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MISCELLANEOUS TRIBES
385 region flows westward.1 Pargiter suggests that Caksu may perhaps be meant for Vaksu (= Vamkṣu) which is the Oxus, and says that in that case the Śūlikas would be a people on the Oxus in Turkistan.2 He also points to the resemblance of the name Śülikas with that of the Sūlakaras mentioned in the same canto of the Mārkandeya Purāna.3
But the Sūlikas are mentioned in the Harāhā Inscription of Išānavarman Maukhari in a different context; there they are mentioned along with the Andhras and Gaudas, all of whom appear to have been defeated by Iśānavarman. Dr. Ray Chaudhuri 4 suggests that the Sūlikas should be identified with the Cālukyas who are mentioned in the Mahākūta Pillar Inscription as Calikya, names so near to Culika of the Purānas. The Sūlikas may further be identified with the Solaki and Solanki of the Gujrat records. The Culikas and Śülikas may thus be the same people.
The Sülikas or the Šaulikas are further mentioned in the Byhatsamhitā5 along with the Aparāntas, Vanavāsis and the Vidarbhas. Elsewhere the Byhatsamhitā connects the same people with the Gandhāras and Vokkāras (occupying modern Wakhan). This suggests that a section of the people must have once been dwelling in the north or north-west, and another in the western or Aparānta region. The kingdom of Sulik according to Tārānātha was located beyond Togara = Tegara = modern Ter? in the Deccan.
The Kankanas as a tribe are referred to in the Mārkandeya The Kankanas
e Purāna 8 and the Harivamsa. According to the
amas latter source, they were defeated and degraded by King Sagara. They must have been the people dwelling along the low strip of land between the Western Ghats and the sea called in historical times Kankan or Konkan. Their mention along with the Bhrgukacchas in the Mārkandeya Purāna makes this identification more significant. The Tosalas are referred to in the Mārkandeya Purāna along
with the Karūsas, Keralas, Utkalas, Daśārnas, The Tosalas
Kośalas, Avantis, etc., all of whom dwelt on the slopes of Vindhya mountains. The Matsyapurāna reads Stosalas (CXIII, 53) erroneously, for Tosalas is the correct reading meaning the people of Tosali or Tosala and the adjoining region. Tosali or Tosala was the name of a country as well as of a city. The city of Tosali was the seat of the provincial government of Kalinga in the
1 CXX, 45, 46. 3 LVII, 40. 5 IX, 15; XIV, 8. 7 Ind. Ant., IV, 364.
2 Mārkandeya Purāna, p. 342, note. 4 P.H.A.I., 4th Ed., 509. 6 IX, 21; XVI, 35. 8 VIII, 22.
9 XIV, 784
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