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TRIBES IN ANCIENT INDIA
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people. Their country was famous for a particular breed of horses.2 The Markandeya Purana mentions the Cinas. A people called the Apara-Cinas (Western Cinas) is mentioned in the Ramayana.*
The Pali Buddhist literature refers to the kingdom of the Cinas 5 which is situated far from the Andhakas, Mundakas, Kolakas, etc. and to the China garment." According to the Milinda-Pañho, Cina was as old as Ujjeni, Bharukaccha, Kośala, Magadha, Saketa, Surattha, etc. The same text further points out that a king of China who when he wanted to charm the great ocean performed an act of truth at an interval of four months and then he entered into the great ocean on his chariot drawn by lions (siharathena). In front of his chariot the mighty waves rolled back and flowed once more over the spot as soon as he left it (p. 121). The Mahavastu & refers to the assembly of the Cinas who were bound by its decision.
The Tukhāras are mentioned in the Markandeya Purana (LVII, 39) along with the Kambojas, Daradas, Barbaras and Tukhāras Cinas, all of whom are described as 'races of men outside' (vahyato narah). The Vayupurana (XIV, 118) reads Tuṣāras instead, meaning of course the same people. They are mentioned in the Mahabharata both as Tukhāras as well as Tusāras.10 The Tukhāras are also mentioned in the Rāmāyaṇa.11 From the Vanaparvan of the Mahabharata the Tukhāras seem to have been an outside northern race bordering on the Himalayas. The Harivamsa groups them along with the Sakas, Pahlavas, Daradas and others who are all branded as Mlecchas and Dasyus. Strabo (XI, 515) says: "The best known of the nomad tribes are those who drove the Greeks out of Bactria,-the Asii, the Pasiani, the Tochari, and the Sacarauli, who came from the country on the other side of the Jaxartes, over against the Sacae and Sogdiani, which country was also in occupation of the Sacae.' Lassen identifies the Tukhāras with this Tochari tribe and locates them on the north of the Hindu Kush.12 The geographer Ptolemy mentions the Tokeroi, who are doubtless identical with the Tukhāras as an important element of the Bactrian population. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea seems to point to the same people when it speaks of the warlike nations of the Bactrians'. The Tukhāras continued as a tribe till
1 Udyogaparvan, XVIII, pp. 584-5. 3 Chap. 57, 39.
5 Cinarattha, Apadana, II, p. 359. 7 Trenckner Ed., pp. 327-8, 331. 9 Sabhaparvan, L, 1850. 10 Vanaparvan, LI, 1991; Santiparvan, 11 Kişkindhya Kända, XLIV, 15.
2 Ibid., LXXXV, 3049.
4 Kişkindhya Kända, XLIV, p. 15. 6 Cinapaṭṭunnā, Apadana, I, p. 2. 8 Vol. I, p. 171.
LXV, 2429.
12 Ind. Alt. Map.
