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Study of Jainism
a saint overnight. One has to train oneself to be a good citizen first before entering into the life of a muni, except in the case of superior men, 'heaven born prophets?
The ethical code of a citizen (Sravaka) is twelvefold : a) Five vsatas which are common for the ascetic and the householder, except for the fact that they have to be practised with less vigour without sacrificing the spirit of righteousness. They are Anuvğatas. They are : 1. Ahiṁsa (non-violence), 2. Satya (truth), 3. Asteya (non-stealing), 4. Brahmacarya (self-control) and 5. Aparigraha (lesser possessions). b) In addition to the five aņuvğatas, one has to practise three Guņavsatas, are: 1. Digvsata, 2. Bhogopabhogaparimaņavsata and 3. Anari hadandavrata. Digvşata restricts the movements in different directions. The purpose is to reduce the possibility of committing violence, and this is to be achieved by circumscribing the area in which injury to the living can be committed. For example, one is forbidden to climb a mountain or a top of a tree, descend into a well or underground storage of a village, to travel beyond a stipulated limit prescribed by the Acaryas, and to move at random. These would be infracti the vow. In the Ratnakarandaka, Digvşata is defined as the resolve to desist from injury by circumscribing one's range of movement. As to the limits of time, it is to be practised until death.11 The Bhogopa-bhoga-parimaņa-vşata forbids or limits one in the use of 'consumable' goods like food and durable goods like furniture in the house. The Anarthadanda-vịata restricts an individual from certain activities, from harmful professions and trades, because they would lead to harmful activities which serve no purpose. Four types of Anarthadanda are mentioned in the Svetambara texts, while Digambaras have five. We have tried to avoid the discrepancies in the presentation of the Svetambara and the Digambara writers on the different problems as they are largely concerned with minor details. The five types of Anarthadanda are : i) apadhyana (evil concentration like arta-dhyana and raudra-dhyana), ii) pramadacaritra (negligent mischief or addiction to vices like alcoholism and gambling). It also includes witnessing dancing, sex displays, cock--fighting and other combats of animals. It may include many others bringing about incitement of excessive instinctive activity ; iii) himsa-pradana (encouraging injury, pioson,
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