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THE KALINGAS
159 described not only in the same Purāņa but also in other Purāņas as a people of the southern region. The Mārkandeya, for example, says that they dwelt in the southern region along with the Mahārāstras, Mahisakas, Ābhīras, Vaisikyas, Savaras, Pulindas and others. A number of famous Kalinga or Kālinga kings are mentioned in the Adiparva of the Mahābhārata 2 and they are credited with having contracted matrimonial relations with princesses of the Aryan royal families of the north (e.g. Adiparvan, XCV, 3774-5, 3780; Dronaparvan, LXX, 2436). According to epic evidence as contained in the Mahābhārata, the Kalinga country comprised the entire tract of country lying along the coast of Vaitaraṇi in Orissa to the borders of the Andhra country.4
The country of the Kalingas is mentioned by Pāņini. According to Baudhāyana, the country was branded as an impure one and was included in his list of Samkīrna yonayah. According to Kautilya's Arthaśāstra,? elephants of Anga and Kalinga belonged to the best of their types, while those of Karūsa, Daśārņa and Aparānta were only second in order of classification, those of the Saurastras and allied tribes (Saurāstrikāh pañcajanõh) having been the worst.
The Jātakas contain a number of references to the Kalinga country and its kings. Thus, for example, according to the Kumbhakāra Jātaka, Karandu was a Kalinga and he was a contemporary of Nimi, king of Videha. The Mahāgovinda Suttanta makes Sattabhū, king of Kalinga, a contemporary of Reņu, king of Mithilā and of Dhatarattha or Dhstarāstra, king of Kāśi and Anga. The Jātakas also refer to the capital city of Kalinga which was Dantapuranagara which is probably identical with Dantakura mentioned in the Mahābhārata,8 Dantapura of inscriptions. Other cities of the Kalinga country are also known, e.g. Rājapura, 10 Simhapura, 11 which is probably identical with Singupuram near Chicacole, 12 Käñcanapura of the Jainas, 13 and Kalinganagara which has been identified with Mukhalingam on the river Vamśadharā. 14 Kalinga (Kālinga) is mentioned in the Niddesa.15 From Kalinga the Buddha's tooth was brought to Ceylon at the time of King Sirimeghavaņņa. A Kalinga king picked up a quarrel with Aruņa, the Assaka king of Potali, but was defeated and had to surrender. 16
1 LVII, 46-7. 2 LXVII, 2701.
3 III, 114, 4. 4 Ray Chaudhuri, P.H.A.I., 4th Ed., p. 75.
5 IV, 1, 170. 6 I, i, 30-1.
7 II, 2.
8 V, 48-76. 9 Epigraphia I ndica, XIV, p. 361.
10 Mahābhārata, XIII, 4, 3. 11 Mahāvastu, Senart's Ed., p. 432.
12 Dubreuil, A.H.D., p. 94. 13 Indian Antiquary, 1891, p. 375. 14 Epigraphia Indica, IV, 187.
15 Cullaniddesa, ii, 37. 16 Jataka (Fausböll), III, 3f.
