AvazyakatA hai / rASTrIyatA kA AdhAra kahane ke lie rAjanaitika bhale hI ho ( vaha hai ) kintu bhAvAtmaka rUpa meM paramparA se yaha AdhAra sAMskRtika rahA hai / rASTrIyatA kA vaha AdhAra Aja bhI usI rUpa meM dRr3ha hai| aba to hamArA rASTra dharma-nirapekSa hai / hameM itihAsa se sIkha lekara Aja hamAre sAMskRtika jIvana kA aisA citra phira khar3A karanA hai jo hameM jAtIyatA, prAntIyatA, sAmpradAyikatA Adi se Upara uThA kara bhAratIyatA kA bodha karA sake / paNDita javAharalAla neharU ne likhA hai--" bhArata ke samagra itihAsa meM hama do paraspara-virodhI aura pratidvandvI zaktiyoM se kAma karate dekhate haiM / eka to vaha zakti hai, jo bAharI upakaraNoM ko pacAkara samanvaya aura sAmaMjasya paidA karane kI koziza karatI hai aura dUsarI vaha jo vibhAjana ko protsAhana detI hai; jo eka bAta ko dUsare se alaga karane kI pravRtti ko bar3hAtI hai| isI samasyA kA eka bhinna prasaMga meM hama Aja bhI mukAbalA kara rahe haiN| Aja bhI kitanI hI baliSTha zaktiyA~ haiM / jo kevala rAjanaitika hI nahIM, sA~skRtika ekatA ke lie bhI prayAsa kara rahI haiN| lekina aisI zaktiyA~ bhI haiM jo jIvana meM viccheda DAlatI haiM, jo manuSya manuSya ke bIca bheda-bhAva ko bar3hAvA detI haiM / " " nizcaya hI hameM pahalI pravRtti ko protsAhana denA hai aura dUsarI ko kucalanA hai / W ' nija bhASA unnati ahe, saba unnati ko mUla ' isa ora dhyAna dene kI Aja parama AvazyakatA hai, svataMtratA prApti se pUrva nijI bhASAoM kI unnati kA kArya rASTrIya kArya kahalAtA thA, kintu svatantratA mila jAne ke bAda isa pravRtti kA hrAsa huA hai / rASTrIya dharAtala para deza bhara meM eka bhASA hone kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava to sabhI karate haiM kintu saMvaidhAnika svIkRti ke bAvajUda bhI adhikArI varga abhI isa dizA meM Thosa kArya karane meM katarA rahA hai / samasyA ko TAlane vAlI pravRtti adhika dikhAI de rahI hai / isa pravRtti meM 1. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya-- rAmadhArIsiMha dinakara -- (tRtIya saMskaraNa ) - prastAvanA -- pU. 12.

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102 AdhunikatA aura rASTrIyatA pUrNataH sarakAra ko hI doSI nahIM ThaharAyA jA sakatA / janatA ko bhI isa dizA meM kArya karane kI AvazyakatA hai / niyama jaba Apako kArya karane kI chaTa de rahA hai to phira usa niyama kA pAlana karanA cAhie, kama se kama jina kSetroM meM kAma apanI bhASA meM ho sakatA hai aura jisameM kArya karane kI chUTa sarakAra kI ora se bhI prApta hai una kSetroM meM nijI bhASA meM kArya honA cAhie / bhASA kA prayoga kevala sarakArI kAryAlayoM meM nahIM hotaa| aneka vyAvasAyika, sAmAjika, sA~skRtika evaM dhArmika saMsthAe~ deza meM kAma kara rahI haiM / kama se kama ye saMsthAe~ apanA kAma kSetrIya bhASAoM meM kara sakatI haiM / zikSaNa saMsthAoM meM jitanI suvidhAe~ prApta haiM kama se kama unakA lAbha uThAnA caahie| pUrva svIkRta chUToM kA upayoga karane