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Jaina Ethics
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infractions in the practice of non-violence. They are called aticdras and we are forbidden to commit such aticaras. They are
i) Bandha tying up, keeping in captivity, men and beasts. However, the restraining of cattle by means of ropes and restriction on our children for corrections may be permitted.40 So may a thief be bound. ii) vadha (beating): It refers to wanton and merciless whipping of animals out of anger and aroused by other passions, although some exceptions like mild beating, pulling the ears or slapping for correction are permissible. iii) chaviccheda : This applies to acts of injury to the body with sword or sharp instrument. Operations by a physician would be exceptions. 41 iv) atibhardropaņa : It refers to heavy and merciless loading of beasts by a burden greater than they can bear. Certain types of occupations have been tabooed for a Jaina layman v) bhaktapdnavyavacc eda : It refers to making the animal suffer from hunger and thirst for no reason, out of anger or negligence. The context and the implications of ahimsa vrata are much wider than the aticaras indicate.
Similar aticaras have been mentioned in the cases of the practice of other vệatas :
2. Satya-vsata (truth-speaking) has also a wide connotation. It has been interpreted as abstention from untruth spoken out of passion, and even from truth if it leads to the destruction of the living being. 42 We may mention some of the infraction of this Vịata i) Sahasabhyakhyana : It consists in casually or intentionally imputing false charges against a person as : "he is a thief, or an adulterer'. Friends of Othello committed this grievous crime and sin against Desdemona even if it were in jest. ii) Svaddramantra bheda : It consists in divulging to others what has been said by one's wife in confidence under special circumstances. 48 iii) M?sopadesa : It refers to perverse teaching and advice leading to evil consequences. iv) Kūțalekhakarana is preparing a false document like forgery etc.,
3. Asteya-vsata forbids us to commit theft or even to take others articles not specifically meant for us. It forbids us from
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