ke bAda adhika suvidhAoM kI mAMga kI jA sakatI hai aura aisI mA~ga meM pahale kI apekSA adhika bala hogA / ataH deza-bhara meM Aja nijI bhASAoM ke prati evaM deza kI eka bhASA hindI ke prati anukUla vAtAvaraNa paidA karane kI AvazyakatA hai| aMgrejI ke rahate bhAratIya bhASAoM kA vikAsa nahIM ho sktaa| aba rASTra kI sarakAra aura rASTra kI janatA donoM ko hI isa ora dhyAna dene kI AvazyakatA hai| saMvaidhAnika svIkRti ke bAda vilamba ucita nhiiN| vyakti kA vikAsa anya vyaktiyoM se samparka meM Ane para hI ho sakatA hai| samAna ruci aura sahaja vRttiyoM kI mA~ga vyaktiyoM ko nikaTa lAne meM sahAyaka hotI hai / isI AdhAra para saMsthAoM kA nirmANa hotA hai ataH saMsthAoM kA vyakti ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai| vyakti kI yogyatA saMsthAoM ke mAdhyama se vyakta hotI hai aura isI prakAra vyakti kI yogyatA ke kAraNa hI saMsthAoM ko bala prApta hotA hai / aisI sthiti meM deza ke vikAsa meM lagI huI saMsthAoM ko protsAhana milanA cAhie / sAtha hI ina saMsthAoM meM vyakti ko apanA vikAsa karane ke lie adhika se adhika suvidhAeM milanI cAhie / vyakti meM jo sRjanAtmaka Avega hote haiM, ve vikAsa ke lie avasara aura sthAna kI pratIkSA karate rahate haiN| sambandhita saMsthAeM unheM panapane kA avasara de sakatI haiN| isase vyakti ke sAtha-sAtha deza kA bhI vikAsa hotA haiN| vijJAna kI unnati ke kAraNa rahana-sahana hI nahIM, jIvana ke aneka kSetroM meM buniyAdI parivartana ho gayA hai| Aja Arthika zaktiyA~ audyogika saMsthAnoM meM kendrita ho gaI haiN| isase sAmAjika DhAMcA pUrI taraha badalatA dikhAI de rahA hai| aisI sthiti meM jIvana-darzana kI mAnyatAoM meM bhI parivartana ho rahA hai| isa badalate hue yuga meM saMsthAoM ko bhI paramparAoM kA moha chor3a kara vyakti

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samasyAe~ ko yagAna rUpa panapane kA avasara dene ke lie bhI taiyAra hone kI AvazyakatA hai| maiksa vebara kA kahanA hai ki --" dharmoM kI rUr3hivAditA va paramparAvAda na to kevala kAma kI icchA se chinna-bhinna kiye jA sakate haiM, aura na janasaMkhyA vaddhi se| ye to kevala naye paigambaroM dvArA naSTa kiye jAte haiN| hameM maiksa vebara ke isa niSkarSa se sIkha lenI hai aura nityaprati ke jIvana ko bhI U~cA uThAte hue samAja meM krAMti upasthita karanI hai / yaha kArya paMcavarSIya yojanAoM dvArA ho rahA hai| vyakti kI buniyAdI AvazyakatAoM ko pUrNa karane meM rASTra ko samartha honA caahie| yojanAoM kI saphalatA aura asaphalatA ke guNa doSoM para vivecana honA cAhie / jaba taka hamArA rASTra bhItara se dRr3ha evaM zaktizAlI nahIM hogA taba taka anya rASTra hamArI durbalatA kA lAbha uThAte rheNge| ( sAhitya paricaya, rASTrIya ekatA vizeSAMka; AgarA, janavarIpharavarI 1970 meM, 'rASTrIya ekatA ke mArga meM bAdhAe~' zIrSaka se prakAzita) ____ tathA kucha aMza ( vizva-jyoti, hoziyArapura, mArca 1967 meM rASTra rakSA ke sAdhaka tattva' zIrSaka se prakAzita